Faculty ot Agriculture Gomal University D. I' Rhaa

OPTIM|ZTNG Plrol)UCl'IVl tY Ol'

LEGUIIE BASED WIIE..\'I' CKOPPING SYSTET

THROUGII IN'IICRATED USE OF

WINTER LfGU}IES AND FI,RTILIZER

INPU TS

AYHAYATALLAH KHAN

di!€ertrtion submilted in partiel fulfillneut

of tbe requiremcnls for the degree of,

Doctor of Philosophy

in {gronomy

Department of Agronomy

Faculty ot AgricultureGomal University D. I' Rhaa

2008

L

OPTIMIZING PRODUCTIVITY OF LEGUME BASED WHEATCROPPING SYSTEM THROUGH INTEGRATED USE OF

WINTER LEGUiIES AND FERTILIZER INPUTS

By

Hayatullah Khan

A dissertalion submiftod in partial fulfillmont oftherequiremonts for the degroe oi

Doctor of Philosophy

in

Agronomy

Department of AgronomyFaculty of Agriculture

Gomal UniversityDera lsmail Khan

2008

H

9*%bLa.@t'

ALLAH% lo Tlloet' $ aotu*, a.d, tlr' 7lta4' m;dl4l

DEDIGATIOI|

Th& humbre .ffod b ded(.t.d to

tttutdb@)Wfu(b)*rW$tddtu

4*te

.t r.0- t{.y 4-, toe tf.y Xt'',,Stubf 6 Xhsd'at t afr r<tawl ctd.e* t{are Kh.

DEPARTMDM !E AGRONQII!f& ly of Agricultue Gond UnimitY

D.!r sir,

Mi lt y.rdLt xl! Ph' D S.told of l!i. D.?dtodt ta ix@sli lv 'Lfdd'd

hs tbsb in

-Ui" tii"A "Oni-i"l"g pr"a*ivitt of l.$@' b'5'd whar crelpitr8 svsr'o loud itrtesd'd

i* "r

*u- i"-* -o f.nilta inplts- otr D'cmbq 19 2008 HeM hts {* i5

@dmd.d for lh; terid of ft8ra of Dodor of PhilosPhv'

ORAL DXAMINAfl ON/PUBUC DEFENCE.

Drlfi ofwc.d scidc.."N\iF?. Agit uoi"!69, P""hNa

Tn Ad<lidon l condoud ofEnnin ti@

Dqt LaDil KhlA NSIFP

fiq! l$.n KnaNWFP, P.KJSID

No. /[email protected]: Dghb6 19,2008

Gon.l Unil6iy. D.l Kh4.G.tchd Exmind/tndis Supe*ilor)

PntDr. Himtlrdlah Khu

D.FnFi of AgmImY,

ConulUniv63itY,DIKha

Ptof. Dr. Muhamud Qssi. Kno

Cq, fonvad.d lo ih. Dttclos (Aqddrict), Coo.l Ulit6ity, Ddi ltuil Kb.6 fo.ilbrsrlioa rd @y rctid.

To

Tt Dir..ro! (Acd.nica)

D.trldilI(b.

clEtEls.lIIE

Iri!ro sri& rh.r Mr. nryerulh Kho,I'tD. s.blj, D.?dlD@l of Atrclory, tEi!.orpord.d.[ th. corrloliod,[email protected] dd! inhh Pb-D Th.!i* Wc @ ftIy$tid.dsi6 i,t [email protected]. irhir$€i!

5.h

Dr- Muturd Arin KbeDcllt of w..d SciqEG.,NPTP. Asril Unit€r.i9, F6hE

GoE l Ud\rlmity, Dl-K!ra.0ddrl EMi!../T[stu Sup.rvitor)

^t?tovED tY tfa 3lrttluetly ct xmtTtt

==z'

I(EC'

Golrr Urrvdfiy D6 tr.X Xt .

Gcd U.|E|lrD6 t-I xb.

/r" .

Ct lEr D.r.nB. ot^abrdn

Gad rii{l!' lr.r IrI Xt-

l|' Mrlr!..dJmll (ie e{ ana-r.r s sd.aD.Ftur {s.I s.6c fr-r .flt.ir-.eG.r.r u.6drl.' od r-t xr-

o-14

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Ther. i! no Cod cxcepl Allai Albidty dd th€E h no one rcnn woshippinS cxcepl Hii.All elodcs od p6is G to Alllh Arnichty, *bo is md Ghcionr M@itul &d

Benefic.nl. Fitst of oll I ow umub.ed ond .ndlcss thanl$ ed sim.Ml sElilu& 10 Hid.

He is th. one who cnighened ne to cairy orn the p@nt inv.stigalion ud b.slow€d or n.rhe wisdom ond lbilitv ro * . rhis DoctoEl Disnatiod.

Hazn Muhmrd Pise Bc Upon Hin is the Fiml od lall Pmphel .nd Messcnger ionAllah Alnighty who shoqcd u the dgnt pai! by conveyirS lhe nesgca ofAlLh Alhi8}tly

ir lhc fm of l!ld. h is $is ay of lich or kld, $tich h!re illmi6led qhol. of lhe

uivefte &d boughl boutiful of blessin$ !o nekind. Ou Prcphet l.ff !o slon uturud

i! coNcying th. r.chines ol l3lan in cal ard tlue sN. Il is this 6y of light of Isl"n,

which hs €dblcd ne lo cooduci $. E*dh studies md @nplete ttE wii. up of this

disertadon. I o*. ny etrdlc$ thanl$, hcanf€L gniitud. ed hielast ld.l ol c!p..t b tn

rcblcsr FMm|ny, lhe b.st guidc and El wll wieh.t of mtliod - Th. Pophel

Muhmmad P€&. Be Upon Hin.

Il is ny ploud privilege dd Cre.t honor to expr€s ny siecc thdns, sratnude ddind.bt dnss to sy higlrly l.med S!t@ier, Dr M"l'"--',i Qdio Kh&, Prof.$or of Soil

S.ienc. ald Dee Faculty ofAg.icutld., coml Univqsrty, who cortinuously peNaded m.

to comDlct PIL D. Es.Nh &d ro sit D@todt Disrtalion. He s alwys pcilive, tid,

I deem ir a pdd€, honor, ed ilmcse pLsuE to expcss Ey hean _ leh 93ti6caiion,

appei.lios &d lhdts b my BeMd and highly lstrd tnd expdi.nced Co - sup.nis.

Di [email protected] sh&if zia, Eninent Schold / Pofesor Faculty of Agrcdt@, oonal

UDiy.Biiy for hk scholastic ed able guid6nc€, co$t utivc cnticis. coBblenl iftPirarion,

g4€DN eMMSGnen! @nrinFu !dvi@ duing thc tlbutation ed sradsri@l tnilysis or

dlta md th. wiling of lhis disseiiaioo, ln fet it would havc b€en diilicult for ne to do tll

this widout his linely help ed .isistatue . I rn hig[y sat€ful to him fd hk indbpes.ble

I ale expt$ my deepesl $anls dd otprciatioB to Dr- Himart Ullah Kh.n, Ch.ilnrt!D.p€rhot of Agbrcmy and M.Eb.. Sulcni$ry Co@in c for .xbnning ht vrluble

3ueeesrim, hclt, ed @FErid for the @pl.rion of ny degd pogrtu.

My thdis lrd .pldiatioN e .le qrcnd.d ro Dr. MutMnld Juil XlD4 Asillanr

Pbf6s of Soil Sci€M and M.nbet SuFryiery Comitlle for lris dsi$he edguiddce in Mili.g dis diserLtioD.

I ale iltanktully etoosledgc rhc asistam€ .nd h.lp ofMr. Klralid Usd, tlclucr / [email protected], Faculty of Aericultre, N@r Ullah Knan Weii. Asisist Scieniiftc Of[c.r, Sug{

ce€ Se{tion ARI D. I. Khm .d AMis Mahnood for tabulation of datA sbftiical aiatvsis

dd tuIitrg eb. di!8@ on @Eprn.r, I hshly rdoiE lhd fd lFrilg lt i. r€lublc tn.lor dong aI thb in spiic ofth.ii h.avy wort lo6d.

I w'nd fte ro .xr.nd oy n6r sil|c@ rb! 5 lo Miss Mctoish Kin! tanm (on @dact),

Dcpartnot of Honicultr. Fdulty of Ag.icultuF, for spetug ho valu.ble tin. oli ofhobuy shedul. for lyping and compoilg the dissrtation on @mput r.

Finnlly ny hcan - f.li tb.Dts ad d..pest apFeiaiio6 e €xtend.d to Dy b€lov.d wif. mdny childr€r (daughteb and $N) for coNlanr p€tswionq encouaSen€rt md ubddltddinsduing tb€ cous. of Beeh invBtigatios a triring th. neucript.

T

H.yrtulllh Kh.n

TABLE OF CONIEITTS

comEnTaAcrrdr..!.r.!tLtlt of t tL.Lt.t ofErp t fl9ure3

Cb.pt r No.I lrtre.lEctlo!

c[.pc.Nc2 Rlrdcr ofut r.tls1.2 Biological niEogci fxotion2.2 Boeflcialefiects oflesu$ in dop rct.tion2.3 Beneficial efl.ct ofotation2.4 Inpacl oI legu. on nitrogen prod@tiven€s oflhe $il?.5 lnlacl of legue on followins ccc.l go*0r

2.E E|fetofirt rcopping on lhe yi.ld firibui$ dd icldsofceEal l.8m.g

2.9 Yi€ld md yield componenk ofinleEops2.lO Qmtitative andqualir.tive rclaliomhip of conpon nr

cots in legdc e.l nor Leme inl.rcoppine eysr.n2.11 Morctary &d i.ld .dvm.gc of indcrcppins2.12 Cftdleguc inleEmpping 3y$d ar difreant plmring

Ch.pt€r NoJ llrtcrLk ald l!.thoik3.1 Experinehral d.r.il of studi€s

3.1.1 Sludy 1: Whlal prodetivity, droScn equircndts.nde efiicidcy s afdcd by wirt . leem.s ed

ar. l|o PAOE

I

IXx

I

8817l3

23252833

4243

45

55

5555

55

57

5959

6262

3.l.t.l3.1.1.23.1,1.33.1.1.rt

3.1.2

3.1.3

4.23.2.L

study sireExpennental dctails md tlesign

Study 2. Effet of gah legue inrercrcpping i! pfi.nand nitug.n f.niliztio on lle !rcdwtivity of wn€.l-gni! LgM. intcrcreppingStudy 3: Ef.cl of gnb leemc inGtDpping in wh..tdd phosphorus fenilizarion on th€ poductiviry ofwheat-gEin le8um. ilLrcoppinSObdcflation and data @ordilgHd*tins, d!t! @lletion ad tuodine

ltl

comErTa

4.t.14.1.24.1.3

11.1.3.1

PAOD i

6972127272

76

8l

8l8la284858587888989899395

9595

919199It02104

104

t01t01107

108

l0E

Clrpt r4llc.olt r.!d tllFlldo!4.1 Stodyl: wiiqt F.ductiviry. niftg.n Equiancnr! dd

!s. emciency s af.cted by winie. legm$ ddnitrogan f.niliation

4,t,3,2

Whal srceth dd yi.ld p6]m.leB

b. Wheat yi.ld p.@et€6.- Biological. giin dd stlw yi.ldd- H.n6r hd.x (HD.- AgMom'c clEcimy (AE)I Corelatio. of yi.ld p&dcrc6 with enin yi.ld

NitDgen concenthdon and uptate in wh.ai, N rccov.ry,physjological .ffici.ncy, N uriliadon efficiency dd

!. Niriogd @ficnr itr *tEar g!.irb. Niaogo @Mr!.rion in *hcat stowc. Niaogen uptde h

'lEatd. Physiolo8ical €fiiciency (PE).. Nitosen udliatior em.i.ncy (N'UE)t Nirosd h!ry.sr iadex (NHDg. Niross dovery (NrR)

Niirogen Eguircrent ot wh.rrE orcni. analysis ofN f.rriliz.rion

b. MarginNl 6G of rctum

Shdt 2: EFe.r of gBin legde inr.rcopping in shated nitroSo feniliaiion d thc prcd@tivity of wh.arod grain LgMe ini.eloppirg

WlE i groslh dd yi.ld p!fu.r.R

b. Ptuductiv. till.N o"

d. 1000 enin wight.. Biologic.l $tun yi€ldf. vh.at O6in yicld

Polin ontenr in ai6r gairPot in ortenr ir $t .t st sNinbgcn quiEae.l of *t!qr

4.1.3.34.1.3,4

4.t,41,2

4.2,14.2.24.2.?

4.2.3,1

4,2.3.24.2.3.31,2.3,4

IV

ar. Ifo corTEnta PAGE I109

109

109

l16l16l16t20t23t24

tut25t27t27t21t27130

130l3l133

136t36t16

141

l4ll4l

144148

t5l

t52

156

158

4.2.3.5 Econonics a&lysis of N feniu,lion to stolinredopFd *il[ gBir l.gM6

a. C61b.@fir6do

1.2.3,74.3

4.3,14.3,24.3.3

4.3.3.1

4.2,4.5

4.3.3.5

4.3.3,7

4.3.4.24.3.3.34.3.3.44.3.3.5

b. Mdgidl nle ofEnmPrcdwtivity of legmc iot€rcrcps

a. McthF yield compone.ts, noduladon &d yi.ldb. t6lil yicld @mpone s, nodubnd aid yicldc. ChickFa yi.ld compordts, noddal'on .od yi€ld

Led equiv.lent hdo (LER)Stldt 3: Eff*t of gdin legus id€rrcppirg in ehelt.nd phosphoru f..tiliatio otr df prodwlivity ofsdal-g6jn legmc irr€rcFpping

WL.l gdr{h dd i.ld plmereF

c. 1000 Iraitr w.ightd. Biolosical yield

Phosphorus equiEment of wh€alEcooonica of phosphom fertiliatio! g"in l.gue

b. Mdsi@l 6t€ ofEim (MRR)Pmductivny of lesu. ini.rcrops

a Grc*lh dd yi.ld pdtuetd of b.lbnb. coslh ed yi.ld pametcF of l@tilc. cb*1h ed yi.ld pamecG of chictpe.

Led equivd.nl 6tio (LER)

Chrpr.r NoJ A@D{t

Cbtlrer No 6 Corclu.loft A

Ch.pt€. Nd 7 LltcntlE Clt d

LIAT OF TASLES

T.bl6 I{o T.blG Tltl6 PAOE T

t blo 1 soil poFnis at drc sbn ofthc dpcnnertT.bla 2 Efet of ditre@r wilcr leeMes ed N nles on whe4r

pldt hcieht (cn)r.bt 3 Eflect of difreEnt winGr leM.s ed N nles on wh€at

Drcdu€tivs tila n :

trbL 4 Etrat ofdifferdt wintc.lesmcs ed N 6res on wh@1

Crain Fr spik€TsbL E EfectofdifreEnr winLr le8u.s &d Nnres on whsat

1000-g8in weighr (g)r.bb 6 EIt(t ofdifieErt *inr.r legmcs &d N 6l.s on qh€a1

biolosic.l yicld (kg ha'')T.bL 7 Efl*t ol difreMl winler leMcs ed N 6l.s on *heEt

cnin yicld (kg ha r)

t hk A Efi(t ofdiffeE winl.r leSmes ed N rar4 on wn alsFaw yield (ls hl )

lrblo 9 Efrec1 of difr@nl winlr legucs dd N h|es on v1learhanest indcx'/o

T.blo LO EiTect ofdiferenl winie! legues dd N rares on whealr!rcnomic efficiency

T.bL 11 Efrecr of diff@t winter lesm.s dd N Etcs on nitogencftenBadon iD rtat snin

TrbL 12 EiIecl of difimnt siot r legu6 rnd N nies oo lirroSmcohcentdlion io qheat slraw

T.ib l3 EII(I of dineMt *ifi.r leswes sd N rales on {h€a1dlroeen lprrlc in *hcat g6in

IdL 14 Efe.t of dilleMt vintr legmcs ed N nl6 on vheatninDgcn uplale in whcat sraw

T.bL 15 Efectofdifreentaini.f legues &d N raies on wh€alroDl njttogeo uptalc io (grlin + stnw)

T.bL 16 Effcct ofdifredt *ifid lesMes ard N rar6 otr qh@tphysiolosical efrci6cy

T.DL l? Etrect of difrennt winier lemes and N raies on whcalnnogcn utilizadon cftci€;y 0(g rs r)

T.bh la Effeclofdiff€Ertwi er lesmes.nd N raI€s on wh€ldrros.n hN.sr ind.x (%)

T.ll. 19 Etrsrofdiffemr*i qlegm.sddN616on whearnihs.n @overr (70)

T.bl6 20 Cost beneil mlio otnitrcgen fertilirrapplied to wheatew .ne. wi er Lgmes

T.bL 2l M&8in.l Ete or d@ (MRR) of rrosen r.niliaapplicrion 10 whqt som aftd wint r legMes

T.bl6 22 Soil nilrogen fenihy slatus ater the hwe$ of inter

TrtL 23 Er6t of difr€Mt l.gme bta.rcF ud N fcrtili2r br.@ plmi hcieh (cb) of whelt

51

13

73

75

75

76

76

8l

a2

83

83

34

84

a7

87

92

98

VI

T.blc TlU. PAGE 'Lblc 2ra

tbL25T.bl€ 26

l.bL 27

t.hh 2a

T.blc 29

T.blc OO

r.bb 3l

T.brc 32

Trllc 83Trb!. 34

f.ble 36

trhl. 37Trbb 3aT.bt 39

T.bl€ 42

t hL tts

LbL 45

Tabr. 45

T.Drc 47

LDlc 4a

Tibl. 49

Eff.ci ofdilleEni legm. i emops sdN fcnilizer rate

Enect ofdiflecrr legm. int rcroprrndN a.nilizd 6lc

Efiect of difrerent legme int@ops dd N f.nilzer r.leon lC40 snin wcidl (s) of sheatEffet oldiffemr leglh.inteEnp6 md N tcltrlizer nt.on biolqiel yi.ld (ks bt') ofwh..tEtr{t of diillRht leee. intwrcN md N fenilizer ideoo grain yield (ks nai) of vtqrEftcrofdilleG leem. ioleEtuF ald N f.nilia .on slrow yield (ks ha-i) of wheatEllcd of difcrcnt legmc inl€mF andN f.nilizer rateorn d€slbder e/t of PndrEfr.cl ofditrcr.nl l€suc inlercops andN f.nilik nleonsnin prct in conrent (%) of wn !tEflcr ofdjlieE l.gM. inrerops.ndN f.rdlia 6reon srBw pmrein a ert (vo) ofwh4rCost bcn fil r.lio ofN fenili2ation ro whealMdsi.rl ale of Gtm (MRR) fim *b€at 3t diff@nt N

Cow1h tud yi€ld ofMelhr. BrcMin ds$ciadon wilh

Nodd.tion i! m€rhE 8DM in as*i.ri@ enn snalGoslb sdyi.ld ofle il grcM in ds@iation with*tielNodul.lion in l.dril gm*n in osociation with whealCrc$1h &d yield of chictFa greM it Mhrion *ilh

Nodllalion in chickFa goM in aocialion qith wh€.1Lrnd €quivalent nlios (LER) of wh..t-8tain lesme

Etrect of legln. inierrops dd phosphons f.nilizer onpldt h.ighl Gm) oI wh.alEfrdof l€gu. in rc6ps and pbosphoN f.nilia on

Efi-et ol legme interrcps ed phosphorus fenilid on1000 grain wcighl G) ofqhealEfrer of lesuc inteffips &d phdpho$ fenilid onbiologicsl yield (k3 ha )ofwhealEfl4r of legMe intercopr and phospho$ f.nilizer on

snin yi€ld (ts h.'') ofwholEflecl of legm. int€rcrcF dd phosphotu f.ruliz€r onsta* yield Lle ha ') ofqh.atEtrd of lesloc iollrbF ald phdphoru f.nilizr onhaftsi index (%) ofstedEtrct ofl€8ue irtercrops ed phosphoru fenilizer on

clair poL! contenl (%) ofwher

100

101

103

105

106

ll0

lllt12

ll3l14

|l5

|7ll8lt9120

t2l122

123

128

t29

l3l

t32

134

ll5

t11

t38

VI

T$L ro T|bL TttL PAOE '

TrDL So

IrDL SlIlbl. 62l.bl. 53

LbL 54T.Dlc 55tbL55T.bL 57

T.bL Egr.bb 59

Eileclof leSm€ inl€rcrcps andphosphoru f.rtilizd onst!!w polein content (Yo) of bndtC6t beNfi diio ofP f.nilizarid !o siaiMd8i.al ot. ofEtn froE wlEr al ditrwnt P ldelsCb$tb md yicld ofn.tlrngroM inaseciation with

NoduLlrion h n lhn goM in 'ssidio!

*itl *dalGb${h drd yicld of l.ntil grcM in ds@iation with st@iNodulation in lendl srcwn in asdi.iion wiih wh.atGrc$lh dd yicld of chiclq€a stuM ia as*istio! *ilh

Noddatior i. chickF! gou in .$.ci.don wilh wheatLdd eqlivil.nt dtio, GrR) of whe6t groM ina@iatiotr filh difl€rc l€gu.s

r39

t42t43

145

t46t41148

149

150

l5l

vu

LTST OF XA.P AIfD FI(X'RIS

At. I{o TtUo PA(IE *

U.p 1.

alt, 1

au,2Flt. 3r.ta. 4

r|8.5lla. 6Flt. ?

It!. 8

Fl39

rra 10

FU. rr

UAP

f&ulty olAg.icult@ Conal Univenity D.l,Khtu, Paltlrn

nonREtlR.btionship b.twn niEogo Et s !n whd lrain yicldRel.nonihrp b.rw.en producr\e tll.u nr ed wh€ar sraihyi.ldR.hnonship b.twen enin spik€t .d q|!..l enin yi"ldRellriobtlp bct\ffi | 000 gEin q€i8ht ( gl dd wh.at 8rfln

Rclationshrp b.rEa phy3iologld .mcitry .rd *hrdt

Relarionship bctwen nit ogcn upb*. snd wb€.t giain yieldRelado.ship bdwn nitroSe. ral€s md nilrogen uliliztion

Rcl.tioBtdp b.tw.n niEoscn ErB .d nirrcsetr b@*r

Nitroeen EquiEneo' of qheat a, afl.ded b' winrer

NiEogcn rqui@al of rtqr incEmp?cd eilh crain

Phdphorus r€qdment of \'lEat int rcrcpp€d $ith eriin

78

1E

19

80

80

86

86

88

t09

l,l0

u

OPTIMIZING PRODUCTIVITY OF LEGUME BASED I\'HEAT CROPPINGSYSIEM THROUGE INTEGTTATED USE OF WINTER LEGUMES AI\ID

FERTILIZER INPUTS

By

Hryrtullab Kh.n

ABSTRACT

OFinum kwrs of olgotc s.G in $il {hich h.t h..n '@3liad

a oddrom 601 3'6tulas cuhurel produc viry !rc low in eid md sni iiid resioDs. Soil! in &ier clin.tic aM irve lo*inhcE soil Gdiliiy, espsirlly nihgeD. Th..IlsriE tM.g.m.nl of N in th..nvionenr is m

es irl.l.m..r oi4ricultorc susrain.biliry. Niroa{ a.nilizr is d inbgrl ompoMr of *rplpsduotion sylLm, High cer.ll crop yield, rcquiE high inputs ol 6sily N f.rtili@r, which increlh. cd ofcrcp Flducton, md cu lsd lo cnvimmmhl pollftion. In via ol los oB.nic mrns in

soils, high csr of fonilizeB dd en*q@rly higrt @n of cbp prcdelion, .nlirmenbl lollution

coneins dd ereryJ cies! nrkes il inF atire ro Fomole 4onomicallt tiabl. sd .nvircnmedal

fri.ndly i.t n..tions, @mFiins of inl.sEred e of min El f.niliaF !d suibble 1.8!nB ror

susldn.d uhed ercp pnduotiviit. kgunca cm b. g6*r in ot lioD or 6 m inbftop in lccsn.

hsd cbpping sy$m, both havirg rh.ir F.its sd dcncdb. L.gume basd-*near rctltios htve

b..n .hlved 6 ! sf!!.g/ to oh.in hd.srbtc yi.ld! in we $65cd wiois.n due to ispDeti

water tllMgemeDti nitoeen nnion fd bNakins db.e cyole lnt rmpping hs lh. potgntul lo

rhi*. high gnin yi.ld ter unh sra .nd cosequen y S*skr ldd e .trrci.ncy rhm sol. c{Dpi4

Wh€t + legurc c.i i'ctw poddion ed pDdueriviry bt b.nq uliliz,tioi oflailablc |grconddorcbyhelptoinihiErirksoaonplclccbpfailuEmdbri4stdbilityofcmpgoduclionundcr

shan Mu suppliB dd njnf.d conditions. tiBme cop olllioN .!d iturcbloitg sylt m rc slill

Doorly unit dod in rldion ro fallo* md sl. ftpDing slecD, €p.divcly. PEsnt invcsliSltions

e in.ndeavoi in lhis diFotior to oprimi@ prcduolivity of l.gume bed.thear cbppins sysEm

$rcud, inr.sdd ue of wint.r l.g|l!c dd fdilizd inpub.

lD rhb .oddid . $ri6 ol3tudi6 w qi.d od duitrg 200243 rd 200144. In Sbd, I si.bIegume sd whal wft Erclr iD rctalioDs. Wintq legum. taln nts sDpi&d of fallow, chic*p€0

lnd bcEem. Gdd.d d@s of N at 0, tO, 75 md 100 kg h!r we@ .ptli.d to Bhe.l winlq lq@sv4 6dlish.d r yd b.f@ s.iins of *hcd wilt s' nd de ol 20 tg N htr dd to rs P,o5.

