Feasibility Study of Biogas Plant (Tartu)

8/12/2019 Feasibility Study of Biogas Plant (Tartu)

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ERKAS Valduse O

June 2011

Feasibility and profitability study

Construction of a biogas plant to produce fuelfor Tartu city buses


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Construction of a bio as plant to produce fuel for !artu city buses

Contents

"ntroduction########################################################################################

Analysis %et&odolo y##############################################################################

1# A(A)*S"S OF E+"S!"(, S"!-A!"O(####################################################################

/ublic transport###################################################################################

/roduction of bio as to be used as transport fuel##########################################################

Source %aterial##################################################################################

1# )ocation of bio as plant#########################################################################

1# #2 )ocation 2 Aardlapalu landfill###############################################################

1# #3 Co%parison of locations####################################################################

2# !EC4("CA)5 S!R-C!-RA)5 E(V"RO(6E(!A) A(7 SAFE!* RE8-"RE6E(!S OF /)A(!CO(S!R-C!"O(######################################################################################

3#1 !ec&nolo ical alternati9es#######################################################################

3#1#1 :et fer%entation %et&od####################################################################

3#1#2 7ry fer%entation %et&od####################################################################

3.1.2.1 Cyclical fermentation method...............................................................................31

3.1.2.2 Uninterrupted fermentation..................................................................................33

3#2 C&oice of tec&nolo y#########################################################################

3#3 /roduction process#############################################################################

3#3#1 /reus co%panies#############################################################################2#2 :aste %ana e%ent co%panies################################################################

2


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#2#3 Co%panies offerin ta?i ser9ices##############################################################2# Ot&er transport co%panies##################################################################

#2#$ /ri9ate 9e&icles###########################################################################

$#1#1 O Saare Econo%ics in J@@ri###############################################################

$#1#2 Ara9ete bio as plant#######################################################################

$#1#3 O Vinni >io aas#########################################################################

$#1# O Oisu >io aas##########################################################################

$#2 >io as production facilities operatin on aste slud e B se a e sedi%ent#############################$

$#2#1 /al assaare se a e purification plant of !allinna Vesi##############################################

$#2#2 Kuressaare Vee9Dr se a e purification station#################################################

$#2#3 Saluta use *east Factory se a e purification plant###############################################

$#2# (ar9a Vesi AS se a e purification plant########################################################

$#2#$ AS Ra 9ere Vesi se a e purification plant######################################################

$#3 >io as production facilities based on landfill ases###################################################

$#3#1 !allinn landfill in J elD&t%e################################################################

$# >io as production pro ects in !artu County#########################################################

$# #1 Se a e purification plant of AS !artu Vee9Dr ##################################################

$# #2 "l%atsalu bio as plant######################################################################

$# #3 Aardlapalu landfill#########################################################################

'#1 Operatin cost Gin 2013H#######################################################################

'#2 Operatin inco%e##############################################################################

'#3 "n9est%ent cost################################################################################

'# /ro ect profitability#############################################################################

;#1 Econo%ic ris s################################################################################

;#2 Or anisational ris s############################################################################

;#3 )e al ris s###################################################################################

.# E(V"RO(6E(!A) "6/AC!############################################################################

.#1 En9iron%ental i%pact caused by construction########################################################

.#1#1 "%pact on li9in nature#####################################################################

.#1#2 "%pact on t&e ater en9iron%ent##############################################################

.#1#3 "%pact on t&e 9isual en9iron%ent and cultural &erita e###########################################

3


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.#1# (oise and 9ibration#########################################################################

.#1#$ Socioio as plant calculations I dry processin

Anne? ' /ro ect su%%ary


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"ntroduction

!&e City of !artu is participatin in a pro ect entitled >altic >io as >us financed fro% t&e European

!erritorial Collaboration >altic Sea Re ion pro ra%%e# !&e ai% of t&is pro ect is to encoura e t&e

use of bio as in city buses in cities and areas in t&e >altic Sea re ion# !&e ob ecti9e of !artu is to start

usin city buses fuelled it& bio as and to establis& t&e re=uired infrastructure#

!&e City 6ana e%ent 7epart%ent of !artu City ,o9ern%ent5 actin as t&e sub


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Analysis %et&odolo y

!&e ob ecti9e of t&e feasibility and profitability study is to obtain infor%ation about t&e construction

conditions Gincludin t&e locationH of t&e bio as plant5 to deter%ine t&e buildin cost5 to in9esti ate

t&e profitability conditions and pay


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/rofitability e9aluations of different buses are based on t&e incre%ental cas& flo resultin fro%co%parin t&e t o scenarios# !&e scenarios are t&e follo in

Scenario 1 I et processin 5 in &ic& case t&e in9est%ent ould be P25 ;.5; 0# As a source

%aterial5 %anure fro% cattle far%s Gdiluted %anure5 Q etH ould be used# !&e ener y 9alue of

t&is ould be 1 tonne of %anure 2 %L of as#

Scenario 2 I dry processin 5 in &ic& case t&e in9est%ent ould be P35$0 50'0# As a source %aterial5

rassy bio%ass ould be used# !&e ener y 9alue of t&is ould be 1 tonne of rassy bio%ass 11 %L

of as#

!&e financial calculations are %ade usin t&e table calculation pro ra%%e 6icrosoft E?cel 200;5

&ere cas& flo is calculated by %eans of si%ple %at&e%atic operations# !&e financial indicators

&a9e been calculated by %eans of t&e follo in functions

discounted (et /resent Value G(/VH &as been calculated usin t&e (/V function Gdiscount

rate5 cas& flo of periodsH# !&e assess%ent of an in9est%ent pro ect is considered to be

positi9e if t&e result is (/V 0N and

t&e "nternal Rate of Return G"RRH of t&e pro ect is calculated usin t&e "RR function Gcas& flo

of periodsH# !&e assess%ent of an in9est%ent pro ect is considered to be positi9e if t&e result

is "RR 1#

!&e pay


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As in t&e opinion of !artu City ,o9ern%ent it ould be reasonable to use rene able ener y sourcesto fuel city buses and one of t&e possibilities is to use bio as for en ine fuel5 bio as s&ould be

produced in t&e re ion#

At present5 ne city buses are e=uipped it& as en ines and operate on natural as5 &ic& %eans

t&at t&e supply of natural as depends on t&e contracts bet een t&e Russian stateio as production at t&e AS !artu Vee9Dr se a e purification plantN and

Aardlapalu landfill#

All of t&ese are located in !artu County# !&e =uantity of bio as and bio%et&ane producedM enerated

in all t&ree locations ould be sufficient to supply t&e city s buses5 but as t&ere are econo%ically

%ore profitable alternati9es to t&e use of bio%et&ane5 based on current infor%ation t&ese are not

so%et&in to be considered# !&e production of t&e %entioned plants and collection syste%s is

planned to be used for t&e eneration of electric and &eat ener y for nei &bour&ood settle%ents or5

in t&e case of AS !artu Vee9Dr 5 for its o n consu%ption# !&us t&ere is no e?cess 9olu%e as suc&&ic& could be processed and sold for 9e&icle fuel5 and based on t&is one %ore bio as production

plant s&ould be constructed in t&e !artu area# !&e annual 9olu%e of bio as produced in t&is plant

and bio%et&ane enerated fro% it s&ould co9er t&e fuel needs of city buses and t&is s&ould also be

sufficient to co9er t&e fuel needs of pri9ate 9e&icles and t&e fleets of 9arious co%panies G aste


