Fawaaid ( in english )

ETERNALLY USEFUL LESSONS IN 'ARABIC SYNTAX (al-Fawaid as-Samadiyyah) by The Illustrious Shaikh Baha ad-Deen Muhammad Ibn al-Husain Ibn Abdus-Samad al-'Amili Known As Shaikh al-Bahai B. 953 HQ/1546 CE -D. 1030 HQ/1621 CE fvA fAA ZA BA fvA fJ I nZA I fZ VA cr BJA crBI jA .- ... ,:.. ETERNALLY USEFUL LESSONS IN 'ARABIC SYNTAX (al-Fawaid as-Samadiyyah) by The Illustrious Shaikh Muhammad Ibn al-Husain Ibn 'Abdus-Samad al-'Amili Known As Shaikh al-Bahai (B. 953 HQ/1546 CE -D. 1030 HQ/1621 CE ) Translation and Commentary by'Ali 'Abdur-Rasheed 2008 Ali Abdur-Rasheed [email protected] Madani E-Publications All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced for publication without the express,written consent of the author. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction11.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....PART ONE: The Text ('Arabic) 19..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....PART TWO: The Text, Translation & Commentary 49.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....Author's Preface50.. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....FIRST CHAPTER 52..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....1.0 The First Garden: Kalimah, Bina & I'rab ( ) 53LAjA ,FJA ,A. ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....1.0 Definition of Nahw, Kalimah & Kalam ( ) 53A A ZA jM. ..... ..... .. ..... ..... ..... ..... .....1.1 Explanation: Kalimah 56. ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....1.2 Sub-Division: Concrete & Abstract Noun ( ) 64A A mG. ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... .....1.3 Clarification The Definite & Indefinite Noun ( ) 66jA jA. ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... .....1.4 Clarification: Genuine & Literal Feminine Noun ( ) 73A ZA SA. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....1.5 The Last Subdivision The Verb 74. ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....1.6 Information: Construction Of The Verb 78. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....1.7 A Lesson: I'rab & Bina ( ) 82FJA LAjA. ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....1.8 Explanation: Signs Of The Nominative State( ) 86jA . ..... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... .....1.9 Completion: Signs Of The Accusative State ( ) 99KvA . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....1.10 Explanation: Signs Of The Genitive State ( ) 103jVA ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....1.11 Estimation of I'rab ( ) 107LAjA jfM..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....Samadiyyah In Nahw by Shaikh Baha-ud-Deen al-'AmiliLBA fA BI cr ZA fvA LBN SECOND CHAPTER 113..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.0 The Second Garden: The Noun And Associated Matters 114. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.0 The Mu'rab (Declinable) Noun ( ) 114LjA mA. ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.0 First Type: Nominative Only - (a) The Verbal Subject ( ) 114BA. ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.1 Information: Subject's Gender 122. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.2 An Issue: Position Of Subject In An Expression 126. ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.3 (b): Proxy-Subject ( ) 129BA KB. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.4 (c) & (d): Nominal Subject & Predicate ( ) 132jJbA CfNJA. ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.5 A Rule: Placement Of The Subject & Predicate 145. ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.6 A Section: The Nawasikh ( )146cmAA. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.6 a- Defective Verbs ( ) 146vBA BC. ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.7 Two Issues 150. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.8 b- Particles Bearing Resemblance To A Verb ( ) 153BMAaC G. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.9 c- ( ) And ( ) Bearing Resemblance To ( ) 159B o. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.10 d- ( ) For Negating The Collective Noun ( ) 161 oVA B .... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.11 Information 164..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.12 e- Verbs Of Approximation ( ) 167IiBA BC.... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.13 Completion 169.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.14 Second Type: Accusative Only 171.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.14 1- The Simple Subject ( )171I A.... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.15 2- The Absolute Object ( ) 173A A.... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.16 3- Maf'ul Lahu ( ) 177 A.... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....Samadiyyah In Nahw by Shaikh Baha-ud-Deen al-'AmiliLBA fA BI cr ZA fvA LBN 2.17 4- Maf'ul Ma'ahu ( ) 179 A.... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.18 5-Maf'ul Feehi( ) 181 A.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.19 6- Accusative Due To Removal Of The Genitive 184.... ..... ..... ..... .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.20 7- The Hal ( ) 186BZA.... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.21 8- Tamyeez ( ) 190lNA.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.22 Third Type: Genitive Only 194.... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.23 Completion 197.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.24 Genitive Due To Genitive Particle 202.... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.25 Fourth Type: Accusative & Non-Accusative 217.... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.25 1- The Exception ( ) 217RNnA.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.26 Completion 221.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.27 2- A Noun Diverted From Its Governing Agent ( ) 225B NrA.... ..... ..... ..... .. ..... ..... .....2.28 3- The Vocative ( ) 233eBA.... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.29 Some Details (Regarding the Vocative) 235.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.30 Enlightenment 239.