B60ldo*or?5kP)orharrnds0*gKO*eftrppliodlowherl. $e.xDorihe *6 or8ioiDd in

x

splh plot dsign sing fou rcplidions. Winls legumc lre0ft.nB wcr. pleed in niin ploc rnd N

dtes ir suEDlots. Wh.al rop Foductivity pal"d.E.rd N sinihriortuilt don.ffi.i.di.s sftrccdd.d and dkubr.d. In sNdy 2 a 3, *incr g{n Lgme (ndnq trtil ud chictF, winlercopFd in *h.ar .nd *eE gBq dch llone dd 2: I .lcm.re ro* combinaiions, I 5/45 om a{un.

In Sludy 2 Srded dos.s of nih8.i (0, 70, I00, 130 and 160 l(a ha i w.rc arpli.d b *he.r od P md

K (90 *s P'or & 50 k K:oh.r) w.E rpDlied 6 bsl. In study I, sr&d Ba ol th. P (0.5q 7s,

l0O, 125, kg PrOr lur) wrc arDljd ro *,lHr cftD. Nibg.i ed K:O w [email protected]. co6br *of l0o ad 50 kB h,r, rcspe.liv.ly. Omin lcsnmes {int EspFd od elc cop) wd. ir.ol.d wilh N

ardPror.rihenlcof20m,190khd.lnbdrhdFstudiesrh4llloncedimqorctpodrre0lmentrqer. plaed h rh. mrin plor ed f.niliar es in rh. sub-plor. Exp.rin.nts wft thB orgoiz.d iD

spln D|d d.siln usina for Eplidio.s. Pbd{ivily Fmd6 of yh.!r ud eBin l.aum6 $Mllonc Md inrercbp @nbiulion r.E

'grd.d.

Rauhs of in6ialio6 in Stdy I rsLd dd *han Dbdlditjry tesb (p.odcrivc riller,

$.in iDike I lalOOSEin -eiSh0 dd yield (gnir, rrtw Dd hiolosiol ti.ld) reF signilimdyiffeted b! the pEeding Gaum. ciops and gmd.d dGs of nitroson ftniliar. Cons.q!.rtly, *h€ryi.ld Md yield prmdeB w.rc sigificmtlt incFed uder legumc qbps. It G impon nl io nol.

th!| sisnifisny hbhd yield *a @ided ir pc.ni.s bdsm rdrcn! follo*.d by chic*pa

Md fillow. In lddi o., yi.ld dd ti.ld pd@&6 icB.d significarnly w n iMi.g ncs ofnitogen applicarioi md ihe ,i.ld pMelcn *.r. positively oonold.d lh lhe ghin yield.

Agondmic emeicney (AE) ws sisific.ndy rh. hishd at 75 ks N l.r, aolldsed by IOO &d 50 kg

N hi'. ft *s .l$ signifi@tly fi. hi8hd in lh. frllo*, folLo*.d by chicrp.a !d b.lgmtshc . Nih8.n uiilidion .mci.rcy daFa!.d *irh imBina d. of N.@liarid. HoM,trilosen nan.sl ind.x w6 hishe6t at rhc niddl. l.vol (7t ls har) of N .nd d*rsed sisrificollywith incE6ing or d.creai'g rh. N ntes. Nibgln reFvcry .xcdy lollowd fi. pand of.arononic .mci.ncy. Nitugen rcqliEftnr ofsh.rr fc Edizins ner nuinln yield (95 9. Eldiv.yi.ld) unrb frllos, chichpa ud b.em reartun!! wr found ro b.91, 32 dd 72 kA h'r,rep€iively. E oiohio oalysis ofN ftnnidion io sh..r adled rh.r c6r b€nefir Bri6 w.E foudhiShe$ in b€6*m, fouosed by chiolp.. sd f.llow ir..rn.nr. These 6tiG incrcsed *hh inosingrt ofN and mg.i iom l: 1.67-11.49. Th. muirui b€neft of fcniliztid b wlr.r ya Ih6&hi.vcd d fdiliu. * of l0o kg N htr- Tlr ildy tt€Ld rhr incsE&d n.n gm. of N

lhbuBh ln. incl$iotr of legun.s in roidion ad ft. f.nilizr N aDplic.rion is cshriil for incMing

shcai trcductiliry .nd N use etrcicn y.

R6ulrs of Study 2 showcd siBnilrcddy murul effed of bolh l.sun. inretrcps md *hcd on @h

olhe. Wnal CEirs pcr spilc. 1000 grain q.ight. biologicol lnd gnin yicld {.F signif@dy

dfsbd by l.gune inr.rcroppin3 dd N rpplicdion rats. Whert yield ud tield .onponent *erc

osisr.mly dd signitr.! y go&r qh.. s sG eq vithour legldc incroF. Dtreri6due b lesune inlacrcps rcE non{ienificrnl. AU int.mclions of these p!6neres &sccn le8!m.

int ercps dd N rct6 reE llso noniigrifi.dl. Pd.i. in *nar gr.in 16 si$ificdrly hth.n ynn

chickp* i crcrcpping, dd wa follo*.d by bt thd fcorded fd D.6n md ldtil. Pbi.in in g.in

dd iow *& siSnifrcanily lo*.r rhen whed w6 Errn alone. Prohin in gmin dd stmw incr.6cd

rignifiqdy wirh i(raing N nB. NitoScn rcquirn. of intEopt i *hc.r *idr grsin lcgumcs

*s found b b€ 154 t3 har. cod: b.n.ft dios ofN ftnilialion lo inleDoppfd *he mged ftom

| : 3.29 b | : 12.37 b.ing nuimum .t th. higiar hr olN fertilialion. The ,i.ld of legum inrdbps

w6 sigilrcudy Educcd du. lo inhrrcppitrB wiii wl'at Th.n ,ield ompoMb sd noduL

nunbq rnd *eighr (fc,h & dry) werc sienifidnlly lo,d in whdl aloft tr a|ment. lmd equ ,l.nr

nrio rev.rl.d d yi.ld advdba. of 64 b 72 7" dftur! int nrcppin3 of SEin lqum.s in shsr.

Mdinuun rdvdbsc wa achi.wd fom chichp€. follored by nctliB md I. il.

Rerulb of Sludy 3 i.v.ded sigrificutly muluol cffcar of borh legume inkrcrcps nd whc{ on each

orh.r Whd gFin F spike, 1000 gnin rcig& biolo8i..l md g6in yield R6 signifrcatly afret.d

by l.Sumo inrdnppin3 &d P f.niliar tt.s. Wle.r yield Dd yi.ld conponert eoro consnc ly

od signilic.ntt sEil.r shd Bhe0l s6 so*n ridout lcgme itt.rcrcps. Ditfernes d@ b Lsuft

intcrcrcps *@ non{i8'lilimr. lnrc@iions ol l.g!ft itrlcDF wirh P ar6 *e sig)|ifimr with

EsFct to b iologica l .nd gmin y i.ld, ho*ovcr, irsign iffc.nt in c.s of stlw t i.ld Srdisl io0lly lh.re

*ee no diff.rences in hd*r ind.x dw to lcBMe in NrF. Hor.vs, P fcnilidio. siSnifitrtly

iicred th. h'fui in&x. PDtein in *h€d rnin M si8lific{dy higher wilh chickp.!

inlercroptii& follo*.d by heth6 md l.nil Prctin h gnin dd staw ws significdrly low.r wh.n

shd s6 goM ,lon. Mp.Ed to inl4Fppi.3 rnn giin l.grc' Por.in in gnin .nd slt *incr.s.d shrific$lly *irh incEAing P 6rcs. Phosphorus GquiEm. ol intercFppld whd {ith

gnio leaumd 16 loud io h€ t8 kg h.'. C6t b.nefi di6 ol P fcfrilizrion b inlftrcpped sh.ri

rsg.d lrom l: L7 ro l:2.26, b.i4 n*imun ar rlr rare of 75 ka P h.r. fie yi.ld of !.gum.

inrrcops wd sisificadly @duc.d due to inteicioppins wilt wh.al. Thet yield oonponenb dd

nodDl. tunbo ond *cisht (66n & dry) sa sisdtq,nly lore in wh.d.lot. ft.tnot ttd.lsivalenl miio Evaled a yield ldvdbg. of 49 to 6? % lhFud inlcrciopping ofeBin leglmes in

rh..r. Id.g't d 6. oa le8lm6 (i'crc6p0in8/dation) {irh min.nh play.d si8liri.dr ioles in

[email protected] sr-poductility. L.ng tm K ol{E kgun6 in conjunction rilh wh{t will imDrcvc

soil phls icr | .ordilions dnd ultinacly inccasc dd srsbin aheat DodDcliviry

XII

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

P.kin r h6 . wide climric div.6ny th.t ofi6 opponuiti6 for gowing

.lnost lll kinds of cops in dif.rc.t slo8ic.l 2on6 of lhe @untry. Oul of aboul 23

nillidof cDpp€d@of th. @uay 55 pc@r 'su

Lrfoodcreps,l9pcMtbder

c6h crcps and 6 p.rc.nl urdef pules. Th. major food gni. .ops inchd. wh€t! rioe,

nrirc !d pul$s .tc (MINFAL, 2@7).

wn .t (Trilidd estiwn L),6e king of eMls, is by fd lh. mosl import tl

food gFin of Paki$ln .!d h sraph lood for mosl of ib iln$ihnts. h fact n b $e kitrg

ofthe edls bd o@upi€s pivoul posnio. if, thc food ecEiy and *ononic st bilig of

thc @untry, wb6r contribuGs signiffmtly bwards netins lh. diFhy eqliEnenls. ft

@nEins 60-80 pw. dhohyddLs (n.inly 6 iarh), 8-lt peEenr tDtei. (.ll

cssntidl aoinGeidr.xc.pr lyrine, l',?lopl&c Md m.lhionine), I t - 2 FE.nl fat 1.5

- 2 pacefl inorge'c ions fld rillhins such.s d. B conllcx ud vit min E (Shell.n

ln Prkisln, whar is srown on d ea of 8.45 m h. with .lobl pr.dsdon of

2l 13 n lon.s (MINFAL,2OO7) with natioml av.Esc yi.ld b.ing2-52 t bdr' t.spic of

bcsr $il cslllB, ifti€ltio. wlttr ed flvonble .limlic ondhiotu, vnal vields in

Patitu aE los s conpd!€d ro dcvelop.d ud even nany delcloPine @unlties of th.

world. A bi! yiel{t sap (.l.l5 r h._r or 64%).xisB b€rwen the potcnri.l whear l.ld (6.a3

t h.') p@duced aid dveng. yield Mlized al 1he fm level. Pc*nt whert yi.ld md

prcduciion is just cnoud !o suppori @unlyt pFsenr population of I 50 oillion. This

popularion is dp..r.d lo ri* io 350 h 2050 (NIPS, 200?), H.m., rh@ is 8r.rl

chll.nge ro f..d ti. borgoning popuhio of$e outry i. $. tr.F !o @oe. This

poses challengc for the agm.onir / $il $icftists for enhd.ing th. yi€lds, improv.

factor p$du.tivity and brid8e up the ynld grp (Zaki bn, 2000), thrcoCh iftpelcd

qhcal pmduclion r..hnologf .

Fertilizer use i! u integnl @mponedt ofctup poducrion srsGm in Pakisr.. od

k tnoM to b. one of lh. nlin prcduciility cnhecing input. Dr N.E BodouSe, whil.

@iving mblc award in l9?l highlighl.d thc ole of fcnili46 in Ptkistan'r gen

EvolDrion or l.l. sixd.s ed sid th.r ifdE high yi.lding dvlrf r&i.ri.! of rie dd

whst eer€ thc car.lyd thgl ienil€d gr..h r.volution lh.n f.rtilia! w.E fi€ fEl rh4t h.d

powered ns ioNdd lhrusl. This is elen truc rod6y b€c6ue 1he countri.s wnich e using

hish Etes of fcniliaB e rgtinS noF cDt yields tno Plldstu OAI 2005). !t

P*i$rn, alttoud t[. f.nilizd e hs ircoed slb$anrially ovr pcriod ofrim bul n

is imbalMccd in favor of niLogq. Ou of th. rolil f.dilizr us in th. @mry, re of

Nilrosen (X) h 79.4%, ue of phosphorus being l.$ tne 20% and rhal of polash

ncsligible (NFDC, 2006).

About 68 Frccnt of led o@ of P*trar f.ll ii did dd eni did Esion wh€a

or8dic narei h low ond iih*nt soil N fatility poor. TbeEfore, additiohal does of

.rtificirl nitros.rc$ fertilizcR e Eguir.d to het cop N 'quimdts. k4c nlnb.r

or f.nilizr tial h.ve shoq th.r N is tnc najo. @nsminr 6 oblain poLntal yi.lds of

ceMb (Khs €, .1., 1989) dd cbps Espond liMly ro incrcndr.l faniliz.r N. C.Eals

inLrcopp€d wnh b8!n6.t futl populstion Fspond.d b N in a simil& way 6lh. sil

cbppcd €eal, $rcugh the c,nciency oi aptlied N ni8!t be lcls in iniercFpping

b.cae of mp.drion nm bgunc 0CRISAT, I93D-

Wirn incEsing ori olN f.dlid th@ is nad lo ndue dE dcpat&ne on such

N f.nilircr sourc.s md, oll.nlles orher rhln oh€mioal niuog€. n+rl 10 b. exploilcd.

vaious optioN 3ucn s fm y.rd deurc (FYM), bi@npost3, t'cn ndu.ing

lsguninoE €ops lnd cFp Esidu6 m b. ricd to e.rich rh. $il N lcnility. U* of frm

)dd mnuft is geni.g diflicul ud inpossibl. b€.us of fam mobdizlion ftdlcing

numbs ofeimals consid.Bbly. Wharevcr, lnind dlng h.vrilabl. on fm is usu.lly

used s luel for c@king food. Similaly gKn nnurin! h d$ diflicun, b€ca!& of

swiahi.g ofih. a.m6 ro inEnriv. coppi.S win gMlg pefefne ro goin md olhcr

Bio conposting could not gain populdity beca$. ofdiificultica in iis prparBlion

md linlc bo*-now mon8 dr. rural @r6u.ilis- Th.cloG. thc b.st oplioin hn is

biologi.rl nilDgcn fintio. by lcguoe cbps. This oFion cd bc flnhcr dploil.d by

inLrcopping ceE ls wilh lc8uncs (Muts&6, 1973)-

Gsum.s aG onsidcEd lo b. e inpotur @npondr of 3ubsislene cdpphs

syst m or sni .rid lrcpics b.caus of th.ir ability to convef arnosphdic nirog.n (N)

inio a$ihihble fom of mnoni!, 10 add subsbrtial moul of org.ni. naner in rh. $it

and !o 8mw b.tcr $d mey o$er cops witn bw inplt und.r h6h clima& and cd.phic

@nditions. I.lhc acin l€gum.s usuatly lh. above sround pta6t paris are had8l.d md

Emov.d.nd $. cidul ctr6r is legcly &riv.n f@ $e und.r g6ud plafl bion6

dd l..f lall during crop Ito|lh. Tne Fsidull effst of legwe is asse$.d throuSb dina6e in sil f.rrility fld sub..qmr yi.ld in.t4e of r suceding non l.sum.. on

.n .v.rage legunc l.ave abour 30 t8 N ha-r (Hmidg€, l9j). Mjnei.l N in rco1 bnc soil

folloeing gBin l.g!ft6 is otui 3O{O la hli hiehd 6e a@t cops i, tn. meenvircnmoi (Bdaruddin dd Mers, 1994, Daht e/,t, l99B). Thc inq€66 n vc bee.

atriblkd to bo$ nittlr€ spariig by legudc (Evm e/ a/,, l99l) ed nineElizltio! of N

rich cop Bidu6 (Cmpb.tl s, ,1, t 992). ln .lm$ aU sillaliotr' $c in@.$!r N suppty

Esulb in inccsed yield of fotloqing c.Eat cop, Use of cep brllion with legun

inpovB eil ph}siql (A.driuto .r zl, t 99O ., b), ch.micat (Mi8taditu .r dl, I 95) dd

biological sndnions, theftby cnhecing nurienl rv.ilabjliry sd soit water @n&nr

(t!.wy, 1997; C.ltutin', rr ul, r99). Th.Efoe whan cpoNs 6 prcv@us r.gme

cops eE commonly 0.5-t.t5 I ha'or 40 to IOO% otrhe *h..r yietd 6fter whear

@rltion (schulz, 1995 md Dltal d, zl, t 98).

Phospnods h .exr impomnt nuLi.nt for cbp pDduclion nirogen. palistdi $its

e 8.n.Elly c.lcr@us dd ltkllinc in natuF. M4otily of soits @ d.fcidl in

phospborus. Aptlicd phospho$ b bigh pH cal@ous soil is adsorbed, Uxcrl dd

pccipir.t.d.nd only a ftudon of n 0.s lhu l0 vt embs eailabl. !o lh. cmp 10

which il is appli.d (Balige er 41, 2001). Th.dloft. props .nd judicio6 ph6phorus

nDhilion ofcrops is.xlMely ssehtial. lmpoving hot only lte eFal yield, but it is dso

.nhscing $. nirogs fixaiion ol v&ious lcgumca (Snarlo er al, 1972), In l.guhcs. it

helps in Mt bd nodule dwelopn r, inc*r EsistaM to lodgin& &du@s floeo

sh.ddi.& i.c|!!s Cnin rcigit, inp6r6 s.dlin! vigor .!d s.d qdlity (Ahtd .r zt,

2002, H.ity .t al-, 1987). Secd insul.tio. with chickF. rhtobim ad phosphorus

applicdtion oues sisnificdt yi€ld incEas. in chict Ft (P.ril ., al., 200 | ).

Prkbtd being a subircpiol 6u ry with optinun gowing shdilions q. {sily

.xploit thc posibilitis ofmising nultipl. cops in. t€d, md hde 6ise $c pbduction

Fr unn Gl Im.Mopping of @npdiblc cop! nals efii.aor 4 ofe$uMs.nd

povidca yi.ld .drut 96 ov€r sl..op' OEin L8n6 @ a inr.gil pon of tuy

lory c@pping sFtcm tor eood ghin plod*tion lhFushour 6e world, Zbrenofr.t al

(2000) cport d dD1 erdum{wp.r intcropring edned m ofl by 20J0 pcrccnr

@mpaFd lo 0 sr8hm nohocultui. md by 45.55 p€rcent @ntand 10 r oow p.!

nonocuhur, The €onpentiv. yicld! .gbnonic Md e@nooic .dvotig.s of

int ropping ov.r $L copping e rcll{stlblish.d. Nunmu strdis invBriglr.! ln.

.lfccl of pl4l onbidiotu dd plMt @nfigur.lioN on tnr c@h (mat , $.8hun

ud mill.o int ropped with tw hgumd (sltEe $d s@n eEn).nd Epott n rh.t

inLrceppi.g *a slFrior 10 nono{ulruc wirh M inc&e in ovd all prcdudiviry by 5.

6 peecnt, Al$ lhe yield rductions foi individul inleEbpFd sp.ci.! wd! high{ for

l.gun s (31-82 p@€ ) tlbn for

?, ar, 1999) hrv. b@n dablished

eal (7J7 p.M0 Otrdbo ?r ul, 1980, G6*di

Enphash is being pl@d on int rcoppiig vdious legunes vith mrin ceElls

suh s whsl cbp. Such inporbnt legm6 ic chick p€a (C,.er oiakM L), !€ftil

UzN etne$ L), n.ftur (IliosDrdlla len@ s@M L) ad t a (Trihti6

Chickpca \Ckt @tetinn L.) is d6t inpoinfl erain legun. in lh. world

(Howrrc snd Mc Domld, 1993) dd.l$ in P.tist$. I. Pakistan chickps is gown o. dad of 1093-9 thousd heloB widr s sN p'ldution of 868.2lhou$d lon6 dd

avdgc i.cd yi.ld of 793.6? kg har (MNFAL 2mD. Ihouetr rhc yi.ld por.nrhl of

Fwnt &y cni.k F. cultive dc& 5 roB h.n hrr dEn dnlal yicl& .E up 10 O,? rotr

hdr (Hawe lnd Mc Donald, t 9l).

11 is gbwn in $quene with .ith.r lumnd or winler cftah (Si6P$i €r ur,

1992: Bel et al., 1992, Pa|a a at, 1994., Lop.z Bellido ,r,1, 196), Chickpca s.d

mIlins 2l p.@m pddq 6l F@r o|hohrdFla..d 22 [email protected] oil (Cupo, 1984).

h is lem to fir niroscn ad .dds ngmic dd.r (Aslm €r zt, 2(x)3), On fm suo.ts

of chi.kpca cbp in P.kistan's nonh.h Punjab indioted thrt cnicb.a Glis.. on N1

nxadon (% Ndf.) wa nainly in the 6gc 60.100% (or€Bll ned ot 1a%, A.rtt6, et at.

1997). Th.se rdlucs wer. coNislenr with publish.d Btimate of chickp.a N: ,ixdion e.e

vo Ndra 6nge or 55-80 perent for winter $wn chickpca i. Sliid ed F@e (B@k ?r ai.,

1992).Chickp.ac.nfixnitoe€n up1o6?-14l kght Gizlq 1966).

.$6 Criogonalta Foenun g@c,r L,) is a l.lrninous..d n.iicinll pl&rs

hishly resrded by [email protected], Ir is orc of the oftten m.diciMl h.rbs in anci.nt Egt?r.

tn Pakisb, aresn l4v. md shml ofm.lhn d used s r.geble, ils dry lqvc dd shoot

in cohdimd od tu dry e€d in eme n.dicin6 fof dirb.les. Being . legonino$ crcp it

M impovc eil podudivitt Dd in@e lhc yield of@npmion i.r.rcEpp.d hlin

cmp. Tn ahve Evi.w suetg$r3 th.t th* is I les. *op. in impovins tnc Foductirny

of wh.al-brFd intctroprine sr{.n 6 a shole. Tnh @ be .chieved drcugh lh.

inclusion of .ppDpiilte gain hguoes i. lhe s'3lcn witn appoprialc plmling

Echniqu.tgom.lry . edecliv. nutid oetgen.nt. PEsnt anv.siSiions re an

.ndelvor i. Uis diretion ed h.v. b..n pld.d keepin8 following obj@tiv6 i. vi€w:

L.nril iz€d .ltrr,ro r) b an inpondt Rabi pUse i. PakBlan. lt is grb*. in

P.tislan on cn @a of 41.4, rhoutud h@taB with a p@duclion of 29.9 tnouslnds lomes

duins lhe ,ear (MINFAL 2004-2005). Beiq . le3uninous cop. il impoves rhc soil md

fits well in mMy cmp mbtionr sd tues 62n 03 tg N hs' (Rizl 1966).

Study nilrcg.n Equnedcot and ue.mciency for whe61 grcwh ih c.tal-legune

hvcsri8ll€ th. cf€cl of N on poductirity of lh@t io what bed legune

Stldy the etr cl ol phospnoNs o. poductivhy of wn€ot in whal bed lesun.

