FCE 346_2014_Unit_1 - Lecture Slides

FCE 346 - Transportation Engineering I

PM Osano2013/2014 SEMESTER II

Department of Civil & Construction Engineering

University of Nairobi

FCE 346, 2013/2014 Semester II PM Osanocivil.uonbi.ac.ke

Welcome to Lecture on FCE 346-Transportation Engieering I

Lecture Information

FCE 346FCE 346--Transportation Engineering ITransportation Engineering IPM OsanoPM Osano

Mondays 1400-1600HRS & Thursdays 0900-1100HRS, Civil Eng. Block, Room CB232A

Course materials will be available via individual e-mails(Group Mail)

Contact Hours: 45

Examination: - CAT(20%), Course Work(10%), Final(70%), - Pass Mark(40%)- Final Examination is Closed Book

References: Various

Course Objectives


Act as an introduction to the subsequent courses in transportation engineering;

Students will be expected:

- to appreciate the role of transportation engineering and the issues and challenges therein,

- to understand the fundamentals of Traffic Engineering and conduct simple calculations of volume, speed and concentration,

- to understand the concept of highway capacity and level of service

- to understand issues of road user characteristics and road safety

- to understand transportation engineering as a component urban and regional planning

Course Outline


Unit 1: Introduction to Transportation Engineering1.1 Principles and objectives of Transportation.1.2 Modes of transportation1.3 Role of transportation in society; economic, social,

political and environmental1.4 Careers in Transportation Engineering1.5 Issues and Challenges in Transportation Engineering

Unit 2: Traffic Engineering2.1 Introduction to Traffic Engineering2.2 Traffic volume, speed and concentration2.3 Traffic Survey procedures and Data Collection2.4 Traffic regulations

Unit 3: Highway Design3.1 Highway capacity3.2 Highway level of service

Course Outline


Unit 4: Road User Characteristics and Road Safety4.1 Vehicles, driver and pedestrian characteristics4.2 Road user psychological traits4.3 Road safety

Unit 5: Introduction to urban and regional planning5.1 Elements of urban planning5.2 Elements of regional planning5.3 Transportation planning in the context of urban and regional planning

Unit 6: Practical works6.1 Traffic volume6.2 Speed surveys

Unit 1: Introduction to Transportation Engineering


Unit 1: Introduction to Transportation Engineering1.1 Principles and objectives of Transportation1.2 Modes of transport1.3 Role of transportation in society, economic, social,



Principles and objectives of Transportation

Transportation Engineering(Definition)

Transportation engineering is the application of technology and scientific principlesto the planning, functional design, operation, and management of facilities for anymode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable,convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people andgoods…….Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)



Traffic Engineering(Definition)

Traffic engineering is that phase of transportation engineering which deals with theplanning, geometric design and traffic operations of roads, streets, and highways,their networks, terminals, abutting lands, and relationships with other modes oftransportation…….Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)


Principles and objectives of TransportationTasks and Objectives of Transportation Planning

Planning: the objective-oriented preparation of measures which shall influence theprocess of transport,

Design: the development of the alignment and structural layout of transport facilities,

Operation: the management and control of the current traffic situation.


Principles and objectives of TransportationObjectives of transport

Should allow citizens to participate in social, economical, cultural and politicalevents by providing opportunities for travel, and

Should ensure economic processes by providing opportunities for transportinggoods and services.


Principles and objectives of TransportationTransport and Mobility

Transport is defined as the movement of persons, goods, data, energy and water.

Persons: Movements of persons become necessary, if an activity cannot beperformed at the same location as the previous activity.

Goods: Movements of goods are required during the production processes whenactivities relating to these goods cannot be performed at the same location.

Data: Movements of information and messages forwarded from a sender to areceiver.

Energy/Water: Movements of energy and water between generator and consumer.


Principles and objectives of TransportationDifference between Transport and Mobility

Transport comprises the set of all movements in the transport network,

Mobility describes the possibility and ability of single individuals to move.

Transport mobility; the possibility to participate in activities requiring travelling.

Every citizen should be offered the possibility to participate in social, economic,cultural and political activities.

Thus the main quality criterion for mobility is not the distance covered but the numberof activities an individual takes part in.


