Feasibility Study

Final Feasibility and Preliminary Design report for Mekelle City Integrated Solid Waste Management

PROMISE CONSULT: CONSULTING ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERS 1

Table of Contents

Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. 3

Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 4

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5

1 Project Background ................................................................................................................. 6

2 Objectives of the Consultancy Service ................................................................................... 7

3 General .................................................................................................................................... 8

3.1 Physical characteristics ................................................................................................... 8

3.1.1 Location .................................................................................................................. 8

3.1.2 Spatial coverage of the City .................................................................................... 8

3.1.3 Topographic Features ............................................................................................. 8

3.1.1.1 Terrain .................................................................................................................... 8

3.1.4 Climate .................................................................................................................... 8

3.2 Historical Development of solid waste management...................................................... 9

4 Evaluation of the Existing Solid Waste Management System.............................................. 11

4.1 Current Situation Review and Findings .................................................................................. 11

4.1.1 Generation and characteristics ......................................................................................... 11

4.1.2. Handling and primary storage ......................................................................................... 11

4.1.3. Primary collection ........................................................................................................... 11

i. Municipal Tractor-trailer .............................................................................................. 12

4.1.4 Secondary collection and Transportation ......................................................................... 16

4.1.5 Existing Disposal Facility ......................................................................................... 17

4.1.6. Waste Reduction, Recycling and Reuse (3R's) ............................................................... 20

4.1.8. Special and hazardous wastes ......................................................................................... 21

4.2. Organization of the existing system and role of Stakeholders .............................................. 21

Available Resources.................................................................................................................. 21

4.3. Financial aspects ................................................................................................................ 27

4.4. Institutional Structure and Responsibilities ....................................................................... 30

5 Data Collection, Projection of Solid waste generation and composition .............................. 34

5.2.1 Population projection ....................................................................................................... 39

5.2.1.1 Base Data .................................................................................................................. 39

5.2.1.2 Methodology ......................................................................................................... 40

5.3 Results of the survey ..................................................................................................... 42

6 System Analysis, Design and Recommendations ................................................................. 49

6.1 General design approach ............................................................................................... 49

6.3 Secondary Collection Route scenarios .......................................................................... 50

6.4 Design ........................................................................................................................... 51

6.5 MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY (MRF) ............................................................ 53

6.5.1 Site selection for MRF .......................................................................................... 53

6.5.2 Engineering aspects of material recovery facility (MRF)..................................... 55

6.5.3 Scope of MRF ....................................................................................................... 55

6.5.4 Lay out and design of physical facilities............................................................... 56

6.6 Proposed landfill ........................................................................................................... 57

6.6.1 Initial Site Selection .............................................................................................. 57



6.6.2 Preliminary design ................................................................................................ 58

6.6.3 Proposed layout ..................................................................................................... 59

6.6.4 Design considerations ........................................................................................... 60

6.7 Access road ................................................................................................................... 63

7 Environmental Impact Assessment ............................................................................... 64

8. Socio-Economic Impact Assessment .................................................................................... 65

9 Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 70

9.2 Proposal on the improvement of household handling and primary collection facility ........... 70

9.3 Recommendation for Financing SWM ............................................................................... 72

Options to recover the solid waste service costs /bill collection .......................................... 72

Willingness To Pay Of The Users ................................................................................................ 75

Model one ................................................................................................................................. 76

Model two ................................................................................................................................. 76

Proposed Sold Waste Management Services In this Model ................................................. 77

1. Street sweeping ..................................................................................................................... 77

3. Collecting and Transfer ......................................................................................................... 78

9.6 Legislative recommendation ............................................................................................. 84

10. Implementation Schedule.................................................................................................... 92

11. Annexes................................................................................................................................... 94

Annex A: Summary of Observation on Primary Collection Services ...................................... 97

Annex B: Analysis of Tractor-Trailer for Primary Collection................................................ 100

Annex C: Assessment of Secondary Storage and Collection Services ................................... 108

i. Annex D: Survey Methodology .......................................................................................... 112

D.1. Solid waste generation .................................................................................................... 112

Solid waste Source Category .................................................................................................. 118

Field Sampling ........................................................................................................................ 119

ANNEX-E: Rates of generation from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Sources (City-wise) . 129

ANNEX-F: City-wise Types of composition of Solid Wastes from Municipal Solid Waste

(MSW) Sources ....................................................................................................................... 130

Annex-H: Observations on collection at Land fill site ........................................................... 138

ANNEX-I: INSTITUTION AND LEGISLATION RELATED TO SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................................... 140

ANNEX-L: MANUALLY LOADED AND MECHANICALLY UNLOADED REAR

LOADING COMPACTORS WITH LOADING CAPACITY OF 15.30 CU.M ................... 153

Annex M: Summary of demand projection, component sizing, Operation and Maintenance

Analysis (for achieving 100% collection efficiency in 2020) ................................................ 156

Annex N: Summary of demand projection, component sizing, Operation and Maintenance

Analysis ( for achieving 100% collection efficiency in 2010) ............................................... 157

Annex N: Environmental Impact Assessment ........................................................................ 158

12. REFERENCE ........................................................................................................................ 160



Abbreviations

PLC = Privately Owned Limited Company

ISWM=Integrated Solid Waste Management

EIA= Environmental Impact Assessment

SW=Solid waste

ICHUD=International Course on Housing and Urban Development

NGO=Non Governmental Organization

ICHUD=International Course on Housing and Urban Development

MSEs=Micro and Small Enterprises

SSs=Sanitation Services

CSW=commingled solid waste

3Rs= Reduction, Recycling and Reuse or Reclamation

WMBs=waste material brokers

NSS=non specific sources

SS=specific sources

AHWs=acutely hazardous wastes

NAHW=non-acutely hazardous wastes

LHWs=listed hazardous wastes

CHWs=characteristics hazardous wastes

MHWs=mixture of hazardous and non-hazardous

RHWs=residues hazardous wastes

SSD=Social Service Department

MSAs=municipal service areas

EPA= Environmental Protection Authority

TNRS=Tigrai National Regional State

MSW=municipal solid waste

ISW= Industrial solid waste

ASW=Agricultural solid waste

MRF=Material Recovery Facility

MCPPP= Mekelle city plan preparation project



Executive Summary



Introduction

In general this report is prepared with the intention of describing the overall assessment, findings

and recommendations made in the study and design of solid waste management system of

Mekelle.

This report has tried to identify the problems in the existing solid waste management and

respond accordingly to alleviate the posed threats on the environment and also obviously the

inhabitants of Mekelle city. The whole document is structured in such a way that the existing

system is assessed, alternative approaches are referenced and finally recommendations are

forwarded. Moreover, the report has included the findings of the inception report.

Section one tries to discuss the service delivery targets of the city administration as well as its

relation to the Millennium Development Goals. Sections two and three briefly describe the

objectives of the consultancy service and the general physical characteristics of the city including

the historical development of solid waste management, respectively.

Evaluation of the existing solid waste management system which is dealt under section four as a

function of its components which include generation and characteristics of solid waste, handling

and primary storage, primary collection, secondary collection and transportation, disposal

facilities as well as waste reduction, recycling and reuse and financial and institutional issues is

the initial step to undertake the overall study and design.

It is worth mentioning that in the inception report proposed method of data gap filling and

according to the adopted data filling methods, information that are thought to be indispensable

for the intended output are collected and manipulated. Briefing of the data filling method, survey

organization and the result of the survey are summarized under section five.

On the basis of the outputs of the preceding sections (four and five), system analysis and design

criteria are set to conduct the design of various components of the system. Secondary collection

route scenario analysis and design, material recovery facility site selection and design as well as

design of facilities layout are among the design details described under section six of the this

report.

Sections eight and nine briefly discuss the environmental and socio-economic impact assessment

of the proposed project.

The needed technical, financial, economical and institutional recommendations needed for the

improvement of the system are discussed exhaustively under section ten.

Finally, the implementation schedule for the realization of the project ranging from tendering to

final acceptance is outlined under section eleven.

The main body of the report primarily discusses on the assessment, findings and

recommendations briefly the details of which are attached in the annexes.



1 Project Background

The sanitary condition of Mekele is not in a good situation at present .There is no adequate solid

waste facility with properly prepared dumping site which is causing health problems such as

diarrhea, intestinal parasites, malaria …etc. The poor sanitation conditions are caused by poor

waste management system, lack of adequate sanitation facilities and low level of community

awareness and participation. With the existing facilities the City Administration can only collect

34% of the solid waste.

The Ethiopian Government has agreed on and works towards achieving the eight Millennium

Development Goals (MDGs) by the target date of 2015 – which among other issues include:

Reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day

Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes;

reverse loss of environmental resources

Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

Achieve significant improvement in lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers, by 2020

Cognizant of the multifaceted problems caused by poor sanitation service and as part of

achieving the MDG, Mekelle City Administration has given emphasis for the improvement of

sanitation aspect of the city and secured the UDF finance for this purpose targeting at the

following principal objectives:

improving the solid waste management facility of the city

reducing health and environment problems caused by the poor sanitation and keep

the aesthetic value of the city Address the environmental problems caused by the existing disposal site.

contribute to the strategic objectives of increasing disposing capacity of solid

waste as indicated hereunder

Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Collection

efficiency

in % 34% 37% 39% 42% 45% 49% 52% 56% 60% 65% 70% 75% 81% 87% 93% 100%



2 Objectives of the Consultancy Service

Mekelle City Administration identified the need for improved SWM system which addresses

each components of ISWM, i.e., reduction, storage, transportation, recovery and disposal in a

cost effective, environmental friendly and sustainable manner. To this effect Mekelle city

Administration in collaboration with Kfw procured this consultancy service of which specific

objectives are:

To prepare an integrated solid waste management system plan

To carry out an environment impact assessment (EIA) and analysis of sensitive

components of the existing and designed facilities, comprising of at least land- filling

disposal sites, transfer stations, and communal storages sites.

To prepare detail design and plan of selected facilities as the most efficient interventions

and environmental solutions for solid waste management

To prepare design and contract cost estimates for the project works and actions

To prepare standard Tender Documents

To examine the financial and economic feasibility of the proposed solutions, establish the

costs of the service charges to the broad public with a view to cost recovery and to review

and develop waste regulations and rules

To undertake Construction Supervision

The service is expected to develop a solid waste master plan that gives a solution to problems

related to Solid Waste services. The consultancy contract is also expected to assist the City

Administration in building its capacity to implement the improved SWM system.



3 General

3.1 Physical characteristics

3.1.1 Location

Mekelle City, seat of Tigray National Regional State, is located at about 783 km from the

nation‘s capital, Addis Ababa. It is situated at 13032 North Latitude and 39

028 East Longitude.

The city is accessible through air and highway.

3.1.2 Spatial coverage of the City

The land demand increase as the population size of the city raise from time to time. Mekelle had

a built up area coverage of 16 KM 2

in 1984 after ten years, in 1994 the size of built up area

reached 23.04 KM 2 adopting a continuous increase with the rise of population size and job

opportunity the city administration has expanded its land holding to 100KM 2in 2004 by

engulfing the vast agricultural lands of neighboring villages and towns.

3.1.3 Topographic Features

3.1.1.1 Terrain

Proper Mekelle is bounded by Endayesus and Choma Mountain to the east side and Mesebo

Mountain to the north. Most of the area with in Mekelle is classified under flat to rolling

formation.

3.1.1.2 Altitude

The altitude of Mekelle varies from 2150 m.a.s.l to 2270 m.a.s.l .This elevation puts the city

under the category of Weinadega type of Agro climatic zone.

3.1.1.3 Drainage

Mekelle city is part of Tekeze river basin. Eilala River which ends up in river Giba is the main

stream flow along with Kalamino river of Aynalem. However, there are many tributaries that

feed both rivers with substantial amount of water during rainy season. These streams are

seasonal where the peak discharge is attained during summer.

3.1.4 Climate

Mekelle Experiences mild climatic condition with annual average maximum temperature of

24.10C and annual average minimum temperature 11.11

0C. June is the hottest month with a

monthly mean maximum temperature of 27.10C and monthly mean minimum temperature of

13.030C. December is the coldest month with a mean monthly maximum temperature of 21.9

0C

and monthly mean minimum temperature of 8.510C.



3.1.4.1 Temperature

Mekelle Experiences mild climatic condition with annual average maximum temperature of

24.10C and annual average minimum temperature 11.11

0C. June is the hottest month with a

monthly mean maximum temperature of 27.10C and monthly mean minimum temperature of

13.030C. December is the coldest month with a mean monthly maximum temperature of 21.9

0C

and monthly mean minimum temperature of 8.510C.

3.1.4.2 Rainfall

There is one short rainy season, which starts on June and lasts on August. The rainy season is

characterized by erratic, unreliable and uneven distribution. The city has annual average rainfall

of 618.3mm/Year of which the substantial amount falls on July and August. The highest monthly

rainfall occurs on August with a monthly rainfall of 229mm (37% of the annual) and July is the

second largest rainy month with a monthly rainfall of 207.7mm (33.5% of the annual).

3.1.4.3 Wind

The prevailing wind direction from the month of September to June is angled at 1100-163

0 i.e., in

the east –west direction, while on July and August the direction of the wind is from 2100 to 250

0

i.e., west-east.

3.2 Historical Development of solid waste management

Emperor Yohannes IV founded Mekelle in 1872 and the Municipality was established in 1934

E.C.

A study was conducted on water supply and sanitation of Mekelle city in August 1993 under the

joint venture project between Devecon Engineers and Architects and Metaferia Consulting

Engineers PLC. In those days, garbage was collected by one municipal ordinary truck and

disposed off at an uncontrolled and non-engineered open dumping site out of the city particularly

5km from the center on the old airport road and then burnt in uncontrolled manner.

Even if the rate of solid waste generation in the city was not very high at that time about 18% of

the generated SW materials were expected to be disposed off in open garbage pits and more than

60% of SW generated was disposed at open fields. The garbage pits and open fields were

considered as good options of disposal inside the city. The currently operating system of solid

waste collection, transportation and disposal started by the year 2000.The system was

commenced with 20 communal containers each with a capacity of 8m3 and two skip loaders. The

existing solid waste disposal site at Messobo also started its function on the same year. The

currently operating system was implemented based on the recommendations of the 1993s study

on Water Supply and Sanitation of Ethiopian Towns by Devecon Engineers and Architects and

Metaferia Consulting Engineers PLC.

Responsibility of SWM used to transfer from one governmental organization to another. In the

1990s the then Works and Urban Development Department of the city, which actually was the

provider of municipal services, was responsible for the city‘s solid waste management. By the



year 2000 the city‘s Health Department took the responsibility of the waste management service

from the Works and Urban Development Department and run the activity for three years.

The then Works and Urban Development Department was restructured and a new organizational

structure of the municipality was developed based on the city proclamation No.65/2002. The

new organizational structure decentralized the municipal functions closer to the residents by

organizing municipal service desks in each Tabia that are made accountable to their respective

municipal service area managers.

The solid waste service was shifted from the city Health Department to the Social Service

Department of the newly reorganized municipality. Since August 2003 this department has been

providing the service at Tabia, municipal service area and at its head quarter.



4 Evaluation of the Existing Solid Waste Management System

4.1 Current Situation Review and Findings

4.1.1 Generation and characteristics

There is no comprehensive study conducted in Mekelle city to investigate the rates of generation

and characteristics of solid waste from different urban activities and sources. Even the sources

and solid waste category are not clearly identified in the existing municipal solid waste (MSW)

management service.

4.1.2. Handling and primary storage

House holds and different solid waste generating units in the city prepare themselves different

types of receptacles such as sacks, plastic bags, metal vessels, card boxes, and so on. Most of the

residents (63.56%), regardless of their income, use sacks for primary storage, followed by plastic

bag (16.73%), metal vessels (13.37%), and card boxes (6.35%). Almost all the receptacles used

by the residents for primary storage are out of the standard set by the Regional State in the

hygiene regulation1

which states that the waste storage facilities should be water proof,

washable, and insect proof covered with a lid and it can be made up of sheet of iron or plastic.

As far as regulation is concerned except service providing institutions like cafeterias, restaurants,

hotels, and the like which are some times inspected by health department of the city, others

(house holds, educational institutions, offices, and the like) are not regulated whether the primary

storage receptacles they use and the way they handle it are as to the required standard set in the

regulation or not.

In relation to solid waste handling at municipal levels, there are waste bins and communal

storages made available by the service provider, i.e..the municipality, in key places in the city.

4.1.3. Primary collection

Primary collection operation enables transfer of solid waste materials handled and stored at the

sources of generation to the communal storage and secondary collection facilities.

The identified operational modes of primary collection in Mekelle city are:

Gojo Hand carts system, Private Sector

Saba Hand carts system(Trolley),Private sector

Manual Adult Labor system , Own forces and Hired labors

Manual Child labor ,Own forces and Hired labors

Tractor-trailer system , Municipal

Street sweeping wheel barrow system, Municipal

Horse cart system, Private sector

1 Proclamation number 4/1997



Neither women nor youth cooperatives are currently engaged in primary collection activities.

Stationary –containers or block collection system with compactors and other garbage lorry

systems do not exist in service areas except the tractor-trailer systems.

The operation of primary collection services in services areas has been investigated at container

sites. The current modes of primary collection, their frequency and distribution in the city and

their various service areas have been identified. . (For the detail, refer to Annex A)

The following observations have been drawn on the activities of each mode of primary collection.

i. Municipal Tractor-trailer

Tractor-trailer system operates in areas where the residents do not have access to communal

storage. The residents wake up & get mobilized for operation when the municipal block

collection workers blow alarms during collection events. The tractors empty the collected waste

to the nearest communal container available. In this collection system households who are not

present in their home during collection hours are urged to wait for a week or more to be served

on the next operation. And due to this some of them are obliged to dump their solid waste on

illegal sites.

The current primary collection service with tractor-trailer system involves four tractor-trailers

with a capacity of 4m3each in block-collection of solid wastes mainly from residential sources.

The tractor-trailers are manually loaded and unloaded with mechanical and manual operations.

They work the whole week including Saturday, Sunday and holidays (Mekelle municipality-

SSD). However, this system of primary collection practice of the city does not have well

designed fleet route and fixed program set based on studies the drawback of which is reflected on

our survey. 76.79% of the sample House holds testified that the service is not rendered on a

regular basis instead the operation quality is based on the interest of the drivers as a result some

residents are believed to be better served than others for instance some residents indicated that

local beer, tella vendors are favored.

According to the result of sample survey, 17.57% of the sample households are visited once or

twice a week while the remaining customers of this service are provided with the service once in

two weeks or in a less frequency.

As can be seen under annex B, the tractors have worked for an average of 300 days, and they

have collected 13,790m3

of solid waste annually in 2004/2005 (1997 E.C) and average daily

likelihood availability of a tractor trailer is 82% this indirectly demonstrates of tractor-trailer

primary collection efficiency. In addition these can be noted:

the total frequency of collection with tractor-trailer system was 26 times in the stated

period and the average coverage of each trailers was 6.5 in the stated period;

the trailers used the HC locations 2.89 times on average;

The poor collection capacity of the current service could be managed either doubling the holding

capacity of all the locations or doubling the number of tractors in the current primary collection

services. These scenarios do not seem economical because of the inefficiency in primary

collection with tractor-trailers as observed in the current municipal service. The other technical

problem is that the holding of generated wastes for a period of two weeks time in households



does not seem technically feasible and it is also hardly possible to mobilize the house holds in

voluntary waste handling practices. For detailed analysis, refer to Annex B.

ii. Gojo Private Service

Gojo plastic and sanitation Services gives door-to door waste collection services for 200

residential and 55 institutions like hotels, restaurants and bars. It also gives janitorial services for

some insurance and banking institutions. It has three wheel carts and one truck with a capacity of

holding 15m3 wastes.

The organization collects the solid waste from its clients and performs waste

separation/segregation. It recycle organic fraction of the solid waste and apply to its own farm

land .The service disposes the remaining collected solid waste fraction into the communal

containers.

The Gojo private service was restricted to the locations: Gotera, Axum Hotel, Kebelle 15, Enda

Mariam Near Wewekema , and Mehiret Bani. The observed frequency of collection was 20

times ,which means on average 4 times to each container site during observation time.

iii. Saba Private Service

Saba Sanitation is the second privately owned sanitation agent established to render door-to-door

sanitary services in the city. The group currently renders services in 20 commercial units like

hotels, bars, restaurants and other units in the city. The services are mainly concentrated on the

streets and squares of the city such as Godena Guna and Selam, Romanat and Bazar Squares. Its

services also cover 328 residential houses in different Tabias of the city some of which are

Adihawsi, Adishunduhun, Mayduba, Aider, Sewhinigus and Hadnet among others. The workers

of the private group disposed off the wastes into the nearby communal collection containers after

collecting from the different sources in the services areas.

iv. PC by Street sweepers with Hand Carts &Wheel Barrows

The municipality provides street sweeping services daily for a total of 23.3Km (10km in the

north and the rest in the south municipal service areas). (Mekelle Municipality -SSD). The whole

service is done manually; the sanitation workers sweep the streets using tools like straw brooms,

Wheel barrow and shovel. On average 30 sanitation workers are engaged in the street cleaning

service out of which 21 are permanent employees and the rest employed on a contractual basis.

Wheel barrow is used for primary collection of wastes from street sweeping. The collected waste

from street sweeping delivered to containers located at: Kebelle 19, Kebelle 20, Adis Alem Bus

Station, Kebelle 15, and WEWEKMA. The observed frequency of collection to the five

containers location was 38 times and the stated locations were used 7.6 times on average by

street sweepers.



The other handling method that gets primary collection service by street sweepers is street side

posted public garbage bins. Currently there are 10 public garbage bins posted on the main streets

of the city, namely Hakfen, Alula, and Selam streets that are located at the center of the city. The

street users and pedestrians are expected to put their solid wastes in the public garbage bins when

they are out of their homes and business offices.

The number of the public garbage bins is inadequate and most of the streets and public places

inside the city do not have public garbage collection bins at all for the public use. The public has

already adapted habit of dropping solid wastes, especially paper and plastic products (festal), on

streets even on these with public garbage bins. For these reasons all the streets and public places

of the city including these with public garbage bins are remained to be untidy and dirty.

v. Private Horse cart

The Horse cart primary collection private service users in the city used the containers located at

Edaga Finjal, Enkodo, and Muslim Cemetery. The observed frequency of collection to the three

containers location was 10 times and the stated locations were used 3.33 times on average by

Private Horse Cart.

vi. Adult manual labor (Hired or own force)

The sample survey conducted by Promise has proved that 10.96% of the sample house holds

fully, and 7.62% sometimes/partially dump their garbage onto illegal sites. (Promise sample

survey)

Adult manual labor primary collection users in the city used the containers located at 13

locations:Enkodo, Mesfin Industry, Denbosco, Kebelle 19, Kebelle 20, Business Taxi Terminal,

Adihawsi Endatsaba, Axum Hotel, Adis Alem Bus Station, Kebelle 15, Near WEWEKMA, Near

Enda Mehiret Bani,and Abreha Castle.

The observed frequency of collection to the thirteen containers locations was 77 times and the

stated locations were used 5.9 times on average by Adult manual labor.

vii. Child manual labor (Hired or own force)

The child manual labor primary collection users in the city used the containers located at 3

locations: Kebelle 15, Kebelle 19, and Kebelle 20. The observed frequency of collection to the

three containers locations was 17 times and the stated locations were used 5.67 times on

average by child manual labor.

Table 4.1 Quantity of waste loads delivered from the stated modes of primary collection to

different hauled container locations during observation time



SN

Modes

of

Primary

Collection

Collection

Frequency

Locations

used

Average

Frequency

(per

location)

Waste*

Quantity

(cu.m/trip)

Estimated

MSW

Quantity

(cu.m)

Average

Primary

collection

Capacity

(cu.m/d)

1 Tractor-

trailer

26

9

2.89

4.00

104.00

10.40

2 Gojo 20 5 4 0.80 16.00 1.60

3 Street

sweepers

38

5

7.6

0.50

19.00

0.95

4 Horse cart 10 3 3.33 1.50 15.00 1.50

5 Matured

manual

labors

77

13

5.9

0.031

2.41

0.241

6 Child

manual

labors

17

3

5.67

0.031

0.53

0.053

7 Saba 0 0 0 0.80 0.00 0.00

* represent the holding capacity of the containers of each modes of primary collection;

Consequences of the poor primary collection

As a result of poor primary collection service, residents in some localities are urged to dump

their primary collected garbage into illegal sites indiscriminately. The streets and open fields in

those areas are covered and filled with commingled solid waste and storm water drains are

blocked by the garbage primarily collected by the residents. The occurrence of the illegal

dumping sites is attributed to the low level municipal service coverage in the localities and

negligence of some residents who perform primary collection of their own garbage for storage in

the containers.

(a) River side (b) Fence and skip sides

Figure 4.1 illegal solid waste dumping sites

Preliminary design report for Mekelle City Integrated Solid Waste

Management

PROMISE CONSULT: CONSULTING ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERS

16

4.1.4 Secondary collection and Transportation

Communal storage of primarily collected solid waste allows the safe retention of the solid

waste materials for a sufficient period of time expected between primary collection from

the different sources and secondary collection and disposal of the materials.

In the present context of solid waste management in the city, the municipality is the only

institution that provides communal storages and performs secondary collection of

garbage to disposal sites. The municipality performs the storage task with a total of 64

communal containers, which can be easily mounted on skip loaders for transport and

disposal in land filling sites.

The solid wastes collected through the primary collection activities are taken to

communal containers. 58 of the containers, having a capacity of 8 m3 each, are placed in

different parts of the city, 5 in Quiha and one in Aynalem. The solid wastes collected by

the primary collection systems are delivered to near by communal containers that are

provided by the Municipality on vacant plots and road sides. The containers are picked-

up periodically by the three municipality‘s skip-loaders and transported to the land fill

sites located 15 kms away northeast of the city on the left side of the Mekelle –Wukro

highway and Quiha land fill site.

Due to the topography of the city and lack of proper road network some parts of the city,

especially those on the foot of Chomea and Endaeyesus mountains and the new

settlements established in the peripheries of the city are devoid of the service. However,

they are obliged to pay sanitation service fees for the services that they are not provided.

And some of the residents who are said to have access to the communal containers in the

service areas have been obliged to travel a long distance before reaching at the containers.

Because of lack of access to the service and the long travel distances to skip sites, the

residents commit unauthorized dumping of garbage during night times.

The following observations have been drawn from investigation of existing secondary

collection system. (For the details, refer to Annex C)

The average weekly coverage in the existing collection service=69%

Low service coverage observed at Hadnet and Adi Haki (southern sub-city)

Population to communal container is on average 4981

One communal container position serves an average area of 54Ha.

Weekly Total frequency of collection=44

The highest frequency (4) observed at the location Near WEWEKMA;

The locations which did not get weekly collection service were Abune

Aregawie Church, Red cross, Luis Eye clinic, Edaga Faham, Enda Mehiret

Bani, Arekie Factory,Mekaneyesus church, Trans Ethiopia, May Degene,

Kebelle 18 Taxi Terminal, and Adihawsi Taxi Terminal; a total of 11

locations; this may indicate:

- Inefficient service coverage in a week time;


Management


17

- Longer period of collection cycle (more than a week time) due to

low rate of solid waste generation at the locations;

- Longer service distance and inconveniency in the use of storage

services;

The data generally show very poor collection coverage and

The effective working hours in collection days are less than 8 hours and

The off-route factor in the existing collection service is high, which indicate

high wastage of resources in the collection routes.

