Faktor Pendorong Bisnis Internasional ©2004 Prentice Hall 1-1
Faktor Pendorong Bisnis Internasional
©2004 Prentice Hall1-1
Pengertian Perdagangan Internasional (bisnis internasional)
Bar
ang
/ Jas
a / C
apit
alNegara A Negara B
Barang / Jasa / C
apital
Bat
as W
ilay
ah
Pabean
Alasan dilakukannya International Trade
Disparitas HargaSupply-demand Laws
SeleraPerbedaan Sumber Daya
Komponen yang terlibat
Lebih dari satu negara– Pemerintah
– Swasta
– Rumah tangga
Organisasi Perdagangan Internasional
1-5
How Does International BusinessDiffer from Domestic?
Currency conversion Legal systems Culture Availability of resources
1-6
Why Study International Business?
Large organizations Foreign-owned subsidiaries Small businesses Competitors Business techniques and tools Cultural literacy
1-7
International Business Activities
Exporting and Importing International Investments Licensing, Franchising, and
Management Contracts
1-8
Exporting and Importing
Exporting: selling of products made in one’s own country for use or resale in other countries
Importing: buying of products made in other countries for use or resale in one’s own country
1-9
53% of Boeing’s aircraft sales are to foreign airlines
Perlu diketahuiPerlu diketahui
1-10
Visible and Invisible Trade
Trade in Goods– Merchandise exports and imports
– Visible trade
Trade in Services– Service exports and imports
– Invisible trade
1-11
International Investments
Capital supplied by residents of one country to residents of another
2 categories:– Foreign direct investments
– Portfolio investments
1-12
Other Forms of International Business Activity
Licensing: firm in one country licenses the use of its intellectual property to a firm in a second country in return for a royalty payment
Franchising: firm in one country authorizes a firm in another country to utilize its operating system and intellectual property
1-13
Management Contracts
A firm in one country agrees to operate facilities or provide other management services to a firm in another country for an agreed-upon fee
Common in upper-end international hotel industry
1-14
This Beijing restaurant is one of 430 that McDonald’s has built in China
1-15
Table 1.1 The World’s Largest Corporations – 2002
Rank Name Country Revenues $Mil
1 Wal-Mart Stores U.S. 246,525
2 General Motors U.S. 186,763
3 Exxon Mobil U.S. 182,466
4 Royal Dutch/Shell Netherlands 179,431
5 BP Britain 178,721
6 Ford Motor U.S. 163,871
7 DaimlerChrysler Germany 141,421
8 Toyota Motor Japan 131,754
9 General Electric U.S. 131,698
10 Mitsubishi Japan 109,386
C1-16
Sources of International Commodity Trade Data
Standard International Trade Classification (SITC)
– Commodity Trade Statistics
– Main Economic Indicators
U.S. Census Bureau report of exports and imports
– United States Commodity Imports and Exports as Related to Output
Supply Curves of Wheat and Textiles Under Constant Cost Conditions
FIGURE 2.1FIGURE 2.1
C1-17
C1-18
Comparative Opportunity Cost
Who Exports What?
– Necessary to measure joint productivity of all factors (in monetary value).
– Unit production cost = aggregate resources used in production of one output unit
Limits to Mutually Beneficial Exchange
Region of Mutually Beneficial Trade
FIGURE 2.2FIGURE 2.2
C1-19
C1-20
Dynamic Gains from International Trade
Static effects—reallocation of resources Dynamic benefits—additional resources available Higher income from more efficient use of resources Increased savings, more resources available for
investment Technological spillover Increased size of national market Economies of scale and benefits to economy at large
– Competitive pressure on prices– Product improvement– Technological advancement– Increased labor pool– Infrastructure development– Inflation dampening
Tugas Mandiri
Identifikasi Kegiatan International Trade Isu-isu yang sedang terjadi saat ini