8/4/2019 Fatih Bayram: Incomplete Acquisition of Turkish and German among Young Turkish-German Bilinguals in Germany http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fatih-bayram-incomplete-acquisition-of-turkish-and-german-among-young-turkish-german 1/23 Incomplete Language Acquisition among Young Turkish-German Bilinguals in Germany Fatih Bayram Newcastle University - UK [email protected]CRILLS Centre for Research in Linguistics and Language Sciences
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8/4/2019 Fatih Bayram: Incomplete Acquisition of Turkish and German among Young Turkish-German Bilinguals in Germany
✤ Bayram, F. (2011) Incomplete Language Acquisition Among Young Turkish-German Bilinguals in Germany. Presentation Delivered at11th PALA Symposium - Processability Approaches to Language
Acquisition. Innsbruck, Austria, September 12-13, 2011
8/4/2019 Fatih Bayram: Incomplete Acquisition of Turkish and German among Young Turkish-German Bilinguals in Germany
✤ Several authors point to the fact that there is increasingevidence that bilinguals who have been brought up usingtwo languages do not always converge on the grammars
of native speakers (e.g. Montrul, 2008; Polinsky, 2004,2006; Rothman and Pires, 2009; Treffers-Daller et al, 2007)
8/4/2019 Fatih Bayram: Incomplete Acquisition of Turkish and German among Young Turkish-German Bilinguals in Germany
✤ Montrul (2008), incomplete L1 acquisition occurs in childhood when,
for different reasons, some specific properties of the language do nothave a chance to reach age-appropriate levels of proficiency afterintense exposure to the L2 begins.
✤ Polinsky (2004) defines incomplete language acquisition as the
acquisition of L1 by a healthy child who starts out either monolingualor dominant in L1 but switches to another language (L2) as primary before age 10. Such speakers, who end up controlling two or morelanguages but are dominant in the language they acquired later (L2),are referred to as “incomplete learners.”
8/4/2019 Fatih Bayram: Incomplete Acquisition of Turkish and German among Young Turkish-German Bilinguals in Germany
✤ Montrul (2008) explains the phenomena with Ullman’s (2001)
Declarative/Procedural Model, which allocates lexical knowledge todeclarative memory (located in the temporal lobe of the brain) andgrammatical knowledge to procedural memory (located morefrontally).
✤ If L1 acquisition is inhibited early in development, there is a goodchance that not all the necessary syntactic structures would have beenin place before procedural memory started to mature for moreefficient processing, and consequently, declining plasticity.
Previous Research
8/4/2019 Fatih Bayram: Incomplete Acquisition of Turkish and German among Young Turkish-German Bilinguals in Germany
✤ Daller et al. (2007) studied the use of Turkish complex embeddings amongthree different groups of Turkish-German bilinguals (a group of bilinguals wholive in Germany, a group of returnees who are recorded upon return to Turkey,
and a group of returnees who had been back for eight years upon recording).
✤ The main aim of their study was to clarify the linguistic implications of whatGrosjean (1997, p. 165) has called the complementarity principle: ‘Bilingualsusually acquire and use their languages for different purposes, in differentdomains of life, with different people. Different aspects of life require different
languages.’
✤ They found out that young Turkish-German bilingual adults who were bornand raised in Germany use fewer, and less complex embeddings than Turkishmonolinguals and Turkish-German bilingual returnees who had lived in
Turkey for eight years at the time of recording.
8/4/2019 Fatih Bayram: Incomplete Acquisition of Turkish and German among Young Turkish-German Bilinguals in Germany
✤ Meisel (2007) investigated the Weaker Language Hypothesis as to whetheracquisition of the WL might fail in at least some domains of grammar under
certain circumstances and, if yes, whether this might resemble second languageacquisition.
✤ The rate of development can indeed be delayed, in some cases quite seriously.Whether this can ultimately lead to incomplete acquisition in that certainphenomena that are typically acquired late will not be acquired anymore, is aquestion that cannot be answered, based on the available research results. Forthe time being, delay must be regarded as a quantitative modification of theprocess of acquisition.
✤ Meisel calls for theoretically formulated and empirically testable claims about
the grammatical domains affected and the external factors causing such effects.
8/4/2019 Fatih Bayram: Incomplete Acquisition of Turkish and German among Young Turkish-German Bilinguals in Germany
✤ Participants are 30 Turkish-German bilinguals who were born inGermany and are 11-14 years old at the moment.
