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INTRODUCTION TO PC REPAIR

PC RepairComputer repair specialize in troubleshooting, servicing and repairing awide variety of hardware and software-related personal computer 

issues and computer network problems.

Issues that typically require computer repair include failed hardwarecomponents, software bugs, driver incompatibilities, spyware andmalware problems, network connectivity problems, operating systemupgrades, and complete computer overhauls. 

Diferent PC Parts

• Hardware

Computer hardware is any physical device, something that youare able to touch.

o Input Devices is any peripheral (piece of computer

hardware equipment used to provide data and controlsignals to an information processing system such as acomputer.

o Output Devices is any piece of computer hardware 

equipment used to communicate the results of dataprocessing carried out by a computer to the outside world.

• Sotware

!oftware is a collection of instructions and code installed into thecomputer and cannot be touched.

Types o e!ory

RAM

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"#$ is short for Rando! Access e!ory" RA, also known aspri!ary !e!ory or syste! !e!ory" the memory available toprograms. %or e&ample, a computer with '$ "#$ has appro&imately' million bytes of memory that programs can use. )nlike "*$, "#$ isa vo#ati#e !e!ory and requires power to store data.

ROM

ROM (read-only memory) refers to special memory used to store programs. )nlike main memory ("#$, "*$ retains its contents evenwhen the computer is turned o+. "*$ is referred to as beingnonvolatile, whereas "#$ is volatile.

$%at Is T%e ot%er&oard ain 'oa#(

 he main goal is to connect all the hardware together like hard drives,memory modules, C), etc...

T%e Processor Soc)et

Is the home for the Central rocessor )nit (CPU.

e!ory S#ots

$emory slots also call memory banks are for "andom #ccess $emory

modules (RA.

ain Power Connector And T%e * Pins Connector

 he main power connector is uses to get the electric energy from thepower supply which the motherboard require to function properly.

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/ ins $ain ower Connector

IDE" ATA And S+ATA Interace Connectors

 he I012#dvance echnology #ttachment (ATA interface is used toconnect hard drives and optic drives.

$odern computer mother boards have the new interface called !erial#dvance echnology #ttachment (S+ATA.

,#oppy Drive Connector

%loppy 0rive Connector

-. &it PCI S#ots" A'P And PCIe

3 bit slots eripheral Component Interconnect (PCI are used to installsound cards, graphic cards, 1thernet cards and modems.

 he motherboard parts #ccelerated 4raphics ort (A'P and CI1press (PCIe focus on graphic cards only.

/ac) Pane# Connectors

#re used to plug the mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer, sound systemand any other peripherals you may have.

Centra# processin0 unit 1CPU23Processor is an electronic circuitthat e&ecutes computer programs.

Nort%&rid0e

#n integrated circuit (generally Intel or 5I# that is responsible for thecommunications between the C) interface, #4, CI and the memory.

Sout%&rid0e

#n integrated circuit ( generally Intel or 5I# on the motherboard thatis responsible for the hard disk drive controller, I2* controller and

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 ester for most types of cables used with a computer. :hile there areother ways to test cables, such as swapping them with known goodcables, cable tester save time and trouble.

US/ networ) adapter

# computer repair technician should have a )!network adapter in his took kit to facilitate easynetwork access on a computer that has )! ports,but is devoid of any internal network adapter.

Data+recovery sotware

Is one of the most important tool in computer repair technician7stoolkit9 data recovery software can help recover data from damagedhard drives. (4et0ataack !oftware

/oot Dis) 

# &oot dis)  is a removable digital data storage medium from which acomputer can load and run (boot an operating system or utilityprogram.

oot disks are used for;

• *perating system installation.• 0ata recovery.

• 0ata purging.• <ardware or software troubleshooting.• "unning a =ive *perating !ystem using a C02050

:hile almost all modern computers can boot from a hard drivecontaining the operating system and other software, they would notnormally be called boot disks. %loppy disks and C0-"*$s are the mostcommon forms of media used, but other media, such as magnetic orpaper tape drives, zip drives, and more recently )! 8ash drives canbe used. he computer7s I*! must support booting from the device inquestion.

