Fall 2003 Professor Charles A. Gross Electrical and Computer Engineering VOX 334.844.1812 FAX 334.844.1809 [email protected] ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.

Fall 2003

Professor Charles A. GrossElectrical and Computer Engineering

VOX 334.844.1812FAX 334.844.1809

[email protected]

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERINGFUNDAMENTALS

Restricted permission to use this copyrighted material for personal education is granted to all students officially enrolled in Busi/Engr 3510 in the 2003 Fall Semester at Auburn University. Any other use is strictly prohibited.

Fall 2003 EE Fundamentals © C. A. Gross2

Perspectives

Engineering is...

the application of science, mathematics, and technology to the design, fabrication, and use of practical devices and systems.

Electrical Engineering is...

that part of engineering which utilizes electrical and magnetic phenomena to achieve the engineering mission.

Fall 2003 EE Fundamentals © C. A. Gross3

Two Basic Applications...

Information Processing ("Electronic")

TV, radio, computers, telephony, etc

Energy Processing ("Electrical")

Lighting, heating, motors, generators, etc

Fall 2003 EE Fundamentals © C. A. Gross4

Contemporary ECE

Circuits and Systems Electronics (micro-integrated circuits) Digital Logic Circuits; Boolean Algebra Control Microprocessors; Computers Electromagnetic Fields Communications Power and Energy

Fall 2003 EE Fundamentals © C. A. Gross5

An Example…

AMTRAK has solicited bids for the design of a high speed rail (HSR) system from New York to Boston. This is to be the first step in a massive overhaul of the entire US rail system. Specifications include:

operation at 300 km/hr in shakedown phase; upgraded to 500 km/hr when fully commissioned. Freight trains are to eventually replace all tractor-trailor vehicles on the interstate highway system. Freight charges will

fully fund all system operating expenses. Passenger trains will provide full business communication and entertainment accommodations. Passenger charges will

fully fund all system expansion.

Circuits and Systems Electronics (micro-integrated circuits) Digital Logic Circuits; Boolean Algebra Control Microprocessors; Computers Electromagnetic Fields Communications Power and Energy

Fall 2003 EE Fundamentals © C. A. Gross6

ECE Design Problems

Circuits and SystemsProvide a mathematical simulation of the overall system dynamic performance, including starting, stopping, and emergency conditions. The mechanical performance must be integrated with the electrical performance of the drive system.

Electronics Select, specify, and/or design sensors and associated A/D converters that monitor critical system variables, including position, velocity, acceleration, 3-axis vibration, cabin temperature, drive temperature, status of safety subsystems, etc.

Fall 2003 EE Fundamentals © C. A. Gross7

ECE Design Problems

ControlDesign an anti-collision system with forward looking radar, to prevent overtaking any obstructions on the RoW.

Microprocessors; ComputersDesign an on-board computer network, featuring passenger stations that can accommodate full internet access, as well as radio and TV access, plus sensor data channels.

Electromagnetic FieldsDesign two antenna systems, one providing a high fidelity communication satellite link to the internet, and a second ground-based backup system.

Fall 2003 EE Fundamentals © C. A. Gross8

ECE Design Problems

CommunicationsDesign an on-board communication system to accommodate 30 digital data channels, with 16 bit resolution, and a refresh rate of 1 Hz, and two voice channels, with 8-bit resolution, and bandwidth of 3.4 kHz.

Power and EnergyDesign an electromagnetic propulsion system featuring MaGLev suspension and linear induction motors. The power source is to be on the stationary track.

Fall 2003 EE Fundamentals © C. A. Gross9

Recall Basic Applications...

Information Processing ("Electronic")

TV, radio, computers, telephony, etc

Energy Processing ("Electrical")

Lighting, heating, motors, generators, etc

Fall 2003 EE Fundamentals © C. A. Gross10

Two ways to represent information

Analog Form

Digital Form

Fall 2003 EE Fundamentals © C. A. Gross11

Digital is better because….

The signal processing hardware is simpler. Information can be encoded into digital form to any

desired accuracy. Digital storage media is simpler and cheaper, and can be

replicated with zero error. The recovery of digital information in the presence of

noise is simpler. Anything you can do to a number, you can do to a digital

signal. Hence there is almost no limit to what is possible in digital signal processing. Consider "Jurassic Park".

Fall 2003 EE Fundamentals © C. A. Gross12

Some Basic Digital Signal Processing Concepts

All information can be represented as a number. All numbers can be represented in binary form.

Example:

"10" = 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 0x20

= (1010)2

Binary "0" and "1" can be represented by two levels of voltage in an electric circuit. Therefore "10" is:

5 V (Binary "1")

0 V (Binary "0")

Fall 2003 EE Fundamentals © C. A. Gross13

Lincoln's Gettysburg Address

"Forescore and seven years ago…"ASCII eight bit Code for the letter "F":

ASCII Character "70"…

0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0

272 words, with an average of 5 letters per word, plus a space:

8 x (5+1) x 272 = 13,056 bits.

At a transmission rate of 100 Mbits/s:

Time to transmit =

Example:

"10" = 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 0x20

= (1010)2

Binary "0" and "1" can be represented by two levels of voltage in an electric circuit.:

5 V (Binary "1")

0 V (Binary "0")

13,056130

100,000,000s

Fall 2003 EE Fundamentals © C. A. Gross14

The Electronic Miracle

How is it possible to deal with this much detail so fast? Millions of components (the Pentium 4 computer chip has over 5 million transistors) Extremely small size (dimensions measured in microns) Extremely low component power (nanowatts) Extreme reliability. If a component is properly manufactured, installed, and operated

within its limits, there is NO known failure mechanism. Extremely small cost. Once upon a time, a single transistor might cost 50 cents.

Hence, a Pentium 4 would cost 2.5 M$. Today, a P4 costs about 0.0002 M$.

Fall 2003 EE Fundamentals © C. A. Gross15

Recall Two Basic Applications...

Information Processing ("Electronic")

TV, radio, computers, telephony, etc

Energy Processing ("Electrical")

Lighting, heating, motors, generators, etc

Fall 2003 EE Fundamentals © C. A. Gross16

Electrical POWER Engineering is...

that part of electrical engineering which deals with the generation, transformation, transmission, and utilization of bulk electrical energy. It is characterized by high voltage, current, and power levels.

Fall 2003 EE Fundamentals © C. A. Gross17

The Hydraulic-Electric Analogy...

Charge (Q, in coulomb, C) "the fluid", "electricity" , a fundamental property of the electron.

Current (I, in C/second or ampere, A)

"the flow", flow rate of charge

Voltage (V, in J/C or volt, V) "the pressure", flow rate of charge

VoltageRise

Current

PressureRise(Pump)

Flow

Fall 2003 EE Fundamentals © C. A. Gross18

Power...

Power (P, in J/s, or watt, W) Flow rate of energy from A to B

P = V I

+Voltage

(V)

-

Current (I)

NetworkA

NetworkB

Fall 2003 EE Fundamentals © C. A. Gross19

Summary….

Electrical Engineering focuses two general areas of application: Information Processing ("Electronic") Energy Processing

Electronics has a major impact on modern society. Consider life without television, radio, computers, telephones, fax machines, etc.

Electrical power applications include lighting, heating, transportation, as well supplying the energy for electronic devices. We will consider electrical power in our next lesson.