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.31 4- Mumayyiz (-Words Distinguished By Numbers) 246lA.... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.32 Completion 249.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.33 Indeclinable Words ( ) 252JA mA.... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.33 1- Pronouns ( ) 252jBzA.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.34 An Issue: The Pronoun Of Fact & Narration 256.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.35 A Lesson: The Reference Of A Pronoun 258.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.36 2- Demonstrative Nouns ( ) 263iBqA FmC.... ..... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....Samadiyyah In Nahw by Shaikh Baha-ud-Deen al-'AmiliLBA fA BI cr ZA fvA LBN 2.37 3- Relative Nouns ( ) 266uA FmC.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.38 Completion 268.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.39 An Issue 270.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.40 4- Compounds ( ) 272KjA FmC.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.41 Appositive Subordinates ( ) 274IANA.... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.41 1- The Adjective ( ) 274OA.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.42 2- Apposition With A Particle ( ) 280jZI .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.43 Completion 287.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.44 3- Emphatic Apposition ( ) 289fDNA.... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.45 Two Issues 292.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.46 4- Equivalent Apposition ( ) 293fJA.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.47 A Guidance 296.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.48 5- Explicative Apposition ( ) 297BJA .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.49 Nominal Governing Agents Resembling A Verb 301.... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.49 1- The Masdar ( ) 301ifvA.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.50 2 & 3- The Active & Passive Participles ( ) 305A BA mG.... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... .....2.51 4- The Adjective Resembling An Active Participle ( ) 310BBI Jr u.... ..... ..... ..... ..... . .....2.52 Enlightenment 313.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.53 5- The Superlative Noun ( ) 318zNA mG.... ..... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.54 Completion 321.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.55 Enlightenment 323.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....2.56 Conclusion 325.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....Samadiyyah In Nahw by Shaikh Baha-ud-Deen al-'AmiliLBA fA BI cr ZA fvA LBN THIRD CHAPTER 332..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....3.0 MattersRelated To The Verb: I'rab And The Present-Tense Verb 333. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....3.01-The Nawasib (-Accusative Particles) 333KuAA..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....3.1 Perfection: Estimation Of The Accusative 338. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....3.2 2-The Jawazim (-Jussive Particles)kAVA. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....342 3.2 The Jussive Governing One Verb ( ) 342fYA kBU. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .. ..... ..... ..... .....3.3 The Jussive Governing Two Verbs ( ) 345 kBU. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....3.4 An Issue 349. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....3.5 The Verbs Of Praise And Blame ( ) 350hA `fA BC. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....3.6 The Verbs Of Surprise ( ) 354KVNA . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....3.7 Verbs OfThe Heart ( ) 357LA BC. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....3.8 An Issue: Cancellation Of Government 359. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....3.9 Conclusion: Contention Between Two Governing Agents. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....361 FOURTH CHAPTER 367..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....4.0 Sentences And That Which Follows Sentences 368..... .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....4.0 Nominal & Verbal Sentences 368..... ..... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....4.1 A Summary: Sentences With & WithoutA Place Of I'rab 371..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....4.2 Details:1. Khabariyyah (-Informative Sentence) 374jJbA..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... .....4.3 2. Haliyyah ( ) 376BZA..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....4.4 3. Sentence With An Object Occurring In It ( ) 378BI A..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....4.5 4. The Sentence Which Is Mudaf Ilaihi ( ) 380BG BzA..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... .....Samadiyyah In Nahw by Shaikh Baha-ud-Deen al-'AmiliLBA fA BI cr ZA fvA LBN 4.6 5. Reply To The Jussive Condition( ) 381kBU jr LAU..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... .....4.7 6. The Sentence Subordinate To A Singular ( ) 382ej IBM..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....4.8 7.A Subordinate To A Sentence With A Place of I'rab 383..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....4.9 Other Details: 1.Newly Initiated Sentence ( ) 385DNnA..... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....4.10 2.Parenthetical Clause ( ) 386yjNA.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....4.11 3.Explanatory Sentence ( ) 388jnA..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....4.12 4.The Relative Clause ( ) 389vA.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....4.13 5. Reply To An Oath ( ) 390n LAU.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....4.14 6.Reply To A Non-Jussive Condition ( ) 391kBU j jr LAU.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....4.15 7.A Subordinate To A Sentence With No Place Of I'rab 392.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .. .....4.16 Conclusion: The Genitive Particle, The Genitive Noun And Adverb 393.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... .....FIFTH CHAPTER 396..