CHAPTER 2

RDVIEW OF LITERATIJR.E

Prelon8 surrri.tbiliry of crolging sy$d3 on rhc @ ed cfrerivc Mtgdcirof tuludl muGs mqt b. rsr.io.d, a f& s posiblc. L.$c E @n5i&Gd ro b.x imporL onp@. of3ub6i5rcn* @ppins ly3l.m ofthc $mi{id tFpica b.crue

of lh.n .bilily to mv.n orc3ptdic niaogci (N) i.to simihbL fom of Mmoni..

t g!n6 .dd substinti.l dmouls of or!&ic nan . ro rh. $il. Th. glob.l @ncd $odsusr.idbl. l8ri.ullul syscm tuntd highli8hl5 thc sigdf'ae of l.sums, atich

ofi6 . En.w.blc eoE or.n6&, $Furfi bioloSisl nimSd fix.rioi (BND. ft. BNF

hE b..n caim!.d .t NUnd | 75 million bn6 of ehich about 79 pqrhr it .sur.d by

ccndd lixdion (BMs dd Hrdy, l9?5ln ! ddly shows thd l.8un6 olT.r s@noniollt ltltuiiv. dd @logiallt eud mcs of rlducinS .xt ml f.nilia N

intul sd inpNins th. qulity dd qedty of intanrl cs!B, A @nid.nbh p.n ofNt fix.d by lcgum6 b !dli2.d by succ..ding eok. Th. infomtioi cg.rding th.

l.Bum.!, rh.n bcncfici.l .lIer on [email protected] c.gls, eil h..ld'f.nility. c6p yi.ld, &d.it!8.n llur ph6ph@$ fqdli2ltion in l.goms c.c.l ini.@pping 3rsrcn .rdifi.mt pleling [email protected] i3 cvie.d a 6&r,

l.l Biolotic.ly Nnro!6 n!do!

Nito8cn fiution by $rbcd, nungbc&. .nd @*!c! ud6 fEld @dirion3

5horcd t^ lnc* @pr fix.d 20.260, 6l xd 7l-80 kg N hr''. csFctiElt (Yitud..

1974). Rcnni.6d Dub.t (19E6) cDon.d tar ooul or nitrc8d fix.d .rdgd 176.

84, 216 .nd I 85 kg N h.r fm C,er orbtk@. b.rils,vi.ia tbba tt p.$, €pcctiv.ly,

o uopiql h.plobooll eilr, Ti.y obsd.d thr FEnt 8. ol niEoS.n d.riv.d lion th.

rh6ph.E avcugcd 82, 6?, 85 !d 79.4 cldtiv.lt. for tlr i.re cop3,

Nnogen fixalion bt L'qi,6 ,,sur,/or,F on cd4anh lorn ovs iwo sDnsveied from 49-35% (78-25s kg N ht') dd poEmi.l b.!.nts fron lupins in soil veidh.N€n 14 dd ll8 kg N ha-r (Eres €r,t, 1987). Kuch€.b!.h tud lr& (1933)

ftlo'dedrh,' nrLoe.n fi\arron drrn! Mo J.!6or studt$s640.801dd 740 kS N har

lor fablbcd, redclovcr , !d alf8ltu, Esp.ctivclyNitlg.n rcot.ry by wid.r sh.d N.s

I3-44% ol rh. p.i.nlially av.ilrblc legud. nitro8e.. In lnorher snldy Evos ,r at ( 1989)

obFfled th.t .ilroren fixition od ils p.tnthl co ribulion inc&ed lotal soil .iLosen

i. Lupi"6 anA6tiloliut d\d pes ar ten l@tions witn 0,02{2e, $il nitog.., 4.3-8.0

soil pH lnd 26? - 646 nb annual hinfau, li wN ds Er.ll€d lhar L. @sqtilolia Md

pe. fixed 98.5 dd 80.5 kg N har (o. m av.E8e), It w6 obery€n dlat,,rpi,6

ans8tilolis @n ib\!r.d 3a-2 ka N ha ' ro $il @p€r!d with I 7,9 l(g N htr by p6-Calvehc ( I 989) found that Ph6eolus wlsatit tnd vi.ta laba derired 1 o25 ed t3 69eA

of nitos.n throusi nitrcgen fixsrioi, Espdlivcly. Kuccy ( 1989) ob*d.d thdt ficld b.an

,P wt|otis cid W tP'w sat'wrl nrei ovd sl &d I I? ts N h!I. wilh lcntrl. rhe

p€Mntlg. niroeEn ddi!.d fem air (NDFA) volu€s vad.d fmn 39 lo 87% (lcARDA.

198s,, dd de mounr ol N -iix.d msed frcn lO b 129 kg ha' in lour Srim l@ar'ons

dcp.nd'ng on the ldou.t of Binhll.

Av.dCp niEoS.n fiitrio. by I'qlita i@ntun ^nl

frihlifu ebt n@@

was record.d 196 kg N hrr in 198687 and ll4 ks N hln i. 198?-88 (Bdnk 1990).

E$imr.s of nitrosen denved frcn tnndph.E (NDFA) have b€cn ma& for various

sFin l.gun.s by *v.nl wort R i. dif@nt pt ll of |h. wrld. In scni dd bpi6,NDFA values ds.d fom 42 !o 6l% for gou.dnu! 13 to ?7'l" for cowpe6. lnd 24 lo

48% foi soybees, d.p€ndiDs on $. lmour of N .ppli.d (Yoney.d .r "1,

1990) Chalk

( l9l) shr.d ihar nno8cn fi].rion by legmB Fo&nially conEibutld ,t0 tg N h!-' ve'ro succe.dins crcp. HsdoMn ?, aa (1991) Ecod.d lhal by iocr.6'na lh. niftgen

.tolidion ro loo kg ha-r decersd N, fixalid !o ?G80% ed tunhci tducd nilrosEn

6xarion, ro 60 &d .13% with the lpplicltion of 2OO ed 4OO kg N h!-r, ep6tiv.ly.

Tddon .r zr ( 1986) ob*ncd nom .igh yd ritls ii non inig.8r.d hiuv agiois

lhat nitog.n tHtion by eyb.r avcas.d 6 t.169 kg h.-r md soyh..n suppli.d 15_45 kg

N hdr to subscquflt *hcar cop, {hioh s!r. 3.tisf.clory 8i!in yields *ithout f.niliaopplic.rion. Atddlh ?, 4r, ( 1985). in his soybce ri.k, obery.d th. fixltion of2l0 k8 N

hor In Shmda s studics the Mu.g bed cop nx.d .bout lO-40 l(g N htr fiom th.

atnosDhee (Shlt@, 1985). H$t me rt cl (1986) epor&d t $.. ^lfrlfa

(Me.licaao

dir,,) pmvid.d 85-157 kg N htr to suh6.qsn cDp d.Fndirs on n@bc. ofcdings on

lody end, sili l@n dd cky lo.E soils. Tucker€r,t (1971).ls found simila bcnciit

fron .lfcfa in tupplying .itroscn in Okrlhm1 uSA. Wn n |he Lerrre rd nodulc

b&r.ria rc v.ll odapt d ed w.ll malcbed in ! lavorblc clinalc, 3ubtaniial qumfiis

or niroS.n can b. !dd.d b th. sil @h )w. \dly 2OO ks N h.r ) c RSularl,

achi.v.d. In l$s f.vonbl. ciEmrls6, sbout 80 to I00 kg N hd' y ' is slill Fslible-

This l.ads lo r steady inprclem.nt in ovs.ll nitrog.n f.fiility which is St rter 1hd tte

lit lihood of dcpldion of eil nit!8d duing cDp s.en (C!n on, | 984).

Aml|tois .! dl. ( 194) Blon d dlr $c N @ntrihrdon by Fi coP !o th. eil N

psl usully wrs lhe grc.t sl, * !iLs hrving 1he highclt avaihblc .oilnoisture' Thev

emllded rhlt this clltiomhip vs du. to low N hddr i.dies dd inc€6.d

sldbioric N2 lix.tion by pe cbp. LjMn ., a?. 0989) atttibuted $. .e8iiv. N

coDfibution to the eil N pool b, white lopin 10 hisli N hdsl i.di.6, *hich @ged

iioh 0,80 to 0.91. Wt.n working with ttE nlmw-lqf lupin in Alstr.lia fikidg.(1995), howevd, fomd oul thal, thc N rerovcd silh hs.sl.d 8tain {3s l.ss thln lhe

qulntity ofN lix.d (i+, t Fositit. N @nt ibution) eh.. lbe N h!ry6t indi6 dg.d

Lgumes may u* lcas toil nin@l N thd e@l crcps b.euse l.gune crcps usc

at'ndph.nc N .s rh.ir dajor N $urcc (ErN €r aL. 1989) ft.Gforc, w. mn coidud.

d lcglo6 nay ircEe the ptdlatail.bl. N in eil. H'gh6 @mlrarion of eilnineral N. Esuh3 fem the conseflltive !!c ol N (i c N spains) bv thc preceding

lesum. cmp,6d lfte el* of min.nl N fion rh.l.glne Bidrcs in@OoEtd lo thc

soi I ( Doushlon dnd McKenzie, I 984).

Edns lixed !n 8veEs. of 8@,6 of thcn niircg.n 'lquiEnc.E

fion ln. ai. Th.

.xlchr oflhc wondary cfiets ofnnrcgen cn.ining in soil offab! b.d crop o! rhe.exi

cop of wincr wbeat w.r deFnddr on r&io6 !t th. sitc d w.ll s climric condition3

duins wibcr nonllls (Hub.r 4 dl, 193?). Lory €, at (1992) quslified rcl loss of

sthbiotically nxed nilog.n (SFN) insoilrttheendofonegrowingse6oiunderfield

ud StmhoN @ndnion! uing rhc 5N ierop. dilotion lel$iqe in $il lh.t had b.m

labeled Nith ''N eiClrt ,..s beforc initiation of tnc exp.rinenE, 'S.rsoc ed 'lnefiecivc

'Sd@c' dlfalfa v€re trsspld.d in $e ned inlo pliEd 0.75 x L0 n mico plots. In lh.

glcn hole sody rh.* two llallfc vd grcw $pa@ly i. l5an diM by

90.c6 long polyrihylchloride tub.s, up b four phnls per tube, Plant otgens ver.

Feticulously s.p.6&d frcm eil ar th. qd of one srcwing sdn. Soil adhding !o @15

.nd nodulcs q6 d.fin.d s rniesDlEE and noduspher, epectitcly, and rc *pmLdfrom lh. orgMs by 60 3 enication io O.O8 mol L r phosPhate buff.r. SFN sss quotifi.d

by onpding thc don % 'li of Slt!re vs, In.faliv. Stu& for .4h $il ud plel N

compr4m.nr. Han.d?d herbrse ronbin.d 270 rg SFN ha in rhe ll5_d neld

.xp.rinent rnd 55 ng SFN pldt' in lne ll2tr gEenhoue erFrim.nt SFbioliqlly

fixcd N *s nol unifomly diniiblied in ti. Sltmc oot sysGm. Sanpled ftizosPh.r€

soil contain.d no SFN in the field .xD€rimenl and the .quivol.nl of .bo[ I kg SFN hr'l

in rtE sEnnous exFrimd- Otcr on. qun . of nodcPhd $il N sa erFt.dvdcrited hom SF\

'n both e\p?rimen\. b lnounred b leis thsn O5 *8 SFN h! ar the

dn. of nadcsl. Nitog.n trdsfct to non-l.g!m6 is offct m o(ld of hal,i$d. larSd

l|le nct d.position n 6uEd hcE, Thus n apFs tnlr thie<tcposirion is . Ftaiivelv

sddll coftDonenl of sFN los frcd nodul6 and rcols ol6lfal& gown in nonocullE

A.noal av@!p amoDls ofN, fix.d dnged fom 3010 160 kg shm n.suEd 63hool N lix.d hdr

'ri for &n!slp$i@ sp.ci.s,37-128 k8N ha rr'fot lN.h&d 14

lo 160 kg N ha r yar by puls. M.e levcts of % NDfA w.c uifomlv nisi (65_ 94%)

lor lcgum.s grcrins ai difiemi localiotu u.der dry land (6infcd) .o.ditioN in Vicloiis,

Souihem rd Nonn m Nd South W!|.s, Cons.q*nlly, N, fix.rion wB Fintrilvdgulaled by bion6s producl'on in lhqe an6 and boti Patle ud crcp leSuncs fir.d

bltNsan 20 dd 25 kg shool N for .very bnne of shool dry natter iDM) produced

ll

(Peoples e/,t, 2001), Lcgune<.re61 rotltional tield .xFdm.nls Ner. conduclsd .tUAAR Asricult@ Fam dlrins 196'197 by Ali €r al {t99). Th. da! indiaed lh.r

lhe lhe Dercenlale ofcrop N derivsd fron N: fixation ( o/oP6' ) valu.s for soybee, nung

h.m dd mah he.. *c!. 16 3l dd 46 % in 1996 ed 3t,37 {d 48 % i\ 1997,

Espcctively. Corsequendt, ihe tor.l N: fix.d by ih. abovc lesuncs wE 5, 54 dd 59 k8

N hai in 1996 whe€as in 1997 $cse yaluca w.re 41,40 and 54 kgN hr''. Dry rstcrand g6in ya.lds ofihe l.gum* w.E als i.cErs.d in lh. ssnd ysr. Th. impDv.h.nr

in nirrcsd fixrtion hy soybee in | 997 could h€ affibul.d to the s.ed inoculation. In ih.

fi6t y.r no incEe in wnat bioffi md sllin yi.ld s dFcl.d b@e or itry tp.ll,

no{.ve., yi.ld inc@s. ws almosr double in lhe sub.qu.ht ysr fouowcd by sunmcr

lcsumes. This inc@ in yield sc.ms dE !o Esidul ctf@ts of l.gum€s,lh. linely dd@ltdisibucd 6ins in !9?-98. Tobl lmolnt olN fix.d by thc t.guncs vri.d wid.ly

b.lwc.. 0 md 450 tg N hdr which illustdt4 lhe pol.ntial of lcgminoos crcps 10 iix

lea. amounE of nitsog.n i. hpiol .nrimnhqls..d.t rh. sne timc rhc rdialtilitv

indic.re thalN tixationdoesnotoccrsa m.ner of couts. (Schulz€tal, 1999)

Miad. .r al, d996) rcponcd lllrt oiLoSm fixalion by f.b. bqns tueed ,ion

115.240 kg N hc'. sh.RasniEosen fiurion by pe6 dounred b 215_246 kgN h. $d

@lculat d nittog.. bdde ws posniv., with . ..t gsin b.ing on s .vc6gc of 106 tg N

ho | (pe6) and 84 (fab. b..nt 0, ln he sme stldies pcas lod itb! b€ms lcft 44 t.d 4l ks

N h! | 6 nil''t -nitmscn in 0-90 ch sil dcFn. Enimre of BNF in a difl@d et of

locotions in Sria rdg.d b.tw..n 32-82 ts N hdr @cNeill ?r al, 196), The % Ndfa

vllues varied *i$ the $il gF ed pld s.rcttp. in ce oftigconFa The cxFa shon

dudion paClonF! genotlF ICPL 84023 @nl.in d v.ry lide N fDm atn6pn@. whil.

therhorldurdtionpigonpeacv.JCPL l5l had l?% Ndfa ud the lonS duraton genot p.

ICPL 166 ad n hld ut to 367. Ndfa (R& ., zl, l96t) Swh veiatrois in dE moonl

of nir$gen fixcd hrve.ho been shom using l0 dif.Gni gmundnuI cultivas 8rc*n in

$. Africd $v.Ma (D.lo6 nd Kcya, 1997).

bg!n. cops will add N lo the eil s,$en vis symbiolic N, faation ifdE told

qudfty or N symbiolidlly fixed by ttie l.gume cDp k 8M&r thd ihe quritv of N

t2

rcnov.d in hN61€d gdin (Eylns ei al, 1989; Doudion ., al, 1993). This o.c.9t,

how.!d, i8norcs lhe N 8.i.s fiom at ncph.ric de?Gilio. ed non 3ynbiotic ,innon, aw.ll as lo$.s f6h pldt od eil volalili4doa runoff, l@hing sd d.niriGcalion

(Douenbn €r u!, l9r3). scv..sn dd vo K6el (199?) obsed d8l th. N

.onriburion by Fa to $e {il N pool lit "rmbrcric Nr firiqon qas 4l le ha in

shouldd .Lment @mpl.xes and 63 kg hr'r in foot 3top cl.mc.t @nPlex6 in .humnocky li.ld in SdkllchewM, In Aust6li., Evds s, zl (1989) foud tn. nmw.lc.ftllin leia8 ons6r!o!i,, L t conr'buted rn ovemse of J3 kg h. r N b fte e'l N p@l

wh.Ed p€. anEibulcd l8 ke h. I N. ArnnMg., dl (ltt,t) EporLd ln.l lhe avcBgc

N conrdburion 10 th. eil N pool by field pes ws 26 k8 har in A$tt lia L.gume cnPs,

novevs, n.y oor alsys mak€ . Fsnile N @nniblrio. to lh. eil in shich tt.y 8rcw

For rmpl€, Evm e/,t (1989) d.monstrdcd a ldgc rsSe in lh. N conributio. Ewl.sune cops (i.e.. - 41 ro + ll5 kg ha'r ror nrnowleaf lupin and - 12 to + 96 kS hdr lor

0€!). L5mn rr ar (1989) found rhrt N @nrribution !o lhc sil sysrcn by whirc lupin

(Lupinis albw L.:) tnAed ftom - 68 10 - 2l kg ha r in $e Unded St6Gs

ConD€riss of N: lix.rion dnd munl3 of sd N hw.st.d hav. ben ord. for

dMJ crops and esmplca ofiinsl\ balincd Enec fom l12 lS N ht toamuchripls 80 tg N ha ' with $ybco (Hueh.s atd Hcddg.. 1989), -12 ro +% *ilh pc., -41

io l35ksN har wi$ lupii (Ev..s e/ 4r, l99l), -34 to +64 wilh 8rcundilt

iMcDonorh e, ar, l99l),421o J4witndickp€a (Dolehon.,ar, 1993)&d rl ro

+ 25 wnh h.til (Bad.m.h md Chcwi, 1994), Th.e volu.s dep.nd o. thc adout orNr

fix.d, $. N h.ne$ indcx (the prcponion ofbtll cop N rcmov.d in seed), rnd wne$er

rh. vesprotiv. csidu.s e Emov.d fmm th. li€td or [email protected] (Bell 4 zt 1994)

Wilh pbtein l.vels of 20 lo 4O%, leerlne 3.cds bave ! high den.f,d for N tnd up to 60

tg N ha' cd be mov.d witn .v.ry tons of e.d hwc$ed Glob.l av.dlc vieldr of

orcund 2l ha ' for (d0., sulh 6 $ybto d.d rh4 ar lcrn 120 kgN hs dunbe fixed

bcfoe the soil ce r.c.ive oy nct beneilt fom BNF (Pspl.s 3?,1, 1994). Nirogen

bakM ld.b ftFir.d vary h.s.d on cmF, locari@s, dd nethd adopLd bv vdio6

6eashes. ln !oyb.d, 1he Doteniial condbution ofNt6Mtio. to th. N bll.ne in soil

B n gativ. ar -55.9 to -90.5 tg N na' !s es.d by Kondu .l al (1996) usine 'N

tl

Mc.! merhodology. Calcul.rioh 3howed th.t suoh nelttiv. bal.n€ could b. &duced by

l l .6 - 36.4 ke N ha r upon Ermins tn .op 6idu6 !o rh. $il- sit8h .r ar (1993)

show.d negiaiiv. N brlance in pigonF , whol md er!l|un-{h!.t sequenes. whcftas

clftcr b€n-wh.ar had ln high.st posiliy. N b.l&c., followed by hlack gt!o-$'heal.

App.Enl N €ontribrtion frcn sil wa mqidlh in fie $ybe{n whdt eqoc.ce

ed iininm i. ih. blrct gEm-wiclt s.qrc@. Av.ilable N n.l b.Lt€ lnq lll th.

sequc.ces Nos positive, Howevdi, ihe higheot baloce *as .olic.d in clustcl bes_wh.at

and thc lowesl in thc er$m foddd-shcat equ€M, R.go dd Sfrlins (1996) epon d

that TsN cin incrcse under certlin Crain l.gumc ccral oraions Tnc TSN incescd

fiom 5s0 ro 645 ks N h6r when i cowp€rpi8.onF{ inrercrop ws ol.r.d @odlv lor

lO t!c6 wnh .sorshun in the ni.t s'9 follov.d by smovd in thc pGr ninv

se6o.. TsN incE$ed lo 629 kg N hd' when srshud wa ercwn insled of piC€onp.a

in $. i erop- Th. imtle in TsN u(Lr pig@npa b8.d oulions hdidlB t positiv.

b.lane, eve. thouen, .ll slondinS crcp Esidu.s sec Enoved ind 14_66 l(g N hdr w.s

exrrer.d by rhc sol€ crop srghun.

Tne N .o.fiibution of le8um. crcF to $e $il sy$em is lik ly to b. depende.t on

6e 3ynbioric N: fixins &litity, gb*ln dd N hdcn indd ofdc l€gme cop6, qhi.h

in tun. aF controlled by soil a.d envionmenlal condnions Doughion ., 4l 099tdcnoMr.d thlt chickpca povi.t d. posnive N onttibution io rh. eil N pool wh.n

rhc aymhiolic N, fixa on €ts wcrc high end a ..galive N @ntribulioi whn thc

,ynbiolk Nr fix.rion Bcs seR lo$ Inad<lrtion. arlos n.8aliv. reldonlhip ll 085r

€xiLd bctwcn eil nilEE n6uEd !t lb. rin ol .st blishnol of chickpea dd $e

slbequ.nt N conlribudon !o the eil N pool.

\!ll'le Rponing th. recdhr of 're'! oi\ fix.rion by soybed mungb€in rnd

bl.ck sM in fms 6.ld in lh. po$*d r.eton of lhe Punj.!, Ali ., ar 0999)

indioEd lhrt lbc atrscs for % Pi" values w.a 23_?2 by uEidc nctnod Med 6tinlEs

of rNierived %P.- for difl@nt spcies w.r. 16.77 sd ?6 % for svbem, mus b€s

md bl&kgm, 6periv.ly. h NWFP, Sh.h t, al (l97) on rh. bais of lwo swe)s of

l4

N: fixation of ih. comnonly 8rown l.gumeslenlil, mong bed dd nsh h.m retoned

th3r 6tioa&s of Pr-, r.ri.d fbn 55-100 % (n6h bes)- M@s vllrcs *.4 ?8 vo.id

4? % Especli!.Iy. Total N, fixe<t tsged fom lcl00 kg hd' fo. l.ntil dd 0-55 kg h! '

for nung bed .nd hsh b.e. Me.n valu€s wed .17 t8 h! L Cmlil) od 28 k! h! r (nung

b.$) Dd 28 k8 ha-r (m$h b.d) S.hw.nlc er ot (1998) sun.yed filtyon€ oinftd

crcps ol chickpea (Cjcet nietin r L.) dd hha hed (Vicja Jaba L) in th. Morce,

Wllgc! ed Gum.dan disticls of f,oin-w$ New South W!l.t d[ins 0!. sint6 or

1994 ..d I99t. NiLog.n fi!.tion ss d.arurd usi.g the nalul ''N lbunddce

lmhniqu€. Ncr N bdmc. *s calclhted for.eh cop by sublra.ting grain N ha.st d

fron llx.d Nr. Soil, plsnt.nd fauo* conditions silh Polenti.t !o innu.nce N, fixltion

wec slso [email protected] d. Tfi. pedm.g. of crcp N deriv.d lom N: fixorion iP r.ng.d

liDd O ro 8l% for cnicbc! md 19 ro T lor fals bcd. Nidog..lmtion orchacrpe

qrs unrlomly loq 'n

rh. la44 drougnr. T06l \r fi\.d tuged lmm O b 99 lg hai for

clickD.a dd l5 b l7 t ks h!' for f.bt bsr. N.r N b{l&@ dg.d lion _47 b +46 tg N

hl' for chickp.. cmps.nd 12 to +94 kc N ha'r for flba bed croPs, About 60% of the

dfr.Ene in Pr" b.twen chick!.s ed fabs bG& ar th. !ve6$ lav.l ofeil nitrt (65ks

htr) wrs .xplained by th. highei N dmdd of the l.r.r' The maininS 40'l. @dd b.

due ro g.arer tol.Mc. of the fab. bed sFbiosh to nitnte cficcls ln addition. f.b!

b€m hcd a lowr N hfl.sl indq $d chi.lqc., which nom $!t Fopo.tioMllv lc$ N

need.d to be firc<l by ftb. bco 10 offsd dnovd of sdi. N On lhe.vda8., Prx needcd

b exccd 35% lor chict(F! ed | 9% lor ftb. h.$ to b.l!M eil N. Th. .quivaldr oilnnmt leveh wce 4r tg .itra& N hdr for chickpea .hd 280 kg htr for fabl b.!n

(ertFp.bt d aoh th. Glltiotrhip b.twen n..swd %Pd rd eil nill{c) Doublc_

cbppi.s chictF. i.ro sumer c.El or Srass psturc stubblc p6tid.d lhe mo*

consrrenrnBcgyforrhEvins(h.lowls.L!or$ilnnnE

Altnospberic N: fixed symbolically by the eciltion beiw.en Xnito,&' spsoies

md l.gunes r.t@nll . Enwlblc eu@ of N for lSriculic (Pdpks €r al I95b)

Ther fufth.r indicale<l lhd tn Prcp.ftion of soybsn N d.riv.d aon N: llxalion dnl.d

bct*cn 4 md % .1 *.d nl[ns. vlles *rimt d for veou l.gune crcps 4d pstuE

lFci.c a^ oicn,mpcasrv.. rommonly filling rn rh. rn8e of2O0 b IOO lg ol N htl

l5

yeafr (Peopl.s ?, al, 1995b). lnpus of fix.d N for 6lfalfa, cd clov.r, p€4, $yb.in,

co*Fi dd v.rch s* .nimred .bou| 65 ro ]35 ts of N ht' ycer tr 2l b 300 *a ofN

hr'' y.!a' (wani sr dt, 1995). For famir! systen !o rcnNin poduclivc, and lo be

susraidble in the lon$.m, n *il be nssary to Eplenish lh. tefr.s of nuti.nts

vhich e Enoved or lon fron $c eil. In ihe ce of nil,bgen {N), i.pob inlo

agdcultuol sy$ens m.y be in lhe fom of N-a.rliliz.r or N derjv.d fbm rtnosPneric N?

via biologicrl Nr fu{ion (BNF) (P6pl6 .? zl 1995r).