In relation to illegal dumping sites the residents have their own arguments. A few

proportions of the residents (26.66%) believe that the municipality is the responsible

body for the prevailing problems for they do not have access to the service and the only

alternative they have is to dump their wastes illegally. While a large proportion of them

(50.79%) believe that the municipality and the residents are equally responsible for the

prevailing problems, and the rest 22.55% stresses on the residents themselves (promise

sample survey).

4.1.5 Existing Disposal Facility

The other major element in the city‘s solid waste service is the disposal service. There are

two land fill sites outside the administrative boundary of the city. One of these sites is

situated at the top of the Messobo escarpment on the left side of the Mekelle-Wukro road

(having an area of 2.67 ha. (MCPPP,2005) and the other one exists 4 km north of Quiha

sub-city.


PROMISE CONSULTING ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERS 18

(a) Fence side (b) Uncovered solid waste slope

(c) Farm land (d) Surrounding quarry and bush sites

Figure 4.2 Messobo Disposal site

The method of land filling at Messobo is excavated pit type of land filling and its

standard exists between the Uncontrolled Non-Engineered dump land fill type and the

engineered landfill type. The term land filling simply refers to the process by which the

residual solid waste is placed in landfill. In today‘s solid waste management practices,

some land fill sites satisfy the criteria of sanitary land fill, which means the sites are

provided with an engineered facility for the disposal of MSW designed and operated to

minimize the public health and environmental impacts. The land fill sites serving Mekelle

city do not fully satisfy these criteria of a sanitary landfill disposal sites.

The land fill at Messobo was constructed with a protection impervious clay membrane to

protect the underground aquifer material from chemical pollution and with a rip rap to

protect the scouring and slide of the impervious material on the side slopes during rainy

season and movements of equipments on the land fill.



The other problem with the land fill at Messobo was the insufficient capacity it initially

got as a disposal site for Mekelle city. A land fill with inadequate capacity was

implemented, which could not serve for a period of five and ten years, due to the then

budget constraint in the City Council and opposition from the local farmers to undertake

subsequent years expansion work.. This created land scarcity in the site and the then

proposed capacity was reduced by about 50%. Around 200 m long excavated pit was

proposed and only 100 m was designed and constructed.

The excavated pit method of land filling was proposed and implemented with the

intention that the use of trench and area method would be highly risky in the absence of

efficient and proper land fill management system. In case of poorly managed land filling

sites, the risks on local environment is relatively low in case of excavated pit method of

land filling constructed with protection layers than the other two methods. It is clear that

the problems and risks in the Messobo site would have been worst than what we heard

today with the excavated pit method, if the trench and area method of land filling were

used in the site.

Actually, a second option of excavated pit land filling method was possible. The same

method of land filling could have been used providing embankment fills on the lower

side of the present land fill areas to form the pit. But the embankment method requires

borrow materials for the construction of the embankment, which is costly than pit

excavation for longer hauling distances. The use of embankment walls on the lower side

also need extra cost for compaction and both faces of the earthen embankment require

protection from sliding and scouring. The excavated pit is a cheaper option than earthen

embankment method of land filling at Messobo. The trench and area method of land

filling would have been the best and cheaper methods of land filling provided that

efficient system of land fill operation is laid at the City Administration or private

institutions level.

The other problem with the land fill at Messobo was absence of impermeable cover

materials for the daily fills. The fills were exposed to nuisance animals, scavengers, wind

effects, and direct precipitation of rainfall during rainy seasons. Because of the openness

of the daily land fill, the site was not environmentally safe and threatened the daily living

of the local farmers and animals. It can be said that the local environment was not fully

protected except the underground aquifer material. Nonetheless, there is no any

protection measure taken in the Quhia site, therefore, it can be said as open dumping site.

The existing land fill sites are operating in uncontrolled manner and became reason for

local oppositions from farmers and administrative bodies especially with the Messobo

site. It is also reported that the same opposition existed when the Messobo land fill site

was first proposed to serve as the disposal site for Mekelle city. The local farmers and

administrators argue that the site was promised to be temporary and the city

Administrators entered a promise to relocate the land fill site. They also promised to

promote waste reuse, recycling, and transformation technologies and to make the local

farmers around the land fill site beneficiaries of the waste collected from the city.

According to municipal reports and recent conditions, all the promises have been broken



to date. In general, problems encountered by the local community living around the land

fill sites can be summarized as

Improper construction and operation of the land fill sites,

Absence of working operation and control guideline for the sites with the view of

protecting the public health and the environment,

Litter of wind suspended plastic materials covered the surrounding farmlands,

The cattle population in the area is affected by the ingesting the plastic materials

and significant death toll of cattle population have been recorded in connection

with ingesting the materials,

Land pollution in relation to plastic and other wind suspended solid waste

materials,

The dumping sites attract huge number of hyena, which is the main scavenger

during night time, and threatened the security of the farmers, their family and

cattle during the night time,

the local Children easily enter into the land fill sites as "innocent human

scavengers" and get endangered,

the flies bred on the land fill sites has imposed serious public health threats on

The local community and

The offensive odor from the land fills also caused nuisance in the community and

threatened the community health.

Since there are no permanent equipments provided for the land fill operation, covering

and compaction operations were not regularly executed in the sites. The institutional

capacity in terms of expenditures for operation and maintenance (OM) did not allow the

regular execution of the operations at the City Administration level in the sites.

4.1.6. Waste Reduction, Recycling and Reuse (3R's)

The modern approach in solid waste management involves waste reduction at the sources,

diversion of waste materials or recycling and reuse of diverted materials. The solid waste

in developing countries and our society mostly contains high proportion of organic

matters, which make the solid waste ideal for recycling through waste transformation

technologies such as vermo-, aerobic- and anaerobic composting, and methane

production. There are also waste materials that could be recycled in manufacturing

processes.

From the observation of the consultant the following 3R‘s practices are customarily used

in the city.

Reclaiming paper from households, offices, schools, universities, etc. for

packing.

Bartering of recovered waste materials for manufactured products involving

Waste materials brokers (WMB‘s).

Recovery of metal scraps centering small scale manufacturing business.



4.1.7. Waste transformation (WT)

An integrated solid waste management (ISWM) system involves waste transformation

technologies. This technology employ physical, chemical and biological conversion

process, namely physical compaction, chemical combustion, and biological oxidation and

digestion of the waste materials. These technical options may be applied to different

fractions of the solid wastes in different categories.

The consultant understood the non existence of any technical data on the current WT

practices, technologies and waste transformation centers (WTC‘s) in Mekelle city.

4.1.8. Special and hazardous wastes

These categories of solid wastes require special attention in the whole management

process for the fact that the wastes mostly cause potential hazards on the environment and

local community and also require special techniques for their management.

Special wastes are mainly discharged from residential, commercial, industrial,

automobile servicing facilities and institutional activities in the city. The special wastes

include bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, oil, grease, batteries, tires, and

separately collected yard wastes in the house hold and other urban establishments.

The hazardous wastes mainly arise from institutional and industrial activities. The

possible sources of hazardous wastes in Mekelle city are Mekelle hospital and the public

and private health clinics.

4.2. Organization of the existing system and role of Stakeholders

4.2.1. City Administration / Municipality

The municipality nearly takes the full responsibility of waste management activities.

Available Resources

The environmental sanitation and hygiene team in the social services department of the

municipality handles the solid waste management of the city. This team is responsible to

conduct the day-to-day solid waste collection, transportation and disposal activities of the

city and has 94 workers (table 4.2).



Table 4.2 Workers employed on Sanitation and Hygiene team of the Municipality

SN Specific job title Number of employees Remark

Male Female Total

1 Sanitarians 3 - 3

2 Drivers 7 - 7

3 Co-drivers 7 - 7

4 Street Sweepers * * 44 * No data on M&F

5 Public toilet and

Container guards

30 - 30

6 Supervisor - 3 3

7

TOTAL

47 94

Source: Mekelle Municipality Social Services Department, 2004

a. Manpower engaged in SWM activities

Table 4.3 Manpower of the Social Services Department engaged in SWM activities

No

Category

Required & existing manpower based on approved structure

Municipal

head office

MSAS

Tabias

Total

R E R E R E R E G

1 Department head 1 1 - - - - 1 1 0

2 Team leader 1 0 - - - - 1 0 -1

3 Experts professionals 1 0 - - - - 1 0 -1

4 Section head - - 3 3 - - 3 3 0

5 Sanitarian (semi-professional) 1 1 - - - - 1 1 0

6 Sanitation team workers 17 17 21 21 - - 38 38 0

7 Minuchipe (municipal police) - 1 - - 14 14 14 15 +1

8 Administration staff 1 1 - - - - 1 1 0

Total 22 21 24 24 14 14 60 59

R= required E=Existing G=Gap/difference

Source: Mekelle Municipality (Compiled from raw data)

According to the report obtained from Mekelle City Administration [2005], the approved

manpower in the fiscal year for all sectors of the Social Service Department (SSD) is

consisting of a total of 60 job positions out of which 22 are in the municipal head office,

24 in the municipal service areas (MSAs) and 14 in the Tabias of the city (table 4.3).

Observations

Out of the 58 of available manpower engaged in SWM activities, only four (4) are

professional with some years of work experience



The environmental sanitation team workers, who are directly responsible for the

overall sanitation activities in the city, don't have team leader and this job position

is still vacant.

b. Equipments

Table 4.4: available municipal equipments engaged in SWM

SN Equipment Existing Quantity

1 Skip loaders 3

2 Tractor trailer 4

3 Containers 64

Given the rapid city expansion and increased rate of waste generation, these equipments

are not sufficient enough. Moreover, the vehicles spent considerable time in garages for

maintenance purposes. As a result, some neighborhoods do not get service coverage and

some communal containers are not picked on time when they get full.

4.2.2. Private actors

There are two private operators working on primary collection of solid wastes in the city

namely, Gojo and Saba Sanitation Services. The scope of these organizations is limited to

collection and disposing of the wastes into the communal containers and to privately

owned farm site for composting purpose.

Gojo Sanitation Service

Gojo plastic and sanitation Services was established on October 18, 1995 E.C. The

organization has six contact workers, one female and five male. It gives door-to door

waste collection services for residential and institutions like hotels, restaurants and bars.

It also gives janitorial services for some insurance and banking institutions. It has three

wheel carts and one truck with a capacity of holding 15m3 wastes.

The organization collects the solid waste from its clients and performs waste

separation/segregation. It recycle organic fraction of the solid waste and apply to its own

farm land .The service disposes the remaining collected solid waste fraction into the

communal containers.

Gojo has 55 institutional and 200 residential clients respectively (2004). The service

group recently got an urban land area of 2,200m2

free of lease to undertake composting

and horticultural activities. Segregation of the organic and inorganic wastes was assumed

to be done in the allotted urban land. The service group is also introducing a new

technique of solid waste separation to be undertaken at the source of waste generation by

providing the clients with separate plastic bags for the same purpose.

The private solid waste service group Gojo has raised the following problems in relation

to their private business.



The absence of strict regulations and strong enforcement mechanisms has

encouraged polluters to dispose off the waste anywhere.

The absence of regular service charges in the municipality solid waste

management service has motivated their clients to seek service from the

municipality only.

The municipality has problems with the use of external resources like the private

actors in some of the waste management services currently run by the municipal

They have faced financial problems associated with loans in their business.

They believe that less attention has been given to private actors as compared to

cooperatives in the present SW service.

The consultant has observed some interesting initiatives on the side of Gojo private

sanitation service.

The service group has claimed the liability of its own clients and sued a file

charge against them for polluting the environment,

The group issue solid waste holding and collecting plastic bags to their clients

free of charge and

They also educate the public about environment and city sanitation through

pamphlets and other Medias.

Saba Sanitation Services

Saba Sanitation is the second privately owned sanitation agent established to render door-

to-door sanitary services in the city. The group currently renders services in 20

commercial units like hotels, bars, restaurants and other units in the city. The services are

mainly concentrated on the streets and squares of the city such as Godena Guna and

Selam, Romanat and Bazar Squares. Its services also cover 328 residential houses in

different Tabias of the city some of which are Adihawsi, Adishunduhun, Mayduba, Aider,

Sewhinigus and Hadnet among others. The workers of the private group disposed off the

wastes into the nearby communal collection containers after collecting from the different

sources in the services areas.

4.2.3. NGOs and Civil Societies

Though NGOs and civil societies have multi-dimensional role in development, their

participation in Mekelle is limited specially in sanitation. The initiative of some of the

civic societies such as ―Tsebqueley Mekelle‖, which is a local non-profitable community

organization, is the most appreciable. However, there has been low advocacy work

undertaken to mobilize the stakeholders in solid waste management issues so far.

4.2.4. Micro and small enterprises

There are about 3 micro and small enterprises (MSE) operating in the present SW service

in the city: Dilet Tseret, Fire Kalise and Martha sanitation services. These enterprises

negotiate the waste collection fee directly with the beneficiaries and the fees are collected

by the enterprises themselves



The service fee varies from place to place. For instance, the fees range from 2 to 5 Birr

per month around Ayder in the low income group. The service charges in the city center

ranges from 10 to 20 Birr per month. In general, the service providers charge 10 to 15

Birr per household per month on average.

Dilet Tseret and Fire Kalise are engaged in primary collection of wastes from households

to the municipal containers. In addition to this, the former one is involved in occasional

cleaning services during festivals and the later is engaged in the collection of by products

from the municipal slaughter house.

The Current situation within the cooperatives can be characterized as:

Lack of well-coordinated effort with in the cooperatives members.

The communal containers are mostly found full to their capacity during service

hours and the cooperative workers are hence forced to transport the collected

waste over long service distances to find emptied ones.

Their business is dependent more on the ability and willingness to pay by the

households. Therefore, they tend to concentrate on areas where the households

can afford the service charges.

The Martha sanitation service is engaged in the collection of wastes from households for

Bio-farm development. The idea behind this initiative is to train about 100 poor women

on practices of bio-farm technology and make them immediately productive.

The municipality has already allotted 2 hectares of urban land for the project to be used

as a vegetable farm. Moreover, the municipality has prepared a pilot area where the

women would collect organic solid wastes from the city and take it to the pilot bio-farm

supposed to produce biogas and at the same time horticultural products using the bio-gas

slurry (by product) as a fertilizer. The municipality expected that if this pilot project is

proven to be successful, other similar projects will be replicated throughout the city. The

city administration has already allocated budget for this purpose. If the project becomes

successful, it is expected to offer two sets of benefits. On one hand, a significant amount

of solid waste will be recycled and on the other hand a number of poor women will get

employment.

The municipality has supported the bio-farm initiative without undertaking the necessary

feasibility study and compromising the low economic capacity of the poor women.

Because of these failures on the side of the promoter of bio-farm technology, which is in

this case the municipality, the cooperative of the poor women has failed to work as

expected. The lack of cooperative capacity in undertaking proper waste collection and as

the task was found to be tiresome for the weak poor members, who are inactive to travel

long distances in search of the solid wastes, made the number of the members to reduce

to 87.

Besides this, the municipality has not developed any mechanism for regulating and

monitoring the performance of the enterprises and their relationship with the beneficiaries.



This failure on the side of the city Administration has also become one factor that made

cooperative members desperate.

4.2.5. Informal sector

Though difficult to differentiate which is formal and informal in solid waste collection

systems of the city, this assessment takes the itinerant buyers, which are locally know as

Quorales, receivers/dealers/ and wholesalers into consideration. These are people who

collect different types of valuable waste materials for different purposes.

There are more than 100 itinerant waste buyers in the city. The itinerant waste buyers

wander through out the city and buy the waste materials from households and sell them to

their clients and dealers. There are five agents legally registered for retail sell business,

who receive the waste materials from the itinerant waste collectors or waste material

brokers (WMBs). From the focus group discussions held with the waste retailers, a single

agent could receive about 50kg plastic shoes, 40kg of plastics and 50 pieces of different

bottles per day on average. The dealers or merchants sort out the recovered waste

materials and sell to the wholesalers.

The itinerant buyers, dealers, and merchants are not well organized and have financial

problems to enhance their business. They simply sell recovered waste materials to the

wholesalers and wholesale brokers, who have direct contact with the recycling enterprises.

Sometimes there might be direct contact of itinerants and retailers with the recycling

enterprises by passing wholesalers. The flow of recovered solid waste materials can be

easily illustrated as follows.

According to the information obtained from the workers operating in the informal sector,

most recovered materials are plastics, bottles, Shoes, and crop residues locally known as

Hasernifay. These waste materials are distributed to different recycling enterprises such

as plastic and beverage factories, and fattening and dairy institutions.

4.2.6 Role of the community

So far no appropriate mechanism was employed to enhance the participation of the

general public effectively in solid waste management at city level. However,

communities are mobilized to clean their surroundings in the form of campaigns during

some public and local holidays and special occasions irregularly. Even so very scant

proportion of the public participates on such occasions. Such collective actions and

campaigns also lack continuity.

Itinerant waste

buyers

Dealers/merchants

Wholesalers

Recycling

Enterprises



Limitations in community participation are also experienced not only from the point of

view of free labour contribution in cleaning campaign, but also in paying the service

charges levied by the municipality and other actors in the service. Only small part of the

city residents pay sanitation service charges when they pay off visits to the municipality

to make some businesses like paying property taxes, buying or selling properties and

requesting construction permits.

4.2.7 Job opportunities created in Primary collection

Table 4.5 Job opportunities through the collection of solid waste

Source: MSE Cooperative Office and Respective institutions

4.3. Financial aspects

The gap between what the public pays for the sanitation service and the actual cost of

collection and disposal is one of the crucial problems in the solid waste management in

Mekelle. First of all, the revenue level collected by the city is very low and as a result the

budget allocated to the solid waste service is minimal. Secondly, the service fee paid by

the residents is very low and most people are not accustomed to paying waste service fees.

4.3.1 Allocated Budget

The average annual quantity of collected and disposed off solid waste between the period

2002 and 2004 was 14255.33m3 and the annual collected sanitation fee was Birr

230,400.00. This means what the public pays for the collection and disposal was about

Birr 16.16 per unit m3

of solid wastes. But it is estimated that the average annual

allocated budget for collecting and disposing off of solid waste was about 690,812.00

Birr. In other words, the actual rate of solid waste collection and disposal was 48.46 Birr

SN

Name MSE/

institution

Members

Average

Family

size

Total

Remark

1 Dilet Tseret 13 2.5 32.5 No report is available

on the existing statues

of these cooperatives

2 Fire Kalise 15 2.5 37.5 >>

3 Martha sanitation

service

100

3.5

350

Now the members are

reduced to 87

Gojo Sanitation

Service

Saba Sanitation

Service

4 Total 128 420



per1m3, i.e. the public pays only one third of the expenditure on solid waste collection

service rendered by the municipal.

A comparison of what the public pays for the municipality and to the private for the solid

waste collection services rendered is indicated in the table below (Table 4.6) .The data on

services charges clearly indicate that the service rates in municipal services is quite lower

than that of the private sectors (Saba and Gojo ). This is one reason that the public prefer

to use municipal services than private services. The private service providers charge

higher rates for primary collection services, which exclude cost of public solid waste

storage, secondary collection, transportation and disposal to landfill sites.

Table 4.6 Comparison of service charges in municipal and private services

Sr.

No.

Name of enterprise

and institution

Monthly Service charges (Birr)

Remark Residence Institution

1 Saba Sanitation 2 to 5 per month 10 to 100 per month Primary

Collection

2 Gojo Sanitation 10 per month 15 to 100 per month Primary

Collection

3 Municipal 2 to 26 per annum *

2 to 26 per annum* Collection

and disposal

* indicate the annual sanitation fee at Mekelle, which is first rank city, in 7th

and 1st

grade urban lands and the figure indicate ranges of sanitation fee rates;

Source: Respective enterprises

The average daily estimated solid waste generated in the city was about 60.52m3 and the

actual cost of collection and disposal was 48.46 Birr per unit m3 of solid waste. Hence,

the average annual budget required to collect and dispose off was amounting around

1,070,497.55 Birr. But the amount actually allocated was 690,812.00 Birr, which is

64.53 % of the actual budget required on average to fully collect and dispose off the solid

waste generated between 2002 and 2004. This indicates that availability of budget for

solid waste collection and disposal was among the main constraint in the period between

2002 and 2004.

4.3.2. Collected service fee versus needed budget

The average annual collected sanitation fee was Birr 230,400.00 and the average annual

budget required to collect and dispose off solid waste generated in the city in three years

period was about Birr 1,070,497.55. Hence, the collected sanitation fee covers only

21.52 % of the total budget required to fully collect and disposed off the generated solid

waste in the three years time (2202 to 2004 G.C.). .



4.3.3. Modes of service payment

Municipal service:

The charge paid by the residents for waste collection service to the municipal is very

nominal, and the criteria used for determining the fee are also vague both to the payers

and the payees. The residents are made to pay the waste collection fee together with the

land rent or land lease fee on the basis of number of rooms owned by the payer and the

rank of the city as categorized in the annual sanitation fee rates in different cities of

Ethiopia.

The regulation on the annual sanitation fee considered four ranks of cities and Mekelle

belongs to the first rank city category. The fees supposed to be settled by sanitation

service users in different grades of land are indicate under the four classes of cities for

comparison (table 4.7). But direct charging of sanitation fees has become difficult to be

implemented when communal system of waste collection is used.

Table 4.7 Annual sanitation fee based on number of rooms and rank of the city

Urban Land

Grade

Ranking

Annual sanitation fee (Birr)

1st rank city 2

nd rank city 3

rd rank city 4

th rank city

1st 26 20 15 10

2nd

24 15 10 6

3rd

18 9 7 4

4th

12 6 4 3

5th

6 3 2 1.5

6th

3 2 1.5 1

7th

2 1.5 1.25 .75

Source: Mekelle Municipality

The sanitation fee regulation declares that the annual sanitation fee in first rank cities

ranges from 2 to 26 Birr per annum. These rates are to be effected in urban land grades

from 7th

grade up to 1st

grade lands. The sanitation fee increases with the grade of land,

the highest in first grade and the least in seventh grade urban.

As the various land uses in the city exist in different grades of land, it is not possible to

determine here the rates of sanitation fees for municipal services separately for the

various sources of solid wastes in the city. But the minimum and maximum rates are

between 2 to 26 Birr per annum.

Private services:

The service fee paid for primary waste collection by private services is based on

negotiation.

Gojo sanitation Service:



The average service rates are 10, 15, 40, and 100 Birr per month for residential houses,

cafeterias, restaurants and hotels respectively.

Saba Sanitation Service:

Solid Wastes are collected once in a week time from residential houses and daily from

the hotels, restaurants and bars. The agent collects three sacks of waste on the average

from hotels, restaurants and bars per day. The monthly service rates range from two to

five Birr for residential houses and ten to hundred Birr for institutions.

Micro and small enterprises (MSEs):

The micro and small enterprises negotiate the waste collection fee directly with the

beneficiaries. The service fee is collected by the enterprises themselves and it varies from

place to place in the city. For instance, the fee ranges from 2 to 5 Birr per month around

Ayder in low income groups and range from 10 to 20 Birr per month in the city center.

Generally, the MSEs charge 10 to 15 Birr per household per month on average.

4.4. Institutional Structure and Responsibilities

4.4.1 Institutional structure



CITY MANAGER

Administration

Support services Internal Audit

Legal Service Planning and

Information Service

Water Supply Service

Town Planning &

Land Adm. Dept

Land admin. &

registration team

Building Design

& Const. Permit

team

Dept

Town planning

& Urban Design

team

Social Services

Department

Construction &

Contract Admin. Dept

Economic

Services

Department

Revenue &

Expenditure

Department

Municipal

Enterprises

team

Dept

Housing &

Public

utilities team

Community

self-help

programs

Revenue

Collection

team

Revenue study

and assessment

team

Dept

Budget &

Accounts

team

Environmental

Sanitation team

Public parks &

Greening team

Public Protective

Services

Construction &

maintenance team

Contract Admin. &

Supervision Team

Machinery &

Equipment Admin.

team

Deputy City Manager

Municipal

Service Areas

Fig. 4.3 Existing Municipality Structure

Final Feasibility and Preliminary design report for Mekelle City Integrated Solid Waste Management


4.4.2. Institutional responsibilities

4.4.2.1 City Administration:

The three areas of responsibility of the City Administration in relation to waste

management are given below.

Since July 2003, the Municipality of Mekelle has taken the responsibility for

SWM of the city from the health department of the city;

The Social Service Department (SSD)of the municipality is in charge of the

provision of environmental services;

The city's health department is responsible to under take the regulatory activities

of waste management;

Functions of the Social Service Department (SSD) of the Municipality with regard to

solid waste management are the following.

Develops systems, performance indicators, norms, standards and procedures to

execute its tasks and implement same upon approval;

Assures the provision of waste disposal city services to the required standard;

Ensure the cleanliness & attractiveness of the city;

Coordinate the activities of micro & small-scale enterprises, cooperatives and

NGOs operating on SWM;

Collect and compile data for research;

Develop and administer landfills and transfer stations;

Promote the implementation of waste minimization and reduction in the city;

Promote the development of recycling;

Prepare the city's solid waste management status report;

Review and monitor the implementation of Municipality service Areas (MSAs)

SWM;

Provide solid waste collection and disposal activities;

4.4.2.2 Municipal Service Areas (MSAs):

The Municipality has three Municipal service Areas that provide services to the residents.

The main aim of the MSAs is to provide technical and social municipal services as

service Branches of the city Municipal services with no administrative organ attached to

them.

The functions of the MSAs with regard to SWM are:

Provide information to residents about the municipal services within the

area of jurisdiction;

Assure proper implementation of sanitation and greenery activities within

its area of operations;

Ensure the protection of illegal activities in the area of limit, which

includes illegal waste disposal practices;



4.4.2.3 Tabia2 Level:

There are Municipal Service Desks (MSD‘s), which area established to provide

Municipal services much nearer to the residents. Some of the main functions of the

municipal services delivery desks with regard to SWM are:

Mobilize and ensure the participation of residents in safeguarding

environmental hygiene and sanitary activities.

Control of illegal solid waste disposal activities;

The awareness created so far among the users on legislative issues, the institutional

capacity to implement the policies and regulations and the impact of the policies from the

point of view of improving environmental quality in the city and protecting the public

health and the environment need to be the main focus of our study in relation to

environmental policies and regulations. (for details, refer to Annex I)

2 Lowest administrative unit



5 Data Collection, Projection of Solid waste generation and composition

5.1 Data Collection on Existing Solid Waste Generation and Practice

Rationale

Information available on existing SW rate of generation, composition and source of

Mekelle City is deemed to be scant and the consultant has identified that there is a need

to conduct further investigation on the current situation. Because of these limitations

execution of recent and new projects demands the filling up of missing technical data.

Promise consult discovered that basic technical information do not exist in relation to

existing SW rate of generation, composition and source, which is required to undertake

comprehensive study on Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) and good planning

and design of solid waste management infrastructure for improved SW service. It is with

the intent of filling up the missing data that Promise Consult conducted survey on the

existing solid waste generation, composition, source and practices.

The intention of the survey in general is to find out:

Sources of solid waste in the entire city

Percentage composition of solid waste from the various SW category and sources

Proportion of expected solid waste constituents in the SW categories

Per capita rate of generation in liter/capita/day and kg/capita/day

Properties of SW such as unit weigh(loose, as-discarded, as-disposed, as-compacted

from various sources of generation

Generation of hazardous and special wastes

Approach, methodology and organization of survey employed (for detail, refer Annex D.)

Step 1: Before proceeding to fresh data collection, an attempt was made to collect all the

available data by consulting all the relevant stakeholders and secondary sources.