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.0 ( ) 397lA. ..... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.1 ( ) 399C. ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.2 ( ) 401G. ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.3 ( ) 403C. ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.4 ( ) 405G. ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.5 ( ) 407gG. ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.6 ( ) 408AgG. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.7 ( ) 410C. ..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.8 ( ) 411BC. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....Samadiyyah In Nahw by Shaikh Baha-ud-Deen al-'AmiliLBA fA BI cr ZA fvA LBN 5.9 ( ) 414BG. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.10 ( ) 416C.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.11 ( ) 418I..... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.12 ( ) 420BqBY.... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.13 ( ) 422NY.... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.14 ( ) 424B.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.15 ( ) 429f.... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.16 ( ) 431.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.17 ( ) 432.... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.18 ( ) 435.... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.19 ( ) 437.... . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.20 ( ) 440.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.21 ( ) 442B.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.22 ( ) 444B.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....5.23 ( ) 446.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....Author's Final Words 448.. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....Footnotes449. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....Grammarians in History451... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....Bibliography459... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....Samadiyyah In Nahw by Shaikh Baha-ud-Deen al-'AmiliLBA fA BI cr ZA fvA LBN fNA INTRODUCTION ,..,.. .,. ..-. ... . .:,, .. ,.. , ... , ..:... ,- , 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Forgenerations,thebookbyShaikhal-Bahai,hasbeena al-Fawaidas-Samadiyyah constantelementinthe'ArabiccurriculumofmanyIslamicseminariesandinstitutesofhigherlearning.Furthermore,duetoitsinclusioninthewell-knownseminarystudent'shandbook( ),ithasbecomeafixtureinIslamic Jami'al-Muqaddimat......._... seminaries of Iran and 'Iraq. This handbook contains fifteen small books, twelve of which areonvarioustopicsof'ArabicgrammarincludingTasreef,Nahwandgrammatical government of words. It also includes two books on logic or Mantiq and a beneficial book, Etiquettes of the student ( ) by Shaikh Naseer ad-Deen Tusi. ,...:.. ,.i As noted in his preface, Shaikh al-Bahai wrote as a guide for al-Fawaid as-Samadiyyah hisbrother,'Abdas-SamadwhowasateacherinJabal-'Amil,themountainousarea which is now considered Lebanon. To those unfamiliar withthe style of such books, thisbook may appear cryptic. The book is basically an outline of important issues in Nahw. As such,itrequiresateacherorcommentarytoexpounduponthetextwithdetailsandprovide beneficial examples for the student. Shaikhal-Bahaidividedintofivechapters.Hereferstoeach al-Fawaidas-Samadiyyah chapter as a Hadeeqah, literally meaning. The first chapter contains preliminary a garden mattershighlightedforthestudent'sbenefit.ItcoverstopicslikethedefinitionofNahw, Kalimah, Kalam . More importantly, he identifies the signs of I'rab in the noun and verb. ThesecondchaptercontainsthetraditionaltopicsofNahw:categoriesofwordswhich arealwaysfoundtobenominative,accusativeorgenitive.Thethirdchapterdealswithissuesrelatedtotheverb,particularlywithregardtoI'rab.Thefourthchaptercovers mattersrelatedtosentences.Thefifthchapterreviewsaselectionofindividualnounsand particles. Samadiyyah In Nahw by Shaikh Baha-ud-Deen al-'AmiliLBA fA BI cr ZA fvA LBN Inthiscommentary,ispresentedinitsentiretyinthefirst al-Fawaidas-Samadiyyah section. The text, its translation and commentary are in the second section.Also in his preface, Shaikh al-Bahai eloquently indicates that it was 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib (AS), thecousinoftheProphetMuhammad(S),whofirstformulatedtherulesof'Arabic grammar. It was his intent to protect the Quran from error in interpretation and deliberate misinterpretation.The'Arabicof'AliIbn Abi Talib(AS),flowingfromhisgeniusintellect1 hasproducedsomeofthemostinspiringandthoughtinvokingexamplesof'Arabicinhistory.Thecompilationofhisspeeches,sermons,lettersandadvices,knownasNahjal-Balaghah, hasbeenuniversallyacknowledgedbygrammariansasthegreatest example of 'Arabic literature after the Quran itself. 'AliIbnAbiTalib(AS)formulatedtherulesof'ArabicGrammarandpresentedthese fundamentalstooneofhiscompanions,Abual-Aswadad-Duali,whowasalsovery proficient in 'Arabic. He encouraged Abu al-Aswad to expound upon these fundamentals. With this, Abu al-Aswad was destined to become the first to write a comprehensive book onNahw.Thisbookwasstudied,copiedandexpoundeduponbeginningatradition which has continued successively for nearly fifteen centuries. Nahw, then, is a venerable discipline with its own history, chains of transmission, notable personalities and famous texts like every other branch of knowledge. Throughout the textof this book, Shaikh al-Bahai mentions some of the notable personalities in Nahw. At the endofthebook,Ihaveprovidedshortbiographicalsketchesofsomeofthefamousgrammariansinordertomaketheircontributionsmoreevident.Inparticular,Ihavefocused on the early grammarians of Basrah and Kufah as their works have had the most profound influence upon the discipline of Nahw. Inthispreface,IwouldliketopresentabiographyofShaikhal-Bahai.Beforehis biography,however,Iwouldliketopresent a short biography of Abu al-Aswad ad-Duali, the forefather of this discipline: Samadiyyah In Nahw by Shaikh Baha-ud-Deen al-'AmiliLBA fA BI cr ZA fvA LBN fA emA IC Best known as Abu al-Aswad ad-Duali, his proper name is:. _...._.,.. .,.. ,,i ,,.. , ,...' '