In N.w Z.aled, the % Ndft for sFin8-em lupin fr!ri,6 a'84l,rr'6), l..til(lc6 culituis), feld pei (Pitun tatiwn) and fi.ld bcd (vicia Jobd, *d. Eloit d to

b€ belos 40vo, The aurunn svn l.gmes lixed tery linl€ N over lhe .utmn-*inte!

p€dod, l6s 1hen l0% of their reunular.d N (Hlynd ,, dl, 193). Th. nesuEd

mounls ofN fixd bt syobiotic sysreds m.y difiet.ccording lo $e mclhod us€d !o

srody Nraetiotr (Seuslcdd er ol. 1993)- L{ge @iribul'otr (bct*d 75 Md 9? kg of

N ha l in 9? d.ys o{ Broslh) by S,r,lor ontlps gri@reNit wee tolnd ('/ ie6'vt.gas ., ,l

195). Mddimba (1995) Evealed $.t thc nitrosen coflnb ion o/,4.rchts htpoga ro

tnc lroMh o/2., td! in inlercbppins sysLms is eqlival.ni ro $pliqtion ol 96 k8 of

fenilizer N ha .l a Btio of plel populalion d.nsilies of one maid pldt to tbr grcu.d

Biological niingd fixt(on for no( Lgun s tFci€s is in th. m8e of 200 lo 3[t0

ks N htr copr (P.opl.s er da, 1995!), Hostcr. sin@ cmp N is pannion.d cnncr into

sed or veg.rsrir. parts ar ciops datuity, .ot lll of rhc N.fix.d will b..t!ihbl. for

Etum lo th. sil- Tt. find @nsibltion of fixed N ro dc sit followinS hadest will

d.p.nd upon th. N- bolmce !l htd.st which k deEimin d bv the direEnce betwen

th. .moms ofN: fx.d &d *.d N amoved (P.o9lct .t 41, 195.) Howv.r in ou! .ein lh. fming systen of Potnwar, nonhcm Punjab, Paki$an, Itme6 usuallv hane$ $e

*hol.l.sum. pL.ti .| m.tlriry.nd lav. no l.gm. eidu$ in lh.6eld a th. renlins

m uscd Ior uimal foddd or ftcl. So, N.btl!.ce wrs d.Emined bv ti. d'fdncc

betweeh fie enounts oflN.6x.d ed s.d + shoor N Edoval.

Mahy sEdll flimcs in d.vetoping counrie hav. @nsiously uscd .h.

capabilities of lcgums in lixin8 N? for c.nturi€s. Evo wnen lh. nei b.ncf s nom fi€

BNF l.chnololy e p6itiv., My s@ll fmc6 d !a!8.1y un.*e of impmv.! BNF

options. Howcvcr, mu.h i.main to b. done in improving ud cfining th. BNF

iecluoloet, ctFcially in ddelopins p|rs$ md Poducl !e!5le in snEll noUer

agriculluE (shifcraw €r al, 2OO4), BNF i3 pobably the nosl inPorlonl biehemic.l

@tion for lif. on qnh- h {)cM roinly thoogh 3ynbiodc asi.rio. oa lc3m6 ddsom. *oody species silh c.rLin N1 fixing ni.oorgoisns $at @nv.rt eleicnal

An *.ti.l @dpor..| of 3w1aiMbl. aeicuhudl svd.@ n ih. u* of Lg!fre3

in oop mslion, lo povid. N ro slbFquait.bF OiG@ !d Rie' 198& HMi ed

acmncbl erRr! ofLgund h cbp mlrdon.

r.gumes belong to f.nily l.gumeno$!, how.ver, fie ftnilv n6ne ha b@n

|tqdy cnespd i o f.b.e&. r.8um6 d lh. s@nd 10 thc gN fmilt (ermin*)

i. th.i imD.rbnce to hund. Th.y vm .iong thc 6rs1 pldls dom$ticded dd how

loscthcr wi$ Omifta fani|n thly supply d enmou p€Gnta8p of food_tt!6 ror

ndkind (Hdan, 1992). Edly fmeB rdoglt d lhc uoiqucn.s of legr6. Pldls i.cror Doduton r.d inctlded $.fr in $en crep rndon, ! pr&lie $.1 d.res back to

diiquity (Bull@k l99t). Thc h.ncflcidl .llals of l.S]lmho6 phrts in oLtion w.E

noled in early Rond (Prul ed Cldk, 1989) ed Chin.$ (Peitc6' 1927) *ritings' moE

Th. inclGion of l.gum.s in crop rclttiohs bs b.€. pra€ticed for a lons in od

$e b.n.fils to.encDl@ harc 169 bcn tsglize<t (Pic@ dd tuce' 1988)- How'r,

n was not until tne la& l9d century ihat th.* benefik h.cmc .lhblishcd eienlificauv

wio Dmf tnlr N ws d .s*nti!l pldt nwi61 and $d Nr fixltion Muftd in l.gumes

in $ociarcl with ced'n i}!e, of b4ri! lQuhFl. l99l) Accodine !o a siew b)

l7

sdirh er at (1987), cxDcincnts we co.dEl€d lo ne6uE md und.d,nd rhe

conributio.s of legumes to soil f.nilily ct the very b.ginning of nodcm agri.ulluBl

*ienc., dd by th€ 1930s. The nchmisns by wnich legun6 fix alrnosPhdic N: ud

enhanc. rvrilable soil N. and oredic N min.Elidion h.d bccom. r?Nonably lellud.6b.d. D.spile such lnowl.d8., th* b.n.fits htr. mr ben tully olalizd in cmp

produ.tion d!. to ch 8ing €conomic condiiions dd cop mlna8.mmt prud@s The

ud.rutilizarion of lesunc, in cropping syskms wG .xe.lbaLd bt $. advnl of

ftlnircly inexFnsive N fcrlilid atur wotld Wd II !!d lhe sonohio advdlaS! of ils

use in coftinuous cdeal c @p prduction ststcB (Snith et ol, I 9 8 ?) However, d!ri.8

rhe lr$ No dddes, i .Eer in rh. lnlzdon of l.suncs in copping svsi.ds hd b..n

rekindl.d by thc rising.o3l ofN f.nilizr, Md th. d.sic to conse(e fo$il det8v and

eil F$lrus, and 10 EdF ,t dd Md Polldo. (W!k $ .r 4l 1992i vM .t at

r993).

B.tr€f*l.l cfiet or ruldion

Acarding to Jo&n &d Rlddcr (1989),lhe piin!ry b.ncfit oflc8umes srown in

otadon wi$ c.edls is duc diEdlt to N2 fiMtion by tnc bgMinous cop. llovever, cop

onrio.s utilizing legum* my als elicit yicld inc|tss vi. m.chaisms oih'r $M

ihrov.dNfcnility(Bullocls1992)TtisGaliado.hasleadtotheponniolingofdese

b.n fi|3 into rh. N efie.l (.te kewn s N ccdn) ed lhc non-N .fr*t Thc N cfcr is

tnal ponion of$s rot tion benett thal i andbuied to inftded N supplv bv ihc lcgune

(Pid. od Rie, l98E)- The non-N cfcr is llla. ponion of rh. orldon ben.lil 'ot

amibunbl. 10 inc@ed N suplly fbm th. 1.8!ne in th. olaiion {Baldocl er at l98l;

H$r.ms .?,1, l9s?) md *nich enot b. @nFnsled for bv N f.nilizd (Bulloclq

r992).

l3

,.4 InFc.ofLgrDdotr trltlg.r p.odudiv y olln sil

Niftgcn lixation by hlumB, nilro8en 0.I) bll&ce in soil, ihcid.nes of $ilton e@l disa.s, .nd pbdudiviry ol @@h wa ftauN.d by Mcrullos .r zl

i1993). Th.y Ep.ft.d thar tne b.nefir of chicLps in $. bLlion, in tems ofN bdl6n@

rs @nsidcFbly afct d by its bi@6s prcduction lnd $il niftr. stltu- TlEy r€pon d

th Esulls of two field erp€ridenb, uftLr t'lial *.sMI mnditions, chiclpa yieldcd

2.85 dd l.8l r ha-i, Bhicb Esulls in M incdse in eilnitr.t N of modl50lqN h..l

for tle [email protected] ehqt crcp, ed !h.ut 20 lg N htr lor th. [email protected] wh.{ ctoP This

addilionrl N wos usd by *heal wilh d efrici.ncy o10,44-0.48, Underco.dhion ofhidl

$al nihie, P fix of chicbea fcll ro 4%, l.lding ro a ntll inc@ in nitr.t N for th.

subsqudr *hot crop !n r chickp.4 cohpar.d wnn whqt Undd adv.& lo lh.

following *h.al cnps, niltale N @uodtkd i. lh. sil, md wrs $d av.ilabl€ for r

thi.d $,n€r cop- Tlrc chictFr lcdue $e lcvcl of coM d in thc subsqu.rt wh.rt

ciop ro l0-2oolo oftnose in Nheal.

TIE dsid@l .fl4l ol l.8um.s, fot impovif,g the cbp pmdud'vnv and $ilor8..ic N (l.riUiy, by th. ihcoeomlion of l.sun s by usi.8 difrer€nt olariotu al

dificdl N l*.ls undd diflcMt 6inr.d c.viomqt of Swlt od Dn @ ol NWFP, lhc

P.tistdn dldng l99t-96. Tbey @poned $.t !t b.lh sncs, fenilizer N al 120 or 150 kg N

h! I sisnifi.!.tly incE.*d the yi.ld ofsinter snd smn r eEds conpaFn wi|h de oN

tnifie'n in all s€&ns. Th.y ftfth.r epon d thar f.rrili&r N aPPticd to pFc.dins cedl

h.d srons .my-over .ft d on lbe fouowing !rcPs tolh in iems of incEsinl $e cersl

yi.lds dd in supF€ssif,s l.sutus N, fix.tion. Th. cM ofcop asidrc to eil'hovever. did 3how tny obvious eficct on oer.l ot lesrlm. yi.lds

Qudificarion of nimgfl l6n legude (alfalft) 10 sil ed rwo su@dine cmps

Gon) lor lwo ye66 sas rep.ied by nlFis ..d Hest dd (1990) at Michig& sttUnivsity, Esl tasin& Th.y relbn d ln.t the [email protected] of N fon dfalfa plDl mr.ri.l

bycon,orth.efici.ncyofN!sc,lvedged2l%, Thk isl€slhdonehalf of theN usc

cmdmcy ol50% @mmonly Epon d for inorS{ic f.niliar N (Huckhbv' l9? I ) ft.c

t9

wrs moe N fbn alfllfa pldt mot.rill Etuining in eil ed lon fbn th. tFten $!neov.rcd bt r sub6€quent con cot. Tn. N fren rlfdta pht nlt rial Emining in $il.nd @m hd6r ws tur cldily svrihbl. for uF t by r 2d,q brley cop.

Th. N baEIii b ffi is @nhonly Gpon d s 6c N-fdilia r€9l.en.d valus

or thc N fertilia cquivrLne, d.fin.d a d. quantity of fenilia N equiEd to &hi*.s. yield with a @min@ur non-lc$n. cbp a th€ yi.lds oboircd following legume

crcp (P@ et al., 1992; Reeres, 1994). Nirrogcn fcnili4f €quivale.@ t?ically mg.s

between 60 and 80kg har; how.v.r, lh. N onriblton frcn lelrlne @!er crops B not

di$inglished rsm oder o16don cf.cls by lhis n.$od (ReevB, 1994).

Nih8e. ccdit fen soybean in $yb.m'com cmppinS s.quenc. ws obed.d

by Bundy sr rL (1993). Th.y Epon d tnar ftc n.d @m N uplale i. eyb€daombtion *6 hider (51 ks N h. r) than con{n on silt l@m $ib bul no1 d sdy soil.

On sih lom soils, cmp s.qrcnc..tret! on yi.ld dd N upr.lc indi@ted, eyb.o N

codbution to sh6.quent cop; how.v.r fix.d vrlr N ccdirs or N cedk b,5.d o. N

Espo.e de onbined ovd y.s qoold sldom reurd.ly pndict enDI $yb6r N

Srudies @nducled ar rhe lndi.n A8ricultuml Res.@h Insinu0. (IARI). N.w

Delhi, l.di! to exoine thc efiel ol vlrioui riiny qso, l.8un s on pbduclivily dd N

snomy in vnst have cveale<l lhaI lhe rcspone of *h*t lo applied N oner bsune

was quadratic in MtuE. *hile ir *N lii.ar lftci erlhun (Sih8n er al, 1993). Clust r

b.d and blrck BIm nad sstar residul .ffccrs rhs olhd l€gunes when onp@d wnh

b|ghun fodder wleat requird ?4,0 kg N hli .icr pig.or Fa 49.4 tg N ha-r !ft.royb.$, 53-l kg N htr aliq grcundnur. 42,? kg N h. ' rn r blek slm, 28.8 ks N nar

.lier clusr.r bed, ad I O?-3 ks N hr'r .n r $rEim ro pDdu@ a dgped 8Bi. yield of

4.5 r htr. Chsrer b.r fld bhck stu stfcrcd gc.r.r N Mnomy (64.6-?8-4 ks ndr)

ad nul.i.nt movll in $bs.qud wher. Soil-studics sho$ld n€gdiv€ N b.l!M in

pig@n F!-what C52 tg har) dd $Bnuo-whdl C91.5 rg htr) seqoenG wh.mclusl€r ben-wnd nad lhe hiSh.st pGhivc N balucc (+37 kg hd5 fouo*td by bhcl

20

s6-vhca1(+ll l(c hd! (Sinsh .r ot, 1993). Aptdrnr N @ntibmion fiom soil wsm*inun in th. $ybtu-whetu scquff@ rnd oininun in black gm-wh..l s.q!.n@.

Estinalion of BNF for differcnr lood legumes under r6in-fed @nditioft ol T.l

Hndr. w.s don in 1980/sl and l98l/82 qsons usins h lechniqw (Scmnt 1988).

R.sidlal.Ifccr of th. 1930/81 soi cropping rE lme.rs on $e snin yi.ld of din fcd

wh.3l *a srudi.d in l98l/82. in vnich whor B prcvid.d 3 d€s ofnirrog.n (0, 30, 60

ka N h. r) !o pemit N6mdr of d. .ihgd' .trKr of rhe pEtioc s.s. l.gun6.

Th. yi.ld of whor following lemil, frbr hd, ed dry F6 *6 signifi@tl, higlE. rhd

$c following whEr rr rll l€vels of dirccrly .pplied N, althougb th. difcnce v.Ehishfi lhci no nnrogen N6 appli.d. As$nc.t of a' value of soil nilo!.n in

l98l/82 whcat crcp rveled lhar therc wd [email protected] drichn hf of nitrog.n stdus oilhe soil fo llowi.S rhe le8m€s in conplrison ro rhos. fouowirs wh€ar (Pal r s, a/, 1993 ).

Th. nilrog.n slalus of dris soil w.s exrrcn ly lov and 1he phe* cop follo*ing wh..r

show.d s.v.c nirogcn deficiency !t O lrd 30 kg N h r-

Th. Fnnion d Mion effcr! of lc8un. ovcr creps uing thc dif.E.* ityield Espon* ro addiiiotr of N fenili&r wh.n @d wa Crow. wirh or wilhout 6

ppious l.gumc covd aop (Bald@k a al, l98l). I. lhen *olk, lhe total.otation .trcct

*.s de6n.d as thc sum oltnc ffxed-N cflcd and olltion eff@t. TlFy slculat d th. lot l-

rot tion .ff.ct I lhe yi.ld of€om following a Lgune minu the yield of folloqiig . non-

legun., bolh wilhoul add.d N. Thc 6r!rio!.1 .Ilet wa cdlculated .s th. diff.rcn@

b.ro6n or.tiom .t de high6r N f.niliar El., ed the 6x.d-N cf.d a lhc iotlohrion .f.d ninus d. mDrion .lf4r. R@lh d zr ( 1987) @holatcd ot rion .f.crs

s thc ditrccne in &nial @m gFin yi.ld msuGd fouowing a lcgunc to thlt prldht d

fon i$ N upt*. l.vel wilh ! EsFsion of N upuL vs. ghin yi.ld (qlculdld liom d.t,

of com nor aollowins o lcsum.). How.vr, dation cffcis ould onloud dt dsuhs by

incrccsin8 bolh N utilial'on md lenilis N .ficiency, Fo. daople, bener roil physiql

conditiotu follo*i.g winler 6vs rop! (Rev6 1994) @uld prcnol€ rcot gowth dd

fi.rcby inccasc uiliztion ol soil N Md f:nilizerN.

2l

The otitional cff@ls of chicko.! o. subs€q@l wher FquiE qu$tificarid of

fi. conEibulion ofrh. l.g!h. b sil N dd $. N stltu oftlc eho! md of suppGion

oi 3oil !.d sbble-bom. palhosens. such 6 cos, 6i fasdfot Statin@@ Schjstbc

Cmup l). Felton er at (1998) coll.ctcd thc Esulls frcm selcded Lealrnenb or l0

.xp.rim.nts i. nonn m Ne* Soulh wrl.s in which chickFa ed wheat i. o.e s.@n

e.E follo*ed by whal i. following 3@ns thit indao&d g.n.nlly hkh.r dry datcr

(DM) od snin yields of sh€r an r chickpq lhu .n r wh.at, R6pong to chickla

we6 .0.3 ro 1.3 t ha Ghoot DM) and .l b 39 kg N ht' Ghool N). R6pons6 in what

grain yields Neie -0.1 b l.t t ha-'(med 0.851hd')r gnin N rcsponses weE-210 33 tg

h.r(ncan 19 ks hti). crain poteii rcsDones wlE smll (c6%) lnd t&tbh. AhhouSh

rhcs prcdDcntny Espones could bc qpl.in d ldgely in &ms of.ddirional niErcN

followi.g chickp.a, m{s!r.d Fdkcd incid.n6 or@M d in whd aner chiclq..

(69. t52% ncd 30el). Modeting rhc inciden@ of cow. rcl indi€l€d highly

sigiifica.t i eftctions bdween Aior co! ind loLl wotcr (pft-plant eil Natet plus in-

crcp r.inf.ll). wh€n whst follosed chbrp.4 iicidence ofth. disee delin d shd.Ply

*ith incBing salcr. wh.n wheat follosd vhs! lheE B . Mgi..l d*lin. in

disce inciden@ with i.c6ing w&r. R6uhs suppon lh. $ir.g} of usinS l.gmes in

sbtioh *nb shat in th. nortlEm gbitu r.gion for enhanced soil-N supply Md dissc.

Tn low-inpul $sttin bl€ lsliculludl syst G involving fo6g. legnm6, .nd

s.ir leEu€s in ollri@ with vhd in . ev.. '6

ficld cipc.imdr on f.nilily

dcgBded Venisol undcr no till p@1ie in sblropisl Quensl&d. ausralia w.s

.valualed by Dalai,/ ut (1994). Soil lcrrility r.sloralive pnclic.r using 6 4-yedr nix.d

gds l.gune p61uc dolbl.d fie dount! of soil microbial biom.$, min Elitabl. N.

NOIN and sisDifi6tly inc@d C md kul N in eil. Subscqu.ndy, EL orN tumv.r

in $il increaed ed high.r edl cnin yi.l& w.E obr.ircd- Thc .frals ofl€gtme in a

cbtpi.g orltion on an inLrlile sil in K.n'€ wee stodicd by SinPen ., ,l(192),They reporrcd thit inclusion of lcgunB ih a rclodon signiffcddy incEAscd

bionss a.d cnin podlc1ion of nda dd soiehun ovd I $ens comp.red eitn

@ inuous nriz.. Th. 6iduf cr6t ot lcgr@ F\ (tism ungui.rlda and PhNols

22

prlpd.ru/ on th. subeqrcrt ceMl yi.lds did nor dif€r bcteci 3p€cGs and pmdued

rn .i|t! 3OO4OO ks Srins hdr following rtE gresrh of legun6 for r*! s€@nt, Tn

difI.Enes in nin.dl N, in tn ()-lo .m $il mples w.G signin@r. Th. NHfNincrssed an€r bgoncs mounringtoonly4-lO[gN hr'r Md [email protected] for l0Toofde

w6d e, al (19?).v.luaed dE ou@ rd f.G olN in whcat mpping systco

ttiol, , 6Lblish.d in 1983 .r ICARDA if, Syri!, They epon.d $!1 yield oI wh.{ srcvnoon tinuously Ner€ co$id.Eb ly le$ ftrn wbei eroM in rcr.tion willl chickp..,l.nlilor

.fallow , Recovery of N fenilia in whc (9-26%) and in lh. soil (26y.) wrs lowi

indisti.g $at up lo 50e4 of the fertiliz.r nly h.ve bd lost liom d!. soilrh'n sysr.n.

OcniLd r\ cudi€s indiqEd ihar mnmir volarilizrion and dcnirljliorion {4 lilclylo t thc najor N loss n.chsis. Uprrk. ofN in wheal srain q6 g'ealcr lhM lh. inpur

fdn fsftilizer. Me.sur.m.nt! ofN: fixrtion by chickFa and l.ntil in elldon with whear

indiqr.d ih.t lher wis unlik€ly lo be r rct input ofN to rh. eil iiom lhee legum.s

(uring inro rc@unt N Eoov.n in sEin). nEE w6 io inctle in whe.r yicld or N

b.nclil to Nh.at gwirg in n@im wid .hiclq.. o. lentil comp,r.d wilh t llow.

Or.rall, thes dal! indi.rrcd tnlt aU loui Dt tion s)sten l.d ro $il N depl€rioh.

Inp.(r otlcgub.or lollorbg ardl gdrh

TIE mjor enii l.gunes erwn in Prlistd @ chict!.r fct .' u&nM), l6til(Lhs cttiw6), tJiestt (Lathtra lotiwl ftrig b.8 (VigM rudiate), and bhck gdn

lvtsna nmsot. Mtnsb.a znn bLc\ s6r.K rmpotur rah' se6on or smm.r gmin

lc&m.s. Muns b.r in rolarion *ilh whc.t ha giten . b@3r to wn at prcduclion i.mtrSinll wheat prodFine dasEicts {i... Mid*rli, BhaI& ud t tyn). Whclt

poduction incss.n 4.4 Frccnt @ully in-llt.s dishictr of 3 p.Gnt in rhe counry

(Govemne of Prtislln, I 990 ohd unpob lisb.d dhtricl lev.l d.r. of I 93 liom th. cbp

Reponing Se.tioh, Minirlry ofAgricuXuc. Oovqmenl ofPunj$, LahoE).

2l

Th. l.!md genedlly ihpov.n lh. cdpping systen dd dtrling th.ir bionaor fiap.sl Esidles b soil, incE sd yi.ld ofd. subeque.r ii@ crcp dd Fdued thc

r.quiement for cbemical .ilDgen fenilier (Ladha ,t oa 1996). Mdy repotu have

shown that rie prcduced no€ erin oiler 6 l.guoe ihrn ih.t alte. a nonn.gume o! aner

a ,.llow Dsl.lg, "1,

(1993) obsed rhrr whc.t yi.lds w@ si8nificlntly hiSnd in th.

cni.kpe.-wh.a1 rot lion tn& in d. a|leat.whot @trtion.

Amsuug, zr (198?) Epon d t n.fici.l cfi*ts of rlE @l-s.@n lcgun6,

pos. ftbr ban and lupin, on tso subsqu.nr wh.!r cFps, !r holn qFimntdl sit s.

Incrcs.s in d.lbme ol feniliaFN r.c bN6 0.17 and 2 46 t h!rr5 Md l404or

lof fi. fi$ whot c6p md berwen 0.48 dnd 0.93 r h.j 07 ed 8870) for th. $co.d

cop, Doylc e, al, (l 988) eportcd si8nillc.nl .f*t of .amw leafed lupin on the second

cceal cbp al lwo oflhrce sit s.