Driver Pac) 0riverack is a package of drivers for a particular category of hardware. here are for e&ample 0riveracks for !ound devices and for4raphics devices.

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E5terna# Optica# Drive1&ternal optical drive is typically has the samefunction as optical drive but has higher portabilityrate. 1&ternal optical drive most uses )! slot sothat it can interface in every personal computer.

E5terna# Hard Drive1&ternal <ardisk 0rives are portable <00 whichuses the )niversal !erial us to interface to acomputer.

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CA/6ES USED IN COPUTER

 ,#oppy Drive" CD D7D Drive and Hard Drive Ca&#es 18at ri&&onca&#e2

 here are types of drives cables. he ## or ## (arallel ## forhard and optic drives and the inverted ways ribbon for 8oppy drives.

 he standard drive ribbon has been the >rst to hit the market alongwith the 8oppy drive ribbon.

 he ribbon cables are the only one that received supportimprovements over the years improving data storage and data7stransfer rates for newer hard drives.

ATA3PATA

Co!position

1ach ## ribbon cable has a 8e&ible plastic ribbon that contains thewires where there is or 3 connectors that are >&ed to it. ? connectorto each e&tremity and ? connector close to the master connector if it isa cable with 3 connectors.

 @ou should be able to >nd ?' inches and 3A inches cables in computerstores. he ?' inches is mostly the only one used and the 3A inchesare more used for special reasons.

Computer "ibbon Cable #lso Called I01 Cable

T%e Ri&&on" *9 And :9 $ires

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#t the beginning all ribbon cables were being made of /B wires andwere supporting a certain range of standards. 6owadays, there arecables of 'B wires and they are supporting higher standards.

6ote for both, only connectors with /B pins are used.

 he cables with 'B wires are made of /B grounds that are interleavedwith the other /B wires. his way all previous /B wires are grounded.

T%e Connectors" aster And S#ave

"ibbon cables are made of ? or connectors for drives. :ith ?connector, only a drive sets to master can be attached to the cable.ut with connectors, ? drive must be set to master and the other setto slave. @ou can also use a cable with connectors to plug only ?drive, in that case you have to set the drive to master and use the

master connector only, otherwise it will not work at all.

Inverted $ays Ri&&on

 he 8oppy drive ribbon is easily recognized by its inverted ways.eside its inverted ways, it has the same con>guration as the standarddrive ribbon above e&cept that it does not >t in an ## bus on themotherboard.

3.7 8oppy drives as we know them today, the ribbon cable has neverchanged, no improvement at all.

Inverted ways ribbon

SATA

!## is short for !erial #dvanced echnology #ttachment. he !##interface is a design for transferring data among storage devices likehard drives and optic drives.

In comparison with the ## interface, the !## o+ers a faster transferrate with features and improvements we will see throughout the guide.

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!## Connector

,eatures and I!prove!ents

 he interesting thing with the !## is the new cable that uses only Dwires. :ith only D wires the cable is thin and permits a better air8owinside the computer case. he older cables used for ## interface werecutting the air8ow with their large ribbons and were frustrating tomanipulate.

:ith the !## it is as easy as plug here and plug there. 6o cabletwisting problems like the ##.

#nother interesting feature from !## interface is the possibility to hotswapping. It means, you can plug or unplug hardware without havingto reboot the computer. his feature has been taken from the )!technology that already makes the use of swapping.

SATA ; and SATA . Standards

 he !## ? named !## ?B, o+ers a bandwidth of ?. 4bit2s. Incomparison with the ##2?33, it was a slight advantage. he >rst !##generation was more used for its features than its bandwidth.

 he !## called !## 3BB is the new generation working at the rateof 3 4bit2s. It is more than twice than the ## rate. :ith a frequencylike this you can >nally feel the di+erence between the technologies.

 he !## 3 is on the way and will o+er a bandwidth of A 4bit2s. heability of using more than ? drives by cables should appear on the 3rdgeneration.