Hewasbornduringthelife-timeoftheProphet(S)andmigratedtoBasrahduringthe caliphateof'UmarIbnal-Khattab.Hewasoneofthescholarsofthe,the Taba'een generationsubsequenttothegenerationoftheProphet(S),andiswell-knownin literatureforhisexceptionalpoetry.Heisconsideredareliabletransmitterofnarrationsby scholars of both sects. Abual-Aswad wasalsoacompanionof'AliIbn AbiTalib(AS)whowasthefirstofthe twelveShi'iteAimmahandthelastoftherightlyguidedcaliphsoftheSunni.Abu al-Aswad fought with him at Siffeen.Once he heard a person reciting the following verse from the Quran: (..,., , ,:,:.. . _,, ... i) . . "(AndanannouncementfromAllahandHisApostletothepeopleonthedayofthegreater pilgrimage that Allah and His Apostle are free from liability to the idolaters." [9:3] Thereciter,however,incorrectlyrecitedtheword( )withKasrah( )thereby ..,., ..,.,

changing the meaning to:.That Allah is free from liability to the idolaters and His Apostle The change of one vowel had a profound impact upon the meaning of this verse and Abu al-Aswad realized that the meaning of the Quran needed protection as a growing number ofpeoplewererecitingtheQuranwithoutaclearunderstandingof'Arabic.Hedevised theQuran'sfirstsystemofdiacriticalsignsbyplacingcoloreddotsaboveorbelowthe 'Arabic letter to accurately indicate its vowel.Some reports indicate that after hearing his own daughter make a grammatical mistake inspeaking,hecomplainedto'AliIbn AbiTalib(AS)aboutthedeteriorationofthe'Arabic languageandhisfearofitscorruption.'AliIbnAbiTalib(AS)agreedandbeganto formulate for him the fundamental principles of grammar, after which that he said to Abu al-Aswad:.Fromthisstatement,itissaidthattheterm ,-...-_.(Followthismanner Nahwwascoinedforgrammar.Theaimof'AliIbn AbiTalib(AS)and Abual-Aswadin codifyingtherulesofNahwwastheprotectionofthemeaningoftheQuranfrom corruption.Samadiyyah In Nahw by Shaikh Baha-ud-Deen al-'AmiliLBA fA BI cr ZA fvA LBN Afterward, Abu al-Aswad authored what is commonly acknowledged as the first book of Nahw,( ).Inthistreatise,Abual-Aswad Principlesof'ArabicGrammar_,,..,-..,.i

