1 FCE by Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 11 if ... Zero First Second Third General truth you freeze water, it becomes ice. Possibilities in the present or in the future If it's sunny, we'll go for a walk. Imaginary Present or Unlikely Fut If we won the lottery, we would travel around the world. Imaginary Past If I had known your phone, I would have called.
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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 11
if ...ZeroFirst
Second
Third
General truth
If you freeze water, it becomes ice.
Possibilities in the present or in the future
If it's sunny, we'll go for a walk.
Imaginary Present or Unlikely Future
If we won the lottery, we would travel around the world.
2nd - The structure of a second conditional sentence (Imaginary Present or Unlikely Future)
if clause main clause
The Second Conditional expresses a hypothesis in present and can be used to talk about imaginary present situations, where we are imagining something different from what is really the case. We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen, as the condition is unlikely to be met. We use the past simple in the condition part and would /could or might + bare infinitive for the result.
If I had money, I would buy a better car
if clause if + subject + past simple verb
main clause subject + would + base verb (bare infinitive)
We use different verb forms in each part of a second conditional:
→ but I don’t have money, so won’t buy it. present future
Complete the sentences with the correct verb. In the sentences where both was/were are possible, use were:
ACTIVITY with the SECOND CONDITIONAL:
(a) If Peter ____ (not/watch) so many horror films, he ____ (not/be) scared of the dark. (b) If Peter ____ (be) braver, he ____ (not/feel) frightened of thunder and lightning.(c) If Peter ____ (not/spend) so much time playing video games, he ____ (get) better grades at
school.(d) If Peter ____ (eat) healthier food, he ____ (not/be) ill so often.(e) If he ____ (not/be) ill so often, he ____ (not/miss) so many classes.(f) If his parents ____ (not/allow) him to drink so much coke, he ____ (sleep) much better.(g) If Peter ____ (sleep) better at night, he ____ (start) his day with more energy.(h) If he ____ (start) his day with more energy, he ____ (do) many more things.(i) If Peter ____ (practise) a sport, he ____ (keep) fit and healthy.(j) If he ____ (keep) fit and healthy, he ____ (feel) more confident.(k) If he ____ (feel) more confident, his self-esteem ____ (increase).(l) If his self-esteem ____ (increase), he ____ (not/have) so many problems to sleep at night.
1. Complete the following sentences with the THIRD CONDITIONAL. Use contractions for the negative verbs:
(a) If Roberto _____ (not/lose) his job as a salesman in Madrid, he ____ (not/move) to Barcelona.(b) If he _____ (not/move) to Barcelona, he ____ (not/find) a job in Sara’s company.(c) If he ____ (not/find) a job in Sara’s company, he ____ (not/meet) Sara.(d) If he ____ (not/meet) Sara, they ____ (not/fall) in love.(e) If they ____ (not/fall) in love, they ____ (not/marry).
(1) If the weather had been better yesterday, …
2. Choose the correct ending for the following sentences:
(a) we had gone to the lake (b) we'd have gone to the lake (c) we'd had gone to the lake.
(2) If Julia had arrived on time last night, …
(a) we would have watched a film together. (b) we had watched a film together (c) we could watch a film together.
(3) If I had studied more for my exams, …
(b) my grades would be better. (b) my grades would have been better (c) my grades had been better.
(4) We would have had a wonderful weekend …
(a) if it hadn't begun to rain (b) if it hadn't began to rain (c) if it would have begun to rain.
5. The party would have been more fun …(a) if my parents hadn't decided to stay (b) wouldn't have decided to stay (c) would have decided to stay.
(a) hadn’t lost / wouldn’t have moved(b) hadn’t moved / wouldn’t have found(c) hadn’t found / wouldn’t have met(d) hadn’t met / wouldn’t have fallen(e) hadn’t fallen / wouldn’t have married
1. Complete the following sentences…
2. Choose the correct ending
1 (b)2 (a)3 (b)4 (a)5 (a)
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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 11
1. If they ______ (find) your bag, they _____ (give) it back to you at once I am sure of that.
2. Probably, you left your bag somewhere else. If they ____ (find) it, they ____ (give) it back to you at once when you asked for it.
3. If they _____ (find) your bag, they _____ (give) it back to you at once but I am not sure that you left it there.
4. If Mary ____ (find) anything on the street, she always _____ (take) it to the lost and found office.
5. I bought an expensive toaster yesterday. If I ____ (not/buy) it I ____ (not/spend) so much money.
6. Although, I can make very tasty breakfast now. If ____ (not/buy) it yesterday, I ____ (not/be) able to cook tasty breakfast tomorrow.
7. I ____ (try) out some new recipes from the book that came along with the toaster, unless I ____ (forget) to buy all the ingredients at the store today.