Co!pati&i#ity

 he ## and he !## are not compatible. @ou cannot plug a !##drive in the ## interface. his says, I heard there are hybrid hard

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drives supporting both technologies. his is only a speculation, I didnot investigate to see if they e&ist.

*n the other hand, !## ? and !## are backward and forwardcompatible. If your motherboard does not support the !## 3BB, a CI

e&tension card for !## should do the trick.

#nother way for adding more compatibility has been introduced byhard drive7s manufacturers. # Eumper on !## hard drives can be setto force the drive to run under !## ?.

!erial-## <ard 0rive Cable

 his !## cable marks the end of ribbons. $ore and more computersare built with the !## interface. @ou can e&pect a fast disappearanceof ribbon cables.

US/ Ca&#e and ,irewire Ca&#e

%irewire and )! are both a serial bus interface standard. he %irewireinterface is better than the )! at a certain point, but nothing to be

scare of. It is not a big lost for us C users.

)! Computer Cable

)niversal !erial us (US/ is the design answer to #pple %irewire. he

)! interface >&ed a maEor problem in C computers.

In the early days, C computers were not built with lot of hardware,enabling the use of serial or parallel peripherals without hardware7saddressing problems. ut nowadays we use several peripherals andthis cause con8icts addressing among peripherals and other hardware.

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 @ou can use )! cables to connect most new devices to your computerincluding 8ash memory sticks, portable media players, internetmodems and digital cameras.

Computer accessories like mice, keyboards, webcams, portable hard-

drives, microphones, printers, scanners and speakers can also beconnected to the computer through )! ports. #dditionally, )! cablesare also used for charging a variety of gadgets including mobile phonesor for transferring data from one computer to another.

• USB 1.0; "eleased in Fanuary ?GGA.!peci>ed data rates of 1.5 Mbit/s (o!-Band!idt" and 1# Mbit/s ($%ll-Band!idt". 0oes not allow for e&tension cables or pass-through monitors (due to timing and power limitations. %ew suchdevices actually made it to market.

• USB 1.1; "eleased in !eptember ?GG'.

%i&ed problems identi>ed in ?.B, mostly relating to hubs. 1arliestrevision to be widely adopted.

• USB #.0; "eleased in #pril BBB.

#dded higher ma&imum bandwidth of &'0 Mbit/s (AB $2s (nowcalled i-S*eed. %urther modi>cations to the )! speci>cationhave been done via 1ngineering Change 6otices (1C6.

 he IEEE ;-<* interace1,ire$ire2 is a serial bus interface standard for high-speed communications and isochronous real-time datatransfer, frequently used by personal computers, as well as in digitalaudio, digital video and automotive with data transfer speeds up to

/BB $bps (megabits per second. he interface is also known by thebrand names of ,ire$ire (#pple, i=6IN>  (!ony, and 6yn5 ( e&asInstruments. %ire:ire is also available in wireless, >ber optic, andcoa&ial versions using the isochronous protocols.

7'A

*ne of the most common video connectors for computer monitors andhigh-de>nition 5s is the 54# cable. # standard 54# connector has ?-pins and other than connecting a computer to a monitor, you may alsouse a 54# cable to connect your laptop to a 5 screen or a proEector.

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Converter cables are lso available to let 54# monitors connect tonewer computers that only output <0$I or 05I signals. # smallervariant of 54#, $ini-54#, is available on some laptops but with thehelp of a converter, you can connect any standard 54# monitor to a$ini-54# port of your laptop.

D7I onitor Port

If you have purchased a computer in therecent past, chances are that it uses 05Iinstead of 54#. he new breed of HthinHlaptops use the smaller variants of 05I like the$ini-05I and $icro-05I (>rst seen in $acook#ir.

# 05I cable has G pins, though some connectors may have less pins

depending on their con>guration. 05Is video signal is compatible with<0$I, so a simple converter can allow a 05I monitor to receive inputfrom an <0$I cable.