Principles and objectives of TransportationTypes of mobility


Principles and objectives of TransportationIndicators for quantification of mobility and transport

Indicators of mobility always refer to a single person,

Indicators of transport refer to the network of an area.

Indicator Mobility Transportnumber of trips[trips/time unit]

trip rate:total number of trips of a person per

time unit

trip production:number of all trips in an area per

time unit

distance travelled[person-kilometre/time unit]

trip distance budget:total distance of all trips of a person

per time unit(individual distance travelled)

transport performance :product of trip distance and

number of trips in an area per time unit

(total distance travelled)

time spent[person-hours/time unit]

trip time budget:total time of all trips of a person per

time unit(individual time spent)

transport time expenditure :product of trip time and numberof trips in an area per time unit

(total time spent)


Principles and objectives of TransportationTransport Supply

Includes all elements that are of importance for the movement of a traveller.

Such elements are:

the networks of the carrier systems; road, rail, water and air with thecorresponding transfer points and the facilities for parking,

the line route network and the timetables of public transport,

the traffic control systems (traffic light signals, traffic guidance systems),

the means of transport (vehicles) operating on these networks,

the costs of travelling, consisting of vehicle costs (acquisition costs, vehicle tax),fuel costs, fares, tolls and parking fees.


Principles and objectives of TransportationMeans of Transport

The vehicles operating on the transport network.

non-motorized means of transport: e.g. walk(does not require a technical aid),bike.

motorized means of transport: e.g. motorbike, car, HGV, LRT

Means of transport have specific characteristics normally limiting the vehicles toa certain part of the network, i.e. one carrier system (road, rail, water, air).

Means of transport operate either as private transport or public transportvehicles.



Transport System

The transport supply consists of several transport systems.

A transport system is defined by combining a means of transport with a typeof operation (private or public).

Examples of private transport systems (PrT) are: car, HGV, bike, walk.

Examples of public transport systems (PuT) are: bus, LRT, underground,regional train, long-distance train, aircraft.


Principles and objectives of TransportationConnection between type of operation, carrier system(mode) and transport system in person transport.

Type of OperationPrivate Transport Public Transport

Car

rier S

yste

m/M

ode Road

Pedestrian Shared TaxiBike Bus

MotorbikeCarTaxi

Private CoachStreetcar/Tram

RailLRT

UndergroundRegional Train

Long-distance TrainWater Yatch Ferry

Air Private Jet Aircraft


Principles and objectives of TransportationComponents of a transport system and Their Interaction


Principles and objectives of TransportationComponents of a transport system

(a) people, including pedestrians and riders;

(b) vehicles/means: methods of moving people and goods from one node toanother along a link.

(c) parking facilities, terminals and other passenger transfer locations: the nodewhere travel and shipment begins, ends or transfers is considered as a terminal.

(d) routes/links, including roads and intersections: roadways or tracks connectingtwo or more points/nodes.

(e) Management and Operations: coordination of items (a) to (d), construction,management, and maintenance of the links, vehicles, terminals, and the set ofprocedures to operate and control the traffic flow on links and in terminals.


Principles and objectives of TransportationTravel Demand

The travel demand describes the quantity of movements of travellers or goodswithin a time interval.

To survey and describe the spatial and temporal features of a movement thefollowing differentiation can be made:

trip leg: movement with one means of transport between two points in thenetwork.

trip: movement between two activity locations with one or more means oftransport.

trip chain: sequence of trips starting and ending at home.

tour: sequence of trips starting and ending at the same location.


Principles and objectives of TransportationDevelopment of Transport

The development of transport results from an increasing division of labour and

From the fact that more and more people can afford motorised private transport.Thika Road Before Upgrading




From the fact that more and more people can afford motorised private transport.

Thika Road After Upgrading




From the fact that more and more people can afford motorised private transport.

Thika Road After Upgrading


Principles and objectives of TransportationFactors Responsible for Rapid Development in Transport Supply and Demand

specialization within the production chain,

increase of real incomes in many countries ,

growing rate of motorization,

expansion of transport networks and mobility services,

decline of costs for the participation in transport,


Principles and objectives of TransportationDimensions of change in transportation system

Change in public values: Earlier all beneficiaries of a system was monolithicallyconsidered as users.