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transport5 real estate and street %aintenance and postal ser9icesH related to transport in t&e City of!artu# !&e bio as plant and e=uip%ent %ust be suitable for t&e production of bio%et&ane G%eetin

t&e re=uire%ents of t&e S edis& standard for car fuelH at a %ini%u% 9olu%e of 150005000 %LMper

year#

!artu City ,o9ern%ent &as ordered a profitability analysis for t&e construction of a bio as plant

&ic& is one of t&e preparatory sta es of furt&er de9elop%ent of t&e plant5 findin a de9eloper and

%a in in9est%ents#

Source %aterial

>io as can be produced fro% se9eral bio%ass resources a9ailable in Estonia e# # biode radable

do%estic aste5 biode radable aste enerated in t&e food industry5 a ricultural aste5 se a e

sedi%ent and slud e and rassy bio%ass 1# "n addition5 bio as can be produced fro% as enerated in

t&e fer%entation process of biode radable co%ponents ta in place in e?istin landfill#

6ost co%%only5 bio as is produced fro% a ricultural aste I ani%al %anure and slurry# !&e plants

currently operatin and planned to be opened also %ainly operate on a ricultural aste# An

ad9anta e of t&ese is a stable fer%entation process ta in place in %et&ane tan s# >ut slurry and

%anure are source %aterials &ose dry %atter and ener y content is relati9ely lo 5 &ic& %eans

t&at processin of a ea source %aterial re=uires a relati9ely lar e tan fleet and t&e in9est%ent

re=uire%ent per ener y unit produced is &i &er t&an in t&e case of a plant &ic& operates it& a%ore ener yio%ass tec&nolo y

sur9ey5 i%ple%entation of bio%ass tec&nolo ies in EstoniaUN 2.#0 #200;&ttp MM #bioener ybaltic#eeMb client filesMbioener ybalticMpublicMi% MFileM!ellitudQ20uurin udM>io%assi te&noloo iauurin ud a te&noloo iate ra enda%ine Eestis 2#pdf

10


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7raff .000 200>iode radable

a ricultural aste fro%

ani%al and poultry

&usbandry

7ry %anure Gdry

%atter content

) 1;QH

1;25000X 1.$5000

Se a e purification

aste

Se a e sedi%ent and

slud e Gdry %atter

content 1$


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tissue

aste

Supply cost0 E-R

Y transport

cost

/lant

tissue

aste00 $00 $05000 1000 00 05000

Supply cost

0 E-R

Y

transport

cost

:&ey

Y transport

cost

3'5000 1.5000 $ 5000 $5000 000 2 ;5000

Esti%ated

supply cost

Gpurc&ase

priceH

Coo in oil

and

fat;00 00 1.05000 $0 $00 22$5000

Supply cost

0 E-R Y

partial

transport

cost

7raff .000 000 '05000 200 0 0

Supply cost

not less t&an

.52. E-RMt Y

transport

cost

)i=uid

%anure 2;15000

3;5000

not %ore

t&an ; %

fro%

!artu

;;;5000 ;.5$00 ;.5$00 15' .5$00

Supply cost

0 E-R5 in

future %ay

be sold for%oney

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!&ere %i &t also be proble%s it& t&e a9ailability of %anure since %ost far%ers are located furt&erfro% t&e city and transport of li=uid %anure to t&e city and of fer%entation aste bac ould &a9e

se9eral ne ati9e i%pacts Gunpleasant s%ell and air pollution caused by transportH# Also5 obtainin

%anure free of c&ar e lon


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Fi ure 1# Surroundin s of !artu it&in a 20 % radius

1'


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1# #1 )ocation 1 Rin tee $

Address Rin tee $5 !artu Gsee Fi ure 2H

Cadastral re ister nu%ber ; $11 011 000'

S#o$t %es&$'(t'on o) lo&at'on

!&e land is located it&in t&e City of !artu in t&e Rop a industrial area# !&e area under discussion is

partially co9ered it& &i & 9e etation# !&e area of t&e land is 13 20 %2#

Lo&at'on 'n &'t*

)ocation 1 is situated in t&e Rop a industrial area5 in t&e nort&ern part of t&e city# !&e land is located

app# 3#$ % fro% t&e city centre#

!&e location is a ay fro% %ain streets# !&ere are %ostly s%all production5 &olesale and industrial

properties in t&e area#

)ocation 1 is suitable for t&e construction of t&e bio as plant since it is located in an industrial area

and ill not &a9e an i%pact on t&e arc&itectural appearance of t&e city# (or is it close to built


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Lo&at'on 'n $elat'on to as stat'on

)ocation 1 is at a distance of '5;$ % fro% t&e co%pressed as station located on !D&e Street#

Lo&at'on 'n $elat'on to so+$&e -ate$'al

!&e closest source %aterial sources G%anure and slurryH to )ocation 1 are at a distance of $#$ % G20

far%sH# !&ese are %ostly cattle far%s it& o9er 100 ani%als# !&e source %aterial can also be

transported fro% areas furt&er afield# !&e closest bi far% Ga pi far% it& o9er 300 ani%alsH is

located at a distance of app# ' %# !&e location of rassy bio%ass G rass fro% botto%


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Fi ure 1# )ocation 1

1# #2 )ocation 2 Aardlapalu landfill

Address Aardlapalu landfill5 -&ti5 lenur%e %unicipality5 !artu County Gsee Fi ure 3H

Cadastral re ister nu%ber 01 00 03.

S#o$t %es&$'(t'on o) lo&at'on

!&e land is located in t&e 9illa e of -&ti in lenur%e %unicipality in !artu County# "t is an area of

for%er landfill &ose acti9ities &a9e ceased and &ic& &as since been i%pro9ed# !&e area of t&e land

is 2.# &a#

Lo&at'on 'n $elat'on to &'t*

)ocation 2 is situated app# 1$ % fro% t&e city# !&ere are se9eral connection roads bet een t&e

location and t&e city t&e !allinn

4aasla9a


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appearance of t&e city# (or is it close to built


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e$&enta e o) a%%'t'onal &osts o) 'n est-ent

Considerin t&e fact t&at t&ere is no detailed plannin for )ocation 2 or connection to as pipes5

additional costs &a9e to be considered for t&e construction of t&e bio as plant# !&e a9era e

construction cost per %etre of as pipeline is 12. E-R# Accession costs to t&e as net or %ust be

added#

Accession fees to t&e po er net or depend on t&e siTe of t&e %ain fuse# Accession fees for Eesti

Ener ia are calculated on t&e basis of an a%pere fee only#

eta'le% (lans '-(ose% on lo&at'on

!&ere are no detailed plans for )ocation 2#

S(e&')'& (+$(ose o) lo&at'on

!&e specific purpose of t&e location is 100Q aste stora e land5 &ic& %a es it possible to erect a

as plant t&ere#

Fi ure 3# )ocation 2

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1# #3 Co%parison of locations