expoundeduponthefundamentalsof'AliIbnAbiTalib(AS).Thelinguistar-Raghib al-Isfahani,inhisbook( ) saysof Abual-Aswad:Muhadaratal-Udaba, "He ..,...,..-. was the first to give diacritical signs to the Quran and he laid the foundation of Nahw with the guidance of 'Ali (AS)." 2 Abual-Aswaddiedintheyear69HQ/~688CEduringthecaliphateof'UmarIbn 'Abdul-'Azeez.Amongtheearliesthistoricalaccountsof Abual-Aswad'sbookisrelatedtothefamous grammarian,'IsaIbn'Umar(d.148HQ/766CE)whoisreportedtohaverecordedand taughtthisbookwhichwasnarratedfromhisteacherAbuIshaq(d.circa117HQ/735 CE). Abu Ishaq is one of the earliest grammarians in the generations subsequent to Abu al-Aswad whose background is well-known. It is apparent from the reports of his studentthat he taught Abu al-Aswad's book. 'Isa Ibn 'Umar, his student, is said to be the founder of the Kufiyyeen school of grammar. AnotherofAbuIshaq'sstudents,Abu'AmrIbnal-'Ala(~69-153HQ/689-770CE),is considered the founder of the Basriyyeen school of grammar. Such great scholars in their own right, they only magnify the position of their teacher, Abu Ishaq, as the father of the Basriyyeen and Kufiyyeen. Samadiyyah In Nahw by Shaikh Baha-ud-Deen al-'AmiliLBA fA BI cr ZA fvA LBN BJA cq ShaikhBahaiwasbornonthe17thMuharram953HQ/1546CE.Therearediffering reports regarding his place of birth. One reports indicatesis that he was born in or nearBa'labakk(nowLebanon).Thearea,knownasJabalal-'Amil( )isfamousfor ....,. producing great scholars. Due to this, he is referred to as al-'Amili ( ).Another report _.....

from Abu al-Mu'ali at-Taliwi, however, reports that he was born in Qazveen, Iran. The third report also says he was born in Iran. Some reports indicate his birthplace to be a town named Amil ( ) in northern Iran on a road to Mazandaran. Some scholars say that . it is a repeated mistake that he was referred to as al-'Amili ( ) resulting from mistakes _.....

copiedinmanuscripts.Theycontendthatthismistakenattributiongavelifetotheideathat we was born in Jabal al-'Amil in Syria. Other scholars contend that he is referred to as al-Amili ( ) because this was a name by which his clan was known. _...