Step 2: After identifying the data gaps, various checklists, question forms, tabular forms

and questionnaires are prepared to fill the data gap with regard to the following

broader issues

Solid waste generation

Primary Handling and Storage

Primary Collection (PC)

Communal storage

Secondary Collection and disposal

Disposal in land fills:

3Rs and Waste transformation (WT)

Step 3: distribute the questionnaires to relevant stakeholders and simultaneously conduct

field investigation to fill the data gap

Step 3.1: definition of solid waste category



The solid waste categories has been identified for the city examining the existing socio-

economic and investment activities, the status of solid waste management within the

service area and land use information.

Step 3.2: identification of sources of solid waste

Step 3.3: determination of type, composition and properties of the SW for each sources of

generation

a. Residential Sources (01MSW)

All the ten Tabias currently existing in the cities of Mekelle are considered as observation

sites for Residential SW sources taking a total sample size of 3% of the total house

holds (i.e. 1162HHs on the basis of the year 2004 population) in each Tabia. The survey

investigates the total and per capita rates of solid waste generations, proportion of various

solid waste materials in household SW samples, and properties of the Residential SW in

four household socio-economic groups. The SW from Residential sources are

characterized based on a total sample households of 1162 collected from all socio-

economic groups in the Tabias.

Selection of sampling households is made in each Tabia in consultation with the Tabia

Administration offices one week ahead of sampling.

Table 5.1 Distribution of sample household sizes in Residential establishments

SN

Locality

Inhabita-

nts

(2004)

Estimated

Households

Sample

HHs

Number of sample

households for

each income group (Monthly average

income in Birr)

0-

500*

500-1000 1000-2000 >2000

A B C D

1 Aider 24300 4959 149 68 36 27 18

2 Hawelti 25125 5128 153 72 36 27 18

3 Adi Haki 25650 5235 157 71 38 29 19

4 Kedamay

Weyane

27157

5542

166

76

40

30

20

5 Hadenet 26106 5328 160 74 38 29 19

6 Sewhi

Niguse

19000

3878

116

53

28

21

14

7 Adise Alem 18000 3673 110 51 26 20 13

8 Industry 11766 2401 72 31 18 14 9

11 Adi-

shumduhun

6376

1301

39

16

10

8

5

12 Ellala 6515 1330 40 17 10 8 5

Total 189995 38775 1162 529 280 213 140

* City Wide proportion of low income group is more than 70%;



Source: MCPPP

Then standard plastic bags of 1m2 minimum area is issued to each sample house holds

and are advised to store their household garbage honestly and carefully for a minimum

generation time of one week.

As the measurement of observations house-to-house is a cumbersome task, convenient

and centralized observation sites are located within the proximity and boundary of the

sample households. The Enumerators collect household samples on each observation

sites and take all the necessary measurements using the standard forms for recording

observations of generation rate, proportion of constituent and properties of SW.

b. Other SW sources

Efforts have been made to take into account all the available information on the urban

activities as collected, compiled and analyzed by the socio-economic and demographic

team of the City Master Plan Development project.

The socio-economic and service data clearly indicate that the manufacturing, construction,

transportation and service sectors have leading share in the urbanization of Mekelle City.

The construction sector mainly represents the housing and industrial development

activities in the City. These activities are expected to generate significant SW quantities

in different parts of the City, which is not known at the moment.

Therefore, field observations need to be conducted in selected sample urban activities and

services.

Table 5.2 Urban activities in Mekelle city

SN Activities/Socio-economic Aspects

1 Investment shares ranking

Industrial (Manufacturing, construction, and transport)=88.08%

Institutional(Social services and real state)=4.93 %

Commercial(hotel & trade) =3.85 %

Agriculture=3.13%

2 Job opportunity ranking

Manufacturing

Construction sector

Transport

Social service

Hotel

Agriculture

Trade

Real state

3 Services coverage

3.1 Government Health services(year 2002):

Hospital=1

Health centers=3



Cont‘d

Clinics=3

Referral hospital=1 very soon

3.2 Educational facilities

Governmental institutions:

Kindergarten=1

Primary school=20

Secondary school=4

Institutions=3

Public university=1 (Main campus + Adi Haki Campus)

Private institutions:

Kindergarten=13

Primary school= 5

Secondary school=1

Institutions=6

No University

NGO‘s:

Kindergarten=4

Primary school=9

Secondary school=4

No institutions ,colleges and universities

3.3 Digital Telephone(May 2004):

Residential areas=7029 in numbers

Government, NGO‘s, Institutions, and Enterprises=1211

Commercial centers=2677

Others=36

3.4 Water service(July 2004):

Distribution pipe=46.5 km

Availability:

House tape users= 43.9 %

Public tape users=7.9 %

Neighborhood & traditional source users=48.4%

3.5 Market places:

Edaga kedamay woyane

Edaga Adi-haki

Edaga Enda-sellassie

Enda Sewhi-Nigus(Edaga Kedam)

Edaga Aider

Edaga Industry (May Duba)

Edaga Adi-Hawsi

Edaga Adi-Shumduhun

Edaga Quiha

Edaga Aynalem

Livestock market (13903m2 fenced area)

3.6 Enkodo Abattoir:60-70 cattles/day design capacity & actual=33

3.7 16-Orthodox churches: Inside Mekelle,Quiha,& Aynalem

3.8 3- Mosques: Inside Mekelle



Source: MCPPP

Table 5.3: Sample Size

SN Source type Sample size Total number

of samples

Remark

1 Commercial Sources

(02MSW)

10% of the total 463 195 and 268

samples from

commercial

sources inside

and outside the

main market

2 Industrial sources (01ISW):

2 from each

categories of

Standard

Industrial

Classification

30

3 Construction and

demolition (02ISW):

two samples

from each

construction

category

18

4 Agriculture Wastes

(01ASW):

A minimum

sample of ten

activities will

be considered

10

Institutional sources (03MSW):

Table 5.4 Distribution of Samples in institutional sources

Sr.

No

Institutional activities Total

units

No. of

Sampl

e

percentage

sample

size

1 Administration

Tabia offices

Wereda offices

Zonal departments

City Council

Regional Bureaus

Regional Government

Security office

12

2

-

1

-

1

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

1

16.67

50

-

100

-

100

100

2 Private and public services

Consulting firms

Telecommunication service

Electric service

-

2

2

2

1

1

-

50

50



Water service 1 1 100

3 Health facilities :

Hospital

Health centers

Clinics

1

3

3

1

1

1

100

33.33

33.33

4

4.1

4.2

4.3

Educational offices:

Governmental

Kindergarten

Primary school

Secondary school

Institutions

Public university

Private

Kindergarten

Primary school

Secondary school

Institutions

NGO‘s:

Kindergarten

Primary school

Secondary school

1

20

4

3

2

13

5

1

6

4

9

4

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

100

5

25

33.33

50

7.70

20

100

16.67

25

11.11

25

Total institutional samples 30

Communal container and disposal sites

Field survey is carried out in the existing 64 communal containers site to investigate the

impacts of secondary storage and collection services in the city and collect adequate

technical data for the future improvement of the service.

One field enumerator and observer working under the principal investigator (supervisor)

moved in all the containers and collect the desired information.

A second enumerator is assigned for the observations to be taken at the disposal sites and

the contents of the survey are also different for the investigation at the disposal sites.

5.2 Projection of Solid Waste Generation and Composition

5.2.1 Population projection

5.2.1.1 Base Data

According to the recent administrative set-up, the city of Mekelle consists of municipal

areas with respective population as indicated in table 5.4.



Table 5.4: Population Size (as of July 2004)

SN Municipal area Population Size Source

1 Main Mekelle 154,698 CSA,2003

2 Quiha 15,672 CSA,2003

3 Aynalem 4,008 CSA,2003

4 Small villages 32,930 Mekelle

Municipality

Total Population of Mekelle City as of

2004

207,308

Growth trend and average family size

The total average family size for city of Mekelle is 4.9 persons.( Finance and Economic

Development Office, October 2003)

5.2.1.2 Methodology

Table 5.5: Population Trend

SN Year Growth rate

1 1965-1970 4.6%

2 1970-1978 5.1%

3 1978-1984 6.3%

4 1994-2004 4.4%

5 2004+ 4.4%

Source: Finance and Economic Development Office (October 2003)

Assuming that the existing population growth rate would remain the same for the

planning period seems unjustifiable as it is difficult to control and dictate the population

policy, the economic growth rate, cultural attitude, security etc. Therefore to minimize

the risk of over and under estimation of population size, it has been professionally

expedient to assume the medium growth variant which is 5.4 in our case for future

population projections.

Population forecasting scenario

Geometric method:

The kinetics:

Pdt

dPK g

Population:

Ln Pt = Ln P1 + Kg (Tt - T1)

Growth rate:

TTPP

Kt

t

g

LnLn

1

1

Where Kg is population growth rate



Pt is projected population size at time Tt

P1 is base year population (i.e. at time T1)

Table 5.6: Projected Population size of Mekelle from Medium Variant (5.4%)

Year Population size

2004 207308

2005 218810

2006 230951

2007 243765

2008 257290

2009 271566

2010 286634

2011 302538

2012 319324

2013 337042

2014 355743

2015 375481

2016 396314

2017 418303

2018 441512

2019 466009

2020 491865

2021 519156

2022 547961

2023 578364

2024 610454

2025 644325

2026 680075

2027 717809

2028 757636

2029 799673

2030 844043



5.3 Results of the survey

Table 5.7 Generation rate of residential establishments Tabia wise

SN Tabias Per capita per

day volume

Per capita per

day weight

Per capita per

day unit weight

(l/c/d) (Kg/c/d) (Kg/cu.m)

1 Addis Alem 0.989 0.322 434.27

2 Industry 0.641 0.271 573.63

3 Sewhi Negus 0.713 0.171 272.98

4 AddishumDhun 1.276 0.275 242.91

5 Kedamy Weyane 0.936 0.279 456.76

6 Aider 1.115 0.352 362.20

7 Hadnet 1.133 0.325 286.12

8 Hawltie 0.560 0.148 373.62

9 Adi Hakie 0.948 0.267 337.70

10 Mekelle City 0.924 0.268 371.13

Residential Per Capita Rate of

Generation(Volume)

0.989

0.713

1.276

1.115

0.560

0.948

0.641

0.936

1.133

0.924

0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

1.200

1.400

Tabias

Per

capita g

enera

tion(liter/

day)

Addis Alem

Industry

Sewhi Negus

Addishum Dahan

Kedamy Weyane

Aider

Hadnet

Hawltie

Adi Hakie

Mekelle City



Residential Per Capita Rate of

Generation(Weight)

0.322

0.171

0.352

0.148

0.2670.271

0.275

0.279

0.325

0.268

0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

0.300

0.350

0.400

Tabias

Per

capita g

enera

tion(K

g/d

ay) Addis Alem

Industry

Sewhi Negus

Addishum Dahan

Kedamy Weyane

Aider

Hadnet

Hawltie

Adi Hakie

Mekelle City

Unit Weight of Residential Source

434.27

272.98

373.62337.70

573.63

242.91

456.76

362.20

286.12371.13

0.00

100.00

200.00

300.00

400.00

500.00

600.00

700.00

Tabias

Unit W

eig

ht(

Kg/c

u.m

)

Addis Alem

Industry

Sewhi Negus

Addishum Daha

Kedamy Weyane

Aider

Hadnet

Hawltie

Adi Hakie

Mekelle City

The rate of generation is known to be changed through out the service life time of the

project. Among other factors economic status of residents is the main reason. However

due to the difficulty of predicting the dynamics of economic change and lack of previous

records to be used for trend analysis the rate of generation is forecasted using

probabilistic model.

Model Equations for forecasting the rate of generation

per capita rate of generation (l/c/d) Y=0.3215Ln(X)+1.2371 where X is frequency

factor

1

arPlanningYe

arPlanningYeX

per capita rate of generation

(kg/c/d) Y=0.0913Ln(X)+0.3568

unit weight(kg/cu.m) Y=127.61Ln(X)+495.62



Table 5.8 Forecasted rate of generation

Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 ……..…..

Planning year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

……..

Frequency

factor(X) 0.500 0.667 0.750 0.800 0.833 0.857

…………

Rate of

generation (Y) 0.924 0.924 1.014 1.107 1.145 1.165 1.178

…………



Table 5.9 Constituents of solid waste generated from residential sources

Grass>50mm 5.15 2.47 3800.49 6357.8429 8540.306 532.624 878.6106 1184.8

Grass<50mm 7.24 3.56 5342.82 8938.016 12006.18 767.669 1266.338 1707.65

Food wastes 2.87 3.5 2117.94 3543.1086 4759.355 754.731 1244.995 1678.87

Broken glass 0.02 0.54 14.7592 24.690652 33.16624 116.444 192.0849 259.026

Non-broken 0 1.72 0 0 0 370.896 611.826 825.044

Rubber 1.86 1.37 1372.6 2296.2306 3084.46 295.423 487.3265 657.157

Ceramics 0.61 3.98 450.155 753.06489 1011.57 858.236 1415.737 1909.11

Leather 0.97 1.26 715.82 1197.4966 1608.562 271.703 448.1981 604.393

Garment & Textiles 3.05 5.4 2250.77 3765.3244 5057.851 1164.44 1920.849 2590.26

Paper 9.06 5.06 6685.9 11184.865 15024.3 1091.12 1799.907 2427.17

Tin cans 0.09 0.62 66.4163 111.10793 149.2481 133.695 220.5419 297.4

Catha Edulis 0.66 0.94 487.053 814.79152 1094.486 202.699 334.37 450.896

Ash 20.7 30.92 15275.7 25554.825 34327.05 6667.51 10998.64 14831.6

Ferrous 1.01 0.88 745.338 1246.8779 1674.895 189.761 313.0273 422.116

Fruits & vegetables 8.21 7.02 6058.64 10135.513 13614.74 1513.77 2497.104 3367.33

Bones 0.67 0.43 494.432 827.13684 1111.069 92.724 152.9565 206.261

Special Wastes 0.31 15.27 228.767 382.70511 514.0767 3292.78 5431.734 7324.67

Yard Waste 8.32 6.07 6139.82 10271.311 13797.15 1308.92 2159.177 2911.64

Constituents of MSW from

Residential Sources

Proportion

Yearly volume Yearly weight

2005 2010 2015 2005 2010 2015

% by

Volume

% by

Weight (cu.m) (cu.m) (cu.m) (ton) (ton) (ton)



Bulky items 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Consumer electronics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Plastics 12.8 5.91 9445.87 15802.017 21226.39 1274.42 2102.263 2834.89

Hazardous wastes 2.57 1.75 1896.55 3172.7488 4261.861 377.365 622.4974 839.435

Other wastes & fines 13.83 7.31 10206 17073.586 22934.45 1576.31 2600.261 3506.44

Total 100 105.98 73795.86 123453.26 165831.18 21563.73 35571.28 47967.70

Cont‘d


PROMISE CONSULTING ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERS

47

Summaries of rate of generation and composition are presented on table 6.10 and 6.11

respectively.

Table 5.10 Summary of Rate of Generation from Commercial sources

Rates & Quantities of solid waste

2005 2010 2015

Average rate of generation(l/unit/d) 5.52 5.52 5.52

Average rate of generation(kg/unit/d) 1.15 1.15 1.15

Total number of commercial units 2677.00 3265.94 3984.4468

Average annual quantity of (cu.m/yr) 5393.62 6580.22 8027.86

Average annual quantity (kg/yr) 1123670.75 1370878.32 1672471.54

Average monthly quantity cu.m/m) 449.47 548.35 668.99

Average monthly quantity kg/m) 93639.23 114239.86 139372.63

Average weekly quantity (cu.m/wk) 103.72 126.54 154.38

Average weekly quantity (kg/wk) 21609.05 26363.04 32162.91

Average daily quantity (cu.m/d) 14.82 18.08 22.05

Average daily quantity (kg/d) 3087.01 3766.15 4594.70

Table 5.11 Constituents of MSW from commercial sources

Proportion

(% by volume)

Yearly volume

2005 2010 2015

(cu.m) (cu.m) (cu.m)

Grass>50mm 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Grass<50mm 5.17 277.82 340.47 415.37

Food wastes 0.64 34.12 41.82 51.02

Broken glass 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Non-broken 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Rubber 1.00 53.69 65.80 80.28

Ceramics 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Leather 1.66 89.16 109.27 133.31

Garment & Textiles 6.50 349.24 427.99 522.15

Paper 7.80 418.65 513.06 625.93

Tin cans 0.07 3.55 4.35 5.30

Catha Edulis 2.54 136.56 167.35 204.17

Ash 0.88 47.49 58.20 71.01

Ferrous 6.83 366.82 449.54 548.44

Fruits & vegetables 13.52 726.15 889.89 1085.67

Bones 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Special Wastes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Yard Waste 7.47 401.19 491.66 599.83

Bulky items 1.17 62.88 77.06 94.02

Consumer electronics 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Plastics 12.64 678.53 831.54 1014.47



48

Hazardous wastes 2.33 125.20 153.43 187.18

Other wastes & fines 29.69 1594.02 1953.47 2383.23

Total 99.92 5365.09 6574.89 8021.36

% Error 0.08

Table 5.12 Summary of Rate of Generation for Institutional Sources

Rates & Quantities of solid waste

2005 2010 2015

Average rate of generation(l/unit/d) 10.76 10.76 10.76

Total number of Institutional units 233.00 298.00 375.00

Average Total annual quantity 20903.45 30419.92 36142.06

Average monthly quantity of

MSW(cu.m/m) 1741.95 2534.99 3011.84

Average weekly quantity of

MSW(cu.m/wk) 401.99 585.00 695.04

Average daily quantity of

MSW(cu.m/d) 57.43 83.57 99.29

Table 5.13 Constituents of MSW from institutional Sources

Proportion

(% by volume)

Yearly volume

2005 2010 2015

(cu.m) (cu.m) (cu.m)

Mixed MSW(more of organic matters) 20.43 4270.04 4270.04 4270.04

MSW paper 36.36 7600.31 7600.31 7600.31

BMW 43.21 9033.10 9033.10 9033.10

Total 100.00 20903.45 20903.45 20903.45



49

6 System Analysis, Design and Recommendations

6.1 General design approach

Sources : 01MSW 02MSW 03MSW 01MSW

Rejects to land fill site

Recyclables to local market & processing

Ferrous Materials to local market

Ash to make blocks & bricks

Manure or cow dung from ASW

Saw dust from Woodworks (01ISW)

Urea from Human and Animals waste or

synthetic

Sewage sludge from liquid waste

collection & treatment; from sludge drying

bed;

Water to adjust moisture content & control

evaporation losses

Watering to adjust

Moisture Content

Receiving area

(Material Recovery Facility, MRF)

Packing Qualified

Compost Mass

Collection

(Hauled-container or

Stationery-container System)

Manual

Waste sorting

Storage

& Pilling

Shredding, grinding or

Crushing

Organic waste materials

(Including paper)

First Phase Aerobic

Composting (Thermophilic)

Second Phase Aerobic

Composting (Mesophilic

Maturing Phase)

Manual Screening Figure 5.1 General

design approaches

Sell to local

market



50

6.2 Technical Issues in primary collection services

Important technical issues that need to be addressed in the primary collection service are

listed hereunder.

Prevailing strong-wind of Mekelle and its consequence of blowing light

solid waste materials during primary collection;

Primary collection in low-income group;

Affordable primary collection service charges;

Balanced service charges in private and municipal services;

Efficient primary collection in all service areas;

Collection in alleys ,streets and outskirts;

Improved primary collection in residential , commercial, and institutional

units;

Improved communal storage facility for convenient uses in labor as well

as equipment based primary collections;

Waste brokery in primary collection services;

Waste separation in primary collection operation and

Waste separation ,storage and recycling at drop-off and buy-back centers;

Illegal use of child labors in primary collection;

Monitoring of functions and performance of primary collectors;

Data records in primary collection activities;

6.3 Secondary Collection Route scenarios

Route Scenario-I: Hauled Collection System (HCS) from HC locations to MRF

In this scenario hauled containers will be transported to Material Recovery Facility for

wasted separation, processing and other scopes of MRF stated under section 5.5.3. In this

scenario average Unit cost of operation for an average round trip, i.e., 9.7Km, as derived

from existing performance cost is 4.30 birr. Taking the year 2004 as a base year for every

data, existing system performance, equipment and unit cost of operation when adopting

the proposed systems are presented hereunder.

Route Scenario-II: Hauled Collection System (HCS) from MRF locations to Landfill

Site

In this scenario the rejects from the MRF will be transported to landfill site. The Average

Unit cost of disposal as obtained from valuation of existing collection systems is used to

estimate operational cost of MRF-Landfill transportation round distance of the operation

in concern is 14.6 Km and operational distance and cost are 14.6Km and 6.30 birr

respectively.



51

6.4 Design

Under the general design approach two options are considered. In the first approach

100% efficiency of collection is targeted to be achieved on 2020 while in the second

option 100% efficiency is intended to be reached on 2010. The two options are forwarded

to give opportunity for the city administration choices, compare them with its financial

capability and decide on the implementation. In order not to compromise the sanitation

situation of the city different mechanisms are proposed to divert waste at source before

getting far from the generators.

Option 1:

N.B. Proposed soft and hard components of the ISWM SCHEME for years

beyond 2015 should be taken cautiously; since socio-economic, political and

technological dynamics are difficult to predict for more than 10 years.

Furthermore data used on demographic, economic and spatial aspects are

adopted from Mekelle plan preparation project whose planning period is

10years.

Key Assumptions

Existing coverage of SW collection is 34%

Target set is to increase the efficiency to 100% on 2020

Intensive waste reduction scheme has to be followed till maximum

service improvement is attained.

It is Intended to divert waste at source through waste reduction and

transformation practices at low income inhabitants (75% of total)

* Organic components

* Other recyclables (plastics, rubber, paper, tin, ferrous materials, etc.)

* 100% diversion is set to be

attained on 2010

* This scheme launches at 25%

efficiency on 2006

* Role of waste material brokers (WMB), material drop-off and

buy back centers is vital

* Awareness creation and assistance to introduce the system and

encourage WMB's

* Secondary collection of waste for high income group (25% of total)

* 100% collection by private

sector on 2010

* Launches on 2006 with 25%

capacity

* Design life of loaders is 10 years; for existing 3 loaders 5

years is assumed



52

Option 2

Key Assumptions: Meeting set coverage, 34% to 100% in a period of 2005-2010, at the same time

keeping the environment clean

* Existing coverage of SW collection is 34%

*Target set is to increase the efficiency to 100% on 2010

* Intensive waste reduction scheme has to be followed till maximum service

improvement is attended.

* It is Intended to diverted waste at source through waste reduction and transformation

practices at low income inhabitants (75% of total) constituents considered are:

* Organic components

* Other recyclables (plastics, rubber, paper, tin, ferrous materials, etc.)

* 100% diversion of each item is set to be attained

on 2010

* This scheme launches at 25%

efficiency on 2006

* Role of waste material brokers (WMB), material drop-off and buy

back centers is vital

* Awareness creation and assistance to introduce the system and

encourage WMB's

* Collection of waste for high income group (25% of total)

* 100% collection by private sector on

2010

* Launches on 2006 with 25% capacity

* Design life of loaders is 10 years; for existing 3 loaders 5 years is

assumed



6.5 MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY (MRF)

Labor intensive material recovery facility (LIMRF) is proposed to provide waste

separation for commingled MSW and materials escaping source separation at recovered

and recycling materials drop-off and buy-back centers located in the city. The MRF will

also serve as decentralized composting facility.

6.5.1 Site selection for MRF

For optimum location of material recovery facility Mekelle City Development Plan,

which is now on the verge of finalization, is consulted (Figure 6.1)

The site for such facility is located in the industry zone as shown on figure 6.1. This site

is ideally suitable for the facility because of the following reasons:

According to the national urban planning manual description of compatibility of

land uses, the proposed facility can be sited on the selected area.

The facility is located adjacent to proposed sewage treatment plant hence this

condition presents opportunity of using the sludge from the treatment plant to be

used in compost preparation as one component.

The whole area is shielded from other land uses using green buffer.

As can be witnessed even at recent time, establishment of plastic factories;

factories which have recycling capacity can likely be established in the coming

future in the industry zone. These factories can be potential customers of the MRF.

According to the twenty years development plan, in a reasonable distance from

the MRF location a considerable area is allocated for urban agriculture. Urban

agriculturalists practicing in the area can easily be involved in compost

manufacturing process and they will also be potential users of the out put.



Figure 6.1 Structural map (Source: Mekelle city plan preparation project)



6.5.2 Engineering aspects of material recovery facility (MRF)

The various Engineering considerations used in preliminary design of the MRF for

commingled MSW are discussed in this section.

Material recovery facility will have the following functions:

Separation of all kind of recoverable waste materials from commingled

MSW collected from Residential, commercial and institutional sources;

Diversion of waste from land fill sites;

Production of quality marketable compost from biodegradable organic

fraction and pack the product at the MRF site;

To transfer recyclable materials other than organic waste to desired

processing locations;

To transport non diverted waste to land fill site ;

6.5.3 Scope of MRF

Selection of materials to be separated at the MRF sites;

Scenario-I: Materials Recovery from Commingled MSW and ISW with maximum

organic fraction

The separation and recovery of the following solid waste materials will be considered at

the MRF site.

(a) Organic waste fraction from MSW sources;

(b) HDPE and LDPE plastic materials from MSW sources;

(c) House hold battery from 01MSW & 02MSW;

(d) Granular materials and wood from construction wastes;

(e) Woody materials from MSW;

(f)Glass from MSW;

(g)Rubber from MSW;

(h) Ferrous materials from MSW;

(i)Tin cans

(j) Bulky items

Scenario-II: Materials Recovery from Source separated MSW and ISW with

maximum organic fraction

The separation and recovery of various waste materials such as glass, rubber, plastic

materials, tin cans and ferrous materials could possibly be done at drop-off centers and

buy-back centers. Primary collection and curb side collection systems could be

introduced in waste separation and recovery of recyclable waste materials.

In this scenario, the MRF site could be used for separation and recovery of organic

fractions and construction wastes.



Scenario-III: Materials Recovery from Source separated MSW and ISW with

minimum organic fraction In this scenario, the majority of the organic fraction MSW will be recovered in low

income house holds and only the organic waste from other economic group, commercial

and institutional units reach the MRF site. The MRF also separate and recover

construction wastes.

6.5.4 Lay out and design of physical facilities

6.5.4.1 Components of the MRF

Unloading areas for commingled MSW

Unloading area for source separated MSW materials

Sizing area for presorted and on-site sorted materials where undersized and

oversized organic wastes are removed

Unit operations (conveyors, shredders, and screens);magnetic separators will not

be incorporated; conveyors, screens and shredders should be simple and locally

manufactured equipments; Use of manual labor instead of conveyors, shredders

and screens shall be considered ; labor intensive unit operations are cheaper than

the use of equipments;

Sizing of storage areas and out loading area for recovered materials;

Sizing of parking areas and traffic flow patters in and out of the MRF;

Sizing of Stage-I and Stage-II Composting units;

Sizing of packing and storage area for matured compost;

6.5.4.2 Composting unit design

The selected composting units are open windrow as these units require least resources in

composting practices. The possible materials and geometry of the reactor are:

Rectangular steel tank

Rectangular wooden tank

Triangular steel tank

Triangular wooden tank

Triangular wire mesh tank

Rectangular wire mesh tank

Triangular reactors require more space in terms of plan area than rectangular reactors and

the rectangular ones are suitable in areas where there is space limitation. As there is space

limitation in urban areas, the use of rectangular reactors is highly commendable.