✤ Montrul (2008, p.268) notes that there appears to be a series of biological, physiological, socio-cognitive, neuroanatomical and neuro-
functionally determined changes that occur at, or about, age 9 , whichmay be critical for the solidification or crystallisation of native ordominant language skills, in both monolinguals and bilinguals.
8/4/2019 Fatih Bayram: Incomplete Acquisition of Turkish and German among Young Turkish-German Bilinguals in Germany
Inflectional system- both noun and verb inflections are presentin the one-word stage, and there is someevidence for productive use as young as 15months
-Nouns for case (accusative, dative, ablative, possessive,instrumental),
-number (plural),-verbs for tense-aspect (past result, ongoing process, intention)-Person
-Negation-interrogation
word order is used for pragmatic functions- correctly place new information before theverb and presupposed or predictableinformation after the verb.
- simple sentences
2-3 year -Verb inflections for voice and modality-Syntactic means for temporal and casuallinking clauses
-PASSIVE, non-witnessed past tense, conditional, causative-Simple juxtaposition of sentences predominates, without explicitgrammatical markers of connection
-Begin to use connectives that don’t require nominalisations
4-year + -Constructions in which an embeddedsentence is treated as a participle.
-the insertion of nominalised verb forms of various sorts intosentences (RELATIVE CLAUSE and verb complements)- some types of conjoined constructions- revealing a semantically analysis of words into combinable syllables(an obvious prerequisite to the discovery of principles of productivemorphology)
The Course of Linguistic Development in Turkish( Aksu-Koc and Slobin, 1985; Aksu-Koc ̧ 2010; Ketrez, 1999)
8/4/2019 Fatih Bayram: Incomplete Acquisition of Turkish and German among Young Turkish-German Bilinguals in Germany
✤ Given the processability perspective, in incomplete Turkish L1acquisition in Germany, it seems that RC and Passive are processed byusing default canonical order (rather than non-canonical), and fail to
exhibit the obligatory morphological and/or syntactic contexts.
8/4/2019 Fatih Bayram: Incomplete Acquisition of Turkish and German among Young Turkish-German Bilinguals in Germany
✤ Aksu-Koç, A., (2010), “The course of normal language development in Turkish.” In S.Topbas and M.Yavas (eds), CommunicationDisorders in Turkish ( Bristol : Multilingual Matters), pp. 65–104.
✤ Aksu-Koç, A. and Slobin, D. (1985). “The acquisition of Turkish.” In D. I. Slobin (Ed). The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition.New Jersey, Hillsdale Erlbaum.
✤ Kawaguchi, S. (2005) “Argument structure and syntactic development in Japanese as a second language.” In M. Pienemann. (ed.). Cross-linguistic aspects of Processability Theory. (pp. 253-198). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
✤
Ketrez, F.N. (1999) “Early verbs and the acquisition of Turkish argument structure.” Unpublished MA Dissertation, Bogazici University,Istanbul, Turkey
✤ Meisel, J. (2007). The weaker language in early child bilingualism: Acquiring a first language as a second language. AppliedPsycholinguistics 28, 495–514.
✤ Montrul, S. (2008) Incomplete Acquisition in Bilingualism. Re-examining the Age Factor. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
✤ Pienemann, M. (1998) Language Processing and Second Language Development: Processability theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
✤ Pienemann M, (2005) Cross-Linguistic Aspects of Processability Theory. Amsterdam/New York: John Benjamins Publishing Company
✤ Pienemann, M., Di Biase, B. & Kawaguchi, S. (2005). “Extending Processability theory.” In M. Pienemann (ed.) Cross-linguistic aspects of
Processability Theory. (pp.199-251). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.✤ Pires, A and Rothman, J. (2009) Disentangling sources of incomplete acquisition: An explanation for competence divergence across
heritage grammars. International Journal of Bilingualism, 13: 211-238.
✤ Polinsky, M. (2004) “World class distinctions in an incomplete grammar.” In Dorid Ravid, ed. Perspectives on language and languagedevelopment, 423-438. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
✤ Polinsky, M. (2006) Incomplete acquisition: American Russian, Journal of Slavic Linguistics 14(2): 191-262
✤ Treffers-Daller, Jeanine & Sumru Özsoy & Roeland van Hout (2007) (In)complete acquisition of Turkish among Turkish-Germanbilinguals in Germany and Turkey: an analysis of complex embeddings in narratives. International Journal of Bilingualism and BilingualEducation, 10 (3), 248-276.