Ryu et al. 11991) sludied rhc coppin8 *quec of l.gum.*dl ddcontinuous €sl !t dif.Mr levels of nimgo. Tt.y orclud.d thrt th€ cop squ.Mhrd. $rong and @nsisrenr €frcct on lorrlbiomss dd gFin yi.ld of*[at. Thc ph6r

and bgmc (Mcdic) shoNed no ninDg.n d.ficicncy at till*ing vhc6, dclici.lcy

sldplotu w.e usully visible in rll orhlr s.q!.n@s dr *o dd lo* nitiog.n l.v.h,

ln studies conducled al Krnpur (Utar Padesh) dd Hi* (H.r$m), whcai aftet

iainy s.ason l.gun s Esponded only up to 80 Kg N n! r whar6 favodbl. tsponse3

lpro 120lq N hdr w.c obw.d sR.r frllow, sordun, md millel (Kus{.i. dd Ali,

1988). Tte eudi€s turth.r Ev.akn rh.r $. vhar crcp widFut N ttur @s!.. foddd

!l Krnpur pbduc€d a siniluri.ld.o d ol *har *id 80lg N hr'r !tu srghum dKlnpur. Similsly, uferrilizd vhat rfflr mug b.{ grvc lne sme yi.ld 6 obrain d

vilh 80 tg N h! | loer Fel nill.l rt Hier. In double copping, @*!.a gown for gEin

lnd fodd.r conlibured 24 ed l0 tg N ha' rs!€.ri!€ly ro rhe followin8 ehor cop

und.rD.lhi conditions (Sih8h,r'll977r Singh rhdNisd 1978).

24

2,6

Nilrog.n (N) is considcrd 6.seli.l elem€nt for pldt groslh lnd pDductivny.

ll incEes th. .vailabilit, of photosFdrtes .nd enhmc6 E dry m6tt i p&detion. h

ioflu.Ms lh. tsinilarion od ldioning ol photosyDthrt s Gdtiry in incEsed sningrowth 6L. TncE is liftl. rcrk EDod.n o. N oppliqdon howq.r, lhe lvailablc

ale!6n1 liledtuft is Eview.d 6 under viln lDeial Efeence lo ceddls.

Tn dllaing ability of rcg€ianv. shmri in eE.l plDis is d inron nt f.ctor

wh ich deLm ines the 10101 lssini lat s sorf&. r llue and lhe assini lation effc icncy of th.

pldts bionas (Dl%d, 1984).

In uhdi ihe nuob.i of till6 Fr unn e. Md pcr pl.ni inc@s. *ilh d incss.in nno8ln feftilidr applicalion (El-Shdkrwy sr ar, 19?6), Wiih in reasc i. nil@ge.

supply th@ h alnosr a lin.r .nd posiria. EspoM in 1n. numbe. of tillc6 in whot

(Sins lnd shlma" 1972). Nihg.. lcdiliar inc@s lh. number of .eslo, eisint

ton Edued modrlily and hid sunivabiliiy ollill.s th.t produe dd plniculely i.s.cond dd third tilleu (Powlr .nd Alesi. 1978).

Nnrogen applicorion ro lhe $il increass yield by inpeving diff.cnl yield

comDon nrs. Walsoh pt a4 (l 958) @ded incr.e i. ed nudb€f, numhr of gainr.ridd robl dry wignq while Malit (1981) foud od increed tillsins.rd grdinJ@ in

Fspo.s ro rppla.{t nir'og.n.

Hu$ain., a1il934) obs.ive! lhe effsl ol nilogln levels on Erowth, yield ddnineEl @mp.silion of wh.rt .nd lohd o|n th.t inmins N .9pli€don in@ased th.

nlnbo of rill.6 m{. El-Shuk.wy ?, ai. 1980 foud sisnitqnt incE* in till.r .udber

by increaing nitDgen level,

25

Mrlit (1981) siudi.d ihe espons. of wheat ro difocoi hlels of nihogei udfou.d d ircrce in tillqing upto lzo kg N ha-r.

Bokhsh and Mir. (l 973) applid N dd P lo whed rhd obseryed thd the highesl

nitos€h Et s qusd a signilicmrly hishlr gFin dd bnl DM i.ld. Combinlrior of

phosphoru wilh .'hg€n prcdu..d sisnifidrly norc toul dry tu Simih Esul$

w.rc [email protected] by Singh ed Sh!n! (1972) $d Nryrd and Sawaildr ( | 981) who sot ai

incrcs in dry mafi€r pmdlclion with incrced ELs of N ud P.

NiEogcn fenilircr idpoves the Snin quality by inc@ing prct in @ntefl of

Sraihs ih sh.ct (HuctlBby.r al, 1971, Dubcu, l9?2, N.llon ?t al 1913, J!9der udSiolamv, I9?4, Duboir dd Fosti, 1981, Mtuk dd laejko, 1984, Bol. ud

Tt. prct in conrenr of whdl is srr.ngly influenc.d by gnin yi.ld (Krott, 1974).

In mosl wh.rt Foducrio .B moE $u E0% of tn. N is unov.ilabL. In th.s.

cnvienftd$ th. ue of cllrivd qith po6itial ld high $.in yi.ld loS.lhcr with 3@d

poduction pncdces including nitocen f.nili2.. lppli.ation usually in Eass yi.lds ofgnin with dep6$d potein co dr (Kibnc nd Evm, 1984, Cox e, al. 1985; Noyikor

.ral, 1986; Pddbgi eral. 1986).

Manrcus M.A ",

d/. (1998) F u.d two 6.ld qpcrind6 in ElCEm.iz!.

during 195/96 dd 1996/97 s.&ns to invdigate the cfret of inrercopping wh.rt with

l.nlil (on inlercoppirg syslcm I00%r100%) ar varying N ra&s (20140,60 and 80 kC/fed)

on yicld and irs component of b.tn crcps. Whear Dlrnt h.igh! Snin rd stlw yiclds

[email protected] signifigny bt incBing N 6r.s up b m k8 N/fed. Whor spak Lngh,

nlrbd or k.m.h p.r spikc dd eed indq wa nol of.cr.d by lhe N 6rcs, The hiSh.sl

s.d od stmw yields ofLntil w.E ohtain.d l6m lhe aptliotion of20 tg Nf.d, hut th.

40 kg lvf.i @rdcd ln. higlEsl nunb.r of bdchcs in bo0! s.@ns ud hi8!.( s.dindcx in thc ond een, G6in or wd sld 3iraw yicldr, s weu 6 *.d indcx in both

26

cops, number of kem.h Fr spik of wh..t ind nunb.r of bdncn s of Lntil w.E

d*Eed by inr€rcreppins, lnd rh. Educrion in hmil wa higlEr. m..t plmt h.ignl

sd spike lenerh w not lfet d by rh. ifi.@ppin8. lad €quivlldt Etio odEl$ive cowding @ffici.nt exc..d.d 8nd shosod ln. b.sl yield ldvant g6 at 60 ks

Nf.d. WhBr ws lhe dominmr cop. An .vrluri6 ir l.ms ofecrl uiis indi€ren ihd

a yi€ld ldvd ase M anisv.d by in&Eopping what with ldril unda all N El6 edlhc b€sl6uh86 oblained ton 80 *g 'N/a.d in ho$ s.em

And-Dhlkad sr r/ (2005) conduccd fi.ld eiperim€nt in Raipd sdC h hal lisgarh, I.d ia. during 2002 -2003 to dete m ine thc efldB of plann ing gomelry o.d

nilrcgen msag.m.nt on lhe gro"lh and dry nafi.i prcduction of wnal (cv sqi.t )-

Chiclqea k!.JG-74) inrer.otping sysam, Trcalm.nls comprised sole wheat, 20-cm linc

ewingwirh 100:50:0tgNPK hr'r: $1. wh.al, 20rh.o!s sosi.8silh l0o:50:10tg

NPK halr sol. chickFa. 2o<n ow spacinS with 3ojo:30 Ig NPK har: ete chictp.!

3O{m ow spacins with 30:50:30 rg NPK hdr: shdt{hickF! (2:l ) 2G.n rev splcing

wilh O:O:30 kg NPK htr: wh..r chickpa (2: | ) 2o.cn ow sp&ins witr 80:50:30 ks NPK

h!'r: $deal+ni€kFi (2:2) cn: lO cD eilh 60:50:30 kg NPK har: what cnickp€ (2:2)

Witn 80:50:30 kg NP( h.r; sh.ar chickpc. (4r2), 20 cn:20 cn nw spacins i

wirh6o:so:30kgNPKh!': dd qhear{hbkpca (4:2),20 cn ow spacingrwiih 80:50:30

18 NPK ha':. R€sul$ @vealed th plant h.ight, nudber of till$ and dry mtner

accumulation of whed were higher undq ol. cDpping at 304m ow spacing with

lOOr5OrlO kg NPK ha':, In chictD.a, Gsllb Gt{l.d thor plMl heigh! nudb.r of

brdoh€s per plant md dry mattq leuhuhtio. wo. nid.d ud€r $le crcppins .t l0cn 3p&ing with 80:50:30 kg NPK htr. In r.ms of i.t rcmppin& wheal- chickF. d 4:2

mtio, with 80:50:30 kg NPK ns ' Frfomcd b.u.r th& .t $toknicr.F! 2:l lnd2:2

ow Etios *ilh 80:50:30 kg NPK hir.

27

Anira-DhaLd er al (2005) 6ndud.d e cxp€nn. during rhe abi s.@n of2002 d the ins[uclioml fd of IndiE Oandfii A8ricultunl Uni!6ity Rlipu, hdia, lo

investicde thc efiel of spoti.l crugcmdr ud N-sh€dulins on lhe @nomics ofwheai-chictpea intercoppins. Tfi. hi8n.sl .munr of doie&ry advetage $6 aohieved

wiih 4:2 sowing stio dlons *ilh 80 kgN h!-r,

Phosphorus ha Endklblc onLibution !o thc qudlibliv. lnd qualilltive yield

of whert thftugh incc.sinS the numbr of lill.F, l..f c4 grins nunber ed sBin

Neighl. TheE is scdry erk on thc cII6t of phGphoru on pbysiologicol d€t mihmls

of yield of whqi Thc rclwr ln.due is cvica.d hcc wftn sp.chl Ef.mc. lo

Tbe loi.l lof @ in pl.n8 d.c@r .t low pbospboG wnib n incll.g with

hign phosphotu (Dokic dd Klnic, 1975). Phosphorus .rplicdion itu@scd toral lor@ dd povid.d moe @ ro i'ndpr lhc aunligh dd ullihaLly inqos€d yi€ld by

moE einil.tion of cdbon (Wrhh.b af,d Hu$in, 1957).

Iso. (196.r) indiolcd lhar pnospho$ .pplicdion alonswith nitroeen Gulted

in exl€.sive mor system lnd incased plsl Bro$lh lnd w.ter use eltr.in.y.

Phosphorus applicalion gare higher nuob€r of tolll sd f.nile lilles per uhil d€o

(W!hh.b and |Iusain, 1957). Th. numbd of lilleB per plant wos incra3ed by

phosphoru alone or i. @mbinrrion wnh nilrcg.n of porNh,

xmbinola and And@sik (1981) cpod.d mqidud tillering with nedium edhiSher N dd P 6r$. Where Mcy.r s, el (1960) Epod.d thor exce$ ph6ph.1ic

f.dilidion de.re$.d rhe numb.r of till.s Dd .rB p€r phnt. St .tord ad Pi€d€ (1953)

@ncluded tlEr if ln. Er. of pnosphoru .lplicaion w.s i, qc*s of $.r EquiEd for

2a

muinun emcicnt 6. by thc mp 'n

q!.s1ion,lhcE wld b. no n.suEblc difemc.

Phosphorus in E sB vhst yi.ld through it! efect on tlul f&sh w.icll! pleldry Eishl md nmb.. ofrilleB (Yousf.? ul,, 1977),

ID Nhear th. spik lengh incls?s wilh the applicotion of phosphorus (EL-

Sharkrwy,, '1, 1980i Hussin et,l, 1984; Oliveira and Cd.rgo, 1984) Phospnorus

.pplidtion incEed th. numb.r of fcnil. !pikel.6 Fr e&, r.rultin8 in incc.r.d

.@ber of snins pd ea (R jtovic, l98l). Obarh od gEin yi.lds of sh.ar w.F

cloely Ehrcd wilh ninLll + a$il.bl. w!t6 at $wing. Phophoc .pplicldon

inc@ed torll *arr u$ on hdy lum soils. Thahia (19?4) Fpon <l dw applioation

of ferdlizcr to whe.t intariably i.cE$ed nomber oa spikele6 per spike dd gains tero. Nmber of spik l.ts Fr spike, numbcr of grais F ee sd p.r +ilcl.r uer.

incEsed by phdphorus a{pliqdon {W.nn.b ed Altat 1957; Tlckolsk!, 1964; Tlhn

..d Bajwa, 1968; Oliv.i6 &d C.n.rgo, | 9&l).

sine goqlh of wheal bkes pl&e rt a slow rate thrcushout winter bd sprins md

den npidly in MalvApil duins which 90% of 1he dry man i h ptoduced, The dtidgroelh ph6. c.b b..cc.l.6ted or pBlongcd by incB.!.d lptliqtaon ofN dd P

(cR., 1934)- Th. Inamified P-Err€nlMton during $e sain lilling pdiod pd..dcd

sinutIanaGly vith @ntinuing P u .r. dd rod@lion to tn hv.s dd p!.ticulely

10 rh. g6in (Wic.ekc. 1986).

Mtrkovic e? al (1981) Eporred tn!1 erain yield of whc.r wa dcc@sed wi$

loftr ldelr of phGphotu dppli@ion Pow.r e, zt (1961) sncd rh.r {tcidon ofphosphoN fcniliar dcMlrd sFaw yi€ld. Hd4t iftLx ws D$niv.ly .@laad si$num&r of{ per plcnl ed.m lsgd (Lutlt..., al. 1980) 0nd phosphoro lpplic.tion

i.cEsed gmin/sl@w rario (H@ad a.d S4mes, 1982). Dokic dd Kosli€ 0971obeded d incE.s. in biologiol ed alri.ullural yi.ld vith i.cE6ir8 N md P.

t !to*k .r dl ( | 972) @hd.d $|t gFir yi.ld of wha! I iftM!.d by 43% by rh.

.ppli*lim ol90 tg p:Or/h!

P.ril md PuBik (2001) @idcrcd cxpdim..tr o d'. .fret or iri8'r.d dddrylDd crppi.8 3y!t N (multiplc a.q0.G cblritr8, inLrc@Fping !d nono@pPiig)

6 $il nicdbid bioIN clrbon od nitos.n rt O. d.p.nndr of Agriculrldl

Choistry and SFil Sricnc., Akob, M.l@h!r, ldi! dui.g 1997-9'. Thc eil wsd.Fy in t iluF, .lblirc in @li@, wit[ m.diw rv.ihbl. N, los .vdl.bl. B hign

rv.ihbl. K ud mcdiun orgsh C. HiSl*r bidB C.nd N 9+ f@d undd [email protected] dring sunnd s.&n. Ti.e EE incEr*d ltm phrting of flowing in .llcmppi.S sysr.N .nd dec!!.d .l h.r6r ol t[. cFp' HiShd vrlu* wE [email protected]. sghun4hiclqo€tuundnut s.qu@ od und6 ooo cbtpirg *ith lcgum.tm y.d Muc (FYM) in cobbinxid vit min.nl fcniliz.r cnhe.d dE SMBC md

N 6d* erghh-shqt 5.qGne, Sinil.rly di. .ppliorion of nm@ndad do6 off.nilik incF.rd thcir mlnt ovlr @!!l. FYM, wlEt 3tr w ud g'q mmuE

.lpli.rdon b $yb.e-shar 3cquae i!cE!!.d rh. SMBC od N cdr.ll in sil.R6ult3 indicrcd t[.t tlE Fmscit .gicuh@ sFam mldy 2 or 3 cDt i.qua6.nd inta.dppirs .luy3 hnbo6 hishd micrcbi.l biols dE ro noE @@nn rion ornuEi.'r$ dgmic n ra Eydilg .nd 3!mci6t .$ilrbiliry of soil nobtuG, ThG eilnacobirl biomB irxlc.d .ppau b ontribur. th. crp Foducriviry by ll4ingnuricnt3, Thus 1.8u6 lhall b. iiclud.d i. cFlping 3Fttu !o prcDor rhb.trer dd

'qp $. ldvubg. of build of SMBN in sil,

Li-lon8 ., at (2@3) onducl.d por dFrimnr3 io inv6ri9r. int r sFcific

Mpl.n.nl{ion in lrili2lrion of tlurc !.d f.PO. by pldls in rl. wtEl (Irilicum

Btivln L.) chi.kp.a (Cier !i.rinu6 L.) int @pping udd sr.!il. ed M-saritcMditions. Th. por! rcE s.F[r.d iiro r*o of,p.rnftiB by cio.r | $lid Dr h.nicr

b.li6in.t $ot @.ftt.id elut mvGM! by. nylon m6h (30 nic6 M) 10 pqqr@t 6tr.r but Fmi $luL qchdgc, d lor sp€r.lcd bcw6 dr. @mp&tl.nc.Wh.ar plor3 qd gown in oG @nplrnnr &d chicrpo in rh. oth.i Tm P $uG*@ r.n d .t 60 ng P lSr sil (lodium lhynr. or F.FO,. Unda en sc.ik @ndirioB,

t0

lhe bioha$ oa wb.at wls significdrl, gqr.r *hd li. @l! w.r inrcminslcd wirh

chickpea rho sh.n th. r@a w.E cp.6rcd frcm .hickp.. @ots by a solid @l b6ri.ror nrlon n.sh, Wh.n phlar-P w$ .ppli.d, P @nc.nr..tioN in *h..r e.9 g k!r io

sh@t! sd l.4g ke ' in @ls) virhou @t b. cr b.rw.cn li. rwo !p<id wcc hilhoths thos jn $. ftatncnE wirh nylo. m.!n or wilh th. slid bt bMi.r s.pdtio. (l.9g kg-i in sioots .nd | .0 g k8 r in tut!)- ln conr6r. P concntr.lions in *h.al suppli.d

*ith F.POa w.rc similar bdw.cn $. Mt spbrion tEatnc.L. n!.8 wa no 3ig'ificdr

ditrcEnc. in P upr.tc by chickpca bcr*..n rh. P $@s or bcrrcd |hc @rs sD.ntion

ftatn.ir3, deF thrt P uprti w 8F.rd i, $. phyd. @.tn.n1 with rh. @t b.nir.Toi8l P !pr.&c fo6 ph}lal. w6 incued by 25% wifioul Mt FpsFrid omFr.d !o

lh. @t $prdrion r,ri|matr. Und.r n.,il. conditioro od iupply of phy1.rc-P, rhc

biooas of whan v6 doubl.d whcn lhc @r3 wcG intminglcd with chickpc! ddincr@d by . third wi0' thc iylon mdh spclion omFEd 10 ln.1wnh th. elid m.r

b.aio. Aiolta prcdlctid in whqr .t ruioB !!,r!n.nrs @l.r.d wirh P

@nemndon in sh@r, Biotla pFddion xd P @MnF.don h chickFi wcE

ulft d.d by @l *p!6tion. Totrl P uplk by plxis a 68% gElLr with rrot

int mif,gling od 37% gor4 eirh nylon m*h epdrion rh6 r[.r qih th. $lid drb€ni6. Thc culr3 sugg.n lhd chickF. @c feilir.t P urilialion fEn fi. o.sDic P

Zhxg -F.nd Li- Ldg nvi.*!d @nt tls.Nh on th. p@ss involv.d h thc

yi.fd !dvdt!g. in wn€,n (rrr,.tn @ttirw Lynde (ka ndls L.), wh.,r/$ybdAv.ire n6 (L) Mn. f!l't b.8 \'icia hba L.) n ia, pcrnr l*acth |tpog@a L.)

mi4 od w.!.r @nvolvulus (,rrrrd dqdie FoBlynti* inr.rBpping. In

wrar/mliz Md vhq|/eybco i .Edppiig .ysrcr, . sisnifior yicld io@e ofinr.eopp.d qhat or.r elc qhar wa obFd.d, wnich eulrd fbn positivc cff.cr! ofih. bor<t r Dw dd int r oss of inr.rcbpp.d *hol. Thc bord6 bw cf@r w.s du. to

inLr speific amp€rilion for nuri.nt 6 whlat hld a hidd conp.tiliv. .bilty tnemai4 or ey!b.m, Th.rc wa lls conpcns.iory Srowrh, or ! @vcry pMc$, olsubordind. rp€ie! such $ mie ud $ybtu, ofts.ning itc inpaim.nt ofcdly !ro\d

!l

of the subodinab sp.ci.s. FiMlly, both domiMl ed subodind. 3p6i6 in

inEENppin8 obr.in nisD.r yieldr lho fi.t in @ftstonding $L *hat, nai2. or

soyb.n. W. ca. explain lh.F pmcess.s bt thc oppliqdon of coip€tition-dovery

poduction principle. W. obseryed iner sp.cific facililotion, whee naie inprov€d ircinutition in inhmpFd, but p.nni dd f.b. bon .nnoc.d rihser .rd phospnorus

uflale by iiL6opFd mdi4, Chictrs f&ilillred P upr.lc by asiar.n whd lmn

phttol.-P. FurrhemoE, inlercoppihg Fduo.d the nitntc content in thc soil p@file rs

'nr.rcopprng usc $rl nuri.ns no( e8i(

'..dt ths sle cmppinS.

Li, et al l2@4) conducred ! gl4 house srudy to inv.srigaL th. ctrel of

supplyins phl.te and FePOr ind inler speific oot i.caclion on tne uptlke ofca. M&

F., Mn lnd Zn by pldG in a nix.d altd of *h.ar (I"ldr a.srtwu l-.) lnd chich€.

(cieer atietitun L.). Th. pott we spdrcd i.to No @mp.nments by (i) ! slid Mth6rid to elidinate tut conldd and solure moven.nt, or (ii) a nylon mesh (30 nicro m)

lo prevol ml contact but p.mir solu& .xchanse. or (iii) w€e not scpd!Ld i.lo

mpartlncnl.. whan pldn a@ grem in on omp.rrrn nt dd chicho in th. orhf.

Tuo P eud.s, $dium ph}ratc ad Fem. wft tes$td r 60 nic6 g P s' sil.Conparcd to supplyins ph)lare, supplyinS FePOr incEed .o.colJrtioB .nd mnL.ts

ofca, Ms, Mn.nd Zn in wh.d and cnich.d. ed ofFe in.hickpa only, whcn suppli.d

whn phld€ InEminSlin8 ol br sysremr 011h. rwo spEics incars€d ih. @nrl.l of C4

Mg. Fe, Mn and zn in wh.rt, bul Educ€d t. €nlerl of Cr, M& Fe dd Zi ii cl'ickpm.

wh.. suppli.d wilh F.Pol, tul inlemingling enheced thc co.rent of Ci, F. md zn in

whal, bur did nol !trot th. cont .t of C., F. ud Zn in chictga It b co.clqLd $.1

inLr sp€cific ool in0eEtions dd the fom of [email protected] lhe 6nr. ofCqFedd

Zh in both spaies. Possibl. mechmisms ihvolred aft disu$.d.