Thermophilic composting unit

In this unit Shredding, blending and seeding of appropriate proportion of MSW with

digested sludge, raw sludge ,cow dung, poultry manure, biogas slurry and sawdust, and

water is considered and the optimum mix proportion of each fractions required for

optimum performance of windrow aerobic composting units are determined. Labour

intensive mixing and turning for a period of 25 to 27 days while maintaining the required

temperature is important.

Mesophilic composting unit



At this stage, which take 24-26 days maturing, screening and packing will be done.

Space requirement (ha.)

Year Termophilic unit

(1)

Mesophilic unit

(2)

Total area(1&2)*1.5

2005 0.171 0.17 0.51

2010 0.278 0.27 0.825

2015 0.336 0.32 0.99

Detail design and specification is presented at Annex-x.

Estimated Cost of capital (excluding land value)

The cost of material high-end MRF with feed stock derived from processing of

commingled wastes; with enclosed building with concrete floors, MRF equipments with

unit operations (shredding, screening and conveying system, and in-vessel composting;

enclosed building for curing of compost product is between 25,000 to 50,000 birr per ton

per day. This is equipment and capita intensive facility and 25 to 50 % cost reduction

could be achieved in labor-intensive windrow composting facility

Estimated cost of MRF (2005-2010):

Capital-intensive MRF: 843375 to 1686750 Eth.Birr

Labor intensive MRF: 421688 to 843375 Eth.Birr

6.6 Proposed landfill

6.6.1 Initial Site Selection

The site selection and proposal was undertaken by Ad hoc committee consisting of

multidisciplinary professionals. The committee adopted the following initial criteria in

selecting two land fill sites west of Mekelle city at Adi Kolomay.

Geological conditions

Climate

Accessibility and proximity

Land use and ownership

Safety

Public acceptance

The details of the initial site selection criteria can be referred in Annex-Q. The committee

also submitted site investigation report on the proposed land fill locations at ST-1, figure

5.2. The technical data included in the initial investigation report has been considered in

the preliminary design of the land fill site. The information of the proposed site has also

been used in the assessment of the potential impacts of the land fill project decision.



Quiha, one of the Tabias of the city is located at a distance of 10Km from the center of

―proper Mekelle‖ with a population of 18000, is being served by an open damp which is

situated at 4 Km distance from Quiha.

The other fact that needs attention is the existence of Alula Abanega Airport at that Tabia.

Consultation with Mekelle City Plan Preparation Project revealed that in order to respect

the aviation zone, landfill can not be considered with in 6Km radius.

Taking in to account the issues raised above for a Tabia with a population of 18,000 the

feasibility of establishing another disposal site is unlikely. In the proposed system Quiha

is intended to be served by the disposal facility to be located at Adi Kolomay.

Landfill site investigation report on the geology of the area reveled that the geological

setting of the project area is thick sedimentary sequence exposed by shale with very thin

layer of limestone intercalations. The area exhibit very thick, horizontally bedded, light

yellow, fine grained and highly weathered shale. The dominant geological structure in the

area is bedding structure; the bedding plane is tight.

Though the site selection was conducted before the awarding of the contract, Promise

consult has verified and accepted the recommendation of the ad hoc committee.

Moreover, for detail investigation of the site four test-pits, three at opposite sides of the

periphery and one at the center are dug to a depth of 3m in order to identify the lateral as

well as vertical continuity of the formation. Supporting the geological investigation, in all

the test pits shale-limestone sequence with shale being dominant is observed. Extent of

shale dominance is near to100%. It is also worth mentioning that shale exhibits a

property of water tightness and workability.

6.6.2 Preliminary design

Three different types of land fill can be considered depending on the operation and

engineering aspects of the dump sites. These are Uncontrolled Non-engineered Open

dump landfill, engineered land fill and Highly Engineered Sanitary land fill site. Here the

term land fill simply refer to the placing of solid waste materials into a land disposal site

without prior treatment and preparation. The term land fill also refer to the physical

facilities used for the disposal of solid wastes in the surface soils of the earth. The method

of land filling could be area method, trench method/excavated pit method, embankment

and canyon /depression methods depending up on the suitability of the land area

considered for disposal.

Uncontrolled Non-Engineered dump landfill is the oldest and widely used in most

developing countries. In this type of land fill, provisions are not mostly made for the

control of loss of chemical pollutants mainly leachate into the underground environment.

The Non-Engineered dump landfill does not protect the local environment and not

recommended especially for hazardous solid waste materials. In case of engineered land

fill site, the local environment and the underground aquifers are protected from risks of

pollution and nuisances. The Engineered land fill site has some features to protect the

underground aquifer from risks of chemical pollution due to hazardous chemicals, leach-

ate, and methane.



There are also some other accepted categories of land fill sites. These include

conventional type for commingled MSW, landfills for milled or shredded solid wastes

and monofills for designated or specialized wastes .The monofills type can be used for

individual or mixed hazardous wastes. Land fills can also be designed for special purpose.

These include landfills designed for maximum methane production and land fills

designed for integrated treatment units.

The proposed sanitary land fill sites will serve as final disposal sites for directly

transported hazardous wastes and for non-hazardous materials rejected at material

recovery sites.

The proposed land fill sites will provide waste filling areas during dry and wet seasons.

The dry season filling sites serve from October to May for a total of eight months in any

year. The wet season filling sites will be used between June to September, which are the

rainy seasons in the city, for a period of four months in any service year.

6.6.3 Proposed layout

The proposed sanitary land fill sites will have the following components.

Temporary All-weather Access Road within the site (7-10 m)

Permanent paved or weather Access Road to the land fill site(7-10m)

Equipment Shelter equipments:1-Tractor and 1-bulldozer and a compactor

Employees Shelter(operators and Guard)

Holding area for Special and hazardous wastes

Storm water drainage ditch & flow direction

Wet Weather active filling area

Dry weather active filling area

Future fill area: wet and dry weather

Permanent property fence area

Movable fence to separate completed and active filling sites;

Fence

Gas collection and exhaust line;

Leachate collection system and evaporation pond for its treatment

Stock pile area for earthen cover material

Green area and plants

Gas monitoring wells

Entrance Gate

Weighing bridge

Movable screen walls fixed on metal frames to retain blowing waste

Materials;



These above components are conceptually arranged to form the land fill sites. The

property lines delineate the land fill sites.

6.6.4 Design considerations

The following design factors are considered to produce the preliminary design of the

proposed sanitary land fill site.

(i) Landfill areas

The areas used for filling daily waste loads that will be received at the land fill sites are

computed separately for hazardous and special wastes (HW) and non-hazardous wastes

(NHW).The future filling area requirements are also determined.

The desired land filling areas are determined for each years till the year 2030 and can be

seen on the spread sheet ‗demand projection‘ attached in annex-A.

(ii) Land filling methods

All type of land fill methods are considered in feasibility study. These are area method,

excavated pit method, canyon method, trench method, and depression method. The most

feasible option is chosen considering terrain characteristics and the availability of

covering material at the land fill site.

The possible methods of land filling at the two land fill locations are area Method and

Excavated pit method.

Even though the terrain West and South of ST-2 site allows the use of depression and

canyon methods of land filling, these two methods are not considered as the mountain

slope is protected and conserved terrain. The other three methods of land fill are proposed

at the top of the mountain terrain (Site ST-2).The use of steeped type or terraced type of

land filling will also be considered.

(iii) Intermediate cover material:

The shale materials identified at the sites could be used as covering earthen materials

during the operation of the land fill sites.

The typical waste-to-cover ratio ranges from 5:1 to 10:1 and an average waste-to-cover

ratio of 7.5:1 is considered in preliminary design work.

(iv)Surface drainage

Peripheral paved ditches are proposed to divert upland runoff and runoff occurring within

the land fills areas. The finished grade of the ditch shall be 3 to 6%.

The discharge from storm water ditches will be stored in open ponds and considered for

reuse at the land fill sites. At least the water requirements for the compaction of covering

earthen materials will be satisfied from the storage pond.



(v) Landfill liner

Economical land fill liner materials shall be considered such as single layer clay materials

preferably available on the site and the shale material identified at the land fill site could

be considered as a liner material as well.

The site investigation report suggested that leaching waste materials are not easily

infiltrating the shale to contaminate subsurface flows.

The bed liner material will be constructed to have finished

- Cross slope 1 to5 % and average 3%

- Maximum flow distance in any direction = 30 m

- Slope of drainage channels =0.5 to 1%

(vi) Leachate collection and treatment

Perforated leachate collection pipes will be provided at the bottom of the land fill site and

the collected lechate will be treated with simple evaporation pond.

The preliminary specifications for the perforated collection pipe are the following.

-Slope of lechate collection pipe ranges from 1 to 2%

-Size of perforated leachate collection pipe shall be 100 to150 mm

- the pipe material shall be either UPVC or PVC

-the pipe spacing shall be 6.00 m center to center

The depth of evaporation ponds or soil bed is typically 0.60 to 0.90 m with organic

lechate loading rates of about 1.60 to 4.00 kg/m3 soil.

The evaporation pond should be covered during rainfall seasons (June, July, August and

September months) and uncovered in dry seasons when the solar radiation is sufficient

for evaporation. Thin-film black plastic materials like geo-membranes could be used as

covering materials.

The soil beds should also be provided with liner material to control percolation of organic

leachate into sub-surface environment. Clay liners could be considered as cost-effective

methods than geo-membranes.

The percolation rates through clay liners and existing geological material expected at the

land fill bed grade can be calculated from the water balance for a soil material given by

∆ SLC=P-R-ET-PERSW

Where, ∆ SLC= change in amount of water held in storage in a unit volume of geological

or liner or cover material, mm; P=amount of precipitation per unit land fill area, mm;

R=amount of runoff per unit land fill area, mm; ET=amount of water lost through evapo-



transpiration per unit land fill area, mm; PERSW = amount of water percolating through

unit area of soil bed into

compacted or natural geological stratum, mm

Appropriate values of runoff coefficient and bed slope used to calculate runoff from

monthly values of rainfall at the land fill site. Energy methods like Pen-man and values of

climatic variables of the land fill site will be applied to account for evapotranspiration.

The computed annual percolation rate at the soil beds will be compared with the

coefficient of permeability of clay liners to check for the potential of leachate and other

contaminants percolation through sub-surface geological materials. Liners will be

provided for excess percolation rates above the values observed in natural clay materials.

Analytical computation for the determination of breakthrough time of leachate to

penetrate a clay liner is attached in annex-y.

(vii) Gas management

Minimum gas generation is expected from paper and textile wastes as most of the organic

fraction will be recovered in decentralized material recovery facility (MRF) or

decentralized biogas units (DBU).

The land fill site is designed for land filling of rejected materials at recovery facilities and

there will be no recovery of energy in the form of methane at the proposed land fill sites.

Generated methane will be collected and exhausted to the open atmosphere.

- Collection well and pipes;

- Condensate to trap water vapor;

- Vacuum suction pump with 3.00 m water head(operating pressure);

- Gas Exhaust line ;

There will be no energy recovery facility at the proposed land fill site.

(viii) Ground water protection

The direction of ground water flow is identified from the topography map and diversion

of ground water flow to the land fill site is considered with use of perimeter drains or

other control methods; the two sites exist at highest elevations (2080 m amsl and 2097 m

amsl) than the surrounding location and interception of ground water flow is not expected

at these to locations. The clay liner provides protection for the contamination of ground

water flow.

(ix) Fire protection

Water shall be stored on the site for the following uses.

- protect fire

- for land fill crews

- for compaction



Water for land fill crews and equipments shall be provided with storage tanks and shall

be supplied from the city. The other water demands could be satisfied from storage pond.

(x)Environmental requirements

Continuous monitoring of lechate and gas developments from the site shall be

implemented. The periodic inspection could be made with mobile experts from the city.

(xi) Cell design

The fill cells will be provided for the filling of both hazardous and non-hazardous wastes

delivered to the land fill sites. The specifications for the land fill cells are given here.

-cells provided for daily waste materials and covered with 15.00 cm clay or shale

material;

-Height of lift including cover material ranges from 3.00 to 4.30 m;

A maximum height of lift of 4.30 m is considered to minimize land area requirement at

the proposed landfill locations. See the Annex-M for details.

Fig 4.2 Landfill layout:

6.7 Access road

Access road for the landfill is considered to be for two design phases. In the first phase

existing dry weather road will be up-graded to RR-50 road; the design and survey data

are incorporated in the attached map. In the second phase, when the master plan road

network plan is realized the outer most ring proposed by the master plan is realized, it

will be taken as access for the site.



7 Environmental Impact Assessment

The Leopold matrix method has been used to assess the impacts of project activities and

project decisions proposed on the waste management facilities such as primary collection

and communal storages, sanitary land fill, access road, waste separation at material

recovery facility and drop-off centers, windrow composting reactors, anaerobic digestion

reactors.

All actions and activities that are part of the proposed projects are identified and located

across the top of the matrix. The possible impacts of project activities and project

decision in relation to various environments and conditions such as agricultural lands,

energy and mineral resources, aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, wet lands, cultural and

religious values, recreational and tourism scenes, endangered species, noise conditions,

surface and ground water resources, socio-economic environments, and employment

situations are also identified and located down wards at the left side of the matrix.

The Leopold matrix has been filled for proposed improvement projects and the existing

land fill site at Messobo indicating the magnitude of the impacts of project activities and

project decision with numbers from 1 to 10 on the left side box. A magnitude of 10

represents the greatest magnitude of impact and 1 the least. Zero indicates no impact

situation. Positive sign before each number has been indicated to represent beneficial

impacts and negative signs undesirable impacts.

Similarly the importance of the impacts has also been indicated on the right-side box

considering local, regional and national importance. Greatest importance is represented

with 10 and least importance 1. Zero values have been used to indicate no importance

situations. The magnitude of impacts and their importance are indicated in Annex-N.

The results of Leopold matrix indicated that adverse effects and undesirable impacts in

relation to project activities and waste management practices will be minimized and the

proposed projects will be beneficial to the community. The project decisions will also

enable to minimize and control the prevalent adverse impacts, which have been

happening on the surrounding environments in relation to unimproved waste management

practices, poor collection of solid wastes and unsanitary land filling methods. For details,

refer Annex-N.



8. Socio-Economic Impact Assessment

One of the issues that make environmental management as a challenge is the complex

relationship of the various impacts posed by human activities on the environment. Rapid

growth of urbanization compounded by the inability of local governments to provide

basic urban services has led to various diseases having complex interrelationship with the

environment. The widespread urban environmental problems in urban areas of Ethiopia

as in many towns of developing countries have grave consequences on the health and life

of society. Environmental problems are particularly serious where there is rapid growth

of population and urban settlements with little or no consideration for the environment.

Absence of a total integrated and sustainable solid waste management approach and the

non-compatibility of its various components have resulted in the accumulation of various

levels of waste at various places and localities of the city. These areas become liable to

various vectors (rodents and insects) and foci for environmental pollution, bad smells and

appearance. The situation in turn contributes to the negative health and environmental

impacts in the city as evidenced by Table 8.1, which indicates that nearly 59.13% of the

ten top diseases in the city are associated with poor environmental quality of the city.



Table 8.1: Ten top diseases in Mekelle City

SN Diagnosis No of cases %

1 Observation with out need of further care/ no

abnormality detected

12,052 13.08

2 Acute upper respiratory infection 10,508 11.41

3 Hypertrophy of tonsillitis and adenoids 6,846 7.43

4 Infections of skin and sub coetaneous tissue 6,205 6.74

5 Helminthes, other 3,896 4.23

6 Gastritis, duodentis 3,633 3.94

7 Dysentery, other unspecified 3,120 3.39

8 Gastroenteritis, colitis; age 4 weeks to 2 years 2,741 2,98

9 Eye inflammatory / except trachoma/ 2,738 2.97

10 ameobiasis/ excluding symptom less carriers/ 2,731 2.96

Total top ten diseases 54,470 59.13

Total all causes of diseases 92,116 100

Source: report compiled from three governmental health centers and clinics, 2004,

Mekelle zone health office

Moreover, as per the survey conducted by Mekelle city plan preparation project office to

assess the prior issues of the city, city sanitation and environmental issue was taken as the

fourth prioritized issue. [Survey result on the prioritized issues of Mekelle; MCPPPO,

2005.]

Since nearly all of the ten top diseases which account 59.13% of the total morbidity [table

8.1] in Mekelle city are associated with poor environmental quality and given the gravity

of the problem as evidenced by the survey result of MCPPPO, the implementation of

integrated solid waste management could have a positive spillover effect on the reduction



of morbidity and mortality rates caused by poor sanitation as well as build the confidence

of the public on the city administration.

Besides improving human health and environmental degradation, proper waste

management has advantages in wealth accumulation. These days waste is considered as

wealth. Proper management to utilize waste can really accumulate wealth and this can be

achieved through creation of job opportunity and introducing reusing and recycling of

wastes into valuable resources. In some cities, properly managed wastes are becoming

sources of energy and natural fertilizers.

Due to its holistic nature, practices in some places of Addis Ababa and cities in other

developing countries make it evident that Integrated Solid Waste Management System

brings about a sustainable solution to address sanitation problems because it eventually

enables the community take over the responsibility to keep their surrounding neat.

Moreover, illegal dumping will be drastically reduced which as a result enhance the

quality of water bodies, appearance of the city and new jobs will be created as a result of

the scheme.

The implementation of this project improves solid waste management system of the city

which in turn improve drainage services as the likely of garbage blocking the drains will

appreciably minimize, clean up the environment thereby open fields and streets will be

neat as well as the prevalence of offensive smell reduced.

Mekelle City, both as transit and destination spots, is rich in tourist attracting sites. The

historical buildings, battlefields and cemeteries, the palaces and monuments, the cultural

and traditional traits are among those that have great potentiality for tourism development

in the city. The magnificent palace, which is believed to be the best of its alike palaces in

the country, is the main tourist-attracting site in the city. Hawelti Semaetat is also the

contemporary modern tourist-attracting landmark of the city. The modern meeting halls

are potentials for the development of conference tourism in the near future. The Italian

cemeteries at Endayesus, the battlefields and the ‗May Anishti‘, an area where Empress

Taitu fought against the Italians, have historic importance and are good tourism potential



sites. Dejat Abraha‘s palaces in Mekelle and Felegdaero have also great tourism

importance.

Besides the sites within the city, other nearby religious and historic sites are assumed to

have an important contribution for the development of Mekelle City. These include the

Geraelta, Tsaeda emba and Atsbi rock hewn churches which are with in a day‘s journey

from Mekelle. These rock-hewn churches have marvellous architectural and natural

panorama, which makes them worth visiting sites in the northern part of the country.

Silassie Chelekot is 17km south of the city. It is an 18th

c religious site where a splendid

architectural design and unique religious heritages are found. It is believed that Empress

Tiru Work, the wife of the late Emperor Tewodros, was buried here. The birthplace of

Raesi Alula Abanega and traditional buildings sited at Menewe has also tourism

significance. The first seat of Yohannes IV at Agulae, the Negash Mosque and the rock-

hewn churches around Wukro are within a day‘s visit from the city. Mekelle has also a

good opportunity to be used as a dispatch centre for voyages to the Dallol depressions.

The camel caravan from Berahle, a place where the Amole salt is traditionally extracted

is also an amazing phenomenon.

Moreover, the Alula Abanega international airport makes these tourism journeys to the

city and its surroundings more easy and comfortable in the northern part of the country.

In this respect, the implementation of the project plays a significant role in maintaining

attractive environment which is the one among other factors needed for tapping the huge

tourism potential of the city. It is obvious that tourists like to visit places which are

natural, clean and safe.

The project is therefore expected to increase the number of tourists stay in the city

thereby the service sector can benefit maximum out of it, opens market for cultural

commodities and articrafts and flourishes conference tourism.

It is therefore evident that the sanitation and environmental situations in Mekelle City

will drastically improve provided the recommended measures are fully attended to

including adequate financing; proper organization of the responsible bodies; encouraging

and promoting of efforts of the other stakeholders that are helpful in alleviation the



problems; arming the municipality with qualified professionals and appropriate

machineries and equipments, among others.

Conclusion

It is believed that the project will provide modern solid waste management system to the

city with new disposal site, leachate collection and treatment evaporation pond. The

primary beneficiaries are city residents mainly the poor urban dwellers living in slums,

which are poorly served. In addition the project benefits rural residents affected by the

existing open waste disposal, the private sector and community-based entrepreneurs.

Improved sanitation in the city has direct implication to the health and working situation

of the residents.

In general, the project will remarkably improve the livelihood of the city residents and

has the following socio-economic benefits:

Reduce environmental pollution and health hazard as well as improve

living condition in the city

Create job opportunity for additional people, both permanent employs and

temporary during the construction as well as implementation phases

The tourist attraction capacity of the city will improve

Reduce mortality rate caused by poor sanitation

Improve service delivery



9. Recommendations

9.1 Proposal on the improvement of household handling and primary collection

facility

The current primary collection service requires immediate and short term service

improvement. There is a need to improve the services of operational private sectors and

introduce new modes of primary collection.

The use of child labor in primary collection activities violate international labor rights

and should be avoided. The existing tractor-trailers primary collection service is not

appropriate technology for solid waste collection in the city. Spillage is one of the

difficulties with the tractor-trailers system. The persistent high-wind effect in the city has

also been observed to disturb the block collection activities and unloading of collected

solid wastes at the containers site. Inefficiency in primary collection is the other major

problem with the tractor-trailer system.

It is advisable to move one of the tractor-trailers to the upcoming sanitary land fill site

as a tipper and exploit the rest in local routine and periodic road maintenance activities.

Various technological options can be considered for primary collection operations in

addition to the already introduced ones with the exception of the tractor-trailer system.

Stationery Collection System with compactors and other garbage collection lorries could

be employed in primary collection operations involving various stakeholders such as

private sectors, women and youth cooperatives, municipal services, households and

other polluters.

The technologies that could be used in primary collection operations in the various parts

of thee city are

b. Satellite Vehicles (Three Wheel drives) equipped with containers of

1.50 cu.m capacity;



The Satellite Vehicles can be locally modified and has been recently introduced as one

mode of public transport in the city. The vehicles are suitable for primary collection in

alleys with narrow local roads and also in service areas with flat and moderately flat

terrains. The satellite vehicles are also suitable for primary collection from street

sweeping and small size curb-side stationery-containers provided only for street uses. The

vehicles can be used in dry as well as rainy seasons.

There is only a need to load the vehicles with containers of maximum 1.50 cu.m holding

capacity in a single trip.

c. Manually loaded and mechanically unloaded rear loading compactors

with loading capacity of 15.30 cu.m

The compactors are suitable for primary collection from blocks and curb-side stationary-

containers in all kind of terrains and roads with the exception of alleys. The compactors

can also be used in all seasons.

d. Manually loaded and mechanically unloaded side loading compactors

with loading capacity of 28.30 cu.m;

e. The Trolley system with improved container

These are suitable for very short service distances in flat terrains and all kind of roads.

High number of collectors are required than the satellite vehicles and hand cart systems.

The hand cart system can be used only during the dry season and not applicable for use in

rainy seasons.

f. The Horse cart system with improved container and cart

The major problem with the prevailing horse cart system is the heaviness of the cart for

most horses engaged in animal labor businesses. The cart is very difficult to be pulled

forward, whether the horse are muscular or weak .Healthier or sick. The weight of the

cart is not appropriate for efficient transport with the horse cart system.

This horse system can be used in primary collection tasks with improved lighter carts

designed for efficient waste collection from areas with local streets and flat and

moderately flat terrains. The carts also require improved containers and seats for the

horse cart riders. The improved carts can be used in all seasons out side major and minor

arterial roads, areas in which high incidence of traffic congestions and high volume of

traffic flow are expected.

g. Voluntary House hold services in primary collection with own

matured labor and hired labors



9.2 Recommendation for Financing SWM

The City Administration shall allocate realistic and rationalized budget and create

an enabling environment for community and private participation in SWM service

delivery as well as for efficient and effective utilization of limited resources.

Cognizant of the fact that SWM is by far a municipal public sector-led service, it

would be, according to different experiences, keep up to 50 percent of the service

and privatize the remaining 50 percent, keeping an eye on the private sector lest

they would overcharge the residents.

Appropriate funding mechanisms for sustainable service delivery will be

developed with attention to effective and efficient utilization of resources.

Options to recover the solid waste service costs /bill collection

Instituting or enhancing garbage taxes,

Collecting tipping fees

Adding a surcharge to electricity

Adding a surcharge to water supply

Adding a surcharge to telephone bill

Relaying on other general revenues (including property tax and business

licensees)

Through community motivators

Selection criteria

revenues are adequate and easily collected

the polluter pays for the damage inflicted,

political acceptability, and

Payment of the revenue can be enforced.

Analysis of available options

a. Adding a surcharge to water supply or telephone bill

In general given the garbage taxes, introducing a bill collection through adding a

surcharge to telephone bill is not feasible as the coverage of water supply services at

household level is low.

b. Relaying on other general revenues

Property tax



Relaying on the property tax such as land or housing tax (off course if it is

introduced) is also inconvenient as the collection is done annually .i.e. collecting the

solid waste on annual base would be in feasible for the user to pay

In addition there are a number of polluter/households/who are not required to pay the

taxes.

Business licensees

Similarly the business tax focuses only to the house holds involved in business

activities

c. Adding a surcharge to electricity

With the exception of the newly built area the electricity services is almost available

at every household in the city. But the problem is there are a number of households

that are dependent on one /single Electric meter. Charging for electricity service

depends on the available electric meter so it would be difficult to add surcharge to

the households with no Electric meter. So the number of house holds that are

dependent on a single electric meter has to be identified. This can be easily handled

at kebelle level as they are nearer to the community. It is estimated that there are

about 20,000 private electric meter/customers

There for as the owner of the electric meter is responsible to collect for the electricity

bill still it is going to be responsible to collect the surcharge.

But the cooperation of the electric power corporation in this aspect is doubtful as it is

a federal institution and the city administration has to seek ways for the facilitation

of bill collection in this manner

d. Through community motivators

This option presupposes the establishment of solid waste team at kebele level which

is responsible to collect the monthly payment directly from the users.

e. Most Feasible Mechanism: Adding a surcharge to unit rate of water

In most cases, there is a direct relationship between the rate of water consumption and

the living standard which indirectly describes the rate of waste generation. As the water

supply service is under the municipality, it would be feasible to add a surcharge to a unit

rate of water and collect the fees in two months time as the water bill is collected once

every two weeks.

COST RECOVERY

Methodology

K

AA o

Where A=Annual payment that must be made to repay the capital costs

AO=initial capital investment



K = (1+I) n

–1/I (1+I)

In order to determine the solid waste service charge the following points are

considered

Identifying the full costs of solid waste service provision –even though a

policy decision is required what portion of the cost recovered through

service users, it is assumed to recover 50% of the cost and subsidize or

cross subsidize the remaining

Scenario 1: assuming equipment rental

Annual Operating and maintenance cost expense: Birr 872,000.00

(2006GC)

initial capital cost : Birr 9,895,000.00

Total (Capital +O-M)= 10,766,000.00

Annual cost to be recovered: Birr 1,076,600.00

Scenario 2: assuming equipments (bulldozer and compactor) purchase

annual operating and maintenance cost: 788,000.00

initial capital cost : Birr 12,334,000.00

Total (Capital +O-M)= 13,122,000.00

Annual cost to be recovered: Birr 1,312,200.00

Sources of Waste

Proportion

(%age)

Annual Cost to be Recovered (%)

0.00% 50.00%

Scenario1 Scenario 2 Scenario1

Scenario

2

Residential 81.00% 872046.00 1062882.00 436023.00 531441.00

commercial 6.00% 64596.00 78732.00 32298.00 39366.00

institutional 10.00% 107660.00 131220.00 53830.00 65610.00

Street sweeping 3.00% 32298.00 39366.00 16149.00 19683.00

Total 100.00% 1076600.00 1312200.00 538300.00 656100.00

Total No. of Households

44521.00

Annual payment of Household (Birr/year)

19.59 23.87 9.79 11.94



Monthly payment of Household(Birr/month)

1.63 1.99 0.82 0.99

Willingness To Pay Of The Users

Willingness to pay (WTP) needs to be established in relation to different levels and type

of service amongst different types of household and business. Once the existing WTP is

known, willingness may be modified by targeted promotion activities. Willingness can

also be assessed by the existence of private operators and the rates they command.