#dditionally, 05I to 54# converters are also available for connect yournew graphics card to old monitor that supports only 54# mode.

S+7ideo

!-5ideo cables, otherwise known as !eparate 5ideo or !uper 5ideocables, carry analog video signals and are commonly used for

connecting 050 players, camcorders, older video consoles to thetelevision.

!tandard !-5ideo connectors are round in shape and may haveanywhere between /-G pins.

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?= Networ)in0 Re#ated Ca&#es

?=; + P%one R@;; Ca&#e

 he telephone cable, otherwise known as "F??, is

still used around the world for connecting to theInternet through 0!=2#0!= modems. # standardphone cable has / wires and the connector hasfour pins.

 he connector has a clip at the top to help maintain a tight connection.

?=. + Et%ernet Ca&#e

1thernet is the standard for wired networkingaround the world. he 1thernet cable, otherwise

known as "F/, is based on Cat twisted pair cableand is made from ' individual wires.

 he 1thernet connector, likewise, has ' pins and looks similar to aphone plug, but is actually thicker and wider. It too has a clip to helpmaintain a tight connection like a phone connector.

?=- + Coa5ia# Ca&#e

# type of wire that consists of a center wiresurrounded by insulation and then a grounded shield

of braided wire. he shield minimizes electrical andradio frequency interference.

Coa&ial cabling is the primary type of cabling used bythe cable television industry and is also widely usedfor computer networks, such as 1thernet. #lthough more e&pensivethan standard telephone wire, it is much lesssusceptible to interference and can carry much moredata.

?=* + ,i&er Optics

# technology that uses glass (or plastic threads(>bers to transmit data. # >ber optic cable consistsof a bundle of glass threads, each of which is capableof transmitting messages modulated onto lightwaves.

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OHS 1Occupationa# Hea#t% and Saety Procedures2

The following are the examples of OHS that is related to computer hardwareservicing.

1. Contingency measures during workplace accidents, fire and other emergencies are

recognized.

2. Personal protective equipment are correctly used in accordance with organization

O! procedures and practices.

". azard#risks in the workplace and their corresponding indicators are identified tominimize or eliminate risk to co$workers, workplace and environment.

%. &lways discharge 'ody(s static charge 'efore touching any part of the computer.

). *e careful with tools that may cause short circuit.

+. ake off any metal o'-ects on your arms or fingers such as 'racelets, rings orwatches.

. /ear ru''er sole shoes when standing on the ground or in a concrete floor.

0. ully shut down and unplug the computer 'efore you make any attempts todisassem'le the tower.

. 3eplace only fuses with those proper rating.

14. old the components 'y the edges and do not touch the 5C(s.

11. 3ead and follow instructions on the manual carefully.

12. 6o not use e7cessive force if things don(t quite slip into place?3. $ake sure your hands are completely dry to avoid damaging any

mechanical parts as well as to avoid electrocution.

Three most damaging things to a computer:

?. 8oisture 9sweat, drinking water:,

. !hock 9electric or from 'eing dropped:

3. 6ust 9any de'ris from household dust to 'its of food:.

/IOS

!hort for /asic Input3Output Syste!, the/IOS, RO /IOS, or Syste! /IOS  is a chiplocated on all motherboards  that containinstructions and setup for how your systemshould boot and how it operates. In the picture tothe right, is an e&ample of what a I*! chip maylook like on your computer motherboard.

 he I*! includes instructions on how to loadbasic computer hardware and includes a test referred to as a *! (+o!er OnSel, est)  that helps verify the computer meets requirements to boot up

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properly. If the computer does not pass the *!, you will receive acombination of beeps indicating what is malfunctioning within the computer.

 hree maEor brands of I*! chip

  1. AWARD BIOS

 2. IBM BIOS

 3. AMI BIOS

In !ost PCs" t%e /IOS %as * !ain unctions as !entioned &e#ow=

1. POST - est the computer hardware and make no errors e7ist 'efore loading theoperating system.

2. Bootstrap Loader - ;ocate the operating system. 5f a capa'le operating system is

located, the *5O! will pass control to it.". BOS drivers - ;ow level drivers that give the computer 'asic operational control

over your computer<s hardware.