One of Shaikh Bahai's forefathers, al-Harithi al-Hamdani was also a companion of 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib (AS). He and members of his tribe fought with Imam 'Ali (AS) at Siffeen. Poetry praisingal-HarithandhistribehasbeennarratedfromImam'Ali.Thetribeofal-Harith wereoriginallyfromYemenandsettledinnorthernregionofIran,calledHamdan.Itis said,then,thatthedescendentsofal-Harithbecameknownasal-Amili( ).Shaikh _...

Bahai's full name is: _...,. _.,.-. _... , ,.-. , _.. , ..-. , .... .,. , ,.-. , ..-. ,.. ..,, . . . . .

.

. . . .

Itisdifficulttoknowwhichreportisaccurate.However,ifhewasborninSyria,itisapparent that his father moved to Iran while he was very young and most of his life, from childhood onward, was spent in Iran. Shaikh Bahai began his traditional studies with his father in the fields of 'Arabic grammar, Fiqh, Usul, Hadeeth and Tafsir. He began his studiesin the city of Qazveen, the seat of authority with the Safavid government.Samadiyyah In Nahw by Shaikh Baha-ud-Deen al-'AmiliLBA fA BI cr ZA fvA LBN Shaikhal-Bahai'sfather,ShaikhHusainIbn'Abdas-Samadal-'Amili(919-984 HQ/1512-1576 CE) was a scholar of the Jabal-'Amil. Shaheed ath-Thani, also from Jabal al-'Amil, has listed his father in his Ijazat as a scholar of the Jabal al-'Amil. It is known that he also studied with 'Allamah 'Abdullah Yazdi, also of Qazveen. He became well-known in thiscityforhisknowledgeandattractedtheattentionandesteemoftheSafavidKingShah 'Abbas al-Kabeer. HetraveledextensivelythroughoutthePersianempireincludingAfghanistan.Itis reportedthathewasoftenaccompaniedinhistravelsbythekingShah'Abbasorhe traveled as his guest with other officials. Shah 'Abbas sought to honor him with the post of leadership of the 'Ulama ( ) a post which he reportedly never officially accepted, ...... ...., although he clearly had an extensive relationship with the king. His travels took him outside of Persia as well. He visited Egypt where he wrote his BookKushkul ( ) wherein he collected rarities related to various branches of knowledge. ,:::. FromEgypthevisitedal-Quds(Jerusalem),Hijaz,'Iraqandthe'ArabPeninsula. Everywhere he traveled we was acclaimed for his knowledge and piety.His fame in Persian and 'Arab countries was due not only to his mastery of the traditionalbranchesofknowledge.Hewasequallyasaccomplishedasamathematician,astronomerandengineer.Inall,hecomposedmorethanfiftytreatisesandbooksthemajority of which were published: Inastronomy,hewrotethreewell-knowntreatises:( ).,.,.....,TheLunar

Treatise ExplanationofCelestial .Atreatiseonthelunarcycles;( ).._,,:: Bodies .Alistingofcommonlyvisiblecelestialbodiesandconstellations;and( ).Althoughinventedbytheeitherthe .,,.,a......,.TheAstrolabeTreatise

GreeksorIndians,Muslimastronomersandmathematicianshadgreatlyenhanced the accuracy of the astrolabe by the eighth century. In traditions, he wrote two books: ( )..-. , _.-.. :,... _ ,.. ,.:i _ ,:.. ,-. al-Habl al-Mateen , a collection of over one thousand traditions with the Shaikh's commentary. ( ) his selection of forty .:,. ,.,,. _,.Explanation of Forty Traditions,

traditions with his commentary. Samadiyyah In Nahw by Shaikh Baha-ud-Deen al-'AmiliLBA fA BI cr ZA fvA LBN InmattersofworshipandDu'a,hecomposed:( )..,.. , ,,,. .. _ _.. _.:..The