Maintaining willingness to pay involves maintaining the quality or value added of the

service for which customers are paying. In the context of SWM in Mekelle willingness

to pay must also be informed by a better understanding of ability to pay amongst poor

households.

Models public private partnership

There are different ways of partnership arrangement in the Solid Waste Management.

a. Open competition: Private Firms compete for customers in an area but with limitation

on the number of competitors;

b. Franchising: Local government grants a private firm exclusive rights to serve an area

with or without price regulation;

c. Concessions: A private firm finances and owns the service delivery system for a

definite period sufficient enough to depreciate investments; and

d. Contracts: made between local government and private firms for a definite period of

time.

Applicable models for solid waste management in Mekelle

Franchise

Evidences taken from working paper: Building Municipal Capacity For Private Sector

Participation indicates that it is difficult for the private sector to collect fees from the

public directly for solid waste services, particularly when there is low willingness to pay

and limited appreciation that solid waste collection and disposal is an important

municipal function. Low cost recovery and small numbers of customers threaten the

viability of private sector participation when this form of revenue collection is pursued.

This function may be better placed with the municipality as they have the authority for

more meaningful sanctions and thus the capacity to enhance the levels of revenue

collection.

Contracting



Reports on Urban development workshop held in Mekele, Ethiopia (October 2000)

indicates that the most common forms of private/public partnership in Africa is for urban

authorities to contract out solid waste collection and disposal. There are also an

increasing number of instances where informal sector groups of garbage collectors have

been contracted to collect and disposed of solid waste. This mode of privatisation is

considered to be more politically acceptable, as notion of selling public asset is not

popular among African politicians

Two models are proposed

Model one

Micro-enterprises provided services to the local communities, with residents supervising

the process. Residents pay the local authorities for the service, which in turn contracts out

and pays the private enterprise. Limitation: this model may not applicable in practice

because payments from the community to the municipality may lag behind, nor did the

municipality pay the micro-enterprises irregularly. In the end the micro-enterprises would

collapse because of lack of income.

Model two

The second model is based on a closer relation between local community and micro-

enterprises. The community who receives the service not only supervises and contracts

out to the micro-enterprises, but also pays them directly when the waste is collected. The

municipality retains responsibility only concerning the legislative framework of the

private enterprise. These micro-enterprises have been able to survive by the direct

relation with the beneficiaries and by charging the inhabitants affordable fees.

Legislative Technical & Financial

Framework assistance

Fees

Supervision

Contract

This alliance would significant contributions to socio-economic goals. This model would

result in a real improvement of the co-ordination of the SWM services even though it was

based on complicated linkages. The direct relation between micro-enterprises and

community and the financial and organizational support from the NGO, The Mass Media

for raising awareness of the inhabitants with regard to Solid Waste Management and

Local

Authority

Private

Sector

NGO ‗S

Research

oriented

Organization

Mass media

Community



Research-oriented organizations In order to find means and ways to create

environmentally friendly mechanism of disposing especially hazardous solid waste and

better legislation by local authorities resulted in the improvement of the co-ordination of

the service.

Proposed Sold Waste Management Services In this Model

1. Street sweeping

Option one. Contracting the service and investing on the vehicles and equipments

It should be initiated for the following reasons

Firstly the street sweeping contract enables private enterprise, through direct contact with

customers to encourage households to join the household collection scheme. Secondly,

by assuming responsibility for street sweeping in the core city area and providing a more

effective service, it could cut down the incidence of households dumping waste on city

streets. This would, in turn, provide a greater incentive to households to make use of the

household collection service improving their customer base.

But while contracting for the core area street sweeping to the private sector The

municipal street sweepers should seconded to the private sector on the same terms and

conditions (wages, leaves or social benefits) as they had when employed directly by the

municipality.

Option two. Contracting the service and leasing the municipal carts and equipments

This kind of contract can be initiated through the SSE by organizing women from low-

income settlements.

This kind of arrangement became fruitful in developing countries such Nepal .It has

resulted in marked improvements to the cleanliness of the streets, has led to an increased

awareness amongst the public of solid waste issues, increased acceptance of a private

sector role in solid waste services, public acknowledgement that the private sector are

more successful and consequently, improvements in willingness to pay for household

collection. In some areas the numbers of households and shops signing up for private

collection services has doubled since the private sector began the street sweeping service

and that shopkeepers became more willing to pay for the service rendered.

2. Door-To-Door Collection

Contracting the service and Investment by the private sector on the vehicles and

equipments

The contract should initiate in the core areas and the commercial unit where more waste

is generated.



Contracting the different social focal points including the Eddir, Mahiber and similar

Community based organizations need to be encouraged to be engaged in SWM processes

and help improve the situation in their locality

Contracting to the small enterprises in affluent areas because Contracting to the small

enterprises areas where the municipality providing inadequate service and in areas

inaccessible to trucks and less accessible sectors of the city to which the bigger firms

would not be very much attracted.

MUNICIPALITY

Municipality would give service to the lower income households

3. Collecting and Transfer

Contracting the service and Investment by the private sector on the vehicles and equipments

The large scale private sector, which, because of its access to financial resources and its

potential ability to operate efficiently, can play a role in transferring the solid waste to the

The contract should initiate in the core areas and the commercial unit where more waste

is generated.

4. Disposal

The existing practice indicates dumping of waste is free of charge. But if the disposal

costs has to be introduced. There fore the solid waste operations within the town will

require significantly more subsidies or a different financial arrangement for the

partnership to continue once disposal costs are introduced.

5. Recycling facilities

MRF (Material Recover factory)

Contracting out

Privatization

Manual labour

Assistance

Length of contract

The length of contract is also important because it should be long enough to enable the

private firm to depreciate capital expenditures for appropriate technology and equipment.

Municipality Private sector

enterprises, mixed

enterprises

Co-

operatives of

recyclers

NGOs



OTHER FINANCIAL ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Primary Collection by MSEs

The micro and small enterprises /MSE/ can possibly engage in primary collection of

wastes from households to the municipal containers and collect waste using door-to-

door method

The collection of waste through MSEs provides job opportunities for many jobless

youth.

Owing to the probable willingness to pay, the majority operates in the middle and

high-income residential houses and pay an average of 12 Birr (10 – 20 Birr) per

month per household.

The experience of Addis gives a good lesson that given the all rounded support to

the MSEs, they would commence collecting and ultimately transporting solid waste

from households to MRF sites.

MRF site

At MRF site, those institutions who bring the waste with their own vehicles are

charged 4.30 birr/m3

Landfill

At Landfill site, those institutions who bring the waste (special waste) with their

own vehicles are charged 6.30 birr/m3

9.3 Recommendations on awareness raising and public participation

1 Actions for increased awareness and change of attitudes/ behavior

Strengthening environmental awareness through mass media, community leaders,

religious institutions, various organizations and associations.

The community expects the municipal to keep the city clean but often fail to

understand how they can contribute to this objective. The main areas where they

can contribute are;

Not to drop the litter in the streets. If there is not a garbage container for them to

use, then the message must be take it home with you,

To understand that there will, in future be regular waste collection service and to

be patient and use it. They must not dump their rubbish on open land,

Make the public aware and understand the garbage problems and how they affect

the environment,

Get support to control illegal dumping,

Get the public involved in waste reduction, recovery, reuse, recycling and

composting,

In school students inculcate the principles and practice of waste minimization,

recovery, segregation at source, recycling and composting, and initiate school

hygiene promotion activity to educate students because of the fact that hygiene

behavior is learned during childhood and youth time.



2 Kebele activation and support

Sanitation is not one time activity, but a continuous process, if we want to see

change, there is a need to develop a system in community, which is community-

based waste management. It is generally more efficient to work community

based waste management at kebele level for several reasons:

Promotion of sorting at source, recycling and community composting are easier

to undertake

It is more efficient to work with the community for cleaning the streets, drains,

rivers and grass cutting,

It will be easier to work on public awareness at local level

It is important to strengthen Kebele Sanitation Committees so that they will be

able to do:

Environmental control with regard to sanitation,

Waste sorting

Waste pre- collection

Recycling

Composting

Environmental cleansing (cleaning of collection points and illegal dump

spots)

9.4 Recommendation on institutional arrangement

Cognizant of the fact that Solid Waste Managements cannot and should not be considered

to be easily privatized and that it is by far a municipal/public sector-led service rendered

to citizens, it would be worthwhile to put the municipality in the forefront in this venture,

to start with. On the other hand, the Municipality needs to have collaborators with

whom it can perform duties and take steps to curb the Solid Waste Management problems.

Hence, in Mekelle‘s case different possible and relevant collaborators have to be

identified to make things clearer and systems more transparent and effective.

The following offices and organization are among the very important collaborators and

actors in the Solid Waste Management‘s working system;

I. Municipal Structure (with regard to SWM)

Proposed Functions of Social and Environmental Services Division (with regard to SWM)

At city level the division act as a regulatory and legislation formulation, set up standards

and procedures, coordination among Kebeles and deal with cross cutting issues,



delivering appropriate technical support, capacity building, administration of landfill and

undertaking public a awareness programme, advocacy and research.

Functions of the Division (with regard to SWM):

Prepare directives and systems for effective implementation of SWM;

Prepare standards criteria, guidelines and manuals on SWM;

Prepare city-level solid waste management framework;

Review and monitor the implementation of Kebele waste management

plans;

Deal with cross cutting issues of Kebeles;

Coordinate the activities of various sectoral agencies and NGOs operating

on SWM;

Develop and prescribe procedures of appropriate permits and licenses for

the private sector;

Review the incentive scheme for effective solid waste management;

Formulate and implement the necessary educational efforts and activities,

promote awareness creation and information campaign strategies, and

develop IEC materials on SWM;

In collaboration with concerned bodies, propose fair, equitable and

reasonable tariffs for SWM service delivery,

Collect and compile data for research;

Encourage and assist the participation of private sector and micro

enterprises in solid waste collection, transportation and disposal,

Propose and adopt regulations requiring the source separation and post

separation collection, segregated collection, processing, marketing and

sale of organic and designated recyclable material generated in the city;

Ensure that SWM programmes conducted by various bodies comply with

SWM rules and regulations;

Establish multi-sectoral technical committees and special task forces as

required to assist in the effective implementation of integrated SWM

programmes;

Establish effective working relationships with international agencies and

donors;

Develop and administer landfill and materials recovery facilities,

Facilitate training and education on integrated solid waste management;

Establish and manage solid waste management information base and

institute a sound information exchange system;

Promote the development of recycling;

Promote the implementation of waste minimization and reduction in

kebeles;

Prepare annual city solid waste management status report;

Recommend measures to generate resources, funding and implementation

of projects and activities.

deal with the day-to-day operation activities including solid waste

collection, transportation, street and urban cleansing; cleanse illegal

dumping sites, conduct sanitation campaign undertake composting and

recycling.



Functions of Kebelle Solid Waste Management Committee

Raise awareness of Kebele residents regarding Solid Waste management

Programming and Collaborating with Stakeholders to make SWM

successful

Monitoring of waste collection, in collaboration with the SWM Division

supervisors, and make the operation follow rules and regulations

Carry out (nominal) fee collection activity to cover SWM expenses

Conduct, from time to time, as felt necessary, campaigns to clean the

Kebele‘s different portions

Penalize dwellers who trespass and pollute the area against rules and

regulations

Present Progress Report to Kebele Administration Office (KAO) and City

Solid Waste Operation Team every month.

Make effort to establish a ―Sanitation Fund‘ in collaboration with residents‘

Social focal points such as Eddir, Mahiber … etc. and other stabke holders.

Proposed Organizational Chart Public Services Department

II. Promote inter-sectoral collaboration

Implementation of SWM in the city will be undertaken in collaboration with a

number of organs under the over all management and coordination of Deputy

City Manager,

CITY MANAGER

D/ CITY MANAGER

FINANCE &

ADMINSTRATION SERVICES

PUBLIC SERVICES

DEPARTMENT

ECONOMIC SERVICES

DIVISION

SOCIAL & ENVIRONMENTAL

SERVICES DIVISION

CODE ENFORCEMENT

DIVISION

MUNICIPAL ENTERPRISES

TEAM

KEBELE SANITATION

SERVICES

SOLID WASTE OPERATION

TEAM



Establish Sanitation Councils at all levels comprising different representation of

the community government bodies MSEs, NGOs, CBOs, etc ,

Work jointly with concerned stakeholders:

Code Enforcement Service: to control cleansing and illegal dumping.

Landuse and Environmental Protection Authority: working together for

improvement and conservation of the environment.

Mekelle Zone Education Office: introduce sanitation in school curricula,

expand hygiene promotion in schools, establish sanitation clubs in schools,

mobilize students in sanitation programmes,

Mekelle Zone Culture and Information Office: Expand IEC in the media

(electronics and print), ensure adequate media coverage on successful SWM,

Mekelle Zone Health Office: Strengthen SWM content in health education

programmes.

Urban Planning and Land Administration Department: give proper

emphasis of SWM in urban development,

Mekelle Zone Agriculture Office: integrate solid waste composting with

urban agriculture and promote hygiene and environmental awareness

through agricultural agents.

Mekelle Zone Trade, Industry and MSEs Office: organizing MSEs for

primary waste collection.

Mekelle Zone Finance and Economic Development Office: ensure

allocation of budget, control of financial matter, ensure project development

with donors,

III. Decentralization

Empower Kebeles with full responsibilities and authorities with regard to SWM

as prposed above

.

IV. Incentives

Rewards for private sector, NGOs, and CBOs for outstanding achievements and

innovative projects, technologies, processes and techniques

V. CBOs and NGOs

Encourage NGOs and CBOs for planning, implementation and management of

SWM programme and projects,

Strong partnership should be developed for multi-sectoral action with CBOs and

NGOs,

It is important to form networking with CBOs and NGOs in the areas of waste

sorting, recycling, composting and disposal methods at household and community

/neighborhood level/.

VI. Strengthening primary collection by micro and small enterprises /MSEs/

Encourage small and micro enterprises to participate in primary waste collection.

Establish appropriate incentives for involvement of MSEs in primary collection ,

Establish MSE licensing and operational procedure



VII. Private sector involvement

It is anticipated that waste collection, transportation and disposal services will be

improved with the privatization of SWM service as privatization relieves the

financial and administrative burden of the government besides facilitating

economic growth with private sector participation,

The private sector will be involved in one of the following ways:

Contracting out solid waste management, through franchise, competitive

contracting, commercialization or public/private competition,

Development of the essential technologies for SWM,

Maintenance of truck, equipment and materials of SWM,

Involved in composting, recycling and materials recovery

Appropriate incentives for private sector involvement in SWM shall be devised.

Human Resource

Implement the civil service reform programme focusing on the creation of

committed and motivated workers. A critical mass of development oriented and

forward looking workforce is crucial,

Bring about an appropriate mix of skill, raise standards, establish acceptable pay

and incentive system.

Supervision and monitoring system will be instituted to improve workers

motivation and performance.

1. Capacity Building and Training

Provide education and training for all levels of workers so as to create teams of

SWM workers who will be responsible for implementing and managing solid

waste service.

Training of community resource people such as religious leaders, school teachers

and students, sanitation committee, CBOs, NGOs, etc

9.5 Legislative recommendation

Develop different kinds of directives, guidelines, operational manuals, code of

practices, which includes but not limited to :

Dust bin standards

Hazardous waste storage, collection and disposal directive

Source reduction and recycling directive

Awareness raising manual

Guideline for MSEs in solid waste collection and transportation

Landfill service delivery manual

Landfill operational manual

Moreover, the city has to establish Code Enforcement Service having code enforcing

agents at grass-root levels. It is envisaged that this institution will ensure strict

compliance of violations according to the existing rules and regulations.



9.6 General recommendations with regard to materials recovery

(a) Recycling

Encourage small-scale entrepreneurs to venture into plastic waste recycling.

Promote community based plastic recycling schemes,

Organizing and support of the development of the following informal sectors:

―Korales‖ recyclable materials collectors

Craftsmen: recyclers of metal, wood, rubber, tire, clay, etc

Vehicle recycler: dealers of those vehicles that are scraped

Landfill scavengers: to reduce waste disposed in landfill

Promotion of

Reducing the use of ―festal‖ in shopping,

Use of bags and baskets made out of environmental friendly and locally

available materials,

Avoid dumping of ―festal‖ with other wastes, but sort it and keep it in one

place for recycling and recovery,

Re-use of plastic bottles and containers,

Re-manufacture of glass,

Re-use of tyres for shoe making,

Plastic bags washed, cut in strips, and knitted into purses and bags,

Re-use of beverage bottle,

Discarded vehicle recycling by selling its parts, this requires participation of the private

sector

Levying tax on plastic bag producers and importers,

Setting up of recycling centers close to shopping areas especially by organizing

waste pickers and ―korales‖,

Formation of recycler‘s network to coordinate and enhance the recycling

activities.

(b) Composting

Encourage individual composting in which the individual makes his own compost

out of his organic waste and use it locally.

Encourage small scale composting by organizing income generation and sale the

product to farmers,

Encourage medium scale composting facilities with simple mechanical equipment

(wheeled loader and portable trammel screen).

Encourage communities and private sector in composting through various incentive

mechanisms.

Addis experience has shown that at household level, especially in the more crowded

areas, there may not be enough space to make compost or only a small amount of

household waste is available /and no garden waste/. In such cases, a local NGO has

promoted basket gardening which uses only a little space.



9.7 Steps required to be taken to improve the solid waste management of Mekelle

1. Reorganization and Strengthening of the Public Services Department

Presently the Social Services Department of the municipality, is in charge of Solid Waste

Management (SWM) . With regard to professionals working in the Department, there is

lack of sufficient well qualified experts in the field to do this crucial job of the city. It is

hence desirable to increase the number of professionals who hold first-degrees and above

to about 4 in the years 2006-2010.

It would be more feasible and dependable to make contract workers permanent

employees based on a job-evaluation scenario since it would increase efficiency. The

annual budget also is inadequate when observed from the point of view of the solid waste

management of the city and hence has to be considerably improve.

The Social service department should be reorganized in such a way that it acts in an

autonomous way but to be supervised by the Municipality depending on the institutional

arrangement put into effect. This would make its engagements faster and more effective.

There is also dire need to provide appropriate incentives for workers in the Solid Waste

Management team to ensure their efficient services and to attract others to the job.

Professionals have thus far not been attracted to the sector due to low salary scales and

this has to be reconsidered because such services are exceptionally favored with regard to

budgetary allowances/per diems… etc. even in other similar developing country cities.

On the other hand, there are some basic motivation options to achieve better performance

of workers and to attain high quality standards of work, i.e.

Giving periodic awards (6 monthly or annually) in the form of money,

gifts/prizes, certificates or a combination of these;

Bonus payments for diligent, punctual and cooperative workers;

Promotion in status and access to training programs for workers with high

performance.

Provided the Social and Environmental Services Division is equipped with the

appropriate facilities and personnel, the city‘s future with regard to overcoming the

existing solid waste management will be bright.

The overall evaluation and recommendation-bearing assumptions for future

reorganization and strengthening of the SWMD is shown in the attached documents

(tables)

The recommendations given could enable the SWMD enhance its full capacity to

improve the frequency of collection and transport system and benefit the inhabitants to a

better level thus ameliorating the existing problems of skips staying full for days.

With regard to the available trucks, the problem of maintenance deserves adequate

attention. It would be advisable to make the agency self-sufficient by establishing a

garage on the same compound. Such a garage would do an efficient job and would have

a capacity for tyre change, air pumps and washing facilities.



2. Reduction of Generated Waste at Source through Composting

The household waste generated could well be reduced if the family members

cooperate to sort waste at that level and use the organic and bio-degradable items

for composting purposes to be applied to their gardens. This requires, in the first

place, awareness raising and finding means to also collect the organic and bio-

degradable materials to be transported to composting stations which should be

established in the city‘s strategic sites

It would also bar imperative for hotels, tea –rooms, bars, restaurants …etc to sort

their generated waste and place them in different containers so that it would be easy

to different containers so that it would be easy to differentiate between the

compostable, recyclable and that part of waste that has to be disposed on to skips

and later on to disposal sites/sanitary landfills.

Waste materials recycling takes a number of forms:

- Sorting the recyclable items out of domestic and commercial waste

collection;

- Converting waste into compost to be used as natural fertilizer;

- Generating heat and energy by burring waste; and.

- Producing bio-gas (methane) from disposed of waste at landfill or at

household level by creating a mini-project to enable this

The ―Koryalew‘ and ―Liwatch‘ seekers travel from door-to-door and collect

reusable items (tins, plastics, old garments and shoes… etc) and this can be

considered as a means to reduce solid waste generated both at household level and

the city level at large. It would hence be helpful to recognize such recyclers and

formalize their activities as legal. There is also need to provide them space/a piece

of land (drop centers) to carry out their recycling activities

As in developed countries, the industries (existing/up comings) in Mekelle also may

reuse the recovered materials such as paper. Plastic, iron and steel rod and pieces

tin…etc. to make new ones. Hence, agreements could be made with such industries

to enable the collectors to sell their items at reasonable prices.

3. Empower the Kebeles and Decentralize Solid Waste Management (SWM) to that

Level

4. Set up a well Organized Base Data on Solid Waste

Establish a Research and Information Center within the division in order to

document the collected (in sorted forms), transported and disposed SW on daily,

monthly and annual basis;

Record and document typed and amounts of recycled and composted materials by

different actors/stakeholders.

Ensure the availability of a well organized base data on SWM for all interested

researchers and practitioners whenever needed.

5. Put in Place Solid Waste Management Regulations

This is a vital step to streamlining the SWM system of the City in general. Hence,

there is need to equip the Municipality with appropriate Rules, Regulations, Laws

and By-Laws so that meaningful results may be achieved.



6. Privatization Effort and Participation Methods/Models

In Mekelle‘s case, collection and progressively transportation could be privatized

simultaneously, depending on the area conditions. collection should ‗be continued as

usual‘ with effort to provide more containers to the Kebeles. This could work in low

income Keblees where small scale business enterprises may not be interested in getting

involved in collection activities.

g. Monitoring and Evaluation

With regard to contract specification and overall supervision, the private sector is

accountable to the City Administration. The day-to-day and week-to-week performance

of the private firm should be monitored, evaluated and recorded by the office to be

established by the City Administration.

The contractors need to be selected based on a fair and sincere system of bid competition

so that they could show a better performance than either the public monopolies or other

private participation methods. The ideal arrangement and approach to private contracting

at first may be a hybrid of public and private service i.e. contracting, for instance, for the

collection of solid waste from some areas of the city, while retaining public service to the

remaining parts.

Monitoring by the City Adminstration ensures quality of service provided by private

hands. On the other hand, the cost accountability that private contractors would deliver a

lower cost than that of public service cannot be attained without a proper monitoring,

articulated contract performance measures and enforceable contract sanctions. Clear

definitions of measurable output of service required of the contract, as it enables

performance monitoring, should be stated. Besides, the local government should be in a

position to get rid of a contractor whose fees are too high and/or service quality is so low

at the end of the contract period.

Evaluation of the private firm‘s service provision based on concrete data collected with

regard to collected, transported and disposed solid waste from time to time is essential to

make decisions regarding continuation or termination of contract with private firms.



SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS

The Way Forward: key areas

Following are some of the major key areas to reach at the desired results:

Decentralization of full responsibilities and authorities of SWM to Kebeles and

build their capacity. Give support in terms of training and developing critical

systems,

Improving the collection and transportation: optimizing rotations, container

sitting, collection point facility, improving truck maintenance, and routing system,

Implement the civil service reform programme focusing on the creation of

committed and motivated SWM workers,

Encourage a greater participation in primary waste collection by micro and small

enterprises as well as the participation of NGOs and CBOs, maintain a strong

public- private-community participation,

Encourage involvement of private investors on SWM,

Promote environmental awareness pertaining to SWM, develop a

communication strategy and work vigorously for the behavioral change of the

wider public,

Promote waste segregation at source, waste minimization, recycling, reuse,

recovery, and composting

Institutionalize public participation in the implementation of SWM. Promote

networking, information sharing and cooperation with a number of stakeholders

and collaborators and establish city level Sanitation and Beautification division,

as well as Kebele Sanitation Teams at grass-root levels,

Promote cost recovery and prioritize in public finance,

Establish Code Enforcement Division of which among other duties and

responsibilities include enforcement of strict compliance of existing rules and

regulations on control of illegal dumping and littering the environment.

Short Term Plans

The following are some of immediate improvements and interventions needed

Solid Waste Operation Team shall be established at central level with

multi-disciplinary man power ,

Solid waste management teams shall be established in all Kebeles,

Sufficient number of SWM workers /professionals, truck drivers, assistants,

logistic officers, street sweepers, foremen, container attendants, auto mechanics/

shall be assigned and commence their tasks.

Undertake emergency clean up programmes to remove heaps of refuse in the

city,

Introduce two shift working hour system. The first shift works from 4:00 am to

11:00 am and second shift works from 11:00 am to 6:00 pm. In one truck two

drivers work through shifting,

Because the first shift start at 4:00 pm contractual agreement shall be made for

buses or taxis for transportation of workers as early as possible,



Intensive promotional activities and public education shall be undertaken to raise

public awareness on policies and regulations, waste reduction, recovery, reuse,

recycling and composting,

Introduce improved system of control and supervision of workers for productive

and efficient fleet management,

Introduce waste collection route scheduling and daily work schedule for all

garbage vehicles per week,

Improve fuel filling, tire and vehicles maintenance system to enhance collection

rate from 21.9% to 34.2%. by doing this and add twenty four more containers

with double shift system can enhance the collection rate from 34.2 to 45%

Improve the competence and discipline of drivers through training and close

supervision,

Improve sitting of communal containers with established criteria and

construction of collection point facilities with platform,

Improve street cleaning and close control through effective implementation

programme and schedule,

Orientation of workers at different levels on the improved service delivery,

Development and use of various operational guidelines and manuals

Increase the number of MSEs, encourage as a strategic pre-collectors and support

through training and any assistance required,

Expand community based recycling and composting in kebeles,

Reduce the scatter of garbage by setting dust bins along foot paths for passers by

and pedestrians,

Organizing human scavengers in the dumpsite and deploy them in well organized

recycling and composting activity for their livelihood and improved waste

reduction programme,

Integrating composting scheme with urban agriculture in conjunction with

concerned bodies,

Service delivery improvements :

1. In some kebeles, containers shall be re-located from streets and put within

the community as per the established criteria,

2. identify institutional users and collect service charges with shortened

procedure;

3. outsource maintenance of trucks and make contractual agreement with

companies and improve ways of repairing tyres and filling fuel ;

4. give code number for communal containers for proper identification of

containers;

5. purchase new containers and repair damaged ones,

6. give measured streets to teams of sweepers to monitor their performance;

7. prepare schedules for clean-up campaigns;

8. identify sites for construction of communal collection facilities with platform

and design the facilities;

9. make preparation for awareness raising events



Street sweeping

Improve street cleaning by sweeping the whole street including drains, wall, pole,

etc,

The sweepers will be accountable for a given (measured) streets,

Sweepers shall start work before 6:00 am,



10. Implementation Schedule

Description of Activities Duration in months/weeks

January’06 February’06 March’06 April’06 May’06 June’06 July’06 July’07

2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 1

Finalization and submission of

consultancy completion report

Invitation for tender

Evaluation and award of contract

Mobilization

Construction work

Provisional acceptance

Commencement of operation

Final Acceptance





11. Annexes





Final Feasibility and Preliminary design report for Mekelle City Integrated Solid Waste

Management


Annex A: Summary of Observation on Primary Collection Services

The container sites observation was taken in the period from 11-02-1998 to 20-02-1998 E.C. The

current modes of primary collection, their frequency and distribution in the city and their various

service areas have been identified. Summary of the observations are indicated in the table

hereunder.