%. BOS or !"OS Setup - Configuration program that allows you to configurehardware settings including system settings such as computer passwords, time,

and date.

POST A/Cs

 he computer  *o!er-on sel,-test ( +OS  ) tests the computer to make sure itmeets the necessary system requirements and that all hardware is workingproperly before starting the remainder of the boot process. If the computerpasses the *! the computer will have a single beep (!it" some com*%ter BOS man%,act%rers it may bee* t!ice as the computer starts and thecomputer will continue to start normally. <owever, if the computer fails the

*!, the computer will either not beep at all or will generate a beep code,which tells the user the source of the problem.

/EEP CODES& 'eep code is the audio signal given out 'y a computer to announce the result of a short

diagnostic testing sequence the computer performs when first powering up 9called thePower$On$!elf$est or PO!:.

=ach of the three ma-or *5O! 'rands has its own error code.

AI /IOS &eep codes 1A!erican e0atrends Inc=2

*eep Code 6escriptions1 short 63&8 refresh failure

2 short Parity circuit failure

" short *ase +%> 3&8 failure

% short !ystem timer failure

) short Process failure

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+ short >ey'oard controller ?ate &24 error 

short @irtual mode e7ception error 

0 short 6isplay memory 3ead#/rite test failure

short 3O8 *5O! checksum failure

14 short C8O! shutdown 3ead#/rite error 11 short Cache 8emory error 

1 long, " short Conventional#=7tended memory failure

1 long, 0 short 6isplay#3etrace test failed

I/ /IOS &eep codes

*eep Code 6escription

 Ao *eeps  Ao Power, ;oose Card, or !hort.

1 !hort *eep Aormal PO!, computer is ok.2 !hort *eep PO! error, review screen for error code.

Continuous *eep  Ao Power, ;oose Card, or !hort.

3epeating !hort *eep  Ao Power, ;oose Card, or !hort.

One ;ong and one !hort *eep 8other'oard issue.

One ;ong and wo !hort *eeps @ideo 98ono#C?& 6isplay Circuitry: issue.

One ;ong and hree !hort *eeps. @ideo 9=?&: 6isplay Circuitry.

hree ;ong *eeps >ey'oard or >ey'oard card error.

One *eep, *lank or 5ncorrect 6isplay @ideo 6isplay Circuitry.

A$ARD /IOS &eep codes

*eep Code 6escription

1 long, 2short

5ndicates a video error has occurred and the *5O! cannot initialize thevideo screen to display any additional information

&ny other

 'eep9s:

3&8 pro'lem.

!"OS

&lternatively referred to as a #eal-Time !loc$ %#T!&' (on-

)olatile #*" %()#*"& or !"OS #*", !"OS is short for 

!omplementar+ "etal-Oxide Semiconductor. C8O! is anon$'oard semiconductor chip powered 'y a C8O! 'attery

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inside computers that stores information such as the system time and date and the system

hardware settings for your computer. & C8O! is similar to the &pple  8acintosh

computer<s P3&8. 5n the picture to the right, is an image of a C8O! 'attery on a 5*8compati'le computers mother'oard and the most common C8O! 'attery you<re likely to

encounter with your computer.

5n the 'ottom right picture, are e7amples of 'atteries that may 'e used in a computer to

 power the C8O! memory. &s mentioned a'ove the most common 'attery is the coin cell 'attery 9lithium 'attery:, usually a'out the size of a B.!. Aickel.

he standard lifetime of a C8O! 'attery is around 14 ears. owever, this can vary

depending on the use and environment that the computer resides.

How to Enter t%e /IOS or COS Setup=

*ecause of the wide variety of computer and *5O! manufacturers over the evolution of

computers, there are numerous ways to enter the *5O! or C8O! !etup. *elow is alisting of the ma-ority of these methods as well as other recommendations for entering the

*5O! setup.