Li, d, al {2004) rpond tBr orsdic P ompfles 3G80% of lb. loul P ir ms1

agricultuml soib. He prcv.d rhar chickp€ faciliaEed P upukc fon a oiSdic P $ugin inteNDp!.d wheat. In his sludy, loid phdphrtes cxcr.tcd fom chickp.r ools were

q@1i6ed &d th. @nEiburion of &id Dh6pld.s to lhe feilitdion of P upltlc by

int rcmpFd maia lw'viig phytoL E .xdind For lh. ftr$ .rDdin .| uing

nrdtuponi.t, Miz. lzed d.rys ztbng<tc. No.2') lnd .hi.kpea (C,ca oietinw 'son )s.E srem in .irho $c sm. or sp@r. @' .in6, rd P *$ suppli.d s phtblc,

KH1PO4or0.25 mmol Pl , of not al all, The !.cond cxpedm.nl involved sil.ullurc *ilh

rhe tlFs of @r *ps.rio. b.tws the No sp€.i.s: (l) Plslic shee! (2) nylon n.sh,

dd (3) m bari.r. Maiz. pldts vs. gFw an o!. onptftncnt md cnickPa in th.

orh.r. Phospho$ was supplied 6 ph)4ale, Ca iHlPOr'? at 50 mg P kg '. or io P add.d

Kcy rsulrsi In th. hydoFnig study,lh. brll P !F*. bv intcropFn nriu suppli.d

witn phyi.tc ws 2.I-Iold srelt i thsn when n ws gmwn !s 3 mon@uhuc ln the eilqpdimen! wn.n suppli.d siih phtLlc,lotll P uptlk€ bv ntiz. with ncsn baEier md

wirhour bot h6d.r *s 22 erd 1.5 in s, 'tspclivelv

(.qBl b ln. elid b.d.o, l.bo$ exFriments, mots of both o.i4 sd chickp.a supplied wilh phvlar€ and no P

s6Fr.d noE tcid phosPnstcs tho thos wi$ KH:PO| ot C{H:PO.), Howdd,

.v.oge eid p$cphal€s.divny ofcnickpo @ls suppli.d wilt phvtal. *d 2'l-fold $nuch $ haia. Soil aoid ohosphtas. mliviiv in the rhiaspher olchiokpea wa de

sienifi@llt hign.r tnd oaia rcsldl.s of P sou@s- W. cd oncludc th{ chictF!

cd mobilize organic P in both hydtuPonics and sil cuhuca, l'rding lo int'r speific

toril aron in uriliat on or o4!ni! P In mtiachickPea mr.rcmPPing

2.8 xfter of htercnpDing otr lh. yield .ltribrt6 .rd vl.ld! of erducSung

ll is logist 10 unddhd lhe E o*{h Friod sd Drcdudiv' poi€nti'ls ofrh' cops

10 bc gmwn in intercropping psttems Cops of ditLEnt naturiv grclps atul gF$'lh

p€riod ncd b be *l*!.d udct !.rying sNml @ndilions e that d @lv noruang

mp @npl.td ns Ure cltl. b.foE rh. gdd gm*th ord. pldri's piltcm ol$e becdp would mdte inleEopping f.sibl. md ccononiel

Ashaf(1962) s.dcd shal if, (a) 40 cn ap.n stBl. 68s (b) 60 cm t 'rt

2-6w

st'iF G) 80 cn apan l-rcs srips and (d) l0o cm apan 4_o* slrips eith'r llone or i'

@obihlriotr Nirh suss@€ rd mi&. H. @ocludcd rh.l innrcro?ping ol n!i4 sd

sugal@c b€ts..r th. 2, 3 ed 4_ow sFips of *hcar in the siddl' of FebMry did nor

significmtlt €duce lhe yi.ld polential offi. aswialed wheal

33

Wilq dd Osid (19?2) donhddcd th4l inkErcpping of tui4 wilh lcgun.s

app.ls to & noc pofit$le; lhe @nofric EMs d be gt .t r if rcla{ivelv high.r

v!lu. lesumes suitable for inteEoppins aF choen,

AndEws (19?2) work d o. lhc Espon* of $rehum witn int r cbppins Md

foud U!1 intci ceppihS 8lve 80 perent mre tlu@ Fr uit d@ th& nono croppin8

Enyi (1973) ob*d.d. d6l€e in laf d. indq (I-At), soi' dd sloY'r ri€ld

of mia whc! n.ize .op was srow in lh. 6soci0t d cuhuE of b'ds ed @wp€as

ih.n maize groM done, He olso added lhal int@PPping @v be $. Possible mc"s of

incBing thc pmdlctivity on smaU ftms in nmv d.v.loPing @!nEi6

Pmko*di e, al. (19?3) Eloncd th.t sc.d vi'lds of t*o nung&t' cllliv6

dilTeEd lnlc *helhd int ftrcppcd sirh Miz. or in monocul$E Thc maiz' vield'd 2 9t

tones goins per heclde wheh int rcrcPp.d vi$ nungbean

Sineh and Singh 0974) sncd $!r *n n

bdw*n sugarcde mws, cee yield wd Educed

conp.nsarcd by lhe lalues oflhe wheat yield.

Fs of whar wd grND in

16 F@nt but ra nore than

Washm@ (19??).onducted u.xFin. on l'8um6 intetoppif,s in irisr&d

srghud dd obsdcd thrt dry Ddter per pl.nt p.6icl' reiSht edih wcigbr Fr pldl

and I OOO gsin weidl seE highcr in .U the int r ooPPing sts&h in $rdrn wnh eEcn

srm, Sroundnu! @*Te. (gsin and foddd) &d $vb'4 s @mplr€d to soryhun tlorc'

Remiso. 09?8) shoeed thlt a miKtuE of hai@ lnd gni' legum's! evn

sinllranoudy, out yielded lhe ned oflieir ndocltuFs

34

Cu..5@ a al. { | 979) Evml€d tlEr ahhough ihe robl yi.ld of I naia + syb.einrercmppiig syst n wB hid.r tho tnal of the monGcropping systcms. lh. vield of

bolh @nDoncnt.rcF tnden b daErc. Th.y lls found that n.iz. + cowpeG tnd

m.izc + snd gd in|Emppirs @mbirution hid @mpllible lod equival. 6tio rdproduc€d higher !'oss income than lhe rcspective crops sown in nohoculturt'

R.o xd Will€y (1979) foud tld, *hd two crePs Ctom in @dbimtion *wsepdaled in tine, under conditioB of.mdc rainrall, @mtenelioh frci one or rh. olher

onponenl esuled in SEater sttbihy oflhe int rmP ov.i sle crcps

Cdwar lnd K.l6 (1981) EFni lh.t inhDpping one o* of sung

groundnut, eyb.s, 6$h or cowpes io bet*een ,5 cn wide rcN of raiz' Podlced

maiz. Srain trcld or 1,5? - L97 toncs ps halsF in 1973 dd I 34 ' 1 60 brcs p'r

h4nE in l9?4, s ohpared lo I 52 ,nd 129 iones ld her@ EsD'ctivclt in plE

Mid a.d cMld (1980) ph.r.d hug i. n@ dd !lo" udcr dry lud

condnions and noted lhal lhe culrits of nun8 rhich Prcd@ed high'i vields i'noncuttuc. as wcll 6 in lhe nung b.m-mia inl@bPPing s)sten.

Molha dd D. (1980) sbdi.d setc6l sFtent of int'EroPping maiE ed

sorlhum wilh syabsn dd conchded $ct dairc vields weE not rfccted bv

inkrcepping with syb.s but $rgi@ viclds *e rcduc.d. Tnough rh' vi€ld of

$yb.es *hen int€rcrcpped wc less thm lhrt of elc coPs, the codbin'd g'in vield of

1{o cbDs in d inLEdpping stslen ws nore thd rh. indilidul conpot'nl5 L&d

equir.lent dtio (LER) imF&d 48 dd ll FFnt ovcr th. e@l $l' crcp bv

idefmpping 6ais lhd sorehm with sovb.s Maik o$ plmled 120 cn ap!ft and

int@6pFd with tow ows of so)'bqn or e.8hun plml€d 90 cn atan in@opp€d silh

l5

onc @* of soybee w.re |hc best interrcpping sysr€n. Cfl3v& dd Kalit (1981)

Eponed rhai leal lrer ind.x (LAI), cl.rive gosd dte (RcR), dry mnd accumul*ion

(DMA) sd snil yield of dh f.d ndz gom in mixoE with eEctCBn (vt3tu

tuliae), bl^ck tran (vis@ ku,so), or cowpea wN ind.ased a coop8Ed to m.iz.

Unapathy er aa (1930) rcponed lhot intercoppins of bldok l'tn in $e intcBtoc.

(l2O cm wide) bc|q*n the lwo p{a! rcws (10 cn wido of sunflowr, h.d o two vean

avedge s.d yi.ld of l,3l lofts pei h.ct& omparcd silh I l to.ms in pu. sttd of

sunnov.r. I.t droppinS of grcund nut md gtc. 8nm podlccd lower viclds

Vmo ed Tan F (1980) Hctled th.l s{ing of belev in mix.d 6 o.ll 6 in

puE sLit crt. mdimun ncl rdum unds lov f.nilitv lcv.k (20 kg clcn of N' FO

dd K=O D€r h.). sowins bdley alo.e poled superior with especi to vield sd

@nomic rcrtrm b th. coD nixruc of boElt Dd husrard

Singlt (1981) foud tn intcrcopping of sorghun wirt differcnt lesun's viz'

gcn gM, bhct 8dn, gnin md fo<l&r 6*!ar sd groundnds prcdued 216'

20.3,29.2,16.5 .nd 14.2 perc.nl higher $qbun gBin vield, t'spstiv'lv than tl[l of

sochun tlme. SDorill .m8.nenrs had onlv dd8iml .fd on sorgnun vicld bul did

innuetu. the yicld 6f.ll int rcep' PaiEd ow3 wilh rwo rows of int'ftrcp in 90 co

sp.cing Bultcd ih the ruinun yi.ld of all lne inlcrcoF. Th. lMd cquival'nl Ftio

{LER) *s als in0Gbc€d by diffeni ii&rcoPs dd spathl .tMgm'rs Th'

ndimuh LER was achieved by plafting sorShun in poicd m*s 90 cm apsrt qi$ two

os of rrli cosF$ bcod lhc ptitd bs. Howder, U' n'l rdufs vd higl'61

*itn fodd.r corpss in $e sm. sp.ti.l amng.meft

Chaudry ud Sinen (1982) coclud.n lha| if,letopping 8tq g'ln' n$h b€d'

black gm, co{pss or srM wnh 6fton, csLr. led dillei pigonpca s!8& sn''

l6

rie, esme snd tuia h.d no.dv.e efrd on th. yicld of n.in coF dd Foduc.d

Ma, (1932) obsrycd rhlt sren gtu Plmt d on. v*k befoc bulltish miucl

poduced @mpLm.ni.ry pot in.n rgi.s optiMl for a b.lec.d edl l.glnc di.1 He

concluded thrl gr.in yields weG in cased due b an addiliv€ inlcrcoP Ov l37o) 6nd a

ed4.mdl inteEFP {219'!). CGn gnh pldts q@ noE @hpeftiv. dd bulln$

diu.r pl$a al the sdling sta8p but ver€ le$ ontdiriv. in ht r go*dr st Bes.

R.sllls of Feis ., al. (1976) cvalcd tlut th. nudber oi Epoducliv' sLu't!rcs

p€r tlrot .r. impon&t in producins yield advdti.gcs fon int rcbppine bec'uF in'v

d.cmire rh. size of lhe sinl lor simild. tll@Ld lo ePddEtiv. sE*lwt

Keerio (1983) intercopped sorghum *i$ fodde le8um6 (cowPe6' gla

soyb.u or morh bcd) dd foud lnat $tghln gEin vi'lds weE inc@ed lo tnGudbk .xt nt by l.Fm.s a3silrion h ws funh'r obeded rhat Snin vietd

i.c6ed vilh incr.sing N fenilitr t te nd was hider qhen thc lesudes w'E used as

8En mmlE 6th.t the wltn clt for foddd

FMh (19s3) iilercbpp€{t nde wilh blelqrd !!d concludcd thal grsin vield

ot nik pd inc@en siCnill...tly by intcrcmPPi.S bla.kenn On tn' olhd hud

bl&tgtu yi.ld ws decE.s.d fon 6.7 qui rL p.r h*t E to 2 2 quirraB F helrc in

Gdgr{e snd KdF (1983) foud

Sroundnu! blek lr@ .nd mwp€a.nd

l7.7.nd 14,52 q hdr n.iz sEin yield in

Mie ptdluced l9-3 md 153 q hll

oul lh mi4 i.t rcopp.d with gen gitn!

f.ftilized *nn 80 and I2o k8 h!' N, poduced

I9?3 dd 1974, Esp€ctivelv. The pld sund of

during t973 ed 1974, GPetitdt Mii4

J?

int rcrepp€d with hury &d f.rtiliftd at $. nt of 120 ks N, $vc th. hign.sr grain ,i.ld

oordncr and Boundy (1933) sudi.d th. ellecl or inter ow vh.tt and whir. hpin

dd lound $.t gEi6 yield dd dry nanq (DM) prcduclioh for *ndt growh alo.e wele

4.23and lO,2thd and for *heal inGrcropp.d with lupin wef l.l5ard8.1 th!r.C6in yi.ld lnd OM p@dn tion for wni!. lupin.lon w@ 1.55 dd 7,9 t ldr dd for

lupin int rcrcpp.d wnh wh.d w.G 0.92 !.d 3.5 t M I.

Khd ( 1984) Ep.nd fr@ a ! fi.ld .xp.rimcnt on inteErcpping of linsccd ddmunsbean in whdt, lhat pl.nt heisht al haw4t nunber ol8qitu per spike, and gBin

weighr per spik. ol whed wee not significanlly af{t d by lihked .nd mungbean

int rcrcppitr8, wh.re6, th. nunber of prcducriv. 1ille6 pd unit !E! ond loocgBin

seighr w.F.f.cicd sig.ifi@tly by rh. inGeopping s,stds. Tn yi.ld v6 Ed@d

by 16.93 .d 4-91 Fed. However, tt. wlsl-l.gunc i €twpping srncn pDdFed

higher yi.l& thD th. aholtun -lcsu. ini.rcopping s)sh-

Rrhm& (1984) omplEd l00r 40 and 100: 50 whert lentils nixture wiih thei.

monoculturc! end found tha1fie yields ofbolrh crops lo8elh€r rdg.d from 2,01 tones

pei hd!re in th. 10014{ hixtures lo 2.49 ron.s Fr h.cllE in tn 100:50 mixluts.

Mixcd ciopping csoled in be!.r lMd u1ili2!1io. sd hiSher incone &m nono-cropp'ns

ofhotl th. @ntonent crcps.

sinSh .r z/ (1984) slo&d rhrr inGFopping of 3 oa of qhet f.niliad wrth 120

ks,h N in b€twen sigle o*s of sugm bc.ts poduced highesl net elums compaEd wilh

inkroopping of I .2 ows of wheot or wheot in puF stonds.

l3

waghnd ed Sinsh (1984) Epon d diat *t..r{h.n Brcvi aftcr $rghum i.tecropped wnh cowpers

Smudnul conps.d win puE sb& of sorShum.

yi.ld im.s.d significody

for fodder .nd seed or with

Yadva md Yadvr (1985) reponed thal the hiSi.st *ed yicld of chickpd waobtin.d wnd intercmpFd wnh whst in ! 2: I chiclqa !o wh.at ow p.o.d.

Knalil (190) conclud.d thar inrercoppin8 of *hqt with Enn, dethn l.ntil,

lins.ed, saM. rd 8&lic d.crcased Ih. laf aM index, .umb€r of Snins p€r spike,

hoNd ind* dd gdin rield ofshsldd sle mp ot*h.!'.

GoslMi e, al. ( I99) nudi.d @.oDic fcNibilit, of sot'b.a inl.t@Pping with

so4l'un lnd drhd (Ca.ja.6 5p.) BroM a pure slqhds or s 2:2 od 4:2 soyb.t.: Jow.t

Nymbo., al (1992) inErcbpp€d roiz, nilld.rd $rslNm with $yb.d d lspacing ih rhe following .nsg.nnls: alicoaling cer..l dd legun. within a o{!alcrnile rows of c.Eal dd lcgune and rai..d mss of l.gumes. Th.y obseded $at

i.cE6p?i.g w rlF.ior ro moneultud, with e inclee in ov.BU podoctirity of 5-

6l p.rsn! yi.ld olindividoll inr@opping spccies v@ bider for lcgum6 (33-82%)

dan for ceresls (3-37%). L.guhes yield and weight r.E nor aff.c&d by pllntin8

@nfigudi@; c.G.b podoc.d h.nd yi.l& w'lh wids s!rcins Md in paitd oB-Tillcr nuhb€r but nor the cfcctive tU6 wcc higber i. th. nono crcp. Millct pnduccd a

largernumberoletTe.tive liucd rha. $rghud dd @nequcnny hid.r yield p€r plmt,

akbtar (1968) $udi.d maize 6pons. wilh msh b.d inl€Fcbpling syst d ddfound that nmbeis of @bs per plel dd cob length w.re sigiiica.dy incEas.d in inlets

cFpp.d mai4 thu ele crcp of maiz. Numb.r or po& Fr plmt, pod l.netn, l()00

sd8 w.ighl. sdi. ed sfilw yield w€rc iignili@dy d*@ed in int Ropp€n dah

l9

dd eyb.d: !r[d intumps- ComD€Ed with $yb.Ms alonc, .ll in@bpping sv$em

inc@d eybcd-.quiv.l.nt yi.ld dd nct dms. Tn b61 csnlls w@ sivcn bv thc

soybedi Jow$ (2:2) inteFcmpDint qslens.

HBsin et zr. O 999) indi@lcd d8t hieh.s l6h and dry noli.r viel<ls or $rehun

vsE obtlind wn n 2 ro* slriF of $4!um wec intercoppcd *nh 3 ows of gwlLlnd equival.nt 6iio ws hieher (1.89) fom inki{rcpping of eid'um with 3 rows or

K&ksi dt al (1999).tclut d efrect of int kropping bmb@ stoud 'ut on

p€el millei, sor8lNm d{t mrize !s pDE sllnds, 3/4 | v4, 2:2 i.d I/4 : 3/4 of bdbora

emu.d nlt ed cc.h, Gsp€crivcly. Gdi. yield adtdtlge d!. lo intcrcoPPinS wrs

*sd using de l.d .quivllcnr ratu None of thc incr colping svsl'n * hoE

Foduotive h tems of grain yield lhd ele crops However, mong b' 'nGrcrcF'

bambam gxou l .ul + sorghum *6 lhe n st poduclitc wnh ' vield advmlosc 016?

Fent follow.d by bonbm soDd Nr + p€sl mill.t i .rc@p lhar *$ lh' ldtprcductive {i$ only 8 p.rc.nl yi.ld adv.nt g.

Nssk s, al (2(}M), in s. .xp€rimenl. evaluat€d th. Frfomde of lenlil'*h"t

mix.d crcppin! dd inlercopping sy$.ms in Mvn osi'dr, Bangladesh' in 1996_9? The

ftlmen$ onsisted ol $1. lentil ot wh.ot (b!otdc6q; nix€d copping of lc'til (100%)

and wndt (20,40,60 or sel") and line swing of lolil ed vhdl tl | :1, I :a l:0 or ):l

ln lendl I0O'/o lentil + 40 70 whot Snv. thc highd iMb* of bdchcs p€r plot i3 25)

shcat lo09/o l.nlil + 60 wh.ol recorded lhe s@Est plant hcidrl (35 70 ct) I1E higbcar

.umbq ol scds pd pla.t (4?) ud s..d vi.ld (12?8 t(g nt') w'e obbin'i und'r li"e{ing oa ele lentil. Thc nunb.r of fenile sd inf:dil. pod! Fr plD! and 1000{eed

veight did not sigificanlly !6ry amons the ftaiments l' wheai th' sole vheal

OMdcsq poduccd the r.ll.* Plm$ (89.15 cn) ed the tongcst psi€les (9 E4 cn)

Line $wing of Lblil dd wh4l rcsultcd i. the lorcsl nunb€r or in'ffclivt rilr'6 Frpldr (2.40). Th. highest sed vield (2704l(g har) vas ob$ined undci lin' sowing

Oldtiig in owt of solc rhear' Th. vldation in rhc nuibd of cfr*live 1ill6 p'r pldl

and nlnb.r of s.ds Fr pldt w nol ri8nifitrr In borh cor6, lirc swins *4suD.rior ove! bo6dc6tin3. Th. Idd cquivdle.t .alio indislcd thtt mix.d cmpping

[email protected] th. pod!.tivny pd unil aEc s @nplcd 1o $lc crop9ing ol le.lil Wheat

Frfomed b.tq u.d.a nixed cropping thd und.r int Mopping The hign€$ led

equi!6lenl mtio (1.52), nonet!ry adva aS! (61%), dd benefil cost tslio (1 34) wet

@.d.d for nixcd coppine ldtil (looe,n) ed vh*l (4070).

Maliullah,r al (2005) inl.rcropped chi.kpc4 l.nlil dd npse.d in whear under

Eir ftd coodirion w6 studied in Patrisrar during lhc 2002_03 coppiig Fason wheat (cv

tnoihtsgl) w6 eM 6 $le crop .d inl.rcopFd with chickp€ (c! NIFA_88) lcntil

(cv.MNoF93) dd rapeseed (cv.Dukled) in difr.cni propor ons, i. l:1 2:l lnd 3:l

R.sultt sbo*cd thlt plet h€isfil, spik lengh, nunbcr ol gBins pcr spike and ghin vi€ld

of wh.,r veicd si8Dificstly dons ircrcopping lyei.ni while $..fcl o. 1000-

go'i *eighr ss iot sisnilicdt in all eses Pldt beisht, spike l..gh nmb.r of enjB

p.r spikc dd gmi! yield oa Nh.ai w$ niShcr witn chickpa inteEropPi'8 The mtm

ral(s ol dill.Rnl pmponim sho,€d $d dr high.s sr.r tGId ol *h.d | 168? tg hn

ws obl.ain.d with chickpea inl€(roppin& agtinst the nininum with Ep'sed

inrEopping. Amons difrdfl Etios of inlcrcmPPing, rhc chickF inlercFpping in a

l:t 6rio savc 1h. hiSlEst g6in yield l?21 l(g t. r of whear *hil' $' lot'( vi'ld of

l2l3 kg hdr ws obrlined fbn the whcat-6pe*d inler.opping in I rl mt'o

CIic.Vr Md M.Ulk r (2005) @.dud.d r .xpcrim..t du.ing 1998'9 md 1999-

2OOO lo invcaligale yield, i$ compon.nll sd ldd oNivalent Elio in ele Lntil ("4

.utituris c\, Tokal< 151137, nixtures (9iil. l.ntil + bdrlev or {hsl, 80 % l"til + 20qz

bsLy or wh..! ?Opl. l€tlil + 30 9/o btl.y or wnd) undcr drv Lnd @ ilio's of Vt4

Turtcy. Th. hish.st gFin yields werc obtrii.d ftom monoculture fot ldtil' bdev and

whd in bo$ yerE. ltr borh l|cs of mixtuF fot l.ntil. podJ plu|. pldun? seed

yieldplet, btuchcJplsnt dd sd yield /unit @ ddras.d signifimdv (P 001)

How.v€r, number of spikes and sd yield oi blrl.v dd whear incds'd' d'P€'ding on

incE s. in pcE ntaSe of cenlh- Th. mir$E of 80% lentil + 20plo whtrl grv' lhe

hislr$ ldd - .quivn dtio for shv lrd gnin ,ields s l.l5 ed 1 06 in thc s@nd

yedr. During the firet yee. lhe highest laDd4quilalcni Btio w6 oblsin d lion lh.

mi{urc of 7FZ lenril + 30olo wh.ar s LO4 for rhw yi.ld od Lol for cDin yicld.

Yi.ld .trd rhld @Eoo!.!E ol ir..rcmF

ShMbudhe (1949) obbin d hiCI yicldr of ahqt i. a wh.€l chickp.o nixlue(!:l) Btio bsus whe.t hrd . sro$eiing elfed on !@. Tlrc iot l produe offiemixtr€ w4 hider as @hpded to .veEs. yi.lds ofdcir pue stlnds,

B.ins. SS. (1968) €ponad high.r gnin p'lduction wn n Rabi pul$i chickp.!,

l.ntih dd p.a, weE ewn mixed *id whe.r.

Par.l sd Mitd ( 1977) ..port€d lb.r inrEmpping of nung d{t jutc w.s found ro

b€ more bcneficid lh{ nuo! .nd jule sown G purc cmps. There w6 nol much

dilIeme i. gEin l.ld of nunS $q in puE srrd o. inr.rcop !t alt. ft *6 funhcr

stAed &at the fiber yi.ld, plant hcight dd b.!al diamcrei ofjutc wls afTccied by mmvsr&ins of 20 tct 30 ch in onpri$n ro |hc {i{t r spscif,g of40 ro 60_

R@que ,, ,l (t978) Epon.n $arEduced lhe production ol iithble d.si8nificdnl efleci on yietd, yietd @mponenb

sh@l dd gm i.t Eopp€d in suga ene

sr.lkl bu none of $e, tqlncnls had a

&d suqos 6dent of qe juh..

Rahma and Shamsuddin (1981) sludied tne.ff.ot ofwb.at i.tercroppins on rhe

s.cd yield of l.nrils and foud lh.l tenrit yictd daq5.d fiDm I j. 12 qui.rlls pq hcl,rcii puE sad to 14.6 quintals/br wilb 50 p.rcol whear inteEropping. \\,h.!1 giain tictdmD8ed ftor 3.2 quinhls per h.ctaE jn rh. lO FM inresop !o 14.6 quinllts p€,

h.clrc in purc 3r.nd. Th.y flnn r nord th tn. oplimm ombimtio. Ms 30 p.rccnr

whcrt tud 70 percenl lcntih which yielded 7.lO qui als,ba wh.ar dd t4.8 quinals/hc

42

singh md s.klbn (1935) intEDpFd ih.

Novdbq b.t"en polotms fumrc pldtd on

January. Muns w$ so*n t t*..D lh. Dws of

hNdling wn !t)- Yi.lds oftn 3cmpss.E22.1

In. pobroc!/mmg s.quene.

