Feb. 2009. Hye-Jung Lee, Ph.D. Center for Teaching & Learning Seoul National University, Korea 1Higher Education in Korea.

Feb. 2009.Feb. 2009.

Hye-Jung Lee, Ph.D.Hye-Jung Lee, Ph.D.

Center for Teaching & LearningCenter for Teaching & Learning

Seoul National University, KoreaSeoul National University, Korea

1Higher Education in Korea

South Korea at a Glance

Higher Education in Korea 2

Area: 99.6 K Sq. Km (107th)

Population: 48 Million (27th)

Economy and ICT (World rank)

- OECD member economy in 1996

- Economy (11th)

- Broadband diffusion (2nd)

- Home PC diffusion (3rd)

- Internet use 78%

- Average hours of internet use 13.7 hr/week

I. Overview

3

OverviewOverviewII

Higher Education in Korea

Education in General

Socio-cultural context

- Homogeneity of Korean society: prevalence of the egalitarian ideal- Homogeneity of Korean society: prevalence of the egalitarian ideal

- Confusion tradition: meritocracy, “education fever” - Confusion tradition: meritocracy, “education fever”

Formal Education

- Primary(6) - Middle(3) - High School(3) – Universities/Colleges(4)- Primary(6) - Middle(3) - High School(3) – Universities/Colleges(4)

- Primary & Secondary: 10,948 schools, 7.8M students, 389K teachers - Primary & Secondary: 10,948 schools, 7.8M students, 389K teachers

- Universities/Colleges: 376 institutions, 3.5M students, 60K+ FT - Universities/Colleges: 376 institutions, 3.5M students, 60K+ FT

teachersteachers

Non-formal Education & Training

- Public/private job training institutions; private tutoring institutions,

adult education centers; in-plant training institutions, etc.


Budget

5

One year budget (2008) : 35.9 trillion Korean won

: 5.06% of the GNP

: 19.6% of total Government budget

the Biggest portion

: Elementary & Secondary Education 86.2%

: Higher Education 12.3%

Statistics


Public educational expenditures (% GDP)

School System

7

Types of Higher Education Institutions


University

Industrial University

University of Education

Junior College

Open University

Technical College

College in the Company

Cyber College & University

Miscellaneous Schools Others

Enrollment rate 70.5% (2008)



Junior College(2 or 3 yr)

13 national/public, 139 private

817,994 studentsin 152 Junior colleges (2006)

University(4 yr)

2,434,112 students in 221 colleges and universities (2006)

43 national/public, 178 private 6 year program : medicine, oriental medicine, dentistry

Others(4 yr)

1 Broadcast & Correspondence University (300,000 enrollments each year) 18 Cyber Colleges & Universities (28,000 newly entrance each year)



Cyber Colleges & Universities

Statistics

Schools, Students, and Teachers


Statistics

Percentage of Female Students by Year

25 %

30 %

35 %

40 %


EliteElite MassMass UniversalUniversal

Statistics

Enrollment Rate

10 %

30 %

50 %

70 %


Statistics

International Comparison: Tertiary attainment for age group 25-34


Statistics

International Comparison: Tertiary attainment for age group 55-64


Statistics

Advancement Rate: High School Higher Education (Total)

30 %

50 %

70 %

90 %


Statistics

Advancement Rate: High School Higher Education

General High School Higher Education

Vocational High School Higher Education


Statistics

Number of Students in Higher Education Institutions by Field of Study (2008)


Statistics

Employment Rate of the Graduates of Higher Education Institutions by Year


Statistics

Changes in Admission Rate by Year


Statistics

Degrees Awarded by Year


Statistics


University Graduates by Field of Study (%)

* Source : Education at a Glance (OECD Indicators, 2002)

Education Humanities & Art

Social Sciences, Business,

Law

Services Engineer-ing, Manu-facturing

Agri-culture

Health & Welfare

Physical sciences

KoreaKorea 5.2 21.4 22.3 2.9 27.4 2.6 7.1 3.5

U.S.A.U.S.A. 13.2 14.4 41.4 3.5 6.3 2.3 9.6 1.4

GermanyGermany 8.0 14.7 27.4 1.8 17.6 1.9 15.2 5.0

HungaryHungary 20.0 8.7 38.7 8.4 9.1 3.7 8.5 0.7

PolandPoland 11.5 6.5 40.0 3.6 7.3 1.7 1.9 1.2

Statistics

Students Studying Abroad by Year


Statistics

The Rank of Korea’s Major Universities in International Evaluation (The Times)


I. Overview

25

Issues and ChallengesIssues and ChallengesIIII


Trajectory of Educational Expansion


* Trow, “Forms and Phases of Higher Education”: Elite(<15%) → Mass(15-50) → Universal(>55%)

Step-by-step attainment of universal education:

primary → secondary → higher education

110

-10

10

30

50

70

90

1970 1975 1980 1990 1995 2000 2003 2005 2006

Primary Lower Secondary Upper Secondary Tertiary

Elite Mass Universal

Mobilization of Private Resources


< Private School Enrollment Share(2006) >

74.6

48.1

18.7

1.2

25.4

51.9

81.3

98.8

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Universities/Colleges

High Schools

Middle Schools

Primary Schools

Private National/Public

(Unit: %)

Shrinking School Pop. Amidst Ageing


LowFertility Ageing

Total fertility rate No. of birth

Proportion, over 65 and 75 No. of the elderly

College Admission Dominates K-12 Education

College-Entrance-Driven System

- Extreme competition at high schools to enter top 4~5 universities

obstructing the well-rounded growth of students

→ Inordinate expansion of private education aggravating equity imbalance between different SES groups (private education costs: 1.9% of GDP in 2002)