 Aew computers

hankfully, computers that have 'een manufactured in the last few years will allow you

to enter the C8O! 'y pressing one of the 'elow five keys during the 'oot. Bsually it<s

one of the first three.

• 1

• 2• 6=;

• =!C

• 14

& user will know when to press this key when they see a message similar to the 'elow

e7ample as the computer is 'ooting. !ome older computers may also display a flashing 'lock to indicate when to press the 1 or 2 keys.

Press D2E to enter *5O! setup

5f your computer is a new computer and you are unsure of what key to press when thecomputer is 'ooting, try pressing and holding one or more keys the key'oard. his will

cause a stuck key error, which may allow you to enter the *5O! setup.

Once you<ve successfully entered the C8O! setup you should see a screen similar to the

 'elow e7ample.

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Older computers

Bnlike the computers of today, older computers 9'efore 1): had numerous different

methods of entering the *5O! setup. *elow is a listing of general key sequences that may

have had to 'e pressed as the computer was 'ooting.

• C3; F &; F =!C

• C3; F &; F 5A!

• C3; F &; F =A=3 

• C3; F &; F !

• P&?= BP >=• P&?= 6O/A >=

File System

Sometimes abbreviated as FS, a file system is a method of organizing andretrieving files from a storage medium such as a hard drive. File systems usually

consist of files separated into groups called directories. Directories can contain filesor additional directories.

• The old FAT (File Allocation Table) file system was developed originally

(when the original I! "#s came out$ for !S%D&S on small machines and

floppy dis's.

File Allocation Table Variants:

• FAT12 The oldest File )llocation Table that uses *+%bit binary system.

) hard dis' drive formatted using F)T*+ can use a maimum of

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approimately *-,/-,+0- volume size and today is no longer used. Ifyour computer is running 1indows 20 or above and your F)T within

FDIS3 is being displayed as F)T*+ it is li'ely that your hard dis' driveis corrupted, bad or has a computer virus.

• FAT16: F)T utilizing a *-%bit binary system. #ommonly found with

1indows /. through 1indows 20. F)T*-, while becoming obsolete by

F)T/+, is still commonly found.

• FAT32: 4nhanced File )llocation Table utilizing a +5%bit binary system,

first used in 1indows 20 &S6+ and more so in 1indows 25, that savesdis' space by using 7' #luster. See F)T/+ "age for etended

information about F)T/+.

• NTFS is short for New Technology File System8 a file system that was

originally designed for 1indows 9T and today is supported in 1indows +:::,

1indows ;" and some <ni variant operating systems. 9TFS, when compared

to previous File Systems such as F)T*-, improves on reliability, security andsupport for client%server systems.

The file system used goes with an individual artition of the dis'. =ou can mi thetwo types on the same physical drive. The 1indows ;" operating system is the

same, whichever file system is used for its partition, so it is a mista'e (and source of confusion$ to spea' of >a F)T dis' reading an 9TFS partition.? It is the oerating

system! not the dis', that does the reading.

)ctual files are unaffected by which file system they are on8 that is merely a matterof a method of storage. )n analogy would be letters stored in an office. They might

be in bo%files on shelves (F)T$ or in suspended folders in file cabinets (9TFS$8 but

the letters themselves would be unaffected by the choice of which way to storethem, and could be moved from one storage place to the other. Similarly, files can bemoved between folders on an 9TFS partition and folders on a F)T partition, or across

a networ' to another machine that might not even be running 1indows.

"#A$%&": #onsider the downloading to your computer of a file through a lin' on a

web page. =ou clic' on the lin', and the file is copied across the Internet and storedon your hard drive. If you download the file from this present site, the file is stored

on a computer running <ni, which uses neither F)T nor 9TFS. The file itself is notaffected when it is copied from a 1indows computer to the <ni%based server, or

copied from that server to your 1indows%based computer.

