Father of the Microscope Father to the term "Cell"

Father of the Microscope

Father to the term "Cell"

•Botanist first to study plant Botanist first to study plant cells. cells.

• Studied animal cells first Studied animal cells first

•Plants cells made other plant Plants cells made other plant cells cells

• Animal cells made other Animal cells made other animal cellsanimal cells

proposed the cell theory in proposed the cell theory in 18381838•cell biology research was cell biology research was forever changed.forever changed.   

states that:states that:

used a crude compound microscope to used a crude compound microscope to view a cork and seen honey comb view a cork and seen honey comb shapes in 1665. shapes in 1665. 

He coined the term cells since they He coined the term cells since they reminded him of the small box cells reminded him of the small box cells Monks lived in. Monks lived in.

  Microscopes - magnify things not Microscopes - magnify things not visible with human eyesight alone. visible with human eyesight alone.

    Anton Van Leeuwenhoek , used a Anton Van Leeuwenhoek , used a single lens to view cells in the single lens to view cells in the 1600’s. 1600’s.

in the 1830’s in the 1830’s

• viewed organisms underneath viewed organisms underneath microscopes and verified that all microscopes and verified that all living things are made of cells.living things are made of cells.

MicroscopeMicroscope• has a series of lenses that magnifies the has a series of lenses that magnifies the

object in steps. object in steps.

Microscope - Microscope -

• electrons are aimed in a beam through a electrons are aimed in a beam through a magnetic field to focus them then, through magnetic field to focus them then, through or over a specimen in a vacuum, and finally or over a specimen in a vacuum, and finally onto a screen where it forms a image.  onto a screen where it forms a image.        

Cells have to be limited in size by Cells have to be limited in size by natural laws. natural laws. 

• enough to hold the enough to hold the essential components essential components

• enough to accommodate enough to accommodate nutrients received and disposed.nutrients received and disposed.

Large cells have less surface volume Large cells have less surface volume relative to its size than small cells.  relative to its size than small cells. 

• So the bigger the cell doesn’t mean So the bigger the cell doesn’t mean more effective. more effective. 

The smaller cells can be serviced The smaller cells can be serviced better by the cytoplasm.better by the cytoplasm.

Computer chip technologyComputer chip technology

• is similar to this natural is similar to this natural phenomena. phenomena.

Eukaryote CELLS Eukaryote CELLS (PLANT, ANIMAL, PROTIST & FUNGI)(PLANT, ANIMAL, PROTIST & FUNGI)

• range from 10 micrometers to 100 range from 10 micrometers to 100 micrometers in diameter. micrometers in diameter.    

PROKAROTE CELLS PROKAROTE CELLS (BACTERIA)(BACTERIA)

• are a lot smaller and structurally are a lot smaller and structurally simple  simple  

is the first type of cell to evolve, is the first type of cell to evolve, there are there are NONO internal organelle internal organelle structures. structures. 

It has DNA and cytoplasm and most It has DNA and cytoplasm and most likely single celled. likely single celled.

Bacterial CellsBacterial Cells Capsules –Capsules –

• Act as cell walls Act as cell walls

   CircularCircular DNA  DNA  

• Genetic information Genetic information coiled DNAcoiled DNA

• No membrane for nucleoid region.  No membrane for nucleoid region.  

Prokaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells

• are small and structurally simple are small and structurally simple

• Simple membrane bound cytoplasm Simple membrane bound cytoplasm

• DNA  DNA 

• RNA RNA

All Bacteria cells are ProkaryotesAll Bacteria cells are Prokaryotes   

They can be single cell or multi-They can be single cell or multi-cellular organisms. cellular organisms.

Eukaryote - The second type of cell Eukaryote - The second type of cell formed.  formed. 

ComplexityComplexity

• Organelles Organelles

NucleiNuclei

Plants have cell wallsPlants have cell walls

Large Vacuole Large Vacuole    

Multi cellular and Unicellular Multi cellular and Unicellular types have:types have:• Plant - multi Plant - multi

• Animal - multiAnimal - multi

• Protist – single and multiProtist – single and multi

• Fungi  - single and multiFungi  - single and multi

Cell Composition  Cell Composition   Plasma membrane Plasma membrane

    Cytoplasm Cytoplasm

    Organelles Organelles

    Nucleus Nucleus

    Cell Wall (only in plants)Cell Wall (only in plants)   

Animal & Plant Cell ORGANELLESAnimal & Plant Cell ORGANELLES Eukaryotic cells have functional compartments: Eukaryotic cells have functional compartments:  NUCLEUS – Contains:NUCLEUS – Contains:

• DNA – stores genetic informationDNA – stores genetic information• RNA – transmits genetic informationRNA – transmits genetic information

    Messenger  - mRNAMessenger  - mRNA

      Transfer – tRNATransfer – tRNA

      Ribosomal - rRNARibosomal - rRNA

Ribosome - makes proteinsRibosome - makes proteins• Assembles amino acids into polypeptides Assembles amino acids into polypeptides

polymers. polymers.

Animal & Plant Cell ORGANELLES Animal & Plant Cell ORGANELLES

Flagella – motor transport of cell (Animal & Flagella – motor transport of cell (Animal & Protists)Protists)

Centriole– helps cell division (Animal)Centriole– helps cell division (Animal)

Lysosome – breaks down particles. (Animal)Lysosome – breaks down particles. (Animal)

Golgi Apparatus – stores and packages Golgi Apparatus – stores and packages

Plasma Membrane – regulates entry in to Plasma Membrane – regulates entry in to the cell and maintains homeostasis the cell and maintains homeostasis

Animal & Plant Cell OrganellesAnimal & Plant Cell Organelles

Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum Transport passage for the cells Transport passage for the cells

chemicals.chemicals. Types of E.R.:Types of E.R.:

•   Smooth – no ribosomesSmooth – no ribosomes  

• Rough – with ribosomesRough – with ribosomes

Animal Cell OrganellesAnimal Cell Organelles

Mitochondrion – energy generator of the Mitochondrion – energy generator of the cell (battery)cell (battery)

Cytoskeleton – Supports the cells structureCytoskeleton – Supports the cells structure• Microtubule – comprises the cytoskeletonMicrotubule – comprises the cytoskeleton•   Microfilament - comprises the cytoskeleton Microfilament - comprises the cytoskeleton

Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles

Cell Wall – Composed of Cellulose Cell Wall – Composed of Cellulose • Give strength and structure to plants Give strength and structure to plants

Vacuole  - Storage Vacuole  - Storage

Chloroplast – Absorb sunlight for Chloroplast – Absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

1. All life forms are made from one or 1. All life forms are made from one or more cells.  more cells.            

2. Cells only arise from pre-existing 2. Cells only arise from pre-existing cells.  cells.            

3. The cell is the smallest form of 3. The cell is the smallest form of life. Cellslife. Cells

The Cell Theory The Cell Theory 

Schleiden and Schwann proposed the Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory in 1838,cell theory in 1838,

• cell biology research was cell biology research was forever changed.forever changed.