HoBt sd W6chkies (1986) rcvel.d lna1*hq1- I z/06 intfteppins eulcdi. flvoudbl. DM pnduction od nuriqr upbt of wh.d but mt , air6. IntcEopFd

whe* had grcarer DM pDduction 1hfl lhol groM in nooocukuG,

vh..r cullild "K.ltlNm' in l.i.2oi ocrobd ud hd.st d on 29u

wheat on 8'" April (15 dlys b.foE

r 1!bc6, 3.09 t rub.u rd 0.39 I sd

2J0 Qu.nrir.riv. .!d qo.lit lir aLllonlip of.onpo..!t ctu!. h . lqro..nd nor leguD. itrt r cDptirg ryrt n.

D., Raj.t 4 a/. (19?8) Eponed $!r poducriviiy Fr unir !@ w$ incqcdconsiderably *bd e@l cnps w.e i srcopp.d Nirh shorr dur.tion leguh.r like gEcn

siigh d dr O98l) mdNrd Etuh on gFwing chictp.., I.ntit .nd ti,rlyrus(r, Od,/ar,) s conpled io wh.ar in dittder r ios. Th.y tound thn mixed copping ofwheai dd l.gun s und.r ad.qu.rd md$@ @ndirions is.or uetut, if gnin yields @bl.n a th. cnerion, but ln. high* marlcr pd@ of 8M ed tdrit vilt ofier rhe tos in

Tcndo. €r a/. (1986) working wilh soyb.e-whcar orrtion found that slmbioticnnrDs.. fixation by lorb.e vei.d tiln 6t,3,t to 169.8 t g h.r mudty_ Thc qMtityofN fii€d by d. cop ws found lo b. highty d.Fnddl upon $',b.e yictds. Th. tiNsEgrc$ion coeilici.nh fortn dcpendenc. ofsynbiotic nitmgen (N) fixed in g,!in yicld

Mrk d oln ro be ?-60 ed 6.34. Sot{Ed cop eidB culred i. o tddidotul35 ro 45

kg availabk N ha'i to subs.qu.nr cbps.

4'

Yrdav.ndn.hd Pd.l (1981)drilled pigeonp.. cuhivoS between 90.m o*s ofgoundndt .nd lound rhar tlcc @ no advc* eFect of pig.orpm on golrd nut yirld

ho*.ver, it yi.ld.d addnioEl pageonF. s.dtor4l-l l7 t8/ba.

Edje (1984) studi.d rh..lt ci or plsring wncd dd ps in monddtue ud in

$@iario.. In mixed cmppi.g thc knal clygnin yi.ld w.s incEed by 49.6 p.rcent

.nd Bro$ revcnue by 38.6 pcMht ovs lhe donoculllE, Ai the sd. mBnigenml l.v.l,

onc hcrae of frixed crcppins pmduc.d . yicld equl lo L27 h$|.e of the so ceps

Csgas.M lhd Giri (198t) @nddcd an exp.dm.nt to as$s th. $ed yi.ld sd@dpedrit. lbility of ssi.I.d cmF sp.ci.s with mGbrd

'n difr.Enr pmponions.

Thet found rhar $cd w6s l.ss r.ductioo in .hictp.a ed baFly yields in dry se&n th.n

wet seMn. Mustard .qu iv.l.nt d*lsed but€hicktea,lenlil blrley€quiv.l.nr ihc@cd

in lll lnc syst ms. Mclad .quiv.ld wid chhkp.: i. dry s€er ad chiclqq ddblEly equiv.l. airh chickp.. in dry s&n dd .hactF dd b.rley .quiv.l€nt i. w.r

sc$o. did 6ot di6er due lo diffeent rc*.tugcmenls, Higher yisld rdvdr.ge vd in

I 16 oN alio of n6&rd dd chickpea or b&lcy in dry s.Mn md in I 18 oN dlio ofnusbnt and b6rlcy in w.r sen. fte @nFnive.bilty of nustlrd w nighr i. atl

crcp conbindrions rnd poponioru. I. d. diy ssson, ho*.v.r. 6&t.y i. lr4 D{ drio.nd in sei seen ol lll row rarios domh.t d 0Lr nusnrd,

vahyudhm ed Scrh (1986) found rhat whear yictd.d morc grsin (49.60 q/ha)

aid staw (63,00 q ha r) whci gom and loddq svF. (

'/isro oS? icutata L.). Fony

.igh kC hai N ws suppli.d lo rhc $b*qu.nr whar cDp by foddd @wFs- ptourhing

doM ofcowp.a stiw r hn.$ nad a bcftficht efect on wn sr yi.td.nd @.oniad

2,11 Momr.ry rnd yi.ld .dv.nhse ol hter crepplng

Xandlsi .r al. (1977) fo6d thal inaropping srsar@c eirh ant *h.!t did

no1 siSnificanlly Educ. lhe qn. yicld or sugd .o.tent. Whed add.d extia pFfit of aboul

Ps.l000 p€r helF. This polil incFs€d b lis.l200 p.. hal!rc wn n f.niliz.r wslppli.d .t h.lf ol thc Econmcnd.d Et R.nisn (1978) show.d $ar rnc nixtlE ofdaize and gBin le8um6 whcn sM simulteneowly out yi.ld.d ihe mcd of $eil

Willey (1979) staled lhar tield adlsll€e in intcrcbpping o6u6 only wh€n

@npon.nt cm!6 dift* in Soarh hlbit &d us of @ul6 in sucn a way thd $.y'@mpl.m.nl e&h other. For oaxinizing this advdtag., the d.rrcc of conplen .rdry

inDacl neds to b. 'uiniad.

R hoc (1981) r.porld th pliEd plotins of srgnm d 80 ch dd usins rh€

inr€r p.iFn sp.e for sowing blrk g6n (yiEN tu|i., sigrifi@dy irctg dprcducrion conp@d to lhe st nddd netnod of pL.ring $€hun al ,tJ .m, cbwin!sorghun wi$ 30 ch rows ini.rcbpp€d wirh blet gtm pFdu€d 4?.81 q,,h. sorshun

gnin dd |.02 q/h. of bl&t gm conp.En b {?_?6 q/ha fisn th. $renu nonocDp.The nct idun non this cmpping sequsnc. r., Rs.767lh! gdler lbm stdddd methods

oapldtns $rghun. How€v.r, pldling ergh@ ar 4t cd &d inLr.opping wilh g@n

or blick 8m prcduced .edly rhe soe tev.t of ietd dd no..r.ry Gnrms h. r.

Umtui e, al. (1984) int.E@pDed po&s eG. g@, @wp.s ed pig.onpe.)in khadf sordum and ob*o.d lhar 1he erghun/pig.onF conbinafim incc.*d ner

Etums by 72 p€rc.ni codpd.d io puE srghln. Int.eopping ws b.rcfi.ial under

!dv.e clihatic ondirions.

Mddal .t ,1. 0986) EtDn d tut wnd sd .ni.kpa (Ci.t di.tiw)in.rcrcpping p'oduc.d hisher yictdi ofwh.ar dd wh.ar + chickF. iniercepping tn&

45

lhd ofwh.d + v.M! musLrd (rfasi.u ltu a L.) inteEFpping. But l|rc incluion ofm!!$rd in th€ systeh podlc€d hish?r btll Elud rhat th.t of chickpea. Sole dustard

gav. lhe hiShcn bbl Etum. vh..r lnd chiclw. g@ nost .mci.nt wnh on. iriglrio.qithEspecl lo land .quilalenl .ario, relative crcwding coeficient! (RCC) nonctlr,

adveEs., Elaliv. nct atum sd !g rim.<quitlldt 6rio (ATER). Whor snow.d

superioriry with 4 iftisations whcn LDR. RCC. nonebry advmlale, Elotive hel Erum

edsatin eguiwlcnt Elio *@ hisn€r.

shma e, a/. (1986) condul.d exr$imdt on whsr nu$ri inl.rcbpping edfolid thdl 6e high6t n.t r.lm v6 obllin.d wh.n eh€t tud nu$ed s.d wft nixedin rhe hrio of5:l (81 kg wh.rr.nd 831 I mus:rrrd see<!).nd ffi in on hed.d rrc!.This L€lm.nt *a closly followd by two other tr.atlneoB in Nhich the No s{ts *€rcmixed in th. mlio of 3: I ed $e one havin! ren 6vs ot whcn all€mlted wilh 2 mws ofn!$,rd. Thu lower popul.lion of nusrd in shd field .iihe mix€d or in alrdat€oes r.sul&d in increed p@fir. Irccding must rd popotition had d€pEsing eaLct on*hdt yi.ld Bulling in low.r pFfiL

chanain ed cnb. 0988) invdigr.d rljc .fi€d of mt @npado. cots on$. seed yield of red Z.scw lFe,tu.a tubru,L) Md epo,l€d ihal red rceue eedProddion w6 rc$ pDf&lte wh.n what conp..ion cmps wc6 plafi.d in 15 cnrows, sh.rcas planting wirh beLy gcve thc towesl inccbs in net economrc durns/ha,

Rrf.y ed V.mo (1988) worken o! i.terbpping with pi8@npe sd fou{t thalsol. cmp ofAK 12-24 Seund.u lnd "BR 6j, dgonpe .bd goundrur ift.rcrcpping8a!c neI tlum of Rs.8,541 nar and &.5,539 hjr rsFcriv.ry ,nd wGE lhe mosrfthh€dlive syslens. Th. @ihun LER (1.49) 6 @rded in a pigeonF! bd

2-12 C.ul-leguE6 ht nmpplns rrlrcr d dllliol phrli!! g@Ddri6,

An tppop.i!& modifiqtio. in th. ploriae patud of thc b.* cop vill rokeintcrcroppi.t feasibl. sd rcmm...tive.

wahu lnd Millo (198) .sblish.d th. populdiry of irhroppi.g dong lllem.ll fame6 in l|opiol and sublropical envircnn bh oy mnssem.nr prscrces,

clodcd !.d Colluh (1979) stodi€d noncul.m @n, eyb.$ &d $eir inr.rcoppins i.vlrious row splcin8 ed lound lh.r ptdlinS nonocllt@ com ih 97 cm speed mws

produed a yicld ol94o0 k8 ha r wtite dul ptturcd in poiEd 46 n spaed oB wi$ 147

cm dhuncc betw..n rwo p.is cau*d a icducrjon ot 12% in yi.td md d addirio.alEductio. of5-10% Esult d *hen sorbean wls planred in com in 147 cm sDae b.lwenpai6 oI rcws. On the oder he4 Rojessd od Sing (t982) EFn d rhal inle&oppinsdid not Edlce 6e yietd oa the ry. 8rain bur gav. d ldditional bonus yi.td of De4 ddb..ns- ltEt als obw€d thlr p!iF! m$ ptering ws supcrior 10 sotid ptarftin&

Rlthoe e, ,t ( | 980) @nctuded rtEt mia in plir€d rcrs intcrcopp.d wth husgavc rhe highest yictd of g6in with on oddirion.l mm8 secd yi.ld conD.rd lo lhlr ofmaize i. puE st ftl. Similut, Mo.tt.n ( t 979) pt,nr.d naiz. ltonc or inr.rcbpp.d *nnsoybeo in rhe porch oI sinste row at 4j cn ap6n dd p.ircd Dws toj cn !D.n udfolnd $.t daize g6in yi.tds *erc higher in p.icd rcws rhd srngre ows. lhe mlizgDr yicld ws al$ nor. in puE siond rh& in mixcd sr..d. The inrrepr.d eyb.s8.vc !n avcdBe yictd oI 5 quinLt h.n. sulyhn gr a/ (1967) star.d rh{ hilh.r econonicrcluhs w@ obain.d by gbwing hlte Dd so',bq in nix.{r idd i. .lrmal€ @ws of60-120 cd ap.n, insread ot gowing €ach in pure st nd in 60 cm ow 5p&in!. (oli(1e75) ondodd ihar wlEo mi& md gednur weE em (a) in pe stdd (b) iD

athmote hilb G) in altemare bq witnih rc* spacing dd cppli.d adcqutte NpK. rhe

enin yields *ere Educed in (b) ro . &qEr .rhi.

Zmin lnd Bnltr.chart]! (1982) concludcd lh.t m.iz grcw. .t a sprcing of76x15 cm or 15 cn wide p.ired o* with u inLrcmppi.g ol I95 cn bctsen the poir

of rcqs sav. similar yiel&. Intercrcppi.g Fs, l..til or 8.@ in rhe iflctssp&. hod no

tdv.e efi*l on miz yi.ld dd glvc u addniorul *.d yi.ld of lcgunes. Ahnad

(19?9) leied close ..d vider ror spacing iechnolog/ in elr and conctudcd tur4irh.r wid. .or clo* {i.illing sho$rd u} sisnifimr inclE4 in yi.td, Shna (1975)

repon d that lwo whed vdieris sown i. 25 cm aprn singte rcvs and in prtd bws | 0

cn .prfi *irh int r bw sEit6 of40 ch !r mnsl&r ptmi dosity, glve avdg. g6in yi€ld

of 4.62 Md 4,21 quinrll h!L. The hish$lyields of hea6 bd st ms sa. obtained vilil}'e cros.st sprcins b€N.d tn. rcs white widci sp&ing t.d lo highly signiticdtr.c@c in podlcrivc ilto (lCRlSAl 1964).

Ya{,.v lnd Y.dav (t985) Evslql rhat th€ high.sr chick F. sed yi.td wsobr.ined when int rcropp€d wiih one Fw ot Nn.ar AI ihe inrercbps pcdom.d wellwirh on. o* oflh. inrercmp berm.n rm nomal rcws of chict p.a. sowing in .l&mateows (lrl) follo$d by on. su of inrerbp h.rwen pded ows of chjck p.! (2:t)poved eftci.nr sysr.ns in rcspecl of to|!l chict pcs yictd equivalenr. !im, and Lop.s(19?9) mrting on maizc qd t@s inrcrcopping ud.r ditr Gnr splljat mS.n nrstnd pl.nr populadons conctuded that b€b yictd ..mai.ed unchMgc{t *hile thal of naized.cE.r.d wnh d in.@ in plarr popot rion. Torrl gdjn yield in nixruE Irvc b€rrfadv$rlses in the sp.tiat ossen.nt ot I 12 ed I 13,

Singh (198D $o*.d on sp€d.1 ,mucDqr in erghm t.guc in&r cbppjD8syslens ed fouDd thrt so.ghum gEin yield was inc@sed by 2 t,6,2o,j,2g.2. i,6.5 nd142 lEEdr *hd gdwn i. s*i.tion wirh sren rM, btek gM, gEi. a{t toddqs*pca sd Soud nut, rclpectivdy wheh @mpaEd wilh so€huh puG sbtrds. prn€dmw of sor8nuh widr 2-mws of inr.,cop3 in 90 cm sp&jng g.v. .uinln l.ld oI .be rl.r mpJ. It wa funhcr i.dic.kd thll sordun smw! in Fn d b$ wnh 2-bw ofgBin co4ea rs incr cmp in 90 cn spa.ine glve ndimun land .quival.nr 6tio (LER),How.vcr, n.1 Etun! wc @ihm wirh aoddq 6*F. h rrE suc sDari.t

48

Rajpur d z/. ( 1983) grcw sorghm cuhivlr "Shan .." aI ov spaings ol30.45,60

or ?t cm with 0.30,50 or 70 kg N+P or 30 kS PlOr hd' ind fou.d lhal ptr.rh.i!hi,eail.nslh, e& w.ighi dd gdin yield [email protected] lirh NP appli@lion, wilh na jsnirMrdiffccnces betwah N hies, Planl h.ighr ws not afecrcd ty rcw sprcing, wh.G6, ear

ldgrh .id e& w€ight rcc nunrm ar rhc sidcsr spocing sd gEin yicld 6 hign51 at

0'e.lo*st spacing. The inrractioh bet*een ms splcih& and fenilizer appti€otion had .si8nilicdr elTect o. ..r wiSht and Snin yi.ld.

Ahnad i1934) obs.n.d d posnive ftsponse ofhaize yi.td to slitabte ptantin8

smn.Ey. High g6an i.ld of4l.otqhrr ws obbined by ptmling nai2c in 90 cm bwspac'n$ s compard to 41,5t and 40.04 q ha L in ce of 60 cm row springs singlcDK md | 20 cn rpa.igs ript. mB srriF, esD6tiv.ty.

shrn ( 1984) stodisd maize in si,gt. rcws 80 cm apar! on ridges 80 cn ap6n ud-in p.jEd mws 120 cm rlan *irh 40 cm b.lwd tE nws of,r.ips. ptsl sod Dd unna@, pldnl hciShr sd numb.r of cobs per ptdi w€E hor afferd 3ignitjqdy by th.Pht'ns part m. Lraf !R !.r ptdl, nuob.r of lFins Fr cob ed gdin w.ignts poplol w@ !,Ie1ed signifiq t by rhc plMting psd€m. Th. ni8b4r cEin yicld of48.95q ha! w6 obtained lron t2O cn !p.n paired,ovs conpaed b 42.44 lnd 30,24 q hr ! in80 .m aprn single Dws dd ridgr ptotins synen, Bperiv.iy.

CupE .nd Shma ( r 984) Eponed no .dv.6c €fccr of int rcopring pigcon F.sin tl'. int r sp.@ ofsordun bur 8!vc e ad{iilioulsd yi.ld of 2|o kg h..r. Howd.r,inleftoppingolpigeon peas in altehate ows ofeigbun de@sed soBhum yietd.

Ndir ., ur (1985) d.Emin.d rhe .fl€.r of sadcomFising 60 cn rpart si,gtc bwsi 90 cn apart paircd

trc pl&ts pci hill on tn peductaviry ot spn,s md&

qlllity 0d ph.dng g.omeny

@ws dd 60x60 cn hills with

dd con lud.d rhd paicd mw

plsring [email protected] rignifiqd, hign r snin yield a @np.nd to 3ingle !M dd hill

Sulley (1986) reported dat naih pleled in rhs p.nem of 90 cm apan plirdEm sov. conp.Bble 86in yi.ld (sl.ll q har) lo drr ol60 cn a!.n sinsle ows(5 l,69qho r). Hos.vei. lhe hisnesl lO0|) g6in veighr w.s r.co(t€d in plols planted in $€pdh 6f 90 cn apld paicd ows,

Mil6n and Hickingborlon (1989) culdrared sorshun cutriv.u in rc*s 20 or 40

inchs apan !d g!v. 0, 45. 90 or t35 lb N/eE_ IncEsing N dr. jnM.d ghin ,i.tdfom 340? lb rcre r !o 4721 tbs acrc-r witn 90 b N &re r . yi.td w.,€ gcatd from ows20 imhes.pd (4809 lb !cer) rhlt hom 40 inchs.pd (1868 lb *F1)

Sind n ar 098?) epori.d thal $,!hm hrbnd 'CSH_6" gtum .t r speing ot60xlt cn sale high.r values for 8i.ih yiel& (4.291 ha') ed rot l N ed tollt N upbke(165.56l(8 har) rhd llE sp.cins. hcl4ing N 6t.s incos.d sm,n yield snd a yi.td of4. | ] r ha r ws obrlinert wirh 2OO lq N ha-r. IncE6ins N nt s hcr€Aed !1ah N oni.ntsnom |-34 ro l.?6 p.Nor.nd roral u .le fon 81.80 ro |77.24 kg hd'.

hfe €, a/. (t988) srudi€{t rh. €trn or ptdling paftcm on gre{1h .nd ,i.td olslnmer maia od fouDd @nsid6bl. dccEe in pldi h.igl4 .mh.r of gFin cob-'and 1000 grlin *.ieh wirh difreEnt ptanling p3i.m. How.v.r thly r€poncd significdrinc@ in sEin yi.l{i (J0.49 q hi-) ofnaia pbnt d ii double mw strips 90 cm !p.n s@mpd.<l lo singl. rcws 60 cn .prn or diDtc ow irips I 20 cn apan 8ivin! sBih yieldof 46.,14 or 40-06 q har, esperivctt whi.h *s.r.ib[ed b rhe staghr i,cfue in 86innumbq .hd weight cob I of h6i4 producsd in doubte mws strip planrins pslcrn.

M,|*a (195) stldi.d rh. .f6t of prdtins p.rcn on d. gnin i.td ofintercopped owpea and moize and found rh sowing ofcowpea beNee. oai,ld rcws of

50

naize inccasd cowp.a yield by 57 perceit oodplcd with those in .llenaling sinsle

rcws (2,13 kg hs r) with maize. How.rr, oai4 glin yields ud.r inlercop ed solc cop

conditions werc not ofiected by th. pldring plrt m.

Galal (l 997) gw sorghun c.r. Ciz- 15, Li.. I I 3 and DoBdo a1 bw sp.cing ol50. 60 or ?0 cm and hill spacang of20, 25 or l0 cm. The &t! lrom his exp.rinent

indiacd dEr snin yicB % ni8h.n in cia 15 rnd loqesl in Lin. I13, w.s lo*.r.r 70

cm ow spacing lhan ar rhe other 2 sp&ing,dd was higheslrith 25 cm bdseo hilh !smp'.d ro 20 or 30 cm spei.g betwen hills.

obw er at (1998) @isd o fictd qFrimdts for so yc6 (1994-95) iod cmine oprinun inlm- rcw sp6cin8 lor cow pea{ordum int Rrcp3. Fou, inra rc*spacing (10, 20, 30, or 40 cm) of c&h cop w@ usd *ith or. toat co\ pe{ €utlivr(EbcLe) dd on ershM culrive (seEdo) emu s Fl€ cmF ed i d{mps. t Mdoquivlle dios we@ b.lw*6 L4 I md L76 indicadng high yicld dvant g.s fioto inteFcoppiry. Yi.ld of hofi coF ws s.ndUy highen a1 6010 co th!tr oth.r sp6cins. h.thin pur s&nds and when inreftrcppcd,

Singh lnd Baltan (2000) indicared $!t oI lh. inrercopping sys!.ms signitjctudyincrcrsed rh. tohl prldu.tivny (ro,sr,, eq,i,,t.nt) o,.t soL soryhum_ soryhum

Isntghrn bidlu lL, M@hl + ctosr.r b.n (g4t) lcrmpdis !.i.smtobo teblparcd mv plan ng (PR 30/90 cn) p@ved rne besl inier crcpping srs&n wirh mdimlmlolll pDduclivny. PriEd es 30,90 cm phing g6h.L, M3.r$ b.n.r $fl atr.orcrcws al 30 cm plfllin8 ro achi.vc highei yietds of bolh (C!ar dnd blek rm) tic inrercDps. Sorchun dd su Gpond.d up 10 l2O kg N h..r, wh.@ btsck eth (pha.oru,,'ao L.) f.ihd b Espoid heyond 60 k8 N ha

I.

^yisi et al. (2001)

obllined *hh @npondr 'ndicakd thal supeior inreFcDpp€d soighum yietd s6

cops wcE !ruged in rllm.re os !r 0.90 n spa.ing

5t

*h€ls, cos F. tields v4 3inihr b or lowd ds el. cb! yield in $. ditrecnr

conponenl crop andgcmenls, Tbe ovcEll ldd ue .Ilici..cy, asessd by lhe land

.quilalent €tio, w.5 inp6!.d by o aveilge of ll% silh inter{rcppin8 at a owspacing of 0.90 d. Howew, rc yi.ld bcn.lit ws obw.d whco cFps sa

'@g.d in

.n lltedare s* parlcrn a$ narow mw sp.cingof0,45 m.

Aiitii et ar (2004 a) inLrcrcpFd ohiciF! virh whear it 2 | I, 2:2,1 :2 dd 4:2 mtio

sF.ed rt 20 and or 30 cn ond slppli€d qilh 60 or 80 ts N h.-r in a 6cld experim.rr

conductd in Raipor, lndh duri.8 lhe dbi wn of 200243- Cop yid& s etl a3

nunb$ of eds per plenr,.unbei of8rins p.r *, .fl weighr and 100-gidin wei8bt werc

higo ud.r Fle cbpping ofchickta ar 20 cm sprcing cmp&d to hr.rcopping wirh

,hedi. Among th. inrcftoppine r&aftenrs! intercopping otsh.rr *i1h ohicti?ss .t a

4r2 ow ralio &d .pplic.iion of 80 tq what r.sulted in $e hish.sr latles of wh.!t yicld

ed yield omponeors, hkEoppins chickF$ ed *hcal al ! 2:2 6 o and lpptiFrio. of80 k3N h.'resultd in the highesl vatues ot yietd components ofcnickpeos.