!&e opti%u% location for t&e plant as selected based on a co%parison of t&e follo in criteria

location in t&e cityN

location in relation to t&e surroundin co%paniesN

location in relation to residential areas and d ellin sN

noiseN

e?istin ser9ice lines and options to erect ser9ice linesN

detailed plans i%posed on t&e locationN

percenta e of additional costs of in9est%entN

specific purpose of t&e locationN

construction and safety re=uire%ents for t&e construction of t&e plantN

location in relation to as linesN

location in relation to t&e co%pressed as stationN and

pro?i%ity and transport distance of t&e source %aterial#

Re ardin location alternati9es5 it s&ould also be considered t&at t&ere is a protected area and

&abitat of protected species in t&e 9icinity of one location G)ocation 1H# !&ere is a (atura 2000 bird

conser9ation area and &abitat of certain species of orc&ids and ranunculi in t&e 9icinity of AS !artu

Vee9Dr # !&us it &as to be ensured durin construction t&at nestin birds are disturbed as little as

possible and t&at t&e &abitats of t&e protected plant species are not destroyed#

22


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!able 3# Co%parison of locations

) o c a t i o n

) o c a t i o n i n c i t y

) o c a t i o n i n

r e l a t i o n t o t & e

s u r r o u n d i n

c o % p a n i e s

) o c a t i o n i n

r e l a t i o n t o

r e s i

d e n t i a

l a r e a s

a n d d e l

l i n s

( o i s e

S e r 9 i c e

l i n e s

7 e t a i

l e d p l a n n i n

A d d i t i o n a

l c o s t s

" n t e n d e d u s e

F o r % o f o n e r s

& i p

) o c a t i o n 1

R o p a i n d u s t r i a l a r e a

5 a a y

f r o % e n e r a

l c e n t r e s

" n d u s t r i a l a n

d p r o d u c t i o n c o % p a n i e s

A a y

f r o %

d e l

l i n s

G t & e c l o s e s t i s a t a

d i s t a n c e o f $ ' 0 %

H

: i t

& i n p e r % i t t e

d l i % i t s

E ? i s t i n a t e r a n

d s e a e p i p e s

< e l e t r i 9 r

< a a s i t r a s s i Z

& e n d u s 9 i % a l i

l a & e n d a d a

l D & e d a l a s u 9 a s t t o r u s t i u s t

( o n e

< 7 e t a i

l e d p l a n n i n

< , a s c o n n e c t i o n

< A c c e s s i o n t o a s n e t o r

1 0 0 Q p r o d u c t i o n

l a n d

a

l t i c O

5

a s c o

l l e c t i o n

A a y

f r o %

d e l

l i n s

G t & e c l o s e s t i s a t a

d i s t a n c e o f ' 2 0 %

H

: i t

& i n p e r % i t t e

d l i % i t s

E ? i s t i n a t e r a n

d s e a e p i p e s

( o n e

< , a s p i p e c o n n e c t i o n 3

# $ % G f r o %

l e n u r % e s e t t

l e % e n t H

A c c e s s i o n t o a s n e t o r

A c c e s s i o n t o e n e r y n e t o r

1 0 0 Q a s t e

d e p o s i t

l a n d loc sc&e%e of bio as production tec&nolo y

>io as production %ay be di9ided into four sta es

1H transport5 stora e5 pre


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ne ati9e i%pacts Gunpleasant s%ell and air pollution caused by transportH# "n t&e case of rassybio%ass t&ere is no proble% it& s%ell or air pollution#

Stora e

Stora e is i%portant to a9oid %a or c&an es caused by t&e use of different substrates# !&e stora e

conditions of different substrates 9ary# Areas re=uired for stora e depend on t&e planned =uantity of

substrates and use t&ereof per ti%e unit# "n t&e e9ent t&at substrates are purc&ased5 t&ere are

i%portant factors to be considered suc& as contractual relations and t&e obli ations stipulated

t&erein and &en and in &at =uantity t&e source %aterial ill be supplied#

Re ardin t&e spread of s%ells5 suc& substrates s&ould be stored in &alls e=uipped it& air cleaners

or biofilters# !&is ay t&e e=uip%ent is protected and or can be done re ardless of t&e eat&er#

/re


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C&oppin Mcrus&inC&oppin or crus&in of a substrate increases t&e area of biolo ical deco%position and also increases

t&e production of %et&ane# "t can be said t&at biolo ical processes it& c&opped substrate speed up

but do not necessarily increase t&e =uantity of bio as enerated# !&e =uantity of %et&ane depends

on t&e ti%e stored in t&e fer%entation c&a%ber and on bondin properties# !&e %ost i%portant is

t&e c&oice of proper e=uip%ent# Crus&in can be arran ed before t&e substrate is placed in stora e#

Very often5 separate de9ices are needed for storin and re%o9in ob ects# All %ac&ines are started

by %eans of electrical dri9es but %any can be started fro% t&e po er dri9e of a tractor# For t&e

addition of %ore dry %aterial5 c&oppin e=uip%ent is already installed in pre


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Substrate feedin!o ensure a stable biolo ical process5 it is ideal to &a9e a constant flo of t&e substrate# >ut as it is

al%ost i%possible to ensure t&is in practice5 %ostly a se%i


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"n a t o


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o9erflo pipe5 &ic& or s as a sip&on to a9oid as bein e%itted 9ia t&is pipe# !&e fer%entedsubstrate can also be e ected by %eans of pu%ps#

:&en t&e proportion of dry substrates is increased5 t&e source of t&e li=uid part %ust be carefully

follo ed# :&en %i?in it5 a special space Ga tan H for t&e stora e of t&e fer%entation aste &as to be

pro9ided# Stora e tan s are %ostly %eant for slurry and not&in else can be stored t&ere# !&us5 fro%

an econo%ic and tec&nolo ical point of 9ie it so%eti%es %a es sense to separate t&e dry and

li=uid parts# !&e li=uid part can be re


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/resently5 bio as is not purified as bio%et&ane G it& a %et&ane content of at least $QH in Estoniaand t&us purification tec&nolo y is not ell no n# "n addition5 t&ere are no le al rounds and no

=uality re=uire%ents for feedin purified bio as into t&e natural as net or Gin ot&er ords

bio%et&aneH#

3# E=uip%ent

!&e tec&nolo ical ele%ents needed for bio as production are

_ bio%ass stora eN

_ pre


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supplier s&ould be inspected# :&en c&oosin possible co


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"n addition to t&e abo9eio as A, and >A) >io as Anla enbau)an enau ,%b4H5 =uotes for t&e purc&ase of bio as plant e=uip%ent s&ould be sou &t fro% ot&er

co%panies in ,er%any5 Austria and t&e (et&erlands# !&ese include (o9atec&,%b45

Sc&%ac >io asA,5 >"OFer%,%b45 Ko%po as A,5 CO:A!EC5 4aaseEner ietec&ni A, and 4oSt>#V#

Offers for bio as purification e=uip%ent could be sou &t fro% suc& co%panies as Sc&%ac

CAR>O!EC4 ,%b45 Cir%ac5 Flotec& and 6! Ener ie#

'


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4. TARGET GROUP A!" C#$E!T %A E

!&e follo in c&apter describes t&e tar et roups and final consu%ers &o are potential reelo is a eneral description of AS Eesti ,aas5 its re=uire%ents and interest in buyin bio as#