@owever, if a machine has two different operating systems on it, dual booted, they

may not both be able to read both types of partition. D&S (including an 4mergencyStartup boot floppy$, 1indows 20A25, and 1indows !4 cannot handle 9TFS (without

third party assistance$. 4arly versions of 1indows 9T cannot handle F)T/+, onlyF)T*-. So, if you have such a mied environment, any communal files must be held

on a partition of a type that both operating systems can understand B meaning,usually, a F)T/+ partition.

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2. WHICH SYSTEM TO USE?

There are three considerations that affect which file system should be chosen for anypartition

a' o yo want to se the a**itional caabilities that only NTFS

sorts+

9TFS can provide control of file access by different users, for privacy and

security. The @ome 4dition of 1indows ;" only supports this to the limitedetent of 'eeping each userCs documents private to him or herself. Full file%

access control is provided in 1indows ;" "rofessional, as is encryption of

individual files and folders.

b' ,onsi*erations of Stability an* -esilience

9TFS has stronger means of recovering from troubles than does F)T. )llchanges to files are >ournalized,? which allows the system to roll bac' the

state of a file after a crash of the program using it or a crash of the system.)lso, the structure of the file system is less li'ely to suffer damage in a crash,

and is therefore more easily reinstated by #hec'Dis' (#@3DS3.4;4$. ut inpractical terms, the stability of F)T is adeEuate for many users, and it has the

benefit that a F)T partition is accessible for repair after booting from a D&Smode startup floppy, such as one from 1indows 25. If an 9TFS partition is so

damaged that it is not possible to boot 1indows, then repair can be verydifficult.

c' ,onsi*erations of economy an* erformance

&n the other hand 9TFS ta'es much more space for holding descriptive information

on every file in that fileCs own bloc' in the !aster File Table (!FT$. This can use Euitea large proportion of the dis', though this is offset by a possibility that the data of a

very small file may be stored entirely in its !FT bloc'. ecause 9TFS holdssignificant amounts of these structures in memory, it places larger demands on

memory than does F)T.

Searching directories in 9TFS uses a more efficient stucture for its access to files, sosearching a F)T partition is a slower process in big directories. Scanning the F)T for

the pieces of a fragmented file is also slower.

Co!puter /u0s and ,ou#+Up Ter!s'#itc%4  :henever the computer does something strange or

une&pected or behaves in a manner inconsistent with normaloperation, thats a glitc". 4litches happen to everyone. *ften, you failto notice a glitch unless it does something that directly a+ects whatyoure doing. %or e&ample, you dont notice a sound glitch until you tryto make your computer squawk. he sound may have not beenworking for weeks, but you notice it missing only when you otherwisewould e&pect it. !uch is the agony of the glitch.

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/u04 # b%g is an error in a computer program. 0espite the e+ort of thebest programmers, most computer software is riddled with bugs. ugsare what cause computer glitches. ad bugs can cause a computer tohang of crash.6ote that most of the worst bugs happen when you mi& two programs

together and they interact in some new and une&pected way. he termcomes from the early days of computing, when a real bug (moth gotstuck in the circuitry.Han04 a totally unresponsive computer is said to be "%ng, or "anged. @ou could also use the term ,roe though hang is the accepted termused by computer nerds for generations.Cras%4 ras" is another term for a dead computer J speci>cally, whathappens to a hard drive when it ceases operation. # crash is typicallymore sensational that a hang. "emember that a hung is a freeze. #crash is typically accompanied by spectacular warning messages orweird behavior (and may indicate more than Eust a dying hard drive. In

fact, a crashed computer may still be teasingly functional. *nly afoolhardy continue to use a crashed computer.Computers shouldnt crash. heyre not designed to. ut they do fortwo reasons.

•  he software has bugs in it.

•  here s an utter lack of cooperation

$%y do co!puters %ave &u0s(Its an accident, caused by an oversight on the part of the

programmer, sloppy programming, or lack of participation.In addition to bugs is the lack of cooperation issue. !oftware andhardware vendors can check their product in only certain Ccon>gurations. he computer is a device thats not designed to crush, but through theodd chance of software bug or some weird software-hardware mi&ture,it does crash.