Anil! rr,l (2004 b) conducted an cxp.rinent in Raipur, chhafti!8.rh, India ih2002 r.bi seq ro sludy dE .ftar ot sprilt o|m8.mdl dd N fdili2lr .pptisljon$he<luling on rhe nodutrtion, vh.d equiv.loi yield (WEy) {d ted .quivatenr ario(LER) oi whqt + chickp.! inrcrcepping. Wheat c!,sujct sd chickpea cv.jc-?4 r.rceM al $. a& of 100 4d 80 t8 h. ,. ftc rqrnenrs @mpri$d $tc wh.ar !r 20 m L.s(Tt, sol. wheai ar l0 cm CA (T1), sot€ chic*pe! a1 20 cn L.s (Tr. st. whor al30 cmLs (T.), W + c (2:l).i 20 cn *iih 60 kg N hdr (Tt, W+c (2:t ).t 20 cm wirh 80 *s Nhli G6), w+c (2r2) !r 20+lo cm wirh 60 t8 N h..r (Tt. w+u {2:2) dt 20 + lo cn wilh80k8 N hai Gs), w+c (4:2) ar 2o+lo .h witn 60 & N har (Tr), aid w + c (4r2) at

2Or30 ch wirh 80 l(g N ha ' (Tro). Ir rc ot6€R.d lhar (Tb) indiotins tow @nFdlionb.twen borh crops rhd one crop compt.mor.d rhe orhc,. Tte .ppticltio, of 80 ks N hd' torhewh6tcrpp@duc€dthchisn sLERthdlheappli@rionof 60tBN ho,.

Aj.y dd Sing. (200a) @nducd cxp.rin nB aor tE n.n4enot ofnihelnand phosphoNs in wheal+ chickpeo ider.opping in Nes Delhi, lndi! durins the r.bi

e@ns of 1999-2001 . Fou croppjng sr{ens, what (W) ele, chickpea (C) sol€ , w+C

mixed cBppins od W+C inLEmpping e:l mw Elio in Fw r.9l&.n.d sn6) sith

lou nilrog.n levels (0,10,60,and 90 kg N hs r) .long wnh 1*o 2 lsv.ls of P (0 md l0 kg

P har) wcE tcskd. TlE yi.ld at'iblr.s, nunb.r ol .fl.criv. lill.dm, spil.ch@ctertlcneih, numh.r of spikele$ dd nmbct of gi.niN). Chickpla incFs.dmak€dly in w + c i.t Eropping in 2:l row .alio than fi. ele wh.d crop. AppUslion

of 3O ks N har b wh.ar cop 3ignificerly imEed tn€ nmbcr ol bmchcs pcr pldt8nd the numb.r of g..ins per pod, r.d thc gBin r.d sr6r yields of chickpea in bolh

w+C inl€rcoppi.B dd mixcd copping in both y6 dd pooted drlN. (phosphorus

lpplicalion !r 30 kg P hr'r c.used signifi.sl i.cqs. in yield attribules (numba ofbruohes p.r pla.t, numb.r ol pods per plan! nMba of srains t r pod), Bnin ed suaw

yields i. th. cmpping ststen in borh y6 ed Foted drb.

Hakmmd e/ al (2005) conducred fi.td qp€rih.nt in Faiehb€d, p.lhrrn durinS

1999-2000 md 200G2001. Thc r.{h..r3 incloded sote c@pping oI chictpd (Tr),

Chickp.a + one rcv of wheol (Tr), cni.kpd + 2 ows of what (Tr). chickpca + one rcwor lfltil (Tr. chictpq + 2 @k of to l (Tr), chictF! + orc mw of ceh G.),chickpea + 2 rcBs olclnob (T?), chickDe. + one mw of tinse€d (It, a.d chic*pea + 2ows of linwd (T,) . Chickp@ cv. Aifi.t-98 *6 uert s o t€st cFp on s $nd, ctay lornsoil. Anons tlE i.r.(mpping sysl.ns, chickp€a grcM with on mw of lcntit 8av. rh.hiBhesr secd yield (1832.61 kg ha r).

Maliullah e/ al (2005) intercmpFd whmr G!,tnqihb-9t) lenrit (cv.Maiku-2000) and chiclr.. (cv.NtFA-88) soL cDps, What + t.ntit in att mat.6ssi od wh4r+ chic*p.a in alt matc Dws wcr *atuar6d in D€E tsmail Khan, pakira., dun.s th.rabi sson 2002.01. Legume inteeopping signiiMdy incr.csd pldl beigh! spitclosth, nlnb€r of gniB Fr spitc ed wnc$ slin yi.td. Larit hrd g@Gr .{I*ts on .tlpurnereB than chickp.a. wleal + le.tit asult d in lh. g@€st pl.nt heighl (91.1 cn),spike length (10.9 cn), nonbd ofgaiN p.r spike (68,3) ed gEin yield (3j19 kghaiof

5l

*hcat. PlMt hcight for both legumes incda..d wh.h lhe legunes eE inleEbpped qi$

wh.ar. Tbe heish oa lcntil pla s inc@ed fom 7l.7lo 75.5 cn (5.2% itcE.e ov.r

solc crcp), {heFas the heiSht ofchickpea pb.h ihc@scd fton ?6.6 ro 79.6 cm (3.9%

hcM*). whql 6 e inl€Emp Educed lh. nunb6 of bmcn s Fr pl&! nunb.r of

Fods Fr plsl and snin yield of tolh lesuhcs. InGEopping nad no sieDifiqnt cliFls

on th. 1000-Cein weights of wheal and legunes, B&ik-P; e, al. (2006) sried out field

exFrinc.( on wheal (IrrrE,r @tiwn L..n6d Fiori md Paol), chicle.! (C'?.r

zi.ri,lr L) dono lnd inleroDpins wnh vdiou *..dins (0,1, or 2 hand-w..dins

operationt .nd mw sprcinS (20.or 30 cm) lrctr ei$ in de edsteft plat@u reeion ofIndi! ov.rsnsaurive tive winFl mns (19972001). Tn exp€rim..tal d.sign w$ a

@donized conpl.te bloct *irh eiShreen rG.tnents Gplicared dG. tides. Silnificet(P=0,05) difeEnc.s *eE obsea.d in ticld, Bdik.P e/ al (2006) cmied oul field

*p.flmnr oD qh.oI (Izrcuz @litua L. etuhA Fiori nd Paol) chictlq (c,.etad,,,' L) oono md inr.rcDpping *nh vdous wc.ding (0, t, or 2 b!.d-vc.dingop.r!tio.s) od mw spacing (20{r l0 cn) neohenls in the easrc.n Dlat€u egion ofhdi. over mnwutive five wilrd s€Mns ( t 997l200t ). Thc qp€rin nlal d.sign ws a

ddomiz€d conplct block wiri.ighred rcsinenrs Epticared th&c ricns . Sjgnifi.er(P = 0 05) dilTercnces *erc obs.red in yield dd econotoios with and {idout w.edinsdqtnents. chickpea yield ws sigrifi@lty rcdued by whqt wh.i iitc(bpD€d.Hovd.r, loLl pFdocdviry .nd tdd @ .mckncy w.E hiener u.d.r tn. i e(bppingsysleh os conparcd lo monocops oreirhersp.ci.s.Th.re was a signific.nr ftduclion inwc.d densiry rd biomss lor rh. i.reEoDpins sysEm otq borh nono coD!. W1E!lIbcjliratcd u incGae in no<tut. nmbtr lnd dry w.idl in chicrF. undc, inteEoprinS

oler mono cops, mor€over, oot lene$ of chickpm w6 BHter when inrercrcpDed.

Thce findings sugge$ed ttfi int E@pping whqt ed chick .! incMed loralp@duclirily per unit @, ihpoved tdd us. .mcilncy! dd suppEs*d w..{ts, a

menac'ng pesl in crop poduction. Considedng th. cxperinem.t findings, *he,!chictFa (30 cn) vilh tso w..din8s tuy bc @omncnd.d for yietd odveb86, hisher,.t rocone. horc cmcie urilianion 6r csurcei and w..d soppassion $ , biolosicat

conlrol ih ers.rn pldlau cgion otrndia.

CHAPTER 3

MATER]ALS AND METHODS

lnvesligotions on 'bplibizing prcduclivity of le!r]m. bosed whgl crcPPing

sys@m lnouSD inlegntcd u* ofwinrer LSums ed fenilia inplts w.Eonduct dtrrh. AgFnoni@l R.s*h AE!, Fulty of Agicul@, Com.l Uni!6ty, D@ lsmril

thM durins th€ 2002.01 dd 2003-04, Th. inv.slisadon in hded th. follo*ing 3

. whclr pmd!.rivny, niftgo Equirndl'.nd K.ilicidcy s.if.cLd bywinbr lesud.s .rd nitrtrs.n f.niliujrim

. E lect or S6in lcgumc intercmpping in wne$ dd nhogen feniliadon on ftepoducdyity ofahel - g6i. legunc inter.rcpping

. Efid ol Snin lcgoft inteampping in what &d phosphms f€rdlizlion of, drcpodudivity ofwh.lr - gni. l.gud. inr.rcrpping

3.1Erp.riDe !l d€nil of 3tndi6:

3.i.1. Slldy l: Wnd prodrclivity, litmger ..q.lm.!t' i e .Ilicidcy$ .llct d by r|!t r l.g16€ .nd nttoa.n a.rrilidrlo!

Ficld qpdindnls v@ @nductd !i res€4h f.fi ae of Fa.ully ofAgdclltlE, (M'FI) 6ooal Univ.Fity D.l.Khm (nord hrnud.loq 36 &d l2o 33, ddest longitlde 70o 14' dd ?2o 2 ), Palisr.n on Sueu eil didisols (TFic Cmbonnidt

typicil oieid rcgion uhd.r irigoted cohdidons,

Th. inv.stigadons w@ ffied our dlring 2002-03 dd 200144. Ch!ruLrizrrion

or thc cxpdinent sile *a @iert befoc rh. sbrt of dperin nt, V&ious pop.ni.s ofde eil .ft enlisled inT.bl.l.

----+ Antrw indicraB tt€ Erperimelarl Site

56

r.3

soil prep.nid .t rh€ llln of ft€ .tperlfr€rl

wea$er r.l.ted pam.t u fo, lhe 4, !ft d follows: av.6ge &nut 6i.f.tlmn3ing from 18 nm ro 2J no (l% Ocbb.FDa.nh.a l j 9/o Jmu.y-Meh, 5% Aprit_rune); avcmSe dnual ewporlbspidion 1250 hnj mininum wint r r.mpeal@ ii.,muaiy 50 C, muimuh l.nperarue in Jun.48o C. This de, is pnmarity gbm !o whelrin ma on wirh ric., beMen (ESlptid crov.r) od te$ fEq@nt|y g@,n reSum.s sucn .s

3.1.1.2, f,tp.nnelirl d.rrit, .nd d6ktr

The .xpsimdlat m!i, ptor r,stnors for lh. fi6r wi.ier leen weE wi .rl.guoe cbp lreorE.nrs i... flltow, beeen lnd chick p.e. Thc hoh ptot siz. was 12 x jh'?. St&tcr do* oa 20 k8 N dd 50 Lg p h! r ws .rpri.d ro lh. resm. coFu dDdn8 li6r*inier s@n. in rh. sond vinter s.&n, wier cDp ws g6sn w|tn g6ded doss ofnnot.h, i.e, 0, 50, 75 trd 100 k! ha-r. Nirogd 6t s w.rc apptied jn subplor of 3 x 5 n:,Exp€rin. w6 orgei2d in spln ph d€sig uiDg tour Eplrc.noN. sbir mpt.s *.e|rler .ner $. hd.st of legm. cops !o @niror chdg.s i. thc sit fertiliry p.@€r.6.

57

Se.d bed pr.pealion i. these l*otnsnts wis do.e b.fo& the sdihS of wheat cmp using

mlavaror and cultivltor xd follow.d bt pl..king. Nitq.n ftonndts i. rhe suEploG

*d thd .!plid. Bsl doe of P and K @75 P:Or ..d 50 kg K1O hdr $ .ingl. tupcr

phosphaE and poltssiun sulphdL. *er rpplied b.fore sowing lhe whqt crcp. Nitm8cn

wd .ppli.d % ar rhc tift of swinS dd hrlf mounr rop dl!*d ar rlie rin. of 3.MdiEiglrion ar riU.rine agc of thc cop- What vriery Daru-98 wN ploted in 2001. Fiv.

idisoiioB were lpplied b whear ciop.i 15 days aft r g.rmin.rion, .r tillciing, at

booiins, ar r.ti.sir dd at grin lomrrion st s.s. W.edr wcc @nro .d by using

TribuMl M hcrbicide. Crop *s aUov.d ro gw 10 nlrurily.

3,1. |,.1, PLnt dd loil .nrbllt

Soil smpl.s *ere coUerd D,ior lo sowins of wh.ct ed after the hare$ ofle8un. cops lion 0-10 cn d.prh for detcmin tio. of physico{h.hicot chmc!.rislicsatd r.nility p'm.r.rs. Soil w$ al$ raly2.d fo, orgdic mr&r, !oLt N, ud nin.6l N(NlrN + Nor-N). Minc6t N !s <telemin€d calorim.hically using Bdner sdKc.n.y (1986) p@edure. Nilrogcn concdldlion in ptdr (eni. od sBw) wNdet oined b, Kjcldart m.lhod {Lu, t999). At hses! ! O_5 h: ponio. al dE enrE ofr@h wheat plot wrs h!fresred, pldl beight dd pEducliv. d er .taL weft colecrd inlhe fi.ld r! dr. rin. of cbp hrdesr For the har.st d spt.s, biotogiol yietd (brilbiomas in Lms ofgnin + $r.w), gnin dd sraw yietd. ghio3 peGpike hd r 00O gEinw.isbt, werc Mrd€d. Bionss, glain dd ,lEr yield dal2 vs ollot€! by drying itcsamples at 65u C to consrmt v.iSbt. Nirog.n uprak€ jn grain tud sraw was c.tcutat dot nuxiplrine Oc i.td with lhcir Esperir. N coMr!rio.3, Follo*ins N uecmcien.ies *eE rh.n qlculat d s tollows.

Ni[ogen Hd.sr iftt x - NHt (%)

Nitrogen Re@very - NR (%)

Kirby 1987).

NG x Io0TNU

ATN r 100/FN

53

. Agonomi. Eftichncy - AE (tS tdr) =

1933).

. PhysioloSicol emciency . PE(kskgi) = ACY/ATN

. N uiiliaiion cfficiercy - NUE{kg r! ) = GY,"fNu

. NG (kg htr)Nioogen upd. in gnin.

- ^TN

(kg h! r) N .ccumul.tio. in l.niliad abov. sDund plut n.tc !l Ghi. +

stBr) " N locunulqtion in uhfdiliz.d tuove Eound pla (g6in + stkw)

- FN (kg htr) - Amunr ofN fdilizr rpplicd.

- GY (lq h. r) - Odin yicld

- dCY (k8 ha ') - C6in ,i.ld of f.niliad plol - gEin yi.ld of ze6 N @nEol plol,

- TNU (t{ nan) -ToralN uprlk inpler(xupt k ing6in+Nuplrk in slEw).

J.l.r.a shtLtisl.!.ttr!

The drta on v.rious p@cicu wc subjei.d to sLlistiet matFis (on.tysh ofvaimc.(ANOVA)),$inssplitplordesisnaccordingroMcl.rosh(r9sl),Djfrercn.sin

rnattnenr otus vee @mplEd Bing Fi!hf,. tst prcr..t d sig1ifi@t dificocc(LSD). For ntu s.pa6rion, LSD yllud wF Ncd ar p < 0.05. CoRt.io6 b.twEnvanous $uoy pffameles *erc.ho colculared.

3.l.2.Study 2l Eft*r ol ghb legum. ioc(reppirg in rhqt rnd trlrhs.trrh. preducllvily of *tal gnttr kgunc

Tnc fi.ld study w6 ooDducted durins 2002-Ol rnd 2OO3-04 61lhe resedh irm@ of rhe Faculry of Aariculruc, comt u.ive6ity, D. r. Kh4 (nonh latitude 30q 36,

lnd lzo rl, .nd .asr lonsilude 70. 14 dd 72o 2'), paknbn on Saggu $it eidsls (r)Dic

emb.nhid) tlpical of orid €gion, uder irisal€d condidon. Chdci.riation of rhe

exp.rindd sn 6 cadied oot hefoE 1h. s|jn ofdc dFrid.nr. Soil wss silry cl.y inn ue,low ih organic mlnlr (0.4870), non $line/ion sodic (rH 8.0; EC t.8ds/mr).l*8 low in .irrcs.n (brat N 0.04yq NH4-N 5.20 ng l&r) nediun in p (AA.DTPA p 4.jng [8]) and adequalc in pol8siun (AB-OTPA K 2jO mg ke.r), Wheal.nd wi.ter g6in

l.sum. (nefid. lmtil and ch'ckF.) vd in|ampp.d md rcE ctou .ad .lon. od2:l llt mrt mw. |5/45 cm aBrt a3 follovs:

Ir. Sinslc rcw wheol sole al30cn !pd.I,. T$o w whar sLip + melh6 ljnsle me (15/45ci),

Ir Two rov whcar slrip + lenril single bw ( l5/45cm),

I.. Two ow what sfip + chicl!.! siigl. rcw ( l5l45cn)-

ri. Sinslc rcw m.thF $le it 3{}.n 6ten.

L Sinsle sw lentil sol..l30cn.panIr Sind. ow chickp.. rc|. d 30cm op$t

Dif@nt N ELs u*d ir rhc cudy 9ft:0, ?0, l0o, tlo lrd t60 *g hir. Thdnitrog.n rales wec aptli.d 10 whot, Basrl dose oI P sd K (90 ks P:Oj & 50 kg rvoh. r) ws ,l$ applied .o shd a s..d b€d pEp€jlrion. c6in lcgunB (inh6pD.d udsol. cop) wec ll d.d wilh N ed P,Or or th. mt of2o and 90 kg na'', specrilety. The

exp.rimoi wa orSmiad in splii ptor dsiSn sirh fou Eplisrions. Whal tEalln.rrconprising of.lone dd einrer SBio legum. inr.rcrcpt€d in ehear wa plac.d in th.m'. plot nd N 6l€s in rhe subptoq plot siz ws 3,60 x Jm,. For sot. *he,r ed sot.leeln s 30 cm ow ro Dw disLe b maintain.d.

Nirtog.n ro whar ws aDpticd in rwo splir! coM @r i,niadon dd ruimumliu.ring sus.s thrcush driuing slons th. cFp ows, Dif.c cop cutrivds used io theslDdy w@ wh..r (q DM-98, n.lhh cv l@l), lqrit (cv n.tr 9l), &d chictFr {cvcm-72), Fou inisatio.s w.E oppti.d to wh.d (ar qown @r inniltion, tiltcrins, booringrd 8.ain fom.rion sb8.s). W.cds w@ @nriolted by Tribuil M. Cop3 w.E ha.s|edal n.t!nty. Dall o. phit h.igir; prcdutiv. rilt6 m,-, gnin, p6 spik., l00O gninw.i8ht, bioloSiql, grain od slEw yield w.c @Ust d. pter h.ighr od p,lduclilc tiller&t! EE @d.d i. rh. 6.ld.t maruritr, Biologic.t, gEjn ad sraw yi€td d.l! wcoll.cr.d by hrR.sling 0.J m, aM. Dal! rhus colt@t {t werc adjund by drying gBin.trd 5t6* Mpl.s to @6l!nl w.ilrr in hor !n ov.n d 65.C_ [email protected], i.lhc 86in and lrraw wcr. deremin d by Kjctdshl ndhod (Lu, 1999). pot in @ntcnl in

snin md st6w *er @lcuhi.d by muhiplyitrg N conent adons wi$ . f.clor ol6-25.

Dall NcE sbjected b sr.tistiql lnlllsis lcdding |o Mclnbsh (1983). TEabdts

m@ns qcc @op.ed using Fisn ls lc6l tolecc<t 3ignilimt dif.r.nc. LSD. For

mean scpanrion LsD vrru6 see red !l P < 0.5,

b rh€rtmd phorphorusof rhsl 8r.l! legun.

E|Ier or gr.ln l.gon. Intcrcreppitrr|iniltrliotr on rh. preductivity

The li.ld study w6 @ndud.n dlnng 2@2{3 ed 2003-01 at th. B4h ram

@ of the Flcuhy or Acljcultue, Cmrl Univc6i9, D. L Kh.n (.onn Lritud. l0' 16

dd32"33,andcdlongitud€?O'14'and?2o2'),Paldsr&ooSaeg!soil&idisls(qTic

ombanhid) typic.l ol did egion, uid{ inig !d @ndition- Chmcleriation of lhe

exp.rimenrdlsire w.s cdried out beforc rh. $.n ofde experinenr, soilwas silry cky ib

mluE, low in oigr.i. ndter (0.487t, non sdlin non sodic (pH 8.0r EC LSdS/mn).lt

6low in nitogen (!0r!l N O.O4%, N|L-N 5.20 mg l!r) hediun in P (AA.DTPA P4.5

6g kg_r) .nd .d.qu!t in po6si@ (AB-DTIA K 250 me ke-5. wh.st .nd winrcr sFin

le8!n. (ndhrd. ldtit dd chiclqo) v@ i .rop!.d dd wce Crou eh !on. Md

2:I alt mot m*, 15/45 cn apart a shosn b.low:

lr Singl. dv wheal sle al30.n apln

I2 Two row wh.al sliip + melhra siigk b* ( l5l4tcn)

L T*o rcw wheal slrip + lentil singl. ow ( l5l45cm)

l. Two @w wh.al strip + chickFa 3insl. ow { | 5/alcn)

Ir singl. mw n.th6 sle d 30cn .p!n!6 Singl. mw l.nlil $le at locn atd17. Singl. rcq.hickp.a sole at locn lpln

Diff.Enl Dr.s of phosphofus appli.d 10 wh€ot *ere 0, 50, 75,100 .nd I25 kg

P,Or h!r. Niftg.n &d kro rer lppli.d !t rs corstanl Eles of 100 ind 50 Lg hd'.

PhosphoN .nd K:O were applied lhouel dnlilg .lon8 the xt{t se.d rcws, Nnrcg.n

ws appli.d in 2 splits i.e. cmwn @r iniiarion and ddinm tiuedns sr!86 rhbugh

drillinE alonB lh. cop Dws.

CEin lqumes (if,EEopFd dd elc c@p) v@ lr.{.d with N md P?or ar $.dc of20 dd 90 ks h! '. nE dFriosr m orgdiEd in s?lir plcn d.sign with four

rcplicorioE. Whd rt€.lrn.nts comp.ising of.lon dd winLr Snin l.gune int r.bpp.d

in whsl weE pllced in th. mrin plol and P raics ib the subplot, wilh net plol size b.in8

J.60 x 5 m/. For el. ehot ed sol€ l.gum.s, 30 .n ew sp&ing rB maintained,

Difidt cmp cultivG ured in d€ study wE; wn {t (cv Dmd"98, d.ll'n (cv

l@D ldlil Gv nasor 9r, &d .hickF. (.! cn.?2). Folr iriS.ljons w@ .pplicd 1o

qhcai at c@w oor iniriaiion, dllering, boodng and g6in fom*ion shges. we.ds wrconuolled by Tribunil M. Cmps w.re hacsr.d .t maturity. Vaioc da1. on plet n iSht;

Foducrive dud mn, 8Ein spit l, IOOO gnin w.id! biolo8i..l, gEin lnd slras yi.ld

w@ ollet d. Pld hcigh dd produclilc till.r &ra a4 [email protected] h lh. li.ld |1

natu iy. Biologi.al g6in and sd& yi.ld dli' wee @llectd by h.ncsting 0,5 nr-aEa

.hd d.a fius .ollecoed wc€ .djusled by drying gdi. dd $raw smples to co.sr.ni

w.ight in hol !t ovln ar 65'C. Nilrog.n con@ntotion in lh. !rai. &d sLsv w.@

dccmincd by Kj.l&hl n.thod (tn, t9'9). Pr!&in @nlar ii gnin dd srlw *.Gcolculorcd by nuliplyinS N 6n6hrions {irh . fer of 6.25. Drb wE sbj.cl.d 10

st tistical dalysis lccording to Mclbrosh (1983). TEarmcft n.m {eE oonplcd

using iishels lqst pro&cLd signiffcdr diflcrcnc. LSD. For mean !.plration LSD vllu.s

l,t, Ob..N.tio!r ud d.r. dldrior

Jl.l HtFotirg .!d D.t. Colleriotr:

wL.i! chickp.!, ldril dd nelhd wc hdGted (duing

He€sied ma&rish werc ti€d into bundl.s ed bn to dry

plots fo. about one w.L Ihe tuplo of su dried Nps w.G

dd lhc plodue of c&h mp va *eighcd *pst.lt.

62

Thc followins pocedurcs sr adopid lor mlleliry dlta on individul

T.. pl&ls EE sl.cl.n in €ch plot !t rhe rin. of ha.u. Thcir h.islrs scftd.auEd by n tcr bd, rhc