I. INTRODUCTION With rapidly growing wireless communications, to support seamless handover becomes one of the crucial issues to be addressed [1],[2]. The Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) [3] was designed to manage the movement of mobile nodes in the network. To improve handover performance of MIPv6, the Fast Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) was proposed [4]. FMIPv6 is primarily used to reduce the handover latency in the 'unicast' networks, whereas the issues on multicast handover support in the mobile networks are still for further study. For support of IP multicasting, a lot of schemes have been proposed, which include the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) [5],[6] and Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) [7],[8] for multicast group join and leave, and also several multicast routing protocols for construction of multicast trees such as Protocol Independent Multicast [9] and Source Specific Multicast [10]. It is noted that a lot of schemes have been proposed to support mobile multicasting in MIPv6-based networks, which can be classified into the following two approaches: Remote Subscription (RS) and Bi-Directional Tunnelling (BT). In the RS scheme, a mobile node (MN) will join the multicast tree in the newly visited network. This RS scheme does not require the packet encapsulation, since it does not use the MIP Home Agent (HA) and tunnelling, and it also gives an optimal multicast forwarding path from a multicast source to many mobile receivers. These benefits come from the explicit join to the multicast tree, 993 This paper proposes a fast tree join scheme to provide seamless multicast handover in the mobile networks using the Fast Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6). In the existing FMIPv6-based multicast handover schemes, the bi-directional tunnelling or the remote subscription is employed with the packet buffering at the new access router (AR). In general, the remote subscription approach is preferred to the bi-directional tunnelling, since in the remote subscription scheme we can exploit an optimized multicast path from a multicast source to many mobile receivers. However, in the remote subscription scheme, if the tree joining operation takes a long time, a significant amount of data packets will be buffered at the new AR, and thus it may result in the buffering overhead that may induce the buffer overflow and packet losses. In this paper, we propose a fast join to multicast tree so as to reduce the handover delay and the associated buffering overhead. In the proposed scheme, the new AR will join the multicast tree as soon as the associated handover event is detected. This ensures that the new multicast data packets can arrive at the new AR as fast as possible, which is helpful to reduce the packet buffering overhead as well as the handover delay. From the ns-2 simulations, it is shown that the proposed scheme can give better performance than the existing FMIPv6-based multicast handover schemes in terms of handover delay and buffering overhead. Keywords: Mobile multicast, FMIPv6, Fast tree join, Handover delay, Buffering overhead 논문번호: TR09-106 논문접수일자:2009.09.07, 논문수정일자:2010.06.30, 논문게재확정일자:2010.10.19 Moneeb Gohar, Sang Tae Kim, Seok Joo Koh: Kyungpook National University Fast Tree Join for Seamless Multicast Handover in FMIPv6-based Mobile Networks Moneeb Gohar · Sang Tae Kim · Seok Joo Koh
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I. INTRODUCTION
With rapidly growing wireless communications, to
support seamless handover becomes one of the crucial
issues to be addressed [1],[2]. The Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)
[3] was designed to manage the movement of mobile
nodes in the network. To improve handover performance
of MIPv6, the Fast Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) was proposed
[4]. FMIPv6 is primarily used to reduce the handover
latency in the 'unicast' networks, whereas the issues on
multicast handover support in the mobile networks are still
for further study.
For support of IP multicasting, a lot of schemes have
been proposed, which include the Internet Group
Management Protocol (IGMP) [5],[6] and Multicast
Listener Discovery (MLD) [7],[8] for multicast group join
and leave, and also several multicast routing protocols for
construction of multicast trees such as Protocol Independent
Multicast [9] and Source Specific Multicast [10].
It is noted that a lot of schemes have been proposed to
support mobile multicasting in MIPv6-based networks,
which can be classified into the following two approaches:
Remote Subscription (RS) and Bi-Directional Tunnelling
(BT). In the RS scheme, a mobile node (MN) will join the
multicast tree in the newly visited network. This RS
scheme does not require the packet encapsulation, since it
does not use the MIP Home Agent (HA) and tunnelling,
and it also gives an optimal multicast forwarding path
from a multicast source to many mobile receivers. These
benefits come from the explicit join to the multicast tree,
993
This paper proposes a fast tree join scheme to provide seamless multicast handover in the mobile networks using the
Fast Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6). In the existing FMIPv6-based multicast handover schemes, the bi-directional tunnelling or
the remote subscription is employed with the packet buffering at the new access router (AR). In general, the remote
subscription approach is preferred to the bi-directional tunnelling, since in the remote subscription scheme we can
exploit an optimized multicast path from a multicast source to many mobile receivers. However, in the remote
subscription scheme, if the tree joining operation takes a long time, a significant amount of data packets will be buffered
at the new AR, and thus it may result in the buffering overhead that may induce the buffer overflow and packet losses.