#1#1 AS Eesti ,aas

AS Eesti ,aas is a roup includin AS E, E&itus and AS E, V r uteenus# !&e %ain acti9ities of AS Eesti

,aas are buyin 5 distributin and sellin natural as# Ot&er acti9ities include %aintainin as syste%s5

constructin ne as pipelines and %ana in as net or de9elop%ent# AS Eesti ,aas is a

s&are&oldin co%pany o ned by t&ree lar e as co%panies in Europe I OAO ,aTpro%5 E#O(

Ru&r as "nternational ,%b4 and Fortu% 4eat B ,as O* I and s%all s&are&olders Gindi9iduals and

le al entitiesH# AS Eesti ,aas &as '5'00 consu%ers5 of &o% $5100 are do%estic consu%ers5 111

co%%ercial consu%ers5 2 ' industrial consu%ers5 $3 district &eatin and &eatin pro9iders5 si?

po er and &eat co< eneration co%panies and 32 ot&er distribution co%panies#

So%e years a o t&e co%pany be an de9elopin a pro ect dedicated to t&e use of co%pressed as as

en ine fuel# !&ere are t o co%pressed as stations &ere it is possible to sell natural as as ell as

bio as# !&e only co%pressed as station operatin in Estonia at t&e %o%ent is located by a trun

road on Suur


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re=uired5 refuellin possibilities ill also be pro9ided for city buses# Success in introducin t&e sub ectof co%pressed as in t&e country and t&e ro in interest of consu%ers in alternati9e

en9iron%entally friendly fuels &a9e &ad a positi9e influence#

#2 Final consu%ers

!&e final consu%ers of t&e product s&ould be transport co%panies and pri9ate persons# !&is study

includes e9aluation of tar et roups &o &a9e s&o n interest in i%ple%entin as 9e&icles or &a9e

t&e potential to i%ple%ent %ore as 9e&icles#

#2#1 >us co%panies

A relati9ely lar e transport sector &ose traffic tra9els in cities Gpublic transportH and bet een cities

and settle%ents Gcounty lines and c&arter bus transportH# At present5 t&e city and county lines are

%ostly operated by buses e=uipped it& diesel en ines# As t&ere are not a lot of as stations in

Estonia and t&e capacity of as tan s installed in 9e&icles li%its t&eir dri9in ran e5 it is not probable

t&at as buses ill be used in intercity transport5 public transport or c&arter bus transport in t&e near

future# !&us a co%pany ser9icin !artu s urban lines could be a realistic custo%er#

As a result of t&e state procure%ent Re ular public bus transport in t&e City of !artu fro%

01#01#2011


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:&ereas intercity lines are too lon to operate on co%pressed as5 considerin t&e distances ofinternal lines it&in !artu County5 as buses could be used &ere# "t is esti%ated t&at a co%pressed

as bus could dri9e on a full tan G100us# Accordin to t&e infor%ation on t&eir ebsite5 t&ey &a9e 130 buses operatin

in t&e re ion$N t&e nu%ber of buses used on county lines is esti%ated to be .0# "t is not possible to

forecast t&e replace%ent of diesel buses it& as buses# >ased on t&e planned proportion of as

buses on !artu s urban lines G10Q in 2012 risin to $0Q in futureH5 t&e potential as re=uire%ent of

county lines %ay reac& .00 per day# :&en t&e net or of as stations e?pands5 it ill also be

possible to use as buses on lon


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in9est%ent is rat&er costly5 it cannot be assu%ed t&at ta?i co%panies ill transfer to bio as in lar enu%bers in t&e near future# State support or benefits could %a e t&is %ore attracti9e#

#2# Ot&er transport co%panies

"n addition to t&e co%panies %entioned abo9e5 co%panies operatin it& a relati9ely bi %ac&ine

fleet also &a9e potential fro% a bio as point of 9ie # Suc& co%panies include t&ose dealin it&

car o transport5 lo istics5 road %aintenance5 real estate %ana e%ent5 operational aut&orities5

couriers and postal co%panies# A ood e?a%ple of t&in in in t&is direction is AS Eesti /ost5 &ic&

&as plans to use fi9e 9ans e=uipped it& as en ines in !artu# As t&is is currently a ne 5 relati9elyun no n and not co%%only used fuel5 ider use needs %ore co%%unication and positi9e e?a%ples#

#2#$ /ri9ate 9e&icles

!&ere ere '$;5;30 re istered 9e&icles accordin to t&e data of t&e Estonian Road Ad%inistration as

at 1 January 2011# Of t&ese5 al%ost ;0Q are pri9ately o ned# "n Europe t&ere ere 2'.50 05'.0

9e&icles in 200.5 of &ic& app# 0#3Q ere e=uipped it& a co%pressed as en ine; # Out of all

European countries5 pri9ate 9e&icles operatin it& co%pressed as are %ostly found in "taly5

,er%any5 t&e (et&erlands5 )it&uania and )at9ia# Alt&ou & petrol and diesel fuel is used %uc& %ore

t&an co%pressed as5 it is esti%ated t&at t&e use of co%pressed as ill increase by around 30Q per

year5 &ic& %eans t&at by 2020 t&e co%pressed as %ar et s&ould increase to 00 billion %3 per

year#

"f e use t&e percenta e of European co%pressed as 9e&icles in t&e conte?t of Estonia5 based on

present nu%bers t&e nu%ber of passen er 9e&icles operatin it& co%pressed as s&ould be around

1 ;0# /resently5 t&e s&are of 9e&icles accordin to fuel used is as follo s 9e&icles operatin on

petrol ' #0'3QN diesel 30# 3QN as 0#00'QN and electricity 0#001Q#

*et it is no n t&at co%pressed as en ines are %ostly used in truc s and buses# /assen er car

%anufacturers only &a9e a &andful of co%pressed as 9e&icles in t&eir ran es# Often5 co%pressed

as is an alternati9e in petrolY, fuel cars # At t&e %o%ent t&ere are

al%ost 30 co%pressed as en ine %odels on t&e %ar et fro% all %a or car %anufacturers I Audi5

C&e9rolet5 Citr@en5 Fiat5 Ford5 4onda5 4yundai5 )incoln5 6ercedesenT5 6itsubis&i5 Opel5 /eu eot5

Renault5 !oyota5 S oda and Vol s a en#

; European %otor 9e&icle parc 200.