Usin0 t%e >ey&oard in $indows w%en t%e ouse Doesnt $or) :indows need a mouse, so if you cant get your mouse to work,

you need to rely on the keyboard to >nish up whatever task you have

to be done. <ere are some handy key combinations you can use inplace of some mouse techniques;Ctr# B S4 !aves a document to disk.Esc4 Cancels a dialog bo&9 closes some windows.Enter4 0oes the same thing as pressing *K, or default,L in a dialogbo&.Ta&4 $oves between a various gizmo in a dialog bo&. ry using thearrow keys or space bar to active the gizmos.

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A#t B ,*4 Closes a window.$in1t%e $indow >ey24 can be used to pop up the !tart $enu. @oucan then use the arrow keys and enter to select items from the menu.Ctr# B Esc4 ops up the start menu when you have an older keyboardwithout a windows key. 

*R 1Reinsta##" Restore" Recyc#e and Recover2

REINSTA66

#lso referred to as re#oad, reinsta## is the process of installing asoftware program over the version that is already installed. his step iscommonly performed when a program has worked in the past but nowis e&periencing issues that cannot be resolved. o reinstall a softwareprogram or operating system install the program the same way you didin the past. If prompted about the program or directory alreadye&isting choose continue to overwrite.

RESTORE

Usin0 Syste! Restore he !ystem "estore utility in :indows is an e&cellent way to

recover from Eust about any mishap, but speci>cally it works best forthose it-was-working-yesterday situations. :ith !ystem "estore, youcan turn the clock on your entire computer system - yes, back to thegood old days when things were working normally.

!ystem "estore )tility works by setting various restore points. #restore point is a record of your computers settings.

In windows vista, restore points are set regularly, #t least once aday. # restore point is also set when you install new software orwhenever :indows updates itself. ut can also optionally set your ownrestore points.Settin0 a restore point

?. Click the !tart utton. In "un or !earch te&tbo& type !scon03. %rom the !ystem Con>guration )tility :indow, Click 6aunc%

Syste! Restore utton/. he !ystem "estore :indow will appear, select the Create a

restore point option then click ne&t.

. 1nter "estore point description then click create.

Restorin0 our Syste!?. Click the !tart utton. In "un or !earch te&tbo& type !scon03. %rom the !ystem Con>guration )tility :indow, Click 6aunc%

Syste! Restore utton

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/. he !ystem "estore :indow will appear, select the Restore !y

pc to an ear#ier ti!e option then click ne&t.. !elect a restore point then click ne&t.A. Click ne&t and watch your computer restoring itself.

RECC6ERestorin0 ro! t%e Recyc#e /in

 o ease the panic that sets in when you cant >nd a >le, you needto do two things; %irst, use the !earch Command to try to locate the>le9 second, check the "ecycle in to see whether the >le wasaccidentally deleted;

;= Open t%e Recyc#e /in icon on t%e des)top=If the recycle bin icon cannot be found on the desktop, open a

:indows 1&plorer window (press :inM1 on the Keyboard and

choose the recycle in from the list of folders displayed on the

left side of the window.

.= C%oose Detai#s ro! t%e too#&ars 7iew &utton !enu he "ecycle in window, displays information about deleted >les

in several columns; 6ame, *riginal =ocation, 0ate 0eleted, and

!ize. )se the column headings to help you quickly locate >les

you have deleted, as covered in the sections that follows.

•  o recover a deleted >le, click it and choose the toolbar

button titled "estore his Item.

•  o recover more than one >le, press the Ctrl key and hold it

down as you click the >les you want to restore.

• %iles are restored to their original location. o restore a >le

to another location, you must drag it down to the desired

folder.

•  @ou cannot restore >les that were deleted using the

shiftM0elete Keystroke.

RECO7ER

 erm used to describe the process of restoring a >le that has beendeleted.