In this paper, we propose a fast join to multicast tree so as to reduce the handover delay and the associated buffering
overhead. In the proposed scheme, the new AR will join the multicast tree as soon as the associated handover event is
detected. This ensures that the new multicast data packets can arrive at the new AR as fast as possible, which is helpful
to reduce the packet buffering overhead as well as the handover delay. From the ns-2 simulations, it is shown that the
proposed scheme can give better performance than the existing FMIPv6-based multicast handover schemes in terms of
handover delay and buffering overhead.
Keywords: Mobile multicast, FMIPv6, Fast tree join, Handover delay, Buffering overhead
Figure 12. Comparison of buffer overhead for different TAR-MN
Number of Packets Buffered at NAR
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
FMIP-M-BT
FMIP-M-RS
FMIP-FTJ-RS
10 20 40 70 110 160 220 290 370 470
TAR-RP(ms)
Figure 13. Comparison of buffer overhead for different TAR-RP
Number of Packets Buffered at NAR
overhead and the handover delays significantly, compared
to the existing FMIPv6-based multicast handover
schemes.
AcknowledgementThis research was supported by the IT R&D program
of MKE/KEIT(10035245: Study on Architecture of Future
Internet to Support Mobile Environments and Network
Diversity) and the ITRC program of MKE/NIPA(NIPA-
2010-C1090-1021-0002).
[References][1] D. H. Kwon, et al., ''Design and implementation of an
efficient multicast support scheme for FMIPv6,''Proceeding of INFOCOMM2006, 2006, pp. 1-12.
[2] Nicolas Montavont and Thomas noel, ''Handover Management for Mobile Nodes in IPv6 Networks,''IEEE Communication Magazine, Vol. 40, No. 8, Aug. 2002, pp. 38-43.
[3] D. Johnson, et al., Mobility Support in IPv6, IETF RFC 3775, Jun. 2004.
[4] R. Koodli, Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers, IETF RFC 5268, 2008.
[5] W. Fenner, Internet Group Management Protocol, IETFRFC 2236, November 1997.
[6] B. Cain, S.Deering, et al., Internet Group Management Protocol, IETF RFC 3376, Oct. 2002.
[7] S.Deering, et al., Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) for IPv6, IETF RFC 2710, Oct. 1999.
[8] R. Vida, and Costa, Multicast Listener Discovery Version 2 (MLDv2) for IPv6, IETF RFC 3810, Jun. 2004.
[10] H. Holbrook and B. Cain, Source-Specific Multicast for IP, IETF RFC 4607, Aug. 2006.
[11] I. Romdhani, et al., ''IP mobile multicast: challenges and solutions,'' IEEE Communications, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2004, pp. 18-41.
[12] T. Harrison, et al., ''Mobile multicast (MoM) protocol: multicast support for mobile hosts,'' Proceeding of ACM/IEEE Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 97), Sep. 1997, pp. 151-160.
[13] Y.-J. Suh, et al., ''An efficient multicast routing protocol in wireless mobile networks,'' ACM Wireless Networks, Vol. 7, No. 5, Sep. 2001, pp. 443-453.
[14] C. R. Lin and K. M. Wang, ''Mobile multicast support in IP networks,'' IEEE INFOCOM 2000, Mar. 2000,
pp. 1664-1672.[15] J. Park and Y.-J. Suh, ''A Timer-based mobile multicast
routing protocol in mobile network,'' Computer Communications, Vol. 26, Issue 17, Nov. 2003, pp. 1965-1974.
[16] S. Yoo and S. Shin, ''Fast Handover Mechanism for Seamless Multicasting Services in Mobile IPv6Wireless Networks,'' Wireless Personal Communications, Vol. 42, 2007, pp. 509-526.