KeysofSuccessIntheActsoftheDayandNight.AbookaboutworshipandDu'a( )acommentaryon,,,.....Hadaiqal-Muqarribeen, Saheefah as-Sajjadiyyah including other Du'a, published under various names. InIslamicLawhewroteanumberoftreatises:( )_..,.._..-.The'Abbasi Collection. A book on the rules of Islamic law which contains chapters up to thebookofHajj;( ) Atreatiseonthecalculationsusedininheritance :,,,.._....,

( ) AtreatiseontheslaughteringofthePeopleoftheBook; ,.::.-i_..,._....,

( ) AtreatiseontheQiblah;( ) Atreatiseonthe ..,.._...., .,:..,-.,.:i_....,

rulings of the prostration of recitation. In Usul, the fundamentals of Islamic Jurisprudence, he wrote three books: ( ) ..,,. ' az-Zubdah; TheMysteryofaz-Zubdah; Margin ( )( )..,,.,.. .,,:...,..., '

notesontherulesofShaheed(Thani); Margin ( ),..,.:-......._,..,..

notes on the commentary of al-'Adadi on the Summary of Usul. In 'Arabic grammar, he wrote two books: ( ) .,.... ..,..al-Fawaid as-Samadiyyah

and ( )..,,. ,,.,:Tahzheeb al-Bayan

Inmathematics,histwomostfamouspublishedworkswere:( ),..-...A summaryofcalculations.PublishedinIranandGermany,thisbookwasstillin useuntilthenineteenthcenturyinsomepartsofIran;( ),..-.,-,TheSeaof

Calculations .Thesetwobookshighlighttheprinciplesofaddition,subtraction,divisionandfractions.HewasoneofthemathematicianswhoembracedtheHindi numbering system which we currently utilize.Shaikh Bahai is known to have written many treatise on mathematics. In fact, by the end ofthesixteenthcentury,ShaikhBahaiwaswell-knownthroughout'Arabiaaswellas Persiaforhismathematicalworks.Hisnameandworksappearinmanyoftheindicescatalogingthescholarlyworksofhisera.Inthatera,numerouscommentarieswerewrittenonmanyofhisworks,someofwhichhavebeentranslatedintowesternlanguages,particularlyGerman.Itisreportedthatwhenhedied,hewasworkingonabooknamed( )whichdealtwiththetopicsofalgebraandthe ,..-.,,.Jabral-Hisab,

proofs of the calculations of area and distance.Samadiyyah In Nahw by Shaikh Baha-ud-Deen al-'AmiliLBA fA BI cr ZA fvA LBN One of his most devoted students, Sayyid Haydar al-Husaini al-Kurki narrates about the Shaikh:"Iwasinhisserviceforfortyyearsinresidenceandintravel.Withmetherewasgreatloveandfriendshipforhim.Itraveledwithhimtovisitthe Aimmahof'Iraq,prayersand peacebeuponthem.IreadwithhimnumerousAhadithinBaghdad,al-Kazimain, an-Najaf ash-ashraf and the courtyards of al-Husain and al-'Askariyyain (AS). In each of these places he permitted me access to all of the books of Hadith, Islamic Law, Tafsir and others. I was with him traveling to visit (the shrine of) ar-Rida (AS) in which the Senior Nawwab Khaldullah was at his service, he set out always walking barefoot from Isfahan to his visit (ofar-Rida-AS).There,IreadwithhimtheTafsirofSurahal-FatihahfromhisTafsir named al-'Urwah al-Wuthqa and his commentary on Du'a al-Misbah and Du'a ( ) .:,. .,,..

al-Hilalfromas-Saheefahas-Sajjadiyyah.Then,wesetoffforthecityofHerat (Afghanistan)whichheandhisfatherhadpreviouslyvisited.Then,wereturnedto Mashhad Muqaddas and from there we set off for Isfahan. In all, I read from him, first, in theprimeofyouth,AlfiyyahofIbnMalikinNahw.Then,Ireadwithhimnumerousof treatisesofhis(own)authorship.Ireadwithhim(his)commentaryonFortyTraditions( ). ( ).:,. ,.,,. _,. ,.,. ,,.,:Ireadthefirstvolumesof Tahzheebal-Akhbar andal-Kafi

( )_.:.byThiqahal-IslamMuhammadIbnYa'qubal-Kulaini.(Iread)thefirstvolumeof (Shaikh Saduq's) al-Faqeeh and most of (Shaikh Tusi's) book al-Istibsar( ) .,... .,.-, . .