→ Large volumes of study abroad leading to educational trade deficit


Increasing “Education Exodus”


’97’97 ’99’99 ’01’01 ’03’03 ’04’04

CountriesCountries 6969 7171 7272 7373 8383

# Students# Students 133,249133,249 120,170120,170 149,933149,933 159,903159,903 187,683187,683

’05’05

8686

192,254192,254

Korean Students Studying Abroad

* Foreign student share in the U.S.(2006): Korea 93,728/ India 76,708/ China 60,850

’01’01 ’02’02 ’03’03 ’04’04 ’05*’05*

ExportsExports 10.810.8 16.916.9 14.814.8 15.915.9 10.210.2

ImportsImports 1,070.01,070.0 1,426.61,426.6 1,854.71,854.7 2,493.82,493.8 3,371.43,371.4

Trade Deficit in Education

(Unit : million US$)(Unit : million US$)

Excess supply in graduate students


Unemployment rate (engineering) : 9.8%(’97) 16.6%(’03)139 of 200 4-year universities offer doctoral degree

AssociateAssociate Bachelor Bachelor Master Master DoctorateDoctorate

53%53% 19%19% 20%20% 8%8%

44%44% 4%4% 13%13% 39%39%KoreaKorea

U SU S

HE is not pertinent enoughHE is not pertinent enough


Extent of dissatisfaction: CEO’s view on HE

87%Practice&field exp

75%Creativity

68%Field experience

offaculty

70%instructions

72%CurriculumFederation of Korean

Industries, 2002.

24.131.6

26.727.9

15.815.0

33.325.4

Jr.CollegeUniversity

Well Matched

Matched MismatchedBadly Mismatched

Source: Office of Statistics, 2003

(%)Mismatch between jobs and majors

Stakeholders are disconnectedStakeholders are disconnected


Limited university-industry partnership Low mobility between academia and business University portion of industry's R&D investment: 2.4%(’00) → 1.7% (’03) (MOST, ‘04)

Low commercialization of university-based IPRs Patent share (90~’01) : universities 0.5%,

companies 78.8%, research institutes 2.9%, individuals 17.8%

Un-coordinated financial support to universities Duplication of funding for the same purpose by

several line ministries

HE is not prepared for an aging HE is not prepared for an aging populationpopulation


<Source : National Statistical Office>

I. Overview

35

Major Reform InitiativesMajor Reform InitiativesIIIIII


Major strategiesMajor strategies


Minimum regulations to maintain social solidarity college admission policies with the “three-Nos” policy (no

entrance exam, no use of HS ranking, no admission with donations)

Promotion of restructuring and competition through market discipline use of various incentives and disincentives

Funding based on “selection and concentration” targeted funding for specialization and regional parity

Financing learners rather than providers learner-oriented/demand-side financing (student loans)

Improvement of HE/labor market information manpower forcasting and assessment of skill requirements

Enhancement of networking and partnerships with local governments and business community

Major Performance-based Funding Programs

1st-phase Brain Korea 21 (‘99~‘05, US$ 1.4billion) - Enhanced university research capacity; induced competition

※ ※ Number of BK21 science & tech SCI-level papers: 3,765(‘98) Number of BK21 science & tech SCI-level papers: 3,765(‘98) 7,947(‘05) 7,947(‘05)

2nd-phase Brain Korea 21 (‘06~‘12, US$ 2.3billion) - Cultivate 20,000 graduate-level best brains per year ※ ※ 74 universities, 244 project units, 325 project teams(06, US$ 74 universities, 244 project units, 325 project teams(06, US$

290million)290million)

New University for Regional Innovation (‘04~‘08, US$ 1.2billion)

- Specialize local universities; skill formation for local industry ※ ※ 109 local universities, 130 project units 109 local universities, 130 project units

“Connect Korea” Project (‘06~‘10, US$ 150million) - Strengthen partnership b/w universities and industry - Establish consortiums b/w university TLOs(Technology Licensing Offices)



Cultivate high-quality research human resources by nurturing

world class research universities and regional graduate schools of excellence

Goal

Brain Korea 21 Project: efforts for improving the quality of higher education

Outline

.


Brain Korea 21 Project: efforts for improving the quality of higher education

Visible result : Research atmosphere


Give a boost to regional economy by nurturing qualified human resources

of regional university graduates through specialized education programs

Goal

NURI Project

: New University for Regional Innovation

1.2 trillion KRW is to be invested over a period of five years (2004~2008)

Outline

131 project teams, 190,000 students

109 regional universities are currently participating as of 2006

Governance Reform of Public & Private HEIs


Public/national universities : promote autonomy through incorporation

Decisions making – by staff & faculty Meetings,Ministry of Ed., Congress

Indirect election (based on candidate’s track record on management capacity)

Direct election by facultymembers (weight on faculty opinion)

Incorporated NU SystemIncorporated NU System

GovernanceGovernance

President President ElectionElection

Current NU SystemCurrent NU System

Decision-making by Boardcomposed of persons from in and out of the university

Private universities : increase transparency through participation of external experts in the management

- appointing qualified external people on the Board of Trustees

Facilitation of university-industry Facilitation of university-industry partnershipspartnerships


“Connect Korea” Project• Establishing Consortium between TLOs (Technology

Licensing Offices) in Universities• Connection between Demand (Industry) and Supply

(University)• R&D and Tech. Development → Transfer Results/Products

→ Commercialization → Reinvest in Technology Development

• Dissemination of best practices

Researchers

Prospective R&D Results

Purchase R&D Products

Connect(TLO)

Connect(TLO)

Firms, Investors

Feb. 2009. Hye-Jung Lee, Ph.D. Center for Teaching & Learning Seoul National University, Korea 1Higher Education in Korea.

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