Now, not one system can be beneficial to all, only target groups like rich, poor,young, work trip, leisure etc.

Changes in demand: When the population, income, and land-use patternchanges, the pattern of demand changes; both in the amount and spatialdistribution of that demand.


Principles and objectives of TransportationDimensions of change in transportation system

Changes in the technology: Earlier (bus transit and rail transit) were consideredfor urban transportation.

Now new systems like LRT, MRTS

Change in operational policy: Variety of policy options designed to improve theefficiency, such as incentive for car-pooling, bus fare, road tolls etc.


Principles and objectives of TransportationMajor disciplines of transportation

Transportation Planning: involves the development of a transport model which willaccurately represent both the current as well as future transportation system.

Geometric Design: deals with physical proportioning of other transportationfacilities; the cross-sectional features, horizontal alignment, vertical alignment andintersections.


Principles and objectives of TransportationMajor disciplines of transportation

Pavement Design: Involves structural and functional design.

structural design ensures the pavement has enough strength to withstand theimpact of loads,

functional design emphasizes on the riding quality, and the drainage designprotects the pavement from damage due to water infiltration.

Traffic Engineering: engineering applications for design, operation and systemoptimization



Other important disciplines:

Public Transportation

Financial and economic analysis

Accident analysis and reduction

Environmental impact assessment

Railway engineering

Port and Harbor engineering

Airport engineering, and

Intelligent transport system: use of computers, communication, and vehicletechnology; offers better mobility, efficiency, and safety with the help of the state-of-the-art-technology.


Principles and objectives of TransportationImportance of Transportation

Makes available raw materials to manufacturers or producers.

Makes available goods to customers

Enhances standard of living

Emergencies and natural calamities: movement of personnel and operationsupplies

Labour mobility

Helps in bringing nation(s) together, social values.

Employment creation





Modes of transportation



The modes of transport connect the transport supply with the travel demand

One transport mode connects one or more transport systems required for a trip

Three main types:

Water Transport

Air Transport

Land Transport

Other Modes of Transport:

Cable Transport

Space Transport

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(Drone)


Charateristics of Water Transport

Mainly for freight

Speed; low

Accessibility; low

Capacities; extremely high

Capital cost; vessels’ is high

Operating costs(OP); OP per ton-km are extremely low.

Environmental impacts; are low, except for water pollution.



Charateristics of Air Transport

Includes commercial airlines, airfreight carriers, and private aircraft.

Mostly carry products/freights of high value

Speed; high

Accessibility; limited.

Capacities; (individual aircrafts) are moderate.

Productivity; high due to the very high speeds.

Capital and operating costs; quite high for the commercial air system , Highproductivity results in moderate costs per passenger.

Environmental impacts; are significant, especially noise, much less concern thanthose of the highway system.



Charateristics of Land Transport: Means of Land Transport

Road Transport Rail Transport Pipeline Transport

Man Driven Animal Driven Motor Driven Passenger Trains Pipes

Human Head/Back Animal Drawn Carts Motor Cycle Goods TrainMan Drawned Carts Animal Car

Push Carts Van BusBicycle



Charateristics of Land Transport: Road Transport

Accessibility; very high

Convinience; direct service

Speeds; moderate

Capacities; moderate

Operating costs; relatively high

Environmental impacts; high-air pollution and noise.



Charateristics of Land Transport: Rail Transport

Speeds; moderate

Levels of accessibility; moderate

Investment and Maintenance Costs; are heavy for physical facilities

Operating costs; per ton-km are low

Energy efficiency; comparatively high

Environmental impacts; comparatively low

Rail transport has become increasingly specialized in bulk cargo transport

Passenger rail trips are of short to intermediate length, and are confined to a fewhigh density corridors.