8. When people ____ (buy) something new, no matter if it is a jumper, a car, or a toaster, they ____ (use) it continually for a while, and then sometimes forget about it.
9. If I ____ (have) some free time, but I am extremely busy, I ____ (go) to the shopping center.
10. When John ____ (arrive) home, his dog always ____ (run) to greet him.
0,1,2,3 conditionals, mixedFill in the gaps with the suitable conditionals:
□ If he had known it was your birthday, you would now have a nice bunch of flowers. 3rd Cond. 2nd Cond.□ If he comes to the party tomorrow, he would bring a nice bunch of flowers. 1st Cond. 2nd Cond. □ If he loved you, he would have given you a nice bunch of flowers already. 2nd Cond. 3rd Cond.
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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 11
ANSWERS
1. find / will give (= 1st Cond.)
2. had found / would have given (3rd Cond.)
3. found / would give (2nd Cond.)
4. finds / takes (0 Cond.)
5. hadn't bought / wouldn't have spent (3rd Cond.)
6. hadn't bought / wouldn't be (3rd and 2nd Cond.)
7. will try / forget ( = 1st Cond.)
8. buy / use (0 Cond.)
9. had / would go (2nd Cond)
10. arrives / runs (0 Cond.)
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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 11
Alternative words for if.
Practice Rewrite the sentences replacing if with the most appropriate conjunction:
I understand. I can go out if I come
back by midnight. Am I Cinderella?
Ok. You can go out as long as you’re back by midnight
Examples: □ He hasn’t made this cake. - Neither have we. □ I can't play tennis. - I can't either.□ They don't like coffee. - Nor do I.
B. DISAGREEMENTSUJECTO + AUXILIARY (positive / negative)
Examples: I like studying English. - I don't. I didn't studied for the exam. - I did.
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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 11
Expression Example
both … and … I like both cats and dogs.
so Jane likes cats. So do I.
not … either Jane doesn't like cats. I don't like cats either.
either … or … Jane either has a cat or a dog.
neither/nor Jane doesn't like cats. Neither do I./Nor do I.
neither … nor …
I like neither cats nor dogs.
Agreement: □ So + auxiliary verb + subject (with positive sentences) e.g. I am a student. So, am I. □ Neither + auxiliary verb + subject (with negative sentences) e.g. I am not a doctor. Neither, am I.
□ Neither ... nor (conjunction to join two phrases): e.g.: The coat was neither cheap nor nice.
REMEMBER!! As “neither” and “none” are already negative, we don’t use any auxiliary + not in a negative sentence.EXAMPLES:Neither of them didn’t see the movie. → Neither of them saw the film.None of us doesn’t speak Chinese. → None of us speaks Chinese. [None = not one]
● Notice that both of these sentences could be considered correct: None of us speaks Chinese. (= Not one); None of us speak Chinese. (Not any = neither you nor me speak) subject subject
1. Complete the following with the correct form of agreement:
1. like milk. ___________2. I can't drive a bus. _________3. I am a good student. _________4. I ate pizza yesterday. __________5. I have got a lot of friends. _________6. I didn't go to the cinema last month. __________7. I don't like oranges. _________
2. Complete the following with the correct form of agreement using the words given: e.g. I like pizza. (Julia) —> So, does Julia.
1. I can play tennis. (Jerry) 2. I love chocolate. (my brother) 3. I am tall. (my friends) 4. I haven't done my homework. (Sue) 5. I don't like loud music. (my neighbour) 6. We can't speak Italian. (our friends)
3. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of disagreement using the word given:e.g. They went on holiday to Spain. (We) —> We, didn’t.
1. I like coffee with lots of sugar. (my sister) 2. They have finished their work. (we) 3. I don't understand German. (my friends) 4. I went to the cinema yesterday. (Peter) 5. She'll wake up very early on Sunday. (her mother)6. He won't go to Peter's party. (his girlfriend and I)7. They can't speak English. (my students)
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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 11
EndEnd EndEnd
1. Complete the following with the correct form of agreement.1. So do I.2. Neither can I.3. So am I.4. So did I. 5. So have I. 6. Neither did I. 7. Neither do I.
2. Complete the following with the correct form of agreement using the words given. e.g. I like pizza. (Julia) —> So, does Julia.
1. So does Jerry. 2. So does my brother.3. So are my friends. 4. Neither has Sue.5. Neither do my neighbour. 6. Neither can our friends. / Our friends either. / Nor our friends.
ANSWER
3. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of disagreement using the word given: e.g. They went on holiday to Spain. (We) —> We, didn’t.
1. My sister doesn't.2. We haven't. 3. My friends do.4. Peter didn't. 5. Her parents won't.6. His girlfriend and I will.7. My students can.