( ) ,..,:.,except a little at its end. I read with him a summary of sayings on Ma'rifah ar-Rijal and Dirayah( ) ( ) ..,. .,.. .,,..

written by his father and his (book) Dirayah which he had made as a preface to his book Habl al-Mateen I read Habl al-Mateen with him from which he extracted forty ( ). ,:.. ,-. HadithcompiledbyShaheed(ath-Thani).IreadwithhimatreatisenamedTahzheeb al-Bayan and Fawaid as-Samadiyyah, both of which are his writings in Nahw. He died in Isfahan in the year 1030 at the time of our return from visiting the Sacred House of Allah. Then, he was moved to the mausoleum of ar-Rida (AS) and he was buried near there in hishousecloseto(ar-Rida's-AS)blessedpresence.Hisgravethereiswell-knownand the elite and the masses alike visit him." 3 Samadiyyah In Nahw by Shaikh Baha-ud-Deen al-'AmiliLBA fA BI cr ZA fvA LBN ShaikhBahaidiedinIsfahanonthe12thofShawwal1030HQ/1621CE.Likehis birthplace,theexactyearofhisdeathisdisputed.ThisdatewasgivenbytwoofhisstudentsSayyidHaydaral-Husainial-Kurki(whosereportwasjustmentioned)and al-Majlisi(TheFirst)whowerebothpresentatthetimeofhisdeathandperformedhisfuneral rites. Other dates between1030and 1035 have also been mentioned regardinghis death. According to the various reports, he was between 77 and 82 at the time of hisdeath. Asmentioned,heisburiedinMashhadMuqaddasnexttothe mausoleum of thehighlyrevered'AliIbnMusaar-Rida(AS).Millionsofar-Rida's(AS)devoteesalsovisit ShaikhBahai'smirror-tiledmausoleumandpaytheirrespectstohimaswell,thereby keeping his memory vibrant for nearly four hundred years since his death. 4 Itismyhopethatthistranslationandcommentaryonwill al-Fawaidas-Samadiyyah exposeShaikhal-Bahaitoanewaudienceinthewest.English-speakingstudentsof Islamic studies are acutely aware of the lack of comprehensive books in 'Arabic grammarand other topics in English. Hopefully, the commentary onwill al-Fawaid as-Samadiyyah benefitstudentsseekingknowledgeof'ArabicandcomplementthecontributionsofEnglish texts to Islamic studies. My prayer is that students in the west will also adopt andcontinuethisvenerabletraditionoflearningandteachingasexemplifiedinthegenerations of great personalities preceding us.This commentary on is divided into two parts. The full 'Arabic al-Fawaid as-Samadiyyah text is presented in the first part. In the second part, each section of the text is translatedfollowed by a commentary. Although the age of the book approaches 400 years, it is as useful today as any book onNahwfromanysubsequentera.Thepassageoftimehasnotdateditscontentnor contradicted its rulings nor the author's perspectives. Thus, the title is to be Samadiyyah taken as more than a mere association with the author's family name. It praises the divineand eternal relationship between 'Arabic and Islam. 'Ali 'Abdur-Rasheed 3 Jamada al-Ula 1428 May 20, 2007 Samadiyyah In Nahw by Shaikh Baha-ud-Deen al-'AmiliLBA fA BI cr ZA fvA LBN A nA fvA N THE FIRST SECTION The Text Of Samadiyyah Samadiyyah In Nahw by Shaikh Baha-ud-Deen al-'AmiliLBA fA BI cr ZA fvA LBN fA .. ,.. , ... , ,.... ,, .. ,,..i ... .,,.. ., ,::-, ,, ,, , .,:. .,, i.:,, ...: .i . .

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