Charateristics of Land Transport: Urban Rail Transport Hierarchy

German S-Banh System

London Underground

Level 1-Metro/Commuter Rail/Sub-way/Underground

New York Metro SystemNairobi Commuter Rail




Stuttgart U-Banh System-LRT

Level 2-Light Rail Transit(LRT)

New LRT in Toyoma-Japan

LRT in Adelaide-Australia LRT in Changchun-China




Street Car

Level 3-Street Car/Tram

Moscow Tram

Tram-Berlin, Germany Trams in Amsterdam



Other Modes of Transport


London Cable Car

NASA Space Craft

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Shanghai Maglev Train


Modal Trip Characteristics

Unimodal trip; the use of only transport systems of one type of operation

Intermodal trip; requires transport systems with different types of operation

Intramodal trip; transfers between vehicles of one mode







Economic role of transportation Economics involves production, distribution and consumption of goods andservices.

Supply Range and Price of goods; Transport extends the range of sources ofsupply of goods to be consumed in an area, making it possible for user to getresources at cheap price and high quality.

Supply Quantity; The use of more efficient systems of supply results in anincrease in the total amount of goods available for consumption.


Social role of transportation Formation of settlements; e.g at a port, or an intersection of trade routes e.g.Mombasa, Nairobi and Kisumu,

Influences the size and pattern of settlements; the increased speed of transport andreduction in the cost of transport have resulted in variety of spatial patterns.

Growth of urban centers; the development of automobiles, and other factors likeincrease in personal income, and construction of paved road network, the settlementswere transformed into urban centers of intense travel activity.


Political role of transportation

Administration of an area; The government of an area must be able to send/getinformation to/about its people.

Political choices in transport; may be classified as communication, militarymovement, travel of persons and movement of freight. The primary function oftransportation is the transfer of messages and information.


Environmental role of transportation Safety; the rapid growth of personal vehicles and poor infrastructure, road design,and law enforcement has resulted in growing accident rate. Air Pollution; The combustion of the fuels releases several contaminants into theatmosphere, including carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and otherparticulate matter such as aerosols, smoke, and dust particles.

Noise Pollution; Noise is generated during both construction and operation.

Energy Consumption; Transportation sector is believed to consume more than halfof the petroleum products.



Unit 1: Introduction to Transportation Engineering1.1 Principles and objectives of Transportation.1.2 Modes of transportation1.3 Role of transportation in society, economic, social,


Careers in Transportation Engineering


Be a City Traffic Engineer /Transportation Manager, Traffic Engineering Consultant, Design Traffic Signal, Striping or Traffic Control Plans

Design Freeways, Mass Transit, Ports, Rail or Street Projects

Design High Tech Intelligent Transportation Systems

Work in/Operate a Traffic Management Center

Conduct Traffic & Parking Studies

Become a Professor (Need Master’s Degree +)

Work at a Research Facility, Invent New Innovative Products/Devices

Manage Large or Small Projects

Run Your Own Engineering Business



Unit 1: Introduction to Transportation Engineering1.1 Principles and objectives of Transportation.1.2 Role of transportation in society, economic, social,

political and environmental1.3 Modes of transportation1.4 Careers in Transportation Engineering1.5 Issues and Challenges in Transportation Engineering

Issues and Challenges in Transportation Engineering


1. Traffic Safety

Traffic accidents results in fatalities, injuries, and physical damage.

Trends in Road Traffic Deaths in Kenya(1970-2006)



Road traffic death rates (per 100 000) in Africa in 2010

http://www.samj.org.za/

2118



1. Traffic Safety

Solution:

Traffic system management (TSM).

Intelligent transportation system



2. Traffic Congestion

Occurs when demand exceeds the supply capacity of the transportation system

Most times the solution is not to increase the capacity of the transport system but use on traffic management strategies

Common Solutions:

‒ Intelligent transportation system

‒ Traffic system management (TSM

Traffic congestion in Nairobi costs Kenya Sh.50m per day (http://www.kenyaforum.net/2012)



3. Equality of Access

Accessibility is influenced by several factors, key among them are:

a. Transportation Options/Transport Diversity; refer to the quantity and quality oftransport modes and services available in a particular situation.

Implications:

Improving transport options tends to improve accessibility. Improvements caninclude increased convenience, speed, comfort, affordability, security, userinformation and prestige.

Destinations served by more modes or better quality service tend to have betteraccess.




b. Affordability; means that user financial costs of transport are not excessive,particularly for basic access.

Implications:

Affordability affects accessibility.