$0


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$#1 >io as production facilities based on a ricultural aste

$#1#1 O Saare Econo%ics in J@@ri

!&is plant5 &ic& is located in Val ala %unicipality on t&e island of Saare%aa and &ic& %ostly

operates on a ricultural aste5 as opened in 200$# "t is possible to process al%ost 05000 tonnes of

biolo ical aste per year at t&e plant# !&e &eat production capacity is up to 3$00 6: and electrical

ener y capacity up to 2200 6: per year# Electrical ener y enerated on t&e basis of slurry s&ould

co9er t&e ener y re=uire%ents of t&e plant itself as ell as t&e re=uire%ents of Val ala pi far%

belon in to t&e fora e plant roup# !&e e=uip%ent at t&e plant co%es fro% a >el ian co%pany5ECO6AC (V# !&e cost of t&e bio as plant as 3#$ %illion euros#

$#1#2 Ara9ete bio as plant

!&is bio as plant is a oint 9enture establis&ed on t&e basis of a coaltic >io as# !&e %ain source %aterial is cattle %anure fro% Ara9ete A ro and

!a%%saare G305000 tonnes of dry %anure per year and $05000 tonnes of slurry per yearH# !&e

electrical ener y capacity of t&e plant is 1#; 6:# 4eat is to be sold to Ara9ete settle%ent5 %a?# 3000

:& per year# !&e in9est%ent re=uired to construct t&e plant is app# < #$ %illion euros# Construction

or started in inter 2011 and t&e plant is planned to be launc&ed in autu%n 2011 or inter 2011io aas

A bio as station to be operated usin pi and cattle %anure usin %et&ane


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c&a%berH5 &ile e?cess slud e is sent to t&e slud e stabiliser# "n autu%n 200 Kuressaare se a esyste% obtained an anaerobic fer%entation reactor for se a e sedi%ent in &ic& it is possible to

produce &eat ener y and electrical ener y fro% bio as# "n addition5 it is possible to use aste slud e

fro% bio


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$#3 >io as production facilities based on landfill ases

$#3#1 !allinn landfill in J elD&t%e

!allinn s landfill in J elD&t%e co9ers !allinn and its surroundin %unicipalities# Alto et&er it &as

al%ost $005000 clients# !&e area of t&e landfill is ''#; &a# Collection of landfill as is or anised by O

!allinna /rZ ila aas5 and in coio as production pro ects in !artu County

At present it is no n t&at it is planned to erect t o bio as production plants in !artu County t&e

"l%atsalu bio as plant and AS !artu Vee9Dr se a e purification plant Gsee C&apters $# #1


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process ot&er or anic aste e# # ani%al and 9e etable fat aste# !&e ne tec&nolo y ill sol9e t&eproble% of t&e bad s%ell of t&e purifier affectin residents and %a e it possible to collect bio as

e%itted in t&e process5 &ic& in turn can be used to enerate &eat and electrical ener y# !&e

construction or is bein financed fro% t&e European -nion Co&esion Fund Gal%ost ;3QH and by AS

!artu Vee9Dr # :&en sedi%ent fro% rease traps is also used in se a e sedi%ent fer%entation5 t&e

annual %et&ane production is esti%ated to be 05'20 % 3 of C4 . # Ener y produced fro% t&e bio as

is used for o n consu%ption#

$# #2 "l%atsalu bio as plant

A pro ect de9eloped by O !artu >io aas to produce bio as fro% cattle %anure# !&e bio as plant is a

oint 9enture establis&ed on t&e basis of a coaltic

>io as# !&e %ain source %aterial to be used is cattle %anure and pi %anure fro% !artu A ro and

bio aste fro% t&e City of !artu and surroundin s# !&e plant ill be e=uipped it& t o bioreactors

it& a 9olu%e of 3$00 % 3 and one secondary bioreactor it& a 9olu%e of 2;00 % 3# "f t&e production

9olu%e of one bioreactor is app# .15300 % 35 t&e production capacity of %et&ane ill be al%ost

1'35000 % 3 per year# "n t&is case t&e annual bio as production capacity is 2;15''; % 35 for &ic&

11531 tonnes of %anure and slurry is re=uired# !&is is to be supplied by AS !artu A ro far%s# "n t&e

source %aterial sur9ey of bio as production carried out by t&e Estonian "nstitute for Sustainable

7e9elop%ent5 t&is a%ount of a9ailable %anure and slurry is e?cluded5 but in future5 &en "l%atsalu

bio as plant is e?panded and its production capacity increased5 &ic& in turn ill also increase

source %aterial de%ands5 t&is particular plant %ay beco%e a critical co%petitor to ot&er bio as

plants operatin it& %anure#

!&e electrical ener y capacity of t&e plant is 1#$ 6:# 4eat ill be sold to "l%atsalu settle%ent I %a?#

2.00 6:& per year#

!&e app# in9est%ent needed to construct t&e plant is up to #$ %illion euros# Construction started in

su%%er 2010 and s&ould be co%pleted by 2013#

$# #3 Aardlapalu landfill

"n 20115 7orano9a >altic O started construction or on a as collection syste% in t&e closed

Aardlapalu landfill located in lenur%e %unicipality near !artu# !&is or as part of lar e


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closure or on t&e landfill site# !&e co%pany &as ordered a study to deter%ine t&e =uantity oflandfill ases a9ailable and !artu City ,o9ern%ent &as ordered a study to e9aluate t&e possibilities of

usin landfill ases for co%%ercial purposes#

"t &as been esti%ated t&at Aardlapalu landfill could enerate $33 % 3 of bio as per &our5 %eanin

5'' 50.0 % 3 per year# "t &as been discussed t&at t&e collected and processed as could be used as

en ine fuel for !artu s public transport5 in a co< eneration plant for t&e production of electrical

ener y or sold to t&e natural as net or # !&e study s&o ed t&at fro% a co%%ercial point of 9ie

t&e %ost profitable option ould be t&e co< eneration plant5 &ere electrical ener y is sold directly

to t&e net or and &eat cannot be used# !&e %ost unprofitable acti9ity is t&e use of bio as for

en ine fuel#

!&e total production capacity of t&ese t&ree bio as production and collection syste%s is esti%ated to

be al%ost $50005000 %3 of %et&ane per year# !&is =uantity ould be sufficient to supply !artu s

public transport it& en ine fuel5 but as alternati9e areas of use of bio as are econo%ically %ore

profitable5 t&e production de9elopers plan to use it to produce electrical ener y for t&eir o n needs5

electrical and &eat ener y in a co< eneration plant5 and sellin it to t&e natural as net or # (ot

%uc& potential is seen in bio as as an en ine fuel# !&e %et&ane =uantity produced at t&e "l%atsalu

bio as plant is only sufficient to supply local consu%ers it& electrical and &eat ener y# Also5 t&e

=uantity of bio%et&ane produced in t&e purification plants of AS !artu Vee9Dr ill initially be

sufficient to satisfy t&e needs of t&e co%pany only# Alt&ou & t&e %et&ane =uantities enerated at

t&e Aardlapalu landfill are %uc& lar er5 studies &a9e s&o n t&at it is not feasible to purify as

enerated in t&e landfill for car fuel and t&at it ould %a e %ore sense to use it for &eat and

electrical ener y production# !&us it can be assu%ed t&at t&e de9elopers ill base t&eir acti9ities onecono%ical rationality5 it& %ost bio%et&ane bein used for ener y production# >ut as t&e landfill is

able to enerate lar e =uantities5 a certain a%ount of %et&ane could also be supplied by Aardlapalu

landfill# !&is ould pri%arily be to ensure a stable supply of as in t&e e9ent t&at t&e ne bio as

plant is not capable of producin %et&ane in suc& lar e =uantities#

$.