Table: Waste Load Frequency (%) of primary collection service providers (11-02-1997 to 20-02-1997)

SN Container Location

Modes of primary collection

Saba Gojo

Adult

labor

Child

labor

Street

sweeping Tractor

Horse

cart

Total

%age

1 Alpha KG 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2 Edaga Finjal 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.69 30.00 37.69 6.28

3 Enkodo 0.00 0.00 9.09 0.00 0.00 7.69 10.00 26.78 4.46

4 Muslim Cemetery 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 60.00 60.00 10.00

5 Ayder Livestock market 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 Mesfin Industry 0.00 0.00 3.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.90 0.65

7 Denbosco 0.00 0.00 3.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.90 0.65

8 Gotera 0.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 1.67

9 Agricultural office 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

10 Mayduba 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.54 0.00 11.54 1.92

11 Red Cross (Moved to L12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

12 Kebelle 19 0.00 0.00 9.09 41.18 18.42 0.00 0.00 68.69 11.45

13 Kebelle 20 0.00 0.00 9.09 41.18 18.42 0.00 0.00 68.69 11.45

14 Luis eye clinic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

15 Debredamo hotel 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

16 Abune Aregawi Church 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

17 Business Taxi Terminal 0.00 0.00 9.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.09 1.52

18 Adihawsi Endatsaba 0.00 0.00 9.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.09 1.52

19

Edaga Bieray(17-livestock

market) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

20 Edaga Faham 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.38 0.00 15.38 2.56

21 Axum Hotel 0.00 35.00 2.60 0.00 0.00 3.85 0.00 41.44 6.91

22 Adis Alem Bus Station 0.00 0.00 9.09 0.00 18.42 0.00 0.00 27.51 4.59

23 Kebelle 15 0.00 15.00 9.09 17.65 18.42 0.00 0.00 60.16 10.03

24 Gebriel church 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00



27 Near WEWEKMA 0.00 35.00 12.99 0.00 26.32 0.00 0.00 74.30 12.38

28 Near EELPA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

29 At sewhi Nigus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.69 0.00 7.69 1.28

30 Near Enda Mehiret Bani 0.00 5.00 3.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.90 1.48

31 Semein Health center 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

32 Ayder low cost houses 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

33 Areki factory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

34 Enda Cherkos 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

35 AdishumDuhun 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

40 Dejen 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 26.92 0.00 26.92 4.49

41 Hawlti 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

42 Edaga AdiHaki 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.54 0.00 11.54 1.92

43 Mekaneyesus church 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.69 0.00 7.69 1.28

44 Abreha Castle 0.00 0.00 9.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.09 1.52

45 Trans Ethiopia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

46 May Degene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

47 Kebelle 18 Taxi Terminal 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

48 Adihawsi Taxi Terminal 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total 0.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 600.00 100.00

MIN coverage 0.00

MAX coverage 12.38

MEAN coverage 2.38



Annex B: Analysis of Tractor-Trailer for Primary Collection

The following container locations were getting primary collection services with Municipal tractor-trailer:- Edaga Finjal, Enkodo, Mayduba,

Edaga Faham,Axum Hotel, Sewhi Nigus, Dejen, Edaga AdiHaki,and Mekaneyesus church

Table Average distance covered & Time consumed by the municipal tractors in solid waste collection

Day

No. of

Trips

Time consumed (minutes)

Dispatch

to Blocks Loading

Blocks to

container Unloading

Container

to Blocks

Container

to

Dispatch

Total

time

Total

distance

traveled

(Km)

Day-1 1 5 50 25 105 15

200 10.2

Day-2 3 10 95 30 80 20

45 10 45 10

20 90 30 75

560 22.4

Day-3 3 20 60 70 95 10 30

85 10 95

10 50 25 65

625 24.5

Day-4 2 5 70 10 80 10 35

55 70

335 22.2

Total 9 70 600 210 710 40 90 1720

79.3



Average unit

value (single

trip) 1.00 7.78 66.67 23.33 78.89 4.44 10.00 191.11 8.81

Time

consumed out

of total (%) 4.07% 34.88% 12.21% 41.28% 2.33% 5.23% 100.00%

Most of the time is spent on unloading

Preliminary design report for Mekelle City Integrated Solid Waste Management


102

Table: Tractor-trailer collection frequency and amount collected 2004/2005 (1997 E.C.) SN

Veh

icle

s p

late

no

.

―Mes

ker

em‖

―Tik

imt‖

―Hid

ar‖

―Tah

isas

‖

―Tir

‖

―Yek

atit

‖

―Meg

abit

‖

―My

azia

‖

―Gin

bo

t‖

―Sen

e‖

―Ham

le‖

―Neh

ase‖

―Pu

agm

e‖

Yea

rly

To

tal

Dai

ly l

ikel

y (

%)

Day

s(n

o.)

Vo

lum

e (m

3)

Day

s(n

o.)

Vo

lum

e (m

3)

Day

s(n

o.)

Vo

lum

e(m

3)

Day

s(n

o.)

Vo

lum

e(m

3)

Day

s(n

o.)

Vo

lum

e(m

3)

Day

s(n

o.)

Vo

lum

e (m

3)

Day

s(n

o.)

Vo

lum

e (m

3)

Day

s(n

o.)

Vo

lum

e (m

3)

Day

s(n

o.)

Vo

lum

e(m

3)

Day

s(n

o.)

Vo

lum

e (m

3)

Day

s(n

o.)

Vo

lum

e (m

3)

Day

s(n

o.)

Vo

lum

e(m

3)

Day

s(n

o.)

Vo

lum

e (m

3)

Day

s(n

o.)

vo

lum

e(m

3)

Dai

ly l

ikel

y

(%)

1 Ft 0625 19 216 NA NA 22 264 21 256 28 320 30 348 30 360 30 360 29 344 30 340 25 292 30 336 5 15 299 3451 82

2 Ft 6017 19 208 NA NA 30 392 14 168 28 316 30 364 30 360 30 360 29 340 30 328 26 304 30 336 NA NA 296 3476 81

3 Nathreth

80

19 188 21 224 22 240 20 236 28 312 29 320 30 348 30 360 29 344 30 316 26 296 30 340 5 15 319 3539 87

4 Ft 0612 19 236 NA NA 21 236 23 272 28 304 24 272 30 356 30 360 29 332 26 300 26 276 30 380 NA NA 286 3324 78

5 Total

volume

848 224 1132 932 1252 1304 1424 1440 1360 1284 1168 1392 30 1379

0

6 Total

days

76 21 95 78 112 113 120 120 116 116 103 120 10 1200

Source: Mekelle municipal social services department



103

Technical Analysis of Tractor-trailer services:

The current primary collection service with tractor-trailer system involves four tractors in

block-collection of solid wastes mainly from residential sources. The tractor-trailers are

manually loaded and unloaded with mechanical and manual operations.

The resource requirements of the stationary-containers manually loaded collection (SCS-

ML) are estimated below.

(a) Time required per day

The time requirement in fixed trip system with known number of trips is given by the

length of day work

H= [(t1+t2) + NT (Tscs)]/ (1-0.15)

t1=service time between dispatch station and first serviced blocks (hrs);

t2=service time between location of last serviced block and dispatch location (hrs);

The unloading, total pick up, and the service times between the dispatch locations and

First and last serviced locations are taken from reported analysis on estimation of

operation and maintenance costs submitted by the Consultant, Promise. These time

values are given for different trips covered by the tractors in primary block collection

operations in the city.

The values are given below for single, double and triple trips.

NT=1, Tscs= 200min, uc=105 min, Total Phcs= 155 min, t1=5min, t2=25 min;

NT=3, Tscs= 360min, uc=100 min, Total Phcs= 76.67 min, t1=15min, t2=35 min;

NT=2, Tscs= 335min, uc=75 min, Total Phcs= 62.5min, t1=5min, t2=10 min;

The estimated lengths of days for the three fixed trips are

H= 4.51 Hours or 270.59 minutes for single trip;

H=13.43 Hours or 805.88 minutes for double trips;

H=22.16 Hours or 1329.41 minutes for triple trips;

The length of day for single fixed trip is less than 8 hours, which is the normal official

working hour in the municipality office. The double and triple fixed trip services require

daily working hours above the indicated office hours.

(b) Average travel speed

The average pick up time in the three fixed trip primary collection operations was 70.60

minutes or 1.176 hours. The total time per trip in stationary-containers manually loaded

collection system is different from the hauled-containers collection system. It includes



104

average driving time between stationery containers location. The total travel time is given

by

Tscs = Phcs + s+ a + bX

The average at-site time s=at-site time is estimated to be 0.115 hrs and the estimated

hauled times for the three fixed trips become

h= 1.58 Hours or 94.89 minutes for NT=1;

h=4.54 Hours or 272.39 minutes for NT=2;

h=4.72Hours or 283.22 minutes for NT=3;

Then the average travel speeds of the tractors for the three fixed trips as estimated from

the haul times and total distances covered in primary collection become

V= 3.06 km/h for X= 10.2 km and h= 1.58 Hours in single round trip;

V= 2.19km/h for X= 12.2 km and h=4.54 Hours in double round trips;

V= 2.03km/h for X= 12.2 km and h=4.72Hours in triple round trips;

The observed average speed was 2.427 km/h for an average round trip distance of 11.53

km and average double round trips

The observed average speeds in primary collection service were very low and is one

reason for the prevalent inefficiency in primary collection. The low speed problem

together with the problem of spillage of waste materials at the hauled-containers sites

observed during primary collection operation make the municipal tractor-trailer services

inappropriate for primary collection.

(c) Number of pick up locations or blocks

The number of pick up locations per trip is calculated from

NP=Phcs n/tp

Where, Phcs =pick up time per trip (h/trip);

n=number of collectors (2);

tp=pick up time per pick up locations

The pick up time per pick locations in SCS can be expressed in three units. Either in

collectors-h/location or collectors-h/block or collectors-h/stationery container.



105

Table Labor requirements for manual curbside collection using one-person crew

Average number

of

Stationery containers

and/or boxes

Per pick up locations

Pickup time,

Collector -min/location

1 or 2

3 or more , or

Unlimited service

0.50 -0.60

0.92

The average speed for the average pick time of Phcs =1.176 hours observed in the current

tractors service was V=5.77 km /h. The estimated number of pick up locations for

number of collectors of n=2 and pick up time tp=0.92 and considering unlimited service

from the SC and/or boxes per pick up locations become

NP= 1.176 * 60*2/ 0.92

= 153.39 pick up locations per trip

(d) Volume of solid waste

The number of pick up locations in service area with solid waste collection capacity of

Vp are given by

NP = (Vsw *r)/ Vp

Where, Vsw =volume of collection vehicle (tractor-trailer), cu.m/trip

Vp =volume of solid waste collected per pick up locations, cu.m/location

r =compaction ratio, 2 to 2.5 for manual loading collection method;

The estimated volume of solid waste collected per pick up locations considering a

reported tractor collection capacity in a round of Vsw = 4.00 cu.m/trip becomes

Vp = 4.00*2.25/153.39

=0.059 cu.m/location

OR =59 liter/location

This means only single standard stationary-container with holding capacity of 61 liter

was picked from single location in tractor-trailer collection trips. The commonly used

standard size of containers ranges from 60 to 160 liter.

The quantity of solid waste generated in 2005 from single family in residential sources is

4.508 liter/d. The number of house holds covered in the current primary collection

service is estimated to be 13 house holds per location, which means nearly half of a

standard block containing 20 house holds.



106

(d) Desired number of locations per trip

The average rate of waste generation in residential sources in 2005 is 0.92 liter/c/d and

the average numbers of households (NHH) served at a location are

NNH=13 house holds per location

(Considering average household size of 4.9 in the city)

The desired number of locations in a daily one trip to cover 44255.1 households (2005) in

the city,

The number of locations in primary collection services that would be required in tractor-

collection services to cover a total of 44255 households in residential areas in 2005 in

whole city

(NP) desired = 44255house holds/ 13 house hold units/ location

= 3405 locations

(Each with 59 liter garbage collection capacity)

The required number of trips in a working day to cover all residential households with a

collection capacity of 153.39 pick up locations per trip in 2005 would be

= 3405 locations / 153.39 pick up locations per trip

= 23 trips per day

The available numbers of tractors are four and the average trips per tractor per day would

be 5.75 trips per day. This means the required time per working day for a single tractor

would be

H= [(0.0694 + 0.194) + 5.75 * 2. 49)/ (1-0.15)

= (0.2634 + 14.32)/ 0.85

= 17.154 hours for single tractor-trailer

The official working hours in a day work are only 8 hours and the remaining 9.154

working hours could not be actually serviced by the tractors. The wastes generated in at

the collection locations in the stated hours without primary collection services could not

be collected. The primary collection service would be late by 9.154 hours behind waste

generation and primary collection operations would be insufficient in all the 3405

estimated locations in the city. This condition would result in accumulation of waste

above the holding capacity of the stationary –containers (SC) that would be located at the

locations or above the holding capacity of household containers.

The poor collection capacity of the current service could be managed either doubling the

holding capacity of all the locations or doubling the number of tractors in the current

primary collection services. These scenarios do not seem economical because of the

inefficiency in primary collection with tractor-trailers as observed in the current



107

municipal service. The other technical problem is that the holding of generated wastes

for a period of two weeks time in households does not seem technically feasible and it is

also hardly possible to mobilize the house holds in voluntary waste handling practices.



108

Annex C: Assessment of Secondary Storage and Collection Services

Field survey is carried out on the existing communal containers site to investigate the

impacts of secondary storage and collection services in the city and collect adequate

technical data for the future improvement of the service.

One field enumerator and observer works under the principal investigator (supervisor)

moved in all the containers and collect the desired information. The enumerators handle

29 in Southern sub-city and 23 in Northern sub-city in seven days time. The field

enumerator works closely with the municipality service workers to facilitate the field

observation.

Similar observation was taken from 27/02/1998 to 02/03/1998 at the two disposal sites

currently used by the municipality. A second enumerator was allotted for the

observations to be taken at the disposal sites and the contents of the survey are also

different for the investigation at the disposal sites. The result of field observation is

summarized and displayed on table 3.8.



109

N

Tabia administration

Addis Alem

Adihausi

Ayder

Hadnet

Haulti

Inustry

Kedamay Weyane

Sewhi Negus

Administrative boundary

þ Container position

Influence area of one

container position

þ

þþ

þ

þþ

þþ

þþ

þ

þ

þ

þ

þ

þ

þ

þþ

þþ

þ

þ

þ

þ

þ

þþ

þ

þ

þ þ

þ

þ

þ

þ

4241

33

40

25

1

5

23

4

29

26

7

22

30

12

35

21

6

3

18

2

939

37

27

24

31

3810

36

20

19

34

17

15

32

14

28

8

13

Container position andInfluence area of single container position

FigureExisting communal container locations, spatial coverage of each container position

and Recent Tabia administration



110

Table: Assessment existing secondary collection system

Assuming Regular weekly collection

Determination of Storage Capacity and number of HCs for Residential sources

2005 Weekly

(01MSW in 2005)

Existing

storage(cont

ainer)

capaciy (%)

Storage

(Container)

Requirement

indicator

(m3)

Required

container

no.(for

100%effic

iency)

Required

container

no.(for

70%effici

ency)

Require

d

containe

r no.(for

50%effi

ciency)

2005 Size of Weekly Weekly Mean

SN Tabia No. Weekly Container Storage Collected Generated

Container

s Frequency (cu.m)

Capacity(cu.

m) Waste(cu.m)

Waste(cu.

m)

1 Hawltie 8 4 7.2 57.60 28.8 168.24 34.24% 110.64 15 11 8

2

Kedamay

Weyane 6 4 7.2 43.20 28.8 181.85 23.76% 138.65 19 13 10

3 Industry 8 6 7.2 57.60 43.2 118.24 48.71% 60.64 8 6 4

4 Adi Haki 6 4 7.2 43.20 28.8 171.76 25.15% 128.56 18 12 9

5 Hadnet 10 8 7.2 72.00 57.6 174.81 41.19% 102.81 14 10 7

6 Addis Alem 6 3 7.2 43.20 21.6 120.53 35.84% 77.33 11 8 5

7

Adishum

Dahan 3 2 7.2 21.60 14.4 42.70 50.59% 21.10 3 2 1

8 Ayder 6 4 7.2 43.20 28.8 162.72 26.55% 119.52 17 12 8

9

Sewhi

Negus 5 6 7.2 36.00 43.2 127.23 28.29% 91.23 13 9 6

10 Quiha 5 3 7.2 36.00 21.6 120.53 29.87% 84.53 12 8 6

11 Aynalem 1 0 7.2 7.20 3.6 22.47 32.04% 15.27 2 1 1

Total 64 44 460.80 320.4

1411.0782

8

132 92 66

Average existing collection frequency storage

capacity =68.75%

Average existing storage

capacity =34.2%

Attainable collection

efficiency if only frequency of

collection equals no. of

containers

Problem of transportation

Problem of Transportation



111



112

i. Annex D: Survey Methodology

It is believed that most SWM practices in Developing countries suffer from absence of the

desired technical information regarding the capacity, operation, management, and

maintenance of public facilities and services. Available information could also be insufficient

for comprehensive studies and may not exist at the desired level of technical details. Because

of these limitations in public services, the execution of recent and new projects demands the

filling up of missing technical data.

The information available on existing SWM services and practices of Mekelle City is deemed

to be scant and the consultant have identified that there is a need to conduct further

investigation on the current situation of solid waste management(SWM) in the city .

Promise consult discovered that the necessary technical information do not exist in relation to

existing SWM practices ,which are considered important to undertake comprehensive study

on Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) of the city and good planning and design of

solid waste management infrastructure for improved SW service.

The data gap discovered within the current situation of the SW system in all the sub-cities

(Northern, Southern, Quiha, and Aynalem) are summarized and briefly citied in the

subsequent sections. Some of the data gaps and the issues of solid waste monitoring are

presented in checklist and question forms and various forms and questionnaires are prepared

to fill the data gap [annex A]. The summary is cited below.

D.1. Solid waste generation

Sources of solid waste in the entire city

Percentage composition of solid waste from the various SW category and sources

Proportion of expected solid waste constituents in the SW categories

Per capita rate of generation in liter/capita/day and kg/capita/day

Properties of SW such as unit weigh(loose, as-discarded, as-disposed, as-compacted),

moisture content, particle size, etc from various sources of generation

Generation of hazardous and special wastes

D.2. Primary Handling and Storage

Current methods of SW handling and primary storage at the source of generation

SW separation and sorting out at the sources of generation

Methods of SW separation (manual or mechanical)

Assess the level of awareness and readiness on part of the residents regarding waste

processing at the sources

Data on current solid waste processing at the sources

Data on solid waste handling at municipal level and in the streets

Availability of street and public solid waste bins in the city and their adequacy

Management of street SW cleaning, storage and collection services



113

Do the public use the bins? How is the appropriateness of the bin technology (size, height,

material, and comfort in the use of the bins)? Where the bins are provided? How they are

cleaned? Are they protected from vandalism and theft? How is the sense of ownership of the

public? Impacts of the bins on street cleaning and the public user;

D.3. Primary Collection (PC)

♠ Methods of primary collection and primary transfer of SW from the sources of generation

How the other sources of SW such as commercial, institutional, industrial,

construction and demolition, and agricultural activities in the city transfer their SW to

the municipal system except the residential sources (01MSW)?

♠ Primary block collection (PBC) or house-to-house collection with tractor-trailers:

their capacity, coverage, and operation; size of the trailers, operation and

maintenance(OM) cost, collection routes, operation plan and fleet management, man

power , weekly area coverage or coverage of households , efficiency of the PBC

service , service charges and rates in relation to PBC , capital cost of the existing

tractor-trailers PBC service;

♠ Saba Sanitation and Gojo Sanitation Services (SS‘s):

Institutional data of the MSE‘s;

the kind of problems they encountered in their services; how they are rendering

service to the public; how they are working with the public and the City

Administration; their plan in the future in relation to SWM;

their know-how and knowledge on SWM practices;

♠ Performance of micro and small enterprises (MSE‘s) in primary collection activities:

the MSE‘s coverage in terms of service areas, land uses and SW quantity, their daily,

weekly, and yearly performances;

the technologies the MSEs adopt in primary collection of SW;whether the

technologies are appropriate in relation to PC services and the topography of the city;

Fees the MSEs charge the users for providing PC service;

Whether the MSEs were registered and given permit; their know-how on SWM

practices; the sustainability of their current business;

♠ Guidelines for regulating the performance of MSE‘s:

Whether there are guidelines at the municipality or other official level to regulate their

performance, implementation of the guideline (if it exists)

Whether the necessary regulatory frame work is laid at City Administration, State or

Federal Level;

♠ Illegal dumping sites created due to PC

How illegal dumping sites are created in relation to PC, location of the sites in the city,

and whether there are any containers near to the sites, distance of the containers from



114

the dumping sites, the dominant land use around the sites, the possible reasons for

emergency of the illegal dumping sites ,complete absence of communal containers,

inadequate number of containers, intentional unawareness on the side of the users,

real unawareness regarding the use of the container service, negligence in the use of

the containers, inefficiency in municipal collection services, inconvenience around the

containers, long travel distance to the services or unaffordable service charges;

inefficient regulatory works to implement laws, regulations, proclamation, and

policies issued on waste management;

D.4. Communal storage

♠ Functionality and efficiency in the use of the skips

Are the skips convenient to be used by the four modes of PC‘s (handcarts, horse carts,

tractor-trailor, and manual labor PC‘s)? Are stands provided for the containers? Are

steps provided for manual labor PC‘s? Are the containers secured from vandalism?

Are they protected from unauthorized access? Are the skips protected from

scavengers? Are they fenced? Does litter exist around the storage sites? What is the

dominant material in the litter? Is the facility protected from wind effect? How is the

orientation of the skips relative to other land uses and in relation to wind effect? Do

any nuisance animals exist around and inside the container? Are the skip sites odorous?

What are the activities around the containers? Residents? Commercial activities?

Open field? Open market? Play grounds? Shops? Green areas? What urban activities

are currently disrupted around the containers? What about municipal services? How

many households complained about flies? About scavengers? About offensive odor

(OO)? How much households actually are affected with vector borne communicable

diseases? Are there any waste workers (WW‘s) working on the sites? In what

activities are they engaged? Are they protected from the impacts imposed by the

container service?

♠ Geographical coordinates (X, Y, and Z) of the containers and installation history:

When was the containers provided for service? Who manufactured the containers?

How the containers are initially located? Who located the containers? What was the

estimated spatial coverage of single skip in each location? Was uniform spatial

coverage considered in each land uses and for any number of skips? How are rates of

generation, capacity of skip loaders and location of disposal sites taken in to account

while locating the skips? How is the number of the containers estimated? Are the

containers labeled? Are the skips painted and marked? Are the containers currently

accessible from any side of the service areas? How is the road infrastructure

surrounding the containers?

♠ Collection capacity of the containers and SW composition:

How much waste loads the containers currently receiving? (daily, weekly, monthly

and yearly) What type of SW materials reach to the containers? What materials are

delivered from the different urban activities served with the containers? Which land

uses actively use the containers? How much is the proportion of SW delivery to the

containers from the various SW sources? The percentage proportion of Special,

Hazardous, Residential, Commercial, Institutional, Industrial, Construction and



115

Demolition and Agricultural solid wastes (daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly)

received by each container in different service areas; Are the containers currently

receiving special and hazardous wastes? From which sources? Which is the dominant

special waste contributor to the containers? Hazardous waste contributor? What are

the special and hazardous waste materials received from different sources? How much

is the proportion of the materials?

D.5. Secondary Collection and disposal

♠ Collection and transportation:

The Hauled-Containers Collection system: Is the hauled –container collection system

conventional mode or exchange container mode? Is there any formal route of

collection? How much total time the skip loaders spend in each route? How much are

pickup time, loading time, and redeposition time in the same station in each route for

conventional mode of collection? How much is pickup time and the redeposition time

in next station in each route for exchange container mode of collection? How much is

the total time per trip in each route for the hauled container collection system , which

is the sum of pickup time, at-site time and haul time? How much is the off-route time

wasted in each trip and routes? How much is the working hours in a day? How much

is the average speed of the skip loaders in each route? How many number of skip

loaders serve each of the four sub-cities (Northern, Southern, Quiha, and Aynalem

sub-cities) in the service? How frequent is the skip loaders ere available in the service?

How efficient are the skip loaders utilized?; How much was the daily, weekly,

monthly, and yearly frequency of collection of each loaders in each sub-cities; How

much quantity of solid waste (volume and weight) collected and transported from

each collection site in all the four sub-cities (daily,weekly,monthly,and yearly)?

♠ Road infrastructure in collection routes:

How is the condition of the roads in the formal and informal collection and

transportation routes?

♠ Performance of the skip loaders:

Is the number of skip loaders adequate in the current collection and disposal service?

Are the existing three loaders efficiently utilized? Are the loaders available every day

in the service? Are they serving regularly? How old are the loaders? What kind of

service maintenance the loaders were getting? Is there any permanently established

maintenance center? Where is its location? How is the institutional capacity of the

center? Is it public or private institute? How much mechanics exist in the center? Are

there any spare part stocks in the center? How is the fuel supply in the service? How

efficiently it undertake service during breakdown of the loaders? In which hours of

the day the maintenance services are commonly done? At what days and time of the

week? How much is the daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly operation and

maintenance costs (OM) of the service (manpower, fuel, spare parts, maintenance

charges to private firms, overheads, etc)? How much is the OM cost per each loader

and per each collection and transportation in each route? How much was the initial

cost of investment on the loaders? What was the source of finance? How much is the

collection and transportation service charge? How was the tariff fixed? Is it affordable

in the service? Was there any service subside scheme in the past?



116

♠ Private sector involvement:

How was the involvement of private sectors in secondary collection and

transportation service? What was the major obstacle? Was there any request for

permit from private sector to undertake private solid waste secondary collection and

disposal? How much service charges were proposed in the service areas by the private

applicants?

♠ Disposal in land fills:

The quantity of solid waste (volume and weight) received at the Messobo landfill site

so far different locations in the service area? In which operation periods? How much

is the weight and volume of solid waste mounted on skip loaders as it reached at the

land fill site? How was the efficiency in the performance of the land fill sites? Are the

conditions one reason for the inconsistent collection, transportation and disposal

efficiency? How the site was operated after construction? Was the designed method of

land filling suitable for the site? Is there any other best method of land filling? Are

there any maintenance operations undertaken on the site? How much was the cost the

OM on the disposal site? How much the opposition from local community disrupted

the land filling process at the site? Is there any possibility to improve and expanded

the land fill site? What was the actual impact on the local community and the

environment? How much area is covered with suspended litter materials? What is the

actual location of the site in relation to settlement sites, farm lands, and other

activities? What is the present condition of the site? Is there any closure plan

developed for the land fill site?