Affordability is a problem for lower-income workers.

Affordability can be improved by reducing user costs (vehicle purchase costs,fuel prices, transit fares, etc.), by improving more affordable modes (such aswalking, cycling and public transit), and by increasing land use accessibility.

Location affects transport affordability. Lower-income residents in automobile-dependent locations tend to spend an excessive portion of their income ontransport.




c. Land Use Pattern: A more accessible land use pattern means that less mobility isneeded to reach activities and destinations.

Implications:

Increased density and clustering of activities tends to increase accessibility.

Shorter travel distances can improve transport options (particularly walking).

Accessibility From A Crossroads

Locating at a crossroads reducestravel requirements, increasingaccessibility



4. Environmental Protection/Sustainability

Large-scale impacts; Occur within the entire transport system and impacts on airquality, energy consumption, and land use

Small-scale impacts ; Occur within a transportation facilities and activities andleads to; for example displacement of residents and businesses, noise, impacts onwater quality, visual impacts



5. New Technology

Vehicle Technology: new types of physical facilities, control systems and vehicles-affects vehicle interaction with other transport facility users.

Electric Mobility; Cars

Segway Human Transporter

Driverless Car-Made in Germany

Two-wheeledself-balancingpersonaltransport



5. New Technology

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)/Telematics;

Telematics = Telecommunication & Informatics; registration, transmission, andanalysis of traffic related information.

Automatic road enforcement Variable speed limits



5. New Technology

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)/Telematics; The intelligence may begenerated by the rules set e.g.,

Detection of traffic state: if traffic volume > 30 vehicles/km and speed < 30 km/hthen congestion

Road Corridor control systems: if traffic volume high and truck share high thenno-passing sign for trucks



Importance of ITS Use in Transport

Improving traffic flow: Signalized junction controls can improve traffic flow and reduceair pollution

Improving road safety: Enforcement cameras deter speeding and discourage runningtraffic lights

Improving security and reducing crime: Close circuit television can deter crime andimprove response time to incidents



Importance of ITS Use in Transport

Improving public transport: Operators can improve their services by having accurateinformation on the location and progress of vehicles

Improving freight efficiency: Improved traffic flow and more accurate positioninginformation will result in faster and more reliable movement of goods

Improving the environment: Reduced congestion, a more efficient transport networktogether with better informed and more sustainable transport choices can help totackle climate change



6. Funding

Challenge of securing sufficient funding for major transport projects

Infrastructure owners have resorted to user charges, such as fuel taxes, tollse.t.c., to bridge funding gap left by development institutions



7. Institutional Arrangements

Transport infrastructure ownership and management structure is a big challenge

In the Kenyan context; Ownership row between National Government andCounty Government on jurisdiction of County roads. KeRRa or County gvt?

The involvement of the private sector in the funding, operation and managementof transport infrastructure is still a challenge



General Trends In Urban Transport Sector

Very rapid increase in motorization: urban motor vehicle ownership and usage isgrowing even faster than the urban population

Substantial increases in traffic congestion: ownership and usage of cars isgrowing much faster than the ability to provide road space and alternative means ofcoping with the problem

Relative decline of public transport usage and services




Shift from new road construction to intensive management of urban roadnetworks and improved public transit

Rapid introduction of Intelligent Transport Systems

Potential for better acceptance and deployment of demand managementtechniques such as restricted parking in the CBD and high parking charges




Conversion of public transport terminals into commercial areas, where basicpublic services are also to be found for example the new railway stations in Nairobi

Emergence of eco-cities such as TatuCity and SiliconSavana with a strongemphasis on modern public transport where walking and cycling is not an occasionalchance, but where they are properly planned for and supported

Shift from public to private sector provision of services and facilities: as a result ofthe relative inefficiency of the public sector in providing urban transport services

FCE 346, 2013/2014 Semester II PM Osanocivil.uonbi.ac.ke

End of Unit 1: Introduction to Transportation Engineering

FCE 346_2014_Unit_1 - Lecture Slides

Documents

transportation engineering1

transportation planning

transportation engineeringfce

transportation engineeringunit

traffic engineering2

traffic volume6

traffic regulationsunit

road safety4