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).F$!A!C$A# A!A#( $ A!" E*A#UAT$O! OF F$!A!C$A# PER PECT$*E

!&e ai% of t&e financial analysis is to deter%ine and co%pare t&e profitability of t&e construction of

t&e bio as plant and t&e use of bio as in !artu s city buses#

!&e financial analysis of t&e bio as plant i9es an e9aluation of potential additional or risin inco%e

and costs# For t&is reason t o possible types of bio as production tec&nolo y and financial indicators

are e9aluated and t&e cas& flo s of t&e scenarios are co%pared# !&e scenarios are t&e follo in

Scenario 1 I et processin by usin ]or >io as A, e=uip%ent5 in &ic& case t&e in9est%ent ould

be P25 ;.5; 0# As a source %aterial %anure fro% cattle far%s Gdiluted %anure5 Q etH ould be

used# !&e ener y 9alue of t&is ould be 1 tonne of %anure 2 %L of as#

!able 1# !ec&nical data of bio as plant operatin it& li=uid %anure and slurry %ade by ]or >io as

A,

/roperties -nit Value

1 Source %aterial =uantity tMday 1$0

2 >io as production % 3Mday 3'00

3Electrical ener y production

capacity: 20

4eat ener y production capacity : 300$ >ioreactors pc 1' /ersonnel re=uire%ents &Mday 2; Area re=uire%ent &a 0#. ,eneration of li=uid bio fertiliser tMday 1

,eneration of dry bio fertiliser % 3Mday 130

Scenario 2 I dry processin by usin e=uip%ent %ade by >A) bio as plant )an enau ,%b45 in &ic&

case t&e in9est%ent ould be P35$0 50'0#

$


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&eatin Additional &eatin is notre=uired

10 Co%pressor type Oil %$* ($o&ess'n

!O!A) O/ERA!"O("(, COS!S '';50 ;Source %aterial $; 53''/roduction buildin costs5 electrical ener y 1'5;$2Salary fund 3532;>oo eepin 12./lant and e=uip%ent %aintenance 135203Office costs '';)and ta? 32.;"nsurance $1$'

'1


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'#3 "n9est%ent cost

S&ena$'o 1

IN5EST ENT /rice 2011 2012)and cost Gunder t&e plantH $$5000 $;5 ;$/roduction facilities ;;05000 .0 5'$0Access c&ar es 3 $5000 3'05$2$,as purifier G ;QH 151 $5000 151 '5$2$7esi n docu%entation and

trainin $;5000 $ 5$'$

Total 'n est-ent 2,372,000 2,!78,7!0

S&ena$'o 2

IN5EST ENT /rice 2011 2012

)and cost Gunder t&e plantH $$5000 $'5'$0/roduction facilities 251005000 251'35000Access c&ar es $05000 $15$00,as purifier G ;QH 151 $5000 151; 53$07esi n docu%entation and

trainin $25000 $35$'0

Total 'n est-ent 3,!02,000 3, 0!,060

'3


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'# /ro ect profitability

S&ena$'o 1

IN5EST ENT 4OFITA?ILITYYea$ 2011 2012 2013 201! 201 2016

e$'o% 1 2 3 !

In est-ent 0 2,!78,7!0 0 0 0 0Operatin costs 0 0 20'5'2. 2135$20 2205 $ 22;5'3.Operatin inco%e 0 0 $1 5.;; $3 5 3 $$05 '; $ 51;

Cas& flo 0


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As at 1 January 2011 t&e price of natural as of AS Eesti ,aas for transport fuel is P0# .M%L# !&eoperational cost of t&e pro ect is calculated based on t&e bio as re=uire%ent G150005000 %LMyearH

stated in t&e initial tas %ultiplied by t&e product sales price Gesti%ated as P0#$2M%L in 2013H# "n t&is

case t&e annual feasible sales inco%e is P$1 5.;;#0$# !&e si%ple pay


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+. 4IS ANALYSIS

!&is c&apter describes 9arious ris s5 t&e probability t&ereof and ays of %iti atin t&e%#

Ris ele%ents are

1H ris sN

2H t&e probability t&at ris s ill occurN and

3H t&e scope of Gne ati9eH i%pact if a ris occurs#

!&e follo in is a description of 9arious types of ris s and an e9aluation t&ereof#

;#1 Econo%ic ris s

Econo%ic ris s include t&e follo in aspects

1H t&e lon pay


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)on payert 4ol% 2011 Analysis of Adore "! pro ect about co%plications in usin

biofuelH#

7ra%atic increase in source %aterial prices

!&e price of slud e %ay increase due to increased de%and for a substrate needed for t&e production

of bio as# :&ile at t&e %o%ent t&e price of t&e %a ority of bio aste is al%ost Tero5 t&is could

increase in future due to increased co%petition# !&is ris could be %iti ated by si nin lon


69/88



Co%petition in t&e for% of fuel produced on t&e basis of et&anol etc#

Co%petition in en ine fuels produced on t&e basis of et&anol or si%ilar to GbioH as# "n Estonia t&ere

are fe %ac&ines at present operatin on E.$ Gfuel produced on t&e basis of et&anolH# Retail sales of

fuel re=uire lar e in9est%ents and nobody ants to ris an in9est%ent creatin a loss in an acti9ity

it& lo sales 9olu%e# !&us t&ere is no serious co%petition in t&e for% of en ine fuels produced on

t&e basis of et&anol# *et it is not i%possible t&at t&e situation ill c&an e in future#

Co%petition

:&en t&e price of bio as depends solely on price c&an es in natural as and t&ere is no furt&er

co%petition on t&e fuel %ar et5 t&e price of bio as ill be directly related to t&e price of natural as#

/rice of natural as

:&en t&e price of bio as is not co%petiti9e co%pared to t&e price of natural as Gi#e# it is %uc&

&i &erH5 it is difficult to find consu%ers for t&e bio as produced#

;#2 Or anisational ris s

Or anisational ris s include t&e follo in

1H tea% e?pertiseN and

2H trainin costs#

!ea% e?pertise

E?pertise a%on t&e desi ners5 builders and operators of bio as plants is 9ery i%portant# !&eir

acti9ities %ust be based on occupational safety5 en9iron%ental and ot&er re=uire%ents#

"nco%petent or ers could cause unprofitable or dan erous situations#

!rainin costs

!rainin costs a%on t&e pro ect tea% %ay be &i &er t&an planned#

'


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;#3 )e al ris s

)e al ris s include t&e follo in aspects

1H re ulations o9ernin t&e %ana e%ent of bio as plantsN

2H re=uire%ents for t&e reco9ery of fer%entation asteN and

3H ris s related to t&e construction of t&e plant and ris s t&at %ay be faced after construction#

Re ulations o9ernin t&e %ana e%ent of bio as plants

At t&e %o%ent t&ere are no specific re ulations for bio as plants in Estonia5 but t&is situation could

c&an e once t&e area de9elops#

Re=uire%ents for t&e reco9ery of fer%entation aste

At t&e %o%ent t&ere are no united re=uire%ents in Estonia for t&e reco9ery of t&e fer%entation

aste enerated durin bio as production# *et 2 section article $ of t&e :aste Act rants t&e6inister of t&e En9iron%ent t&e ri &t to i%pose &andlin re=uire%ents on biode radable aste5

&ic& %ay also in9ol9e t&e %ana e%ent t&ereof by %eans of anaerobic deco%position or bio as

production# -nfortunately t&is re ulation &as yet to be i%posed and as far as is no n5 it is currently

bein de9eloped in t&e 6inistry of t&e En9iron%ent# 6ost li ely t&e re ulation ill include criteria

for processin products of biode radable aste Gco%post and fer%entation productsH5 &ic& in

fulfillin certain conditions G%aterial =uality and re ular control t&ereofH ould enable it to be

e?cluded fro% t&e cate ory of specific fer%entation products and release it into free circulation # For

instance5 in t&e European Co%%ission t&ese conditions are bein de9eloped and are li ely to be

appro9ed soon#

!&e sooner t&e conditions for reco9ery of fer%entation aste beco%e clear5 t&e sooner t&e bio aste

enerated durin t&e operation of a bio as plant Gin t&e e9ent t&at all re=uired conditions are

fulfilledH can be used as fertiliser in a riculture and ardenin and t&e sooner it ill be possible to

earn additional profit#

;0


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Ris s related to construction of t&e plant and ris s t&at %ay be faced after constructionRis s durin t&e construction and operation of a bio as plant are related to accidents t&at could

occur if t&e re=uired buildin and safety re=uire%ents are not follo ed#

7.! So&'al $'sDs

Social ris s are t&e follo in

1H t&e opposition of residentsN and

2H reduced earnin capacity of rene able ener y in co%petition it& aste incineration plants#

Opposition of residents

!&e ("6>* syndro%e %ay be seen a%on residents or opposition re ardin one or anot&er aspect

of a bio as plant# !&e acrony% ("6>* co%es fro% En lis& not in my backyard 5 %eanin a biogas

plant may be necessary, but it should be located somewhere else, not close to where I live # !o reduce

opposition5 t&e public s&ould be in9ol9ed and infor%ed t&rou &out t&e construction process5 people

s&ould be i9en t&e c&ance to e?press t&eir opinions etc# 7oubts and =uestions s&ould be ans ered

in a ell


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8. EN5I4ON ENTAL I ACT

Conditionally5 t&e i%pact of a bio as plant on t&e a%bient en9iron%ent can be di9ided into t o

roups

1H en9iron%ental i%pact durin constructionN and

2H en9iron%ental i%pact durin operation#

En9iron%ental i%pact in t&e t o alternati9e locations Gclose to t&e AS !artu Vee9Dr se a e

purification plant or to Aardlapalu landfillH and of t&e t o tec&nolo ical alternati9es G et or dry

processin H &a9e been e9aluated to et&er# !&is approac& as selected because eneral

en9iron%ental i%pact durin t&e construction and operation of t&e plant are si%ilar# 6iti ation

reco%%endations are described separately# Also5 t&ere is a description of t&e differences in

en9iron%ental i%pact of dry and et processin # A pre


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'H noise and 9ibrationN

;H socio


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%a or c&an es to t&e relief# Soil pollution is not foreseen if operational and en9iron%ental safetyre=uire%ents are follo ed#

"%pact on t&e air en9iron%ent

One %a or i%pact on t&e air en9iron%ent durin construction is dust and t&e s%all =uantity of

reen&ouse ases e%itted by %ac&inery# Odoriferous substances ill not be e%itted durin

construction or #

7ust

7ust %ay be e%itted durin construction and by transport 9e&icles5 but it ill &a9e no critical i%pact

on t&e a%bient air en9iron%ent# ,eneration of dust is s&ort


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.#1#3 "%pact on t&e 9isual en9iron%ent and cultural &erita e7urin t&e planned acti9ity relief5 e?istin 9e etation and natural ele%ents s&all be considered as

%uc& as possible and relief and underbrus& ill be c&an ed as little as possible# !&e ai% is to reduce

t&e i%pact of t&e plant on t&e 9isual en9iron%ent#

!&e bio as plant is not located in a builtest practice rules are follo ed5

%eanin t&at construction or stops fro% 23 00* syndro%e # /eople li9in in t&e area %ay oppose t&e construction of t&e plant# (obody

doubts t&e need to build t&e plant5 but t&ey do not ant it close to &ere t&ey li9e# Opposition %ay

be caused by e%otional ar u%ents#

;$


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:aste %ana e%entConstruction aste and %i?ed do%estic aste is enerated durin construction# !&ese are sorted

and &anded o9er to a aste &andler &o acts pursuant to t&e re=uire%ents stipulated in t&e :aste

Act# ,eneration of 9olatile aste at t&e construction site ill be a9oided# Co9ered containers ill be

used#

.#1#' "%pact on &u%an &ealt&5 ell


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.#2#3 "%pact on t&e air en9iron%ent!&e closed syste% of bio as production is not influenced by eat&er conditions# Also5 s%ell is ept

under control5 since as is directed into tan s &ere it is used for consu%ption not&in is e%itted

into t&e outside air#

S%ells

Alt&ou & t&e production process of bio as ta es place is in a closed syste%5 unpleasant s%ells %ay

still be produced# !&is is %ainly durin t&e storin of substrate before production of bio as starts#

Spread %ostly depends on t&e direction of t&e ind# Accordin to data fro% 200$ recei9ed fro%!artu

est G!artu >io aas O "l%atsalu bio as and co< eneration plant# /re


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6et&ane enerated in bio as production is used for ener y production# !&is reduces t&e totale%ission of %et&ane as a reen&ouse as# "n eneral5 t&e use of fossil fuels is reduced as is t&e

e%ission of reen&ouse ases caused by it#

"%pact of total pollutants

!&e ener y consu%ption of a bio as plant is relati9ely &i &5 &ic& %eans t&at part of t&e enerated

bio as %ust be consu%ed locally for t&e production of electrical ener y# "f t&e source %aterial

includes to?ic %atter5 t&e fer%entation process %ay slo do n or to?ic co%pounds Ge# #

a%%oniu%H %ay be enerated# "n anaerobic processes5 %any pollutants %ay also be da%a ed# *et it&as to be considered t&at t&e content of &ea9y %etals is not reduced in t&e process# >acteria are

illed %ore easily t&an 9iruses# 6anure can be pasteurised before or after fer%entation by eepin it

at a te%perature of app# ;0 oC for one &our so t&at t&e pat&o ens are illed Gaccordin to !uo%isto

>endi?en 200$H# "t &as to be considered t&at t&e production process depends on %any factors Gsuc&

as te%perature5 p4 le9el and =uantity of inco%in source %aterialH and a c&an e in one of t&e

para%eters %ay slo do n t&e entire process#

A s%all =uantity of pollutants is also e%itted into t&e outside air durin t&e transport of substrate

Ge?&aust ases of truc sH5 but on t&e &ole t&is does not &a9e a critical i%pact on t&e en9iron%ent

Gt&e daily substrate needs of a plant are app# 3< truc sH#

.#2# "%pact on t&e ater en9iron%ent

"%pact on round ater

!&e daily round ater consu%ption of a plant is appro?i%ately 2$0 % 35 &ic& does not &a9e a

critical i%pact on t&e en9iron%ent# At present it is not no n &et&er t&e ater re=uired for t&e

operation of t&e plant ill be ta en fro% a bored ell or t&e local ater syste%5 or &et&er surfaceater ill be used instead# "n t&e latter case5 acti9e coal filters are li ely to be used to purify

production ater#

"%pact on surface ater

)i=uid used in t&e bio as production process %ust %eet stipulated criteria5 &ic& depend %ostly on

t&e para%eters of t&e bio as e=uip%ent used# "%portant factors are t&e content of dry %atter and

biolo ically easily deco%posin or anic carbon co%pounds5 as ell as t&e concentration of

co%pounds &ic& %ay &inder fer%entation Gfor instance saltsH# Solid particles %ay create proble%s

;


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in t&e noTTles of a se a e syste%5 biolo ically deco%posin carbon co%pounds %ay cause bads%ells and a &i & content of (4 ?5 at ni &t $ d>H#

.#2#; Socio


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Social issues(on


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>ut &i & %et&ane concentrations %ay still be dan erous to lifeG&ttp MM #nrel ro t&lin #co%Mbio as


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t&e substrate5 under certain conditions it %ay be necessary to re%o9e t&e dry part offer%entation aste Gto re%o9e nutrients or to?insH# "n t&is case t&e li=uid part is not sent to

t&e de9ice# :&en addin t&e li=uid part to t&e fer%entation process a ain5 t&e follo in

s&all be obser9ed 1H content of 9olatile fatty acidsN 2H content of %ineral saltsN 3H content of

a%%oniu% nitro enN and H acidity Gp4H# As t&ese para%eters &a9e a direct influence on t&e

stability of t&e fer%entation process5 t&ese s&all be re ularly %easured and co%pared it&

t&e bio as output of t&e de9ice G>io as production and use# 6anual# 200 H#

So%eti%es t&e preio as production

and use# 6anual# 200 H#

E%er ency situations related to bio as plant production are enerally t&e sa%e as t&ose on

construction sites enerally# -sually t&ese are caused by ne li ence of basic safety rules Gt&e

or place does not confir% to occupational safety re=uire%ents5 insufficient trainin of

e%ployees5 insufficient internal control of t&e or in en9iron%ent etc#H#

7urin t&e operation of a bio as plant5 tec&nical safety re=uire%ents s&all be obser9ed for

tan s5 as production and purification e=uip%ent5 %easurin and %onitorin e=uip%ent and

co%%unications# Also5 en9iron%ental i%pact is not e?cluded# !o a9oid &aTards5 t&e presence

of unaut&orised people on t&e pre%ises s&all be a9oided#

All plant roo%s s&all be pro9ided it& ell


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fer%entation process &ic& is not co9ered by t&e :aste Act G 15 section 25 article 'H5 t&easte %ay be re arded in e=ual =uantity it& t&e %aterial used as t&e source %aterial#

:&en follo in certain ele%entary for%alities Gre ular c&ec


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.# Co%parison of alternati9es and i%ple%entation assess%ent G eneral reco%%endationsH

"n t&is analysis t o location alternati9es are discussed I t&e 9icinity of AS !artu Vee9Dr and

Aardlapalu landfill I and t o tec&nolo ical alternati9es I et and dry processin # :et processin

%eans t&e processin of dry %anure and dry processin is %i?in dry %anure it& rassy bio%ass#

En9iron%ental i%pact caused by t&e construction of a bio as plant is enerally t&e sa%e for bot&

alternati9es# >ut t&ere are %inor differences in operatin a bio as plant dependin on t&e use of

different fer%entation tec&nolo ies# "n t&e case of dry fer%entation t&ere is less s%ell5 since t&e

source %aterial is bio%ass and not %anure# "n addition5 t&ere is less of a lea a e ris of nutrients5

since t&ere is no transport or stora e of li=uid %ass# >ut dry processin %eans %ore co%plicated

%i?in 5 loadin of bio%ass and e%ptyin of t&e reactor# Also5 t&e proportion of fer%ented dry

bio%ass enerated durin dry processin is =uite &i & and can be furt&er anaerobically co%posted

GSc&Dfer5 )e&to5 !eye 200'H# So far it &as been found in dedicated scientific literature t&at t&ere

re%ains too little data on t&e en9iron%ental i%pact and econo%ic profitability of dry processin

GVo el5 >arT5 Al&aus 200.H#

Re ardin t&e location alternati9es5 t&e difference lies in t&e pro?i%ity of conser9ation areas and

&abitats of protected species listed in en9iron%ental re=uire%ents# !&ere is a (atura 2000 bird

conser9ation area and &abitat of certain species of orc&ids and ranunculi in t&e 9icinity of AS !artu

Vee9Dr # !&us it &as to be ensured durin construction t&at possible nestin birds are disturbed as

little as possible and t&at t&e &abitats of t&e protected plant species are not destroyed#

.$


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Su%%ary

>io as is a rene able ener y source &ic& is beco%in %ore and %ore popular in Europe5 includin

Estonia# "t is an en9iron%entally friendly alternati9e to oil s&ale fuel and petroleu%5 enablin t&e

reco9ery of aste for &ic& t&ere are fe ot&er recyclin alternati9es#

!&e tec&nolo ical solutions and possibilities of use of bio as &a9e been studied for %any decades#

One of t&e possible uses of bio as and ays of ac&ie9in reater independence fro% fuel producers

is as en ine fuel# One of t&e leaders in t&is field in Estonia is t&e City of !artu5 &ic& in coaltic Sea is de9elopin a pilot pro ect of city

buses operatin on bio as# Since 6arc& 2011 t&e first fi9e en9iron%entally friendly co%pressed as

buses &a9e been operatin on !artu s urban lines# "n future !artu City ,o9ern%ent is plannin to

increase t&e proportion of as buses on t&ese lines# "nitially t&e buses ill operate on natural as5 but

t&is ill be replaced it& bio as as soon as its production and purification for en ine fuel be ins int&e area#

At present t&ere is no operatin bio as plant in sout&ern Estonia5 alt&ou & t&ere are t o on oin

pro ects to construct a bio as plant and a feasibility study is bein carried out re ardin t&e

possibilities of use of landfill ases# "f t&ese t&ree pro ects are i%ple%ented5 t&e bio as and

bio%et&ane produced and collected ould be sufficient to supply !artu s buses5 but since t&ere are

econo%ically %ore profitable alternati9es in t&e use of bio%et&ane5 production fro% t&ese plants

cannot be counted on# >ased on t&is5 t&e !artu re ion could &a9e anot&er bio as production facility#

!&e annual capacity of t&is plant s&ould co9er t&e fuel needs of public transport and s&ould also be

sufficient to co9er t&e fuel needs of pri9ate 9e&icles and t&e fleets of co%panies related to transport

in t&e city#

!&ere are t o different tec&nolo ical scenarios to be considered for t&e construction of t&e ne

plant I et processin Ginitial in9est%ent P25 ;.5; 0H and dry processin Ginitial in9est%ent

P35$0 50'0H# Re ardin t&e location of production5 t&e land at Rin tee $ s&ould be preferred#

.'


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>ased on financial analysis it can be concluded t&at if et processin tec&nolo y is used G it& as%aller initial in9est%entH5 t&e pay


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H Viisi%aa5 6atti# 2011# /ri9ate letters on t&e sub ect#

10H Vo el !#5 >arT 6#5 A&l&aus 6# 200.# 7ryio as /roduction# 4eatB/o er

and !&er%al /&ysics#

11H &ttp MM #bal

Feasibility Study of Biogas Plant (Tartu)

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