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FALLACY 

- Chada W. Mohamed, Rishu Mehra, Santram Maurya

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Fallacy 

Definition:

A fallacy is a component of an

argument which, being demonstrably

flawed in its logic. It can be a formal

(Invalid form) or an informal

(unclear expression) fallacy.

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List of Logical Fallacies1. Attacking the person

2. Appeal to ignorance

3. Appeal to authority

4. Affirming the consequent

5. Amphiboly

6. Appeal to emotion

7. False analogy

8. Begging the question

9. Slippery slope

10. Common belief 

11. Past belief 12. Contrary to fact hypothesis

13. Denying the antecedent

14. Division

15. Composition

16. Far fetched hypothesis

17. False dilemma

18. Equivocation

19. Hasty generalization

20. Post hog, ergo propter hoc

21. Inconsistency

22.  Non sequitur 

23. Questionable clause

24. Red herring

25. Slanting

26. Straw man27. Two wrongs make a right

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 Two Wrongs Make A Right

Definition:

When one tries to justify an apparently wrong action

 by charged of a similar wrong.

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Zinedine Zidane head-butted Markus Materazzi during the

FIFA world cup.

He justified his actions saying that Materazzi bad-mouthed hissister.

Therefore Zidane commited two wrongs make a right fallacy.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vF4iWIE77Ts 

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Division

Definition:

This fallacy is committed when we

conclude that any part of a particular whole must have a characteristic

 because the whole has that

characteristic.

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Division

“The fallacy is committed when we conclude that any part of a

 particular whole must have a characteristic because the whole hasthat characteristic.” 

Film critics have no doubt that Ranbir Kapoor will be a great actor 

 because of his family’s movie background. 

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Non Sequitur

Definition:

When the premises have no directrelationship to the conclusion.

Cadbury’s Advertisement

 Non Sequitur: Two childrendoing eyebrows dance have

nothing to do with chocolates. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v

=exMrMcHpPLo 

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Red HerringDefinition

When an irrelevant issue into thediscussion

Clinton Campaign. "I am qualified to be president because my husband is BillClinton."

The fact that her husband is Bill Clinton

has no logical connection whatsoever toher personal qualification to the presidency ... it is used to throw peopleoff.

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Questionable clauseDefinition

The fallacy is committed when thecause for an occurrence is identifiedon insufficient evidence.

This Duplex paints advertisementconcludes that one can tell what paintis used inside, based on the exterior of the house.

Therefore, it raises the fallacy of questionable clause as one cannot predict the inside scenario based onthe external look.

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False Dilemma

Definition: Assumes that we must choose

one of the two alternatives

instead of allowing for other 

 possibilities.

The punch line of the

advertisement is creating

fallacy as the punch line states

that MasterCard exists for 

everything that can be bought.

“There are something money can’t buy. For everything else there is

MASTERCARD.” 

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Far Fetched HypothesisDefinition:

It is the fallacy of inductive reasoningthat is committed when we accept a

 particular hypothesis when a moreacceptable hypothesis is available.

Super Man, Bat Man, Spider Man,Krrish etc. are the popular character who fights against the evil and hassuper natural power.

The characters are very much famousthroughout the world and is taken asthe super hero. However, in realitythese are doesn’t exist in this world. 

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Attacking the Person

Definition

 Attacking the individual instead of argument.

Indian ex-cricket coach Chappell, in aninterview to a London basednewspaper criticized Ganguly onpersonal regards rather than on hisprofessional fields.

It is the fallacy of attacking the personas the coach directly commented thatGanguly was hungry for money; insteadof focusing on cricket issue he istargeting him for other factors.

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Appeal to Authority Definition:

The fallacy tries to convince the listener  by appealing to the reputation of afamous or respected personality.

This advertisement shows Hrithik Roshan, a Bollywood superstar,endorsing Hero Honda Karizma bike.

He may not know anything about the

vehicle. But the company is using hissuperstardom for promoting the vehicle.Hence, this is a fallacy of appeal toauthority.

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Inconsistency 

Definition:

A disclosure in inconsistent of self contradicting if it contains, explicitly or implicitly, two assertions that arelogically incompatible with each other.

Kareena Kapoor committed the fallacy of INCONSISTENCY in 2002, when shementioned in TV interview that she

 believes women should stay at home.

This statement is a fallacy as Kareenahas a profession; she isn’t practicingwhat she is preaching.

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False analogy 

Definition

False analogy is an

unsound form of 

inductive argument inwhich an argument

relies heavily on a weak 

analogy to prove its

 point.

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Hasty Generalization

Definition

This fallacy is committed when a person draws aconclusion about a population based on a sample that isnot large enough.

In this advertisement they have come to the conclusionthat they have done a good job by changing lives of 600,000 managers which is just a small proportion of thetotal managers in India.

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Refrences

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=exMrMcHpPLo 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vF4iWIE77Ts  

http://www.youtube.com 

http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies 

http://www.samizdata.net.blog 

www.en.wikipedia.org  http://www.saawariya.org/2007/11/09/786137/movie-review-saawariya-

ranbir-kapoor-does-a-good-job/index.html 

http://www.masala.com/celebs/479-ranbir-kapoor  

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy 

http://www.chakpak.com/celebrity/kareena-kapoor/21576  http://www.glamsham.com/download/picturegallery/picture.asp?subcatid=78

7 

http://www.equitymaster.com/result.asp?symbol=HROH 

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 THANK YOU

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