♠ The other land fill site (north of Quiha):

Is there any technical data on the second site? What was its initial design capacity?

How is the current status of the site? Are there similar environmental and social

problems in the second site like the Messobo (the big site) site? In addition investigate

all the ideas raised under the Messobo land fill site;

♠ Prospective land fill sites:

The proposed land fills sites by the Municipality require field investigation and Initial

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).One of the sites is proposed around a village

called Adi Kolomay. The second site is near the existing dump site at Messobo.

It is vital to undertake EIA on the proposed and existing sites before designing and

implementing the land fill sites.

D.6. 3Rs and Waste transformation (WT)

♠ Composition and proportion of materials:

How much of the MSW, ISW, and ASW materials could be considered for the 3R'S

solution? What is the composition of the SW sources in relation to waste reduction,



117

recycling and reuse? What are the waste diversion and reuse opportunities? Are the

recyclable materials exist in the city? Are there any specifications of buyers of

recovered materials for all type of potential materials in waste streams? Are there any

formally registered drop-off and buy-back centers in the city? How are the recyclable

items collected? Are there any street side collection facilities for the items in the city?

♠ Informal and waste Materials Broker‘s (WMB's) businesses:

How is the performance of the informal sectors in the 3R's practices? What are the

lists of materials recovered, recycled and reused through the informal business? How

much was the annual quantity of the materials? In which sources of SW in the city the

informal sectors actively engaged in the 3R practices? How the informal businesses

earn benefits? Where do they take the recovered materials in the city and else where?

How much is the cost of recovered items in the informal sector?

♠ Local technologies in the 3R practices:

What are the local technologies introduced for the processing and manufacturing of

recovered and recycled waste materials? Who own, promoted and transferred the

technologies? Are there any private companies, cooperatives, and investors involving

in waste recycling business? Is vermo-composting introduced in the city? Is biogas

technology applied in SW management?

♠ Recovery and reuse within households:

What materials were considered for these purposes in the households? What is the

proportion and quantity of the materials? What benefits the households got from the

practices?

♠ Micro and small enterprises (MSE‘s):

How much land allotted to MSE‘s for waste processing? Where is the exact location

of the allotted land? Is it near to Agricultural Land uses? How was the land

requirement estimated? How the proposal of the MSE‘s got approval? Is there

feasibility study on WT technologies? Is the participation of MSE‘s in waste recovery,

reuse and transformation business sustainable? Are they going to be product suppliers?

Is market availability for the MSE‘s products? Are the MSE‘s to be engaged in

agricultural activities and use the processed waste products in their own business and

sell the agricultural products? Are there any guidelines for regulating MSE‘s

performance and products? Will they face the threats in urban agriculture and solid

waste management together? Will they undertake integrated business? Will the

MSE‘s and other stakeholders synchronize in the both urban agriculture and urban

solid waste management?

What aspects of institution in relation to SW services need to be investigated? What

methodology is adopted for this purpose? How these improved institutional aspects

contribute to the realization of improved SW services?

PART II: METHODOLOGY



118

This section mainly discusses on methodology to fill the data gap and conduct feasibility

study.

METHODOLOGY OF FIELD INVESTIGATION TO FILL THE GAP

This Methodology briefly outline the approaches and techniques to be followed in fulfilling

the missing but necessary solid waste (SW) data as part of the feasibility study of the project.

The major activity considered here is the filling of technical data gap discovered in the initial

situation analysis.

Solid waste Source Category

The identification of the sources of solid waste in the City is the first engineering task in solid

waste characterization. The type, composition and properties of the SW in Mekelle City then

are determined for each sources of generation. The existing land use data has been used to

identify the urban activities in the city.

The most commonly used solid waste category for urban areas and in municipal solid waste

management services considers three broad classes, namely municipal solid waste (MSW),

Industrial solid waste (ISW) and Agricultural solid waste (ASW). The solid waste categories

has been identified for the City examining the existing socio-economic and investment

activities, the status of solid waste management within the service area and land use

information. The list of the SW sources and category are summarized in table 1.1. The source

identification covers eleven solid waste sources.

Two more sources are included, i.e. Water and waste water treatment facilities (01WWT &

02WWT), considering the need for liquid waste and sludge treatment, and provision of safe

water from reservoir for Mekelle City in the coming decades.

Table: Solid waste categories for the City of Mekelle

Project

Code

Solid waste

Category

SW generating Urban activities

01MSW Residential Dwellings

02MSW Commercial Medium & Small scale enterprises (MSE‘s) ,private

commercial activities(PCA‘s) and market places

03MSW Institutional Public services mainly educational and health services

04MSW Municipal

services

Mainly street sweeping, landscaping and recreational

05MSW Municipal special Residential, commercial, and Institutional activities

06MSW Municipal

Hazardous

Commercial and Institutional(hospital) activities

01ISW Industrial Construction ,manufacturing, demolition, and MSE‘s

02ISW Construction

and demolition

Municipal, private, cooperatives and institutional building

construction and maintenance, municipal and institutional



119

road construction and maintenance, civil engineering

construction contracts, and city infrastructure offices(mainly

telecommunication and water service installations)

03ISW Industrial special manufacturing and assembling, metal and wood furniture,

food and kindred products (slaughter house oil, and bones ;

food processing and packing factories), lumber and wood

products (bulky items),printing and publishing, and electrical

manufacturing,

04ISW Industrial

Hazardous

Printing and Publishing (printing chemical and inks),Rubber

and miscellaneous plastic products(plastics forming organic

chemicals and dyes) and chemicals and related

products(alcohol factory)

01ASW Agriculture Urban agricultural practices such as planting and harvesting

of row, field, and vine crops; production of milk; rearing of

animals for slaughter;fattening schemes; poultry and other

animals farm; operation of feedlots

02ASW Agricultural

hazardous

Dumps of chemical fertilizers and pesticides

01WWT Waste water &

Sludge

Treatment facility

Unit operations and processes

01WWT Water treatment

facility

Unit operations and processes

Field Sampling

Residential Sources (01MSW)

All the ten Tabias currently existing in the two sub-cities of Mekelle are to be considered as

observation sites for Residential SW sources. The total sample sizes for sampling will be 3%

of the total house holds (HH‘s) in each Tabia. The survey will investigate the total and per

capita rates of solid waste generations, proportion of various solid waste materials in

household SW samples, and properties of the Residential SW in four household socio-

economic groups. The total number of sample households and classification of socio-

economic groups to be considered for the field investigation in each Tabia are given in table

1.2 below. The number of sample households is calculated based on the year 2004 population

of the twelve sampling locations collected from the Mekelle City Master Plan Development

project. The SW from Residential sources will be characterized based on a total sample

households of 1162 collected from all socio-economic groups in the Tabias.

Promise consult will select sample households in each Tabia in consultation with the City and

Tabia Administration offices one week ahead of sampling.

Table: Distribution of sample household sizes in Residential establishments

Sr.

Locality

Inhabita-

nts

estimated

Households

Sample

Number of sample

households for

each income group (Monthly average

income in Birr)



120

No. (2004) HHs 0-

500*

500-1000 1000-2000 >2000

A B C D

1 Aider 24300 4959 149 68 36 27 18

2 Hawelti 25125 5128 153 72 36 27 18

3 Adi Haki 25650 5235 157 71 38 29 19

4 Kedamay

Weyane

27157

5542

166

76

40

30

20

5 Hadenet 26106 5328 160 74 38 29 19

6 Sewhi

Niguse

19000

3878

116

53

28

21

14

7 Adise Alem 18000 3673 110 51 26 20 13

8 Industry 11766 2401 72 31 18 14 9

11 Adi-

shumduhun

6376

1301

39

16

10

8

5

12 Ellala 6515 1330 40 17 10 8 5

Total 189995 38775 1162 529 280 213 140

* City Wide proportion of low income group is more than 70%;

Source: MCPPP

Then standard plastic bags of 1m2 minimum area will be issued to each sample house holds

and will be advised to store their household garbage honestly and carefully for a minimum

generation time of one week. The sample house holds may alternatively use their own storing

bags or barrel.

The measurement of observations house-to-house will be a cumbersome task. Instead

convenient and centralized observation sites will be located within the proximity and

boundary of the sample households. The Enumerators collect household samples on each

observation sites and take all the necessary measurements. The standard forms for recording

observations of generation rate, proportion of constituent and properties of SW are attached

in Annex A.

Other SW sources

There is scant technical and socio-economic information on the commercial, institutional,

industrial, municipal and agricultural activities of the project city. There is no list of

operational industrial, agro-industrial and commercial activities.

Efforts have been made to take into account all the available information on the urban

activities as collected, compiled and analyzed by the socio-economic and demographic team

of the City Master Plan Development project. The data on the urban activities is summarized

in Table 1.3 below

The socio-economic and service data clearly cite that the manufacturing, construction,

transportation and service sectors have leading share in the urbanization of Mekelle City. The

construction sector mainly represents the housing and industrial development activities in the

City. These activities are expected to generate significant SW quantities in different parts of

the City, which is not known at the moment.

Therefore, field observations need to be conducted in selected sample urban activities and

services.



121

Commercial Sources (02MSW)

There around 2677 commercial units inside the city. These services include hotels,

restaurants, pastry, super markets, shops, bars, night club (Abyssinia), electronic shops, spare

part shops, tire suppliers, tailors, boutiques, drug shops, fruit vendors, glass workshops, flour

mill, crop selling stores, red pepper shops, Kat vendors, cereals and spice shops, barberry,

open bed markets (Medebe),etc.

Table: Urban activities in Mekelle city

Sr.

No.

Activities/Socio-economic

Aspects

1 Investment shares ranking

Industrial (Manufacturing, construction, and transport)=88.08%

Institutional(Social services and real state)=4.93 %

Commercial(hotel & trade) =3.85 %

Agriculture=3.13%

2 Job opportunity ranking

Manufacturing

Construction sector

Transport

Social service

Hotel

Agriculture

Trade

Real state

3 Services coverage

3.1 Government Health services(year 2002):

Hospital=1

Health centers=3

Clinics=3

Referral hospital=1 very soon

3.2 Educational facilities

Governmental institutions:

Kindergarten=1

Primary school=20

Secondary school=4

Institutions=3

Public university=1 (Main campus + Adi Haki Campus)

Private institutions:

Kindergarten=13

Primary school= 5

Secondary school=1

Institutions=6

No University

NGO‘s:

Kindergarten=4

Primary school=9

Secondary school=4



122

Cont‘d

No institutions ,colleges and universities

3.3 Digital Telephone(May 2004):

Residential areas=7029 in numbers

Government, NGO‘s, Institutions, and Enterprises=1211

Commercial centers=2677

Others=36

3.4 Water service(July 2004):

Distribution pipe=46.5 km

Availability:

House tape users= 43.9 %

Public tape users=7.9 %

Neighborhood & traditional source users=48.4%

3.5 Market places:

Edaga kedamay woyane

Edaga Adi-haki

Edaga Enda-sellassie

Enda Sewhi-Nigus(Edaga Kedam)

Edaga Aider

Edaga Industry (May Duba)

Edaga Adi-Hawsi

Edaga Adi-Shumduhun

Edaga Quiha

Edaga Aynalem

Livestock market (13903m2 fenced area)

3.6 Enkodo Abattoir:60-70 cattles/day design capacity & actual=33

3.7 16-Orthodox churches: Inside Mekelle,Quiha,& Aynalem

3.8 3- Mosques: Inside Mekelle

Source: MCPPP

Sample size of 10%, i.e.268 commercial units, will be considered to investigate the

characteristics of solid waste from the commercial group. Most of the commercial services

exist at the center or near the centre of the city and more number of samples will be taken

from the center. But this sample size does not include the observation sites within the eleven

market places. Separate samples and observations will be taken in all the market places inside

and outside Mekelle city. The market places lack information regarding the various

commercial specialties and activities and the number of commercial units contained in each

places. Because of this, samples will be collected from the most common commercial

activities and the minimum sample size in the market places of Mekelle except the Livestock

market will be 20.The distribution of sample sizes in commercial SW sources is indicated in

table 1.4.

The field investigation in commercial sources will consider total of 195 samples all the

market places and a total of 269 samples in the commercial activities in all the four sub-cities

(Northern, Southern, Quiha, & Aynalem).The distribution of samples in each observation

sites is given in table 1.4. And the field sampling forms are attached in Annex A.

Table: Distribution of sample in commercial sources

Sr. Commercial units Commercial units



123

No. Tabia /Place inside markets outside markets

No. of

markets

No.of

Samples

3% Samples

(80)

10% Samples

(268)

1 Aider 1 20 9 31

2 Hawelti(Adi-Hawsi) 1 20 10 32

3 Adi Haki 1 20 10 33

4 Kedamay Weyane 1 30 11 34

5 Hadenet - - 10 33

6 Sewhi Niguse 1 20 7 24

7 Adise Alem - - 7 23

8 Industry 1 20 5 15

11 Addi shumduhun 1 20 3 8

12 Ellala - - 3 8

13 Enda selassie 1 20 - -

14 Samre road livestock 1 5 - -

15 Quiha 1 15 7 23

16 Aynalem 1 5 3 5

Total 195 85 269

The field investigation for institutional sources will be conducted in existing health,

education and administration services in Mekelle, Quiha and Aynalem. The samples

distribution of institutional sources is given in Table 1.5.

Institutional sources (03MSW):

The available data on institutional activities is also little similar to the commercial and

industrial activities. The information obtained from the City Master Plan group covers

education and health services. The number and occupation of the various offices and

administration centers in the city are not included in the available data. The administration

institutes include Tabia, Wereda, Zonal, and Regional Administration offices, Departments,

and Bureaus, private consulting offices, post office, utility offices such as telecommunication,

water, electric service offices, security office (Mekael Guaro),

etc.

The total samples to be taken in institutional activities will be 30 out of ten samples in

Administration offices, five samples in private and public services, three in health facilities,

five in government, four in private and three NGO‘s educational facilities, Mekelle hospital

will be one of the observation sites of heath facilities and Mekelle University (Adi Haki

Campus) will be one observation site of educational facilities. The field sampling forms are

attached in Annex A. The biomedical wastes and their management will be the main focus of

the filed investigation and waste monitoring task in medical and institutional facilities.

Table: Distribution of Samples in institutional sources

Sr.

No

Institutional activities Total

units

No. of

Sampl

e

percentage

sample

size

1 Administration



124

Tabia offices

Wereda offices

Zonal departments

City Council

Regional Bureaus

Regional Government

Security office

12

2

-

1

-

1

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

1

16.67

50

-

100

-

100

100

2 Private and public services

Consulting firms

Telecommunication service

Electric service

Water service

-

2

2

1

2

1

1

1

-

50

50

100

3 Health facilities :

Hospital

Health centers

Clinics

1

3

3

1

1

1

100

33.33

33.33

4

4.1

4.2

4.3

Educational offices:

Governmental

Kindergarten

Primary school

Secondary school

Institutions

Public university

Private

Kindergarten

Primary school

Secondary school

Institutions

NGO‘s:

Kindergarten

Primary school

Secondary school

1

20

4

3

2

13

5

1

6

4

9

4

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

100

5

25

33.33

50

7.70

20

100

16.67

25

11.11

25

Total institutional samples 30

Industrial sources (01ISW):

The industrial activities are complex and diversified like the commercial activities. This will

make the field investigation tire some. The other challenge in relation to these two main

urban activities is the absence of complete official registration list and standard local category

of the activities. The third challenge here is that there is no clear distinction between most

commercial and industrial urban activities. Most industrial activities are locally registered as

commercial activities especially small scale industrial activities and micro and small

enterprises engaged in small scale urban industrial activities.

Efforts will be envisaged to outline category for industrial activities and to group the existing

activities in the city related to industry accordingly. The registered permits on the commercial

and urban activities will be collected from local finance and trade offices. Then the registered

urban activities will be group according to their industrial specializations.



125

The investigation in industrial sources will be undertaken on samples to be taken from the

following fifteen categories of Standard Industrial Classification (SIC), which most are

believed to exist currently in the city.

Food and kindred products(SIC-20): processing, packaging, and shipping; example the

slaughter house service at Enkodo River;

Textile mill products(SIC-22 ) :mainly weaving (local weavers);

Apparel and other finished products(SIC-23): cutting, sewing, sizing, pressing cloth,

fibers, metals, and rubber; Example local tailors and metal work shops;

Wood Furniture(SIC-25a): manufacture of household and office furniture, partitions,

office and store fixtures, mattresses, plus cloth and padding residues), Example wood

works shops

Metal furniture(SIC-25b) :manufacture of household and office furniture, lockers, bed-

springs, frames; Example metal workshops

Printing and Publishing(SIC-27): Newspaper publishing, printing, lithography, engraving

and bookbinding ;

Chemicals and related products(SIC-28):: manufacture and preparation of inorganic

chemicals ranging from drugs and soaps to paints and varnishes, and explosives, alcohols,

organic and inorganic chemicals),

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products (SIC-30): manufacture of fabricated rubber

and plastic products;

Cement Stone, clay, and glass products(SIC-32) :Manufacture of flat glass, fabrication

and forming of glass; manufacture of concrete, cement, gypsum, and plaster products;

Forming and processing of stone and stone products, abrasive, asbestos, and

miscellaneous non-mineral products; Example Messobo Cement factory and glass work

shops;

Primary metal industries(SIC-33):Melting, casting, forging, drawing, rolling, forming,

extruding operations; Example MIE & Argegawie Korkoro;

Fabricated metals products(SIC-34): Manufacture of metal cans, hand tools, general

hardware, non electric heating apparatus, plumbing fixtures, fabricated structural products,

wire, farm, machinery and equipment, coating and engraving of metal;

Machinery except electrical(SIC-35): Manufacture of equipment for construction, mining,

elevators, moving stairways, conveyors, industrial trucks, trailers, stackers, machine tools,

etc; Example MIE;

Electrical(SIC-36):Manufacture of electric equipment, appliances, and communication

apparatus; machining, drawing, forming, welding, stamping, winding, painting, planting,

baking, firing, operations; Example electric appliances producers like stoves, baking

plates(―Mitad‖), boilers, etc.

Transportation equipment (SIC-37): Manufacture of motor vehicles, truck and bus bodies,

motor vehicle, parts and accessories, aircraft and parts, ship and boat building and

repairing, motorcycles and bicycles and parts, etc. Example. MIE and private bicycle and

motorcycles repair shops;

Miscellaneous manufacturers(SIC-39): Manufacture of jewelery, silverware, plated ware,

toys, amusement, sporting and athletic goods, costume nobilities, buttons, brushes, signs,

and advertising displays; Example jewelery shops;

The consultant will consider the use of local industrial classification, if it exists at all, instead

of SIC. But for the time being, the SIC listed above will be adopted and rectification may be

considered in later works during the analysis of the filed investigation data.



126

Minimum of two samples will be collected from each industrial category and the large scale

factories in the city such as Messobo Cement factory and Mesfin Industrial Engineering (MIE)

will be taken as sample observation sites under their respective SIC categories. A total of

around 30 samples on industrial activities will be observed in the project city.

Construction and demolition (02ISW):

The most vibrant industrial activity in the city of Mekelle is the private building construction

activities. There are significant numbers of construction projects in various categories, which

have been undertaken in the last five years. The most common categories of construction and

demolition activities under the two major projects, namely buildings and roads construction

and maintenance are private ordinary and storied buildings, government ordinary and storied

buildings, cooperative housing, municipal paved roads construction and maintenance,

unpaved roads construction and maintenances.

These nine categories of construction and demolition sources will be considered for the filed

investigation.

The actual figures on the private and municipal construction projects and activities are not

available at the moment. The field investigation will focus on sampling of live construction

projects. A minimum of two samples from each construction category will be investigated in

the project city. This means a total of around eighty (18) samples will be considered in the

survey.

Special and hazardous wastes:

These two categories will be investigated under all the other categories discussed in the

previous sections.

Agriculture Wastes (01ASW):

The consultant believes that there are some formal and informal UA activities inside and

within the outskirt of the city. The most common practices are milk production, poultry,

animals rearing and fattening, horticulture and fruit farms, and others. These practices may

release significant SW materials into the MSW system. Most SW system in urban places

receives high loads of manure and other animals waste from urban agricultural activities.

The field investigation will cover this category of SW in the project city. A minimum sample

of ten activities will be considered and single observation will be made in ten urban activities.

Communal container and disposal sites

Field survey will be carried out in the existing 58 communal containers site to investigate the

impacts of secondary storage and collection services in the city and collect adequate technical

data for the future improvement of the service.

One field enumerator and observer working under the principal investigator (supervisor) will

move in all the containers and collect the desired information. The enumerators handle 29 in



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Southern sub-city and 23 in Northern sub-city in seven days time. The field enumerator

works closely with the municipality service workers to facilitate the filed observation.

Similar observation will be taken from the two disposal sites currently used by the

municipality. A second enumerator will be allotted for the observations to be taken at the

disposal sites and the contents of the survey are also different for the investigation at the

disposal sites.



128



129

ANNEX-E: Rates of generation from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Sources (City-wise)

Summery of Rate of Generation for MSW

sources Rates & Quantities of solid waste

Years 2005 2010 2015

Master plan population 216850.00 285489.00 335583.00

Average annual quantity (cu.m/yr) 114353.91 129540.33 156238.10

Average annual quantity (kg/yr) 1145041.32 1406307.50 1715342.27

Average monthly quantity (cu.m/m) 9529.49 10795.03 13019.84

Average monthly quantity (kg/m) 95420.11 117192.29 142945.19



Average daily quantity (cu.m/d) 314.16 355.88 429.23

Average daily quantity (kg/d) 3145.72 3863.48 4712.48



130

ANNEX-F: City-wise Types of composition of Solid Wastes from Municipal Solid Waste

(MSW) Sources

Type Solid Waste from MSW

Yearly volume (cu.m)

2005 2010 2015

Organic recyclable(including paper + others) 46347.37 75201.63 90761.14

Organic recyclable(excluding paper) 37368.43 61155.88 73788.50

Organic recyclable(excluding paper +others) 26126.11 42721.20 51547.28

Plastic(all) 10002.49 16570.63 19985.63

Special wastes(excluding Yard wastes) 288.84 458.16 553.38

Hazardous waste rejects 2484.15 4022.18 4838.16

Hazardous plus special rejects(excluding yard

waste) 3017.56 4836.26 5814.40

Non-hazardous rejects 10299.71 15770.73 18869.29

Recyclables other than organics & plastic 18335.05 30674.03 36983.93

TOTAL 154269.71 251410.70 303141.71

Note: Rejects are to be transported to Land fill sites;



131



132

ii. ANNEX –G: PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATION

Estimated cost of Decentralized Biogas units(DBU) for MSW feedstock

Table 1 Unit with 1 cu.m capacity(2.01m middle diameter)

Sr.No Item Unit Quantity Rate Amount(Br)

1 Site clearing sq.m 4.41 3 13.23

2 Excavation for structure cu.m 3.205 15 48.075

3 12 mm Brick Masonry wall sq.m 6.59496 70 461.64723

4 12 mm Brick Masonry Mixing Chamber (50cmx50cm) sq.m 1.5725 70 110.075

5 Plastering to internal side of brick wall with 1:3 mix ratio sq.m 3.29748 30 98.924406

6

12 mm Brick masonry Displacement Chamber 50cmX50 cm

internal size sq.m 2.7225 70 190.575

7 8 cm thick RCC cover for displacement chamber(65cmx65cm) sq.m 0.4225 64.00 27.04

8 8 cm thick RCC cover to mixing chamber(65cmx65cm) sq.m 0.4225 64.00 27.04

9 150 mm PVC feeding Inlet pipe LM 2 100 200

10 15-20 mm GPS gas collection & distribution pipe LM 5 30 150

11 Improved stove pcs 1 30 30

Sub Total 1356.6066

10% contingency 135.66066

Total 1492.2673

Estimated cost of capital per house hold(Birr) 1492.3



133







4 12 mm Brick Masonry Mixing Chamber sq.m 1.5725 70 110.075


6








Sub Total 1899.7702


Total 2089.7473




134









6








Sub Total 2184.9139


Total 2403.4053




135









6








Sub Total 2619.5494


Total 2881.5044




136


Table 5 Unit with 6 cu.m capacity(3.60 m middle diameter)







6








Sub Total 3227.8393


Total 3550.6233




137


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Annex-H: Observations on collection at Land fill site

Day-I (October 27, 2005)

Observation time 3:20 AM local time:

Loader Plate No.00518

Location 22 is the site first serviced by the loader (PN 00518) in the next day 28th

Oct. and

considered as the last redeposition site on the first day (Oct.27); the loader did not transported

loaded container after 3:25 AM on the first day; It was observed to be off-route after it had

redeposited the WEWEKMA (Location 26) container to Adis Alem Bus Station (Location 22)

due to unknown reason;

PN 0075 Loader:

First reached disposal site 8:20 PM local time on Oct.27th

2005;

Returned to city at 11:05 PM to dispatch location;

(Edaga Finjal---D1------- Egrie Hawlti ---- D1------Edaga Bieray - D1---Alpha KG----DL)--

Dispatch location

DAY-2 Oct.28th

2005

PL 0075(Early time 1:30AM-Late time 11:12PM)

(DL--- Alpha KG-----D1-----Mesfin----D1------Dejen-----D1---Kebele 15-- D1----Hadush

Mender Kebele 05-----DL)


(DL--- Addis Alem Bus Station----D1----- Gotera L8----D1------ Kebele 20 L13---DL)

DAY THREE: Oct.29th

2005


(DL---Debre Damo L15--D1----Semein Health center L30----D1---Muslim Cemetery L4--D1--

-Enda Cherkos L33--- D1----Sewhi Negus L28---D1--- Edaga Finjal L2---- D1

---- Edaga Finjal---DL)

PL 00518 (Early time 1:50AM-Late time 5:27PM)

(DL---Kebele 20 L13--D1-------Adihawsi Endatsaba L18 or Adihawsi Taxi Terminal

L47---DL)

DAY FOUR: Oct.30th

2005


(DL--- WEWEKMA L26---D1---- near EELPA L27--- D1----Ayder Livestock market L5- D1-

--- Mayduba L10---- D1------- WEWEKMA L26--- DL);


(DL--Gebriel church L24---D1--Business Taxi Terminal L17---D1--Business Taxi Terminal

L17---DL)


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DAY FIVE: Oct.31th

2005(21-02-98)


(DL---Kebele 19---D1---- Edaga Bieray L19--- D1----Live stock market Kebele 17

D1---- Live stock market Kebele 17----DL)


(DL---Axum Hotel L21-- D1---- Edaga Adi Haki L41---- D1----- Edaga Adi Haki---DL)

DAY SIX: Nov 1 2005(21-02-98)


(DL--- Enkodo L3--D1--- AdishumDuhun L34--- D1---- Agricultural office L9---D1---

WEWEKMA L26--DL)

PL 00518: No collection service provided on the fifth day; the loader was ideal or on

maintenance service;

DAY SEVEN: Nov 2 2005(21-02-98)


(DL--- Alpha KG--D1--- Edaga Finjal --- D1---- Denbesco---D1---Ayder Low Cost Housing—

D1----Abreha Castel------ D1---- Abreha Castel---DL)

PL 00518: the loader was idle or on maintenance service;


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ANNEX-I: INSTITUTION AND LEGISLATION RELATED TO SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT

1. At Federal Level

The Institution and Legislation issues related to Environmental security and Solid Waste

Management in Ethiopia at the national level are citied below.

The Ethiopian constitution Article 44 says, ―all persons have the right to a clean and

healthy environment".

Currently, there is no federal legislation dealing comprehensively with all aspects of

solid waste management;

The National Health Policy has given priority to the development of environmental

heath, promotion of intersectoral collaboration in developing safe disposal of human,

household, agricultural and industrial wastes, encouragement of recycling, attention

for healthy environment and prevention of environmental pollution from hazardous

chemical wastes;

At federal level, the Public Health Proclamation No 200/2000 has provisions on waste

handling and disposal;

Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) also deals with solid waste issues for

sustainable use of natural resources in the country. It is mandated to develop

standards and norms for the protection of national environment;

National Environmental Policy gives due attention to sustainable development,

―polluter pays principle‖, recycling and other environmental issues like

Financing

Public awareness and participation

Institutional arrangement

Legal support

At federal level, Ministry of Health plays a leading and direct role in matters related to

Public Health and Sanitation for which solid waste management is part of public health

issues. The provisions stipulated in the federal proclamation No 200/2000 with regard to

solid waste management (SWM) enables the Ministry of Health to plan the way forward

for SWM to meet the challenges of the nation.

1.1 Environmental Protection Policies

Before specifically dealing with the policies and regulations related to waste it would be

better to indicate the highlights of the environmental policy of the country.

The overall goal of the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia is to improve and enhance the

health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and to promote sustainable social and economic

development through sound management and use of natural, human and cultural resources

and the environment as a whole so as to meet the needs of the present generation without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.


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In the Ethiopian EPA Sectoral Environmental Policies, issues related to urban environment

and solid waste management practices are resolved under Article 3.4 (water

resources),Article 3.5(Energy Resource), Article 3.7 (Human Settlement, Urban Environment

and Environmental Health) , Article 3.8 (control of Hazardous Materials and Pollution From

Industrial Waste ,and Article 3.9( Atmospheric Pollution and Climate Change).

The policies that pertain both to solid and liquid waste are pinpointed here below under each

Sectoral policies.

Article 3.4 Water resources:

d. To promote the protection of the interface between water bodies and land (example lakes

shores, river banks, and wetlands)

Article 3.5 Energy Resource:

b. To promote the development of renewable energy sources and reduce the use of fossil

energy resources for ensuring sustainability and for protecting the environment, as well as for

their continuation into the future;

Article 3.7 Human Settlement, Urban Environment and Environmental Health:

b. To integrate harmoniously, human produced and natural elements in the development and

management of urban areas in order to maintain the natural ecosystems;

c. To ensure that improved environmental sanitation be placed highest on the federal and

regional agendas for achieving sustainable urban development;

e. To recognize the importance of and help bring about behavioral change through education

and public awareness of environmental sanitation problems in trying to achieve demand-

driven community led programs of improved urban environments as well as the sustainable

use and maintenance of sanitation facilities;

f. To bring about a sound partnership between the government and communities in the

development of an integrated sanitation delivery system, and to foster the supplementary role

of NGOs;

g. To ensure that housing and sanitation technologies and regulatory standards are set at a

level and cost that are within reach of the users and flexible enough to be adaptable to the

very varied socio-economic, epidemiological, climatic and physical site conditions, which are

found in urban areas;

h. To give priority to waste collection services and its safe disposal;

m. To undertake studies, which identify suitable sanitary land fill sites in the major cities and

towns of Ethiopia;


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p. To the extent possible to recycle liquid and solid wastes from homesteads and

establishments for the production of energy, fertilizer and for other uses;

Article 3.8 Control of Hazardous Materials and Pollution from Industrial Waste:

a. To adhere to the precautionary principle of minimizing and where possible preventing

discharges of substances ,biological materials or their fragments from industrial plants

and personal or communal appliances or any other external sources that could be

harmful, and to disallow the discharge when they are likely to be hazardous;

b. To adopt the ―polluter pays‖ principle while endorsing the precautionary principle

since pollution is likely to occur, and ensure that polluting enterprises and

municipalities and Wereda councils provide their own appropriate pollution control

facilities;

c. To establish clear linkage between the control of pollution and other policy areas

including water resources, agriculture, human settlements, health and disaster

prevention and preparedness;

d. To provide adequate regulation of agriculture (crop and livestock) chemicals and

micro-organisms;

e. To establish safe limits for the location of sanitary land fill sites in the

vicinity of wells, bore holes and dams, and issue regulations to enforce them;

g. To review and develop guidelines for waste disposal, public and industrial hygiene

and technologies to enable the cost effective implementation of defined standards of

control, and to issue regulations to enforce them;

h. To formulate and implement country wide strategy and guidelines on the management

of wastes from the medical, agriculture and other sectors that may use potentially

hazardous biological organisms, their fragments or chemicals, and to issue the

necessary regulations to enforce them;

i. To establish a system for monitoring compliance with land, air, and water pollution

control standards and regulations, the handling and storage of hazardous and

dangerous materials, mining operations, public and industrial hygiene, waste disposal,

and water quality;

j. To maintain an up-to-date register of toxic, hazardous and radioactive substances, and

to make the information available on request;

l. To enforce exhaustive labeling and detailing of the contents usage and expiry date of

foods, drugs, cosmetics, other chemicals, and when any of the contents are poisonous or

dangerous in any other way, the fixing of strikingly visible labels to that effect;

m. To promote waste minimization processes, including the efficient recycling

of materials wherever possible;

n. To create by law an effective system of control, distribution, utilization and disposal

after use of expiry of chemicals, biological organisms or fragments of organisms that

could be hazardous but are required for use;

p. To hold a legally liable an employer who deploys employees in using or handling

hazardous materials without adequately training them on how to deal with the hazard and

without adequate equipment to protect each one of them for physical harm or disease

starts in the place of work or away from it ;

q. To foster better understanding of the dangerous effects of chemicals and

Organisms and their fragments through the provision of information in a form

understandable to users, and provide or enforce the provision of information on appropriate

methods and technologies for the treatment and disposal of wastes;


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Article 3.9 Atmospheric Pollution and Climate Change:

d. To actively participate in protecting the ozone layer since, as the highlands of Ethiopia

already have a thin protective atmosphere and are liable to suffer Agricultural losses and

adverse health effects from exposure to ultraviolet rays;

The issues of control of air pollution in relation to modern waste transformation facilities like

incinerators and traditional methods like bonfire and uncontrolled burning of solid waste

materials are raised under Article 3.8. The traditional methods of waste combustion could not

be justified as good practices in any society, but this practice is common in the project city.

1.2 Urban Development policy

The urban development policy of Ethiopia also has given attention to the protection of urban

environmental. The policy focuses on the inevitability of the implementation of the national

and regional environmental protection policy, rules and regulations on urban centers. Some of

the issues that the policy discusses with regard to environmental protection are:

giving attention to environment at city plan preparation stage;

focus on reusing/recycling wastes and encouraging those engaged in such

activities;

build the capacity of institutions in all aspects that can protect/control pollutions

that arise from house hold and institutions;

Making efforts to change the attitude, culture and belief of citizens towards

preventing pollution and protecting the environment; ensuring sustainable and

coordinated community participation with this regard.;

In addition to the above policy, there are relevant proclamations and regulation both at

federal and regional level. Article 12 of proclamation 200/2000 of the public health

proclamation of the Federal state issued on waste handling and disposal declares the

following.

.

Any person shall collect waste in an especially designated place and in a manner

that does not affect the health of the society.

No person shall dispose solid, liquid or any other waste in a manner that

contaminates the environment or affects the health of the society.

Any solid, liquid and other wastes generated from hospitals should be handled

with special care and their disposal procedures should meet the standards set by

the public health authorities.

2. At Regional Level

The constitution of the Tigrai National Regional state article 44 declares that all citizens in

the region have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment. Based on the constitution

and Federals public health proclamation the Regional Government had also issued city

proclamation, hygiene and sanitation regulation. The city proclamation of TNRS declares that

providing or ensuring the provision of environmental services is one of the major functions of

cities.


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The Tigrai National Regional State had also issued hygiene and sanitation regulation number

4/1997. According to this regulation, the disposal of solid wastes along roads, avenues, rivers,

ponds, lakes and other unauthorized sites is prohibited. The proclamation also states that

neighborhoods within 20 meters of distance of unauthorized dumpsites are considered as

being disposed by the neighborhoods. This proclamation is also applicable to liquid wastes as

well.

With regard to the solid waste storage equipment, the Regional Hygiene and Sanitation

Regulation stated that the waste storage facilities must be waterproof, washable, and insect-

proof covered with a lid and it can be made up of sheet of iron or plastic.

When we come to the Institutions, at regional level, Bureau of Heath, Environmental

Protection and Land Administration Authority, and Bureau of Urban Development and

Construction are directly involved in solid waste management activities. Bureau of Health

plays a leading and direct role in matters related to public health and sanitation for which

solid waste management is part of public health issues; the recently established

Environmental Protection and Land Administration Authority has also a direct leading role in

matters related to environmental protection for which solid sedate management is part of

environmental issues. And the Bureau of urban Development and Construction is the third

regional body that is responsible to build the over all capacity of cities


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iii. ANNEX-J: SPECIFICATION FOR COMPOSTING

i.Particle size distribution

Particle size distribution of organic waste fraction of 25 to 75 mm ;Shred large size organic

waste materials removed at pre-sorting site to the size range from 25 to 75 mm and place the

shredded materials at pilling area; large size particles need to be shredded to desired size;

ii.Carbon-nitrogen (C/N) ratio

Initial values of C/N ratio between 25 and 50 are considered to achieve optimum composting.

Literature values of % N and C/N ratio are used to find out the weight fractions of materials

for blending and seeding.

See values of C/N ratio in table.

iii.Blending and seeding

Bending and seeding of the organic waste materials collected from 01MSW, O2MSW,&

03MSW with digested sludge, raw sludge ,cow dung, poultry manure, biogas slurry and

sawdust and water is considered and the optimum mix proportion of each fractions required

for optimum performance of windrow aerobic composting units are determined.

Weight of water, dry matter, nitrogen and carbon are computed for each 1 kg weight of

organic compost ingredients and 1 kg of seeding matter considered for blending. Then the

required amount of seeding matter is computed to achieve C/N ratio between 25 and 50.

A weighted average amount of 310.88 gram of digested sludge should be blended with 5000

gm of main compost ingredient indicated in the table excluding mixed paper.

The blended mix is composed of

1000 gm Grass >50mm or biomass(Bermuda grass)

1000 gm Grass <50mm or biomas(Bermuda grass)

1000 gm Food wastes

1000 gm Fruits & Vegetables

1000 Yard wastes

310.88 gm of Digested activated sludge

If significant sawdust reaches the MRF, it should be accounted as part of the main organic

ingredients in mix design.

The total weight of mixed MSW composed of grass, food wastes, fruits and vegetables and

yard wastes to be blended with 310.88 gm weighted average weight of digested sludge is 5.00

kg. The mix ratio between sludge to mixed MSW shall be 1 to 16.08, i.e. 1 part of digested

sludge and 16.08 part of mixed MSW by weight.


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Similarly, blending mix proportions of waste materials are computed for other seeding

materials such as raw sludge, manure, and urea.

iv.Moisture content

Initial optimum moisture content between 50 to 60% is considered and watering of pilled

mixed and shredded organic waste will be done to achieve desired moisture content (MC).

v.Mixing and turning

Labor intensive mixing and turning is considered to aerate premature compost. Air mainly

oxygen should reach all parts of the compost unit in the thermophilic phase.

vi.Optimum temperature

The optimum temperature for the thermophilic phase is 45 to 750C and optimum 55

0C and 20

to 400C for mesophilic phase with an optimum value of 35

0C.A thermophilic temperature

range from 50 to 550C is also acceptable. No turning and mixing will be done in the

mesophilic phase on regular basis. The thermophilic phase temperature is expected to kill all

pathogens in the compost. Control of pathogens affect use of compost products and

temperature ranges from 60 to 70 oc maintained for 24 hours kills the pathogens.

Degree of decomposition during operation of units may be check measuring temperature

Temperature below 15 o

c will cause psychrophilic conditions and is not desirable for good

performance of composting unit.

vii.PH value

PH value should remain 7 to 7.5.

viii.Composting reactor

The thermophilic reactors are batch flow reactors with periodic mixing and turning where as

the mesophilic reactors are plug flow reactors as there is no turning and mixing in the

maturation phase.

The selected composting units are open windrow as these units require least resources in

composting practices. The possible materials and geometry of the reactor are:

Rectangular steel tank

Rectangular wooden tank

Triangular steel tank

Triangular wooden tank

Triangular wire mesh tank

Rectangular wire mesh tank

Triangular reactors require more space in terms of plan area than rectangular reactors and the

rectangular ones are suitable in areas where there is space limitation. As there is space

limitation in urban areas, the use of rectangular reactors is highly commendable.

ix.Composting period (tc)

Thermophilic phase, ttc =25-27 days;


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Pilot plant study should be undertaken to determine the optimum composting periods at the

project site.

x.Volume and area of reactor

High rate windrow composting could be achieved in small size cross-section with height

from 1.80 to 2.2 m & 4.3 to 4.9m wide at the bottom; turning and mixing done twice in a

week or every 84 hours;

H= 2.00 m & W=4.60 m;

Daily Organic loads, Vd (cu.m/d) 126.98 206.03 248.66

Length and number of compost units:

Total length of reactor:

Lt= Vd*ttc/ (W*H) = Vd *27/ (2*4.6) =372.66 m (2005)

= 604.65 m (2010)

= 729.76 m (2015)

1714.24 m2

(2005) or 0.17 ha

= 2781.39 m2

(2010) or 0.28 ha

= 3356.90 m2

(2015) or 0.34 ha

Total area for composting (Phase-I)

At= Lt * W= Lt *4.6 = 1714.24 m2

(2005) or 0.17 ha

= 2781.39 m2

(2010) or 0.28 ha

= 3356.90 m2

(2015) or 0.34 ha

Length of each reactor is given by

L= Daily capacity/ (no.of units*W*H)

(b) Mesophilic composting unit

Activities:

maturing first phase compost

screening and

packing

xi.Composting period

Mesophilic phase=24 to 26 days;

xii.Screening

Screenings of matured compost should be returned to the shredding and pilling stages and re-

processed;

xiii.Optimum temperature


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Temperature range from 20 to 400C for mesophilic phase with an optimum value of 35

0C. No

turning and mixing will be done in the mesophilic phase on regular basis.

Degree of decomposition during operation of units may be check measuring temperature

Temperature below 15 o

c will cause psychrophilic conditions and is not desirable for good

performance of composting unit.

xiv.Volume and area of reactor

High rate windrow composting could be achieved in small size cross-section with height

from 1.80 to 2.2 m & 4.3 to 4.9m wide at the bottom; turning and mixing done twice in a

week or very 84 hours;

H= 2.00 m & W=4.60 m;

Daily Organic loads, Vd (cu.m/d) 126.98 206.03 248.66

Length and number of compost units:

Total length of reactor:

Lt= Vd*ttc/(W*H) = Vd *26/(2*4.6)= 358.86 m (2005)

= 582.26 m (2010)

= 702.73 m (2015)

Total area for composting (Phase-II)

At= Lt * W= Lt *4.6 = 1650.76 m2

(2005) or 0.17 ha

= 2678.40 m2

(2010) or 0.27 ha

= 3232.56 m2

(2015) or 0.32 ha

Total area of land required for phase-I and phase-II composting is

At= 3365m2

(2005) or 0.34ha

= 5459.79 m2

(2010) or 0.55ha

= 6589.46 m2

(2015) or 0.66 ha

Length of each reactor is given by

L= Daily capacity/ (no. of units*W*H)

xv.Total area requirement

Land requirement of unit with capacity of 50 ton/d is around 6070.5 to 8094 m2, which means

121.41 to 161.88 m2/ ton/day. The average total area requirement will be 142 m

2/ ton/day or

0.014 ha/ ton/day. The approximate total area for the composting suggested in literatures is

quit lower than the estimated requirements obtained for the design composting periods. This

type of arrangement is suitable for transferring thermophilic compost to Maturation units

provided for Mesophilic phase with manual labor.

Thermophilic units

Adjoining sides with clearance

for aeration and protect contamination of

matured compost


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Mesophilic units

Estimated Cost of capital (excluding land value):

The cost of material high-end MRF with feed stock derived from processing of commingled

wastes; with enclosed building with concrete floors, MRF equipments with unit operations

(shredding, screening and conveying system, and in-vessel composting; enclosed building for

curing of compost product =between 25,000 to 50,000 per ton per day. This is equipment and

capita intensive facility and 25 to 50 % cost reduction could be achieved in labor-intensive

windrow composting facility;

Daily Total loads (ton/d) 3.15 3.86 4.71

Estimated cost of MRF (2005-2010):

Capital-intensive MRF: 843375 to 1686750 Eth.Birr

Labor intensive MRF: 421688 to 843375 Eth.Birr

Total land for MRF:

A= 1.5* 0.34ha = 0.51 (2005)

=1.5*0.55ha= 0.825 (2010)

=1.5* 0.66 ha= 0.99 (2015)

Land area of 0.83 ha (2005-2010) & additional land of 0.17 (2010-2015)

Proper selection of equipments, consideration of environmental control and aesthetic aspects

are the additional factors considered in design of MRF.


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iv. ANNEX-K: DECENTRALIZED BIOGAS UNITS (DBU)

The generation of energy in the form of methane from house holds organic fraction of

garbage could be considered in low income groups of the city. The feed stock materials could

be mix of

Organic solid waste materials

Cows Manure

Poultry manure

Pit manure or Toilet manure or human waste

Basic toilet services required for the disposal of human feces on-site may not be provided in

the households as the human waste could be used in the production of biogas in the house

holds. The daily human wastes and urine can be fed to the biogas units in a controlled manner

directly from the Toilet superstructure. There is no need to erect the substructure or toilet pit

in case of individual household biogas units.

The contents of toilet pit, which is mainly digested sludge, could also be emptied and applied

to shared decentralized biogas units.

Design parameters:

Average per capita solid waste generations:

Years 2005 2010 2015

Average rate of generation(l/c/d) 0.92 1.18 1.21

Average rate of generation(kg/c/d) 0.27 0.34 0.35

Daily available quantity of organic solid

wastes (liter/d) 0.29 0.38 0.385

Daily per capita available quantity of

organic solid wastes (kg/d) 0.086 0.1081 0.1113

Available organic solid waste in single

family (kg/d) 0.421 0.5296 0.5452

Average daily solid waste feed:

The daily requirements are taken from literature written on biogas units running with cow

dung feed stock materials, which has an estimated organic content ranging fron 48 to 56% in

dry state. More quantities of solid wastes may be required than indicated in table below. The


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actual requirements of solid waste need to be determined from pilot plant studies before

implementation of projects in the city.

Gas yield for MSW Solids loading:

The estimated gas yield in low solids anaerobic digestion ranges from 0.25 to 0.45 m3 / kg of

biodegradable volatile solids (bVS) destroyed in anaerobic digestion. The production rate

ranges from 1.5 to 2.5 m3 per m

3 of reactor capacity.

Composition of gas:

The estimated proportion of methane ranges from 50 to 70 % of total gas production in case

of MSW and the rest 30 to 50% represent carbon dioxide gas. The estimated proportion of

methane in case of manure used as fed stock material ranges from 65 to 70% and carbon

dioxide from 30 to 35%.

Design considerations for Decentralized Biogas unit with MSW fed stock (2005)

Standard reactor size (cu.m) <1 1 2 3 4 6

Gas yield in low solids anaerobic

digestion (m3/kg bVS) <0.25 0.25 0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

Gas yield (m3/ m

3 reactor size ) <1.70 1.70 1.90 2.10 2.30 2.50

Solids retention time(days) 20 20 20 20 20 20

Methane production for 60 %

composition (m3/ m

3 reactor size)

0.90

1.02

1.14

1.26

1.38

1.50

Daily per capita available

quantity of organic solid wastes

(kg/d) 0.086 0.086 0.086

0.086

0.086

0.086

Available organic solid waste in

single family (kg/d) 0.421 0.421 0.421

0.421

0.421

0.421

Available bVS in single family

Within 20 days(kg) 8.42 8.42 8.42

8.42

8.42

8.42

Total gas production for

20 d cycle(m3)

2.11

2.11

2.53

2.95

3.37

3.79

Required reactor volume per family

m3) 1.24 1.24 1.33

1.40

1.47

1.52

Number of HH to share standard

Size reactor 1 1 2

2

3

4

Cont‘d

Daily available organic solid (kg/d) 0.421 0.421

0.842

0.842

1.263

1.684

Daily methane

production(liter/family )

<63.15

63.15

75.78

88.41

101.04

113.67

Average daily water requirement

(liter/kg waste) 0.85 0.85 0.85

0.85

0.85

0.85

Gas holding capacity as % produced

(67% consumed) 33.00 33.00 33.00

33.00

33.00

33.00

Per capita methane generation

(liter/d) <12.89 12.89 15.47

18.04

20.62

23.19

Arch segments side ratio 5:1 5:1 5:1 5:1 5:1 5:1


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Capacity of unit:

The use of individual (private) units or shared units could be considered in low income

households. The individual house hold units will have a total capacity of 1 m3 or less. The

shared units may have varying size from 2 upto

6 m3 depending on the number of households sharing the bio gas unit and the availability of

space in the house holds. The optional sizes of the units are 0.25, 0.50, 0.75,1, 2,3,4,5, and 6

m3.

Type of unit:

A biogas unit with maximum possible surface area will be provided. To achieve this

requirement, segmental spherical units buried below ground surface will be considered.

Determination of process loading rates

The loading rates of organic fraction at the composting facility in year 2005 is 3.15 ton/d,

which is 81.60% of the full plant capacity expected in year 2010.The full capacity in 2010

will be 3.86 ton/d. Quantities of MSW and rganic fraction from 01MSW, 02MSW, &

03MSW sources is shown on table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Quantities of MSW from 01MSW, 02MSW, & 03MSW sources

Years 2005 2010 2020



Average Daily presorting loads (cu.m/d) 272.29 355.88 429.23

Average daily Presorting load of non-organic

wastes (cu.m/d)

145.3 1

149.85

180.57

Average Daily Organic loads (cu.m/d) 126.98 206.03 248.66

Average Total loads (ton/d) 3.15 3.86 4.71


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ANNEX-L: MANUALLY LOADED AND MECHANICALLY UNLOADED REAR

LOADING COMPACTORS WITH LOADING CAPACITY OF 15.30 CU.M

Table 3.7 Labor requirements for manual curbside collection using one-person crew;

Average number

of

Stationery containers

and/or boxes

Per pick up locations

Pickup time,

Collector –min/location

1 or 2

3 or more , or

Unlimited service

0.50 -0.60

0.92

The average distance to be covered for average speed =8.00km/h and pick up time o f 1.766

hours is

= 8.88 km/h * 1.766 h= 15.68 km

For V=8 km /h , Phcs =1.176 hours, round trip distance, X=15.68 km, n=1, tp=0.92 and

unlimited service from stationery containers and/or boxes per pick up locations, the number

of pick up locations per trip

NP= 1.176 * 60*2/ 0.92

= 153.39 pick up locations per trip

The number of pick up locations in service area with solid waste collection capacity of Vp

are given by

NP = (Vsw *r)/ Vp

Where, Vsw =volume of collection vehicle (tractor-trailer), cu.m/trip


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Vp =volume of solid waste collected per pick up locations, cu.m/location

r =compaction ratio, 2 to 2.5 for manual loading collection method;

The volume of solid waste that will be collected per pick up locations with a compactor

having a holding capacity of 15.30 cu.m is estimated to be

Vp = 15.30*2.25/ 153.39

= 224.43 liter/location

OR = 4 containers each with 60 liter holding capacity

per location

The desired number of locations per trip required to collect waste from 75% of the house

holds in 2205 is determined below. The average rate of waste generation in residential

sources in 2005 is 0.92 liter/c/d and the average numbers of households (NHH) served at a

location will be

NNH= 224.43 liter/location / (0.92 liter/c/d*4.9)

= 49.785 house hold units/ location

(Considering average household size of 4.9 in the city)

This means nearly 2.5 blocks in modern residential areas could be served at a location

provided that the house holds hold generated wastes within their own primes until transferred

to the compactor collection trips.

The total desired number of locations per trip to cover 75 % of the house holds in residential

areas in 2005, i.e 0.75* 44255.1=33191.325 HHs, will be

(NP) desired = 33191.325 house holds/ 49.785 house hold units/ location

= 666.69 locations

Nearly 667 permanent locations in residential land uses are required to collect waste from

75% of the household units with compactor service that will serve 2.5 modern blocks at a

time in 2005.The required number of trips in a working day to cover all residential

households in 2005 will be

= 666.69 locations /153.39 pick up locations per trip

= 4.35 trips per day

The estimated required working hours in a day with average total time of 2.49 h per

compactor trip, average speed of 8 km/h , average t1 value of 0.0694 h and t2 values of

0.194 h becomes

H= [(0.0694 + 0.194) + 4.35 * 2. 49)/ (1-0.15)

= (0.2634 + 10.832)/ 0.85

= 13.054 Hours

The number of compactors required in primary collection fro 75 % service coverage in

residential areas considering normal eight working hours in a day


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=13.054/8

= 1.63 compactors (virtually 2 compactors with 15.30 cu.m capacity)

Therefore, it is necessary to engage two manually loaded and mechanically unloaded rear

loading compactors with loading capacity of 15.30 cu.m .Alternatively; it is feasible to

provide the same type of compactor with loading capacity of 28.30 cu.m.

Breakthrough time:

The breakthrough time in years for leachate to penetrate a clay liner of a given thickness can

be estimated from

t= d2 α/ K (d+h)

Where, t= breakthrough time in years (5 years), yr

d=thickness of clay liner, mm

α=effective porosity of clay liner, %

K=Coefficient of permeability or hydraulic conductivity of liner, mm/yr

h=hydraulic head or driving force (maximum depth of leachate in the

pond i.e. 0.90 m), mm

The breakthrough thickness of linear materials can be calculated for minimum design life

time of the land filling sites, which is 5 years. The

coefficient of permeability K value vary from 10-6

to 10-8

cm/s or 3.15 x 102

to 3.15 x 100

mm/yr and the Average value of K for clay liners is 1.59 x102 mm/yr. The effective porosity

for clay materials range from 0.10 to 0.30 and average value is 0.20.

The estimated thickness of clay liner for evaporation pond as well as land filling sites is given

by

5 = d2 *0.20 / 1.59 x10

2 *(900+d)

795(900+d) = 0.20 d2 (=quadratic equation)

d2

-795 d – 3577500 =0; d= (-795+3865.49)/2

=1535.25 mm or 1.54 m clay liner

This thickness value will be determined for site specific soil and permeability values. Series

of ponds will be provided each serving five years time.


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Annex M: Summary of demand projection, component sizing, Operation and Maintenance

Analysis (for achieving 100% collection efficiency in 2020)


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Annex N: Summary of demand projection, component sizing, Operation and Maintenance

Analysis ( for achieving 100% collection efficiency in 2010)


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Annex N: Environmental Impact Assessment


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12. REFERENCE

Feasibility Study

Documents

adult manual labor

child manual labor

underground aquifer material

millennium development goals

private horse cart

preliminary design report

performs waste separation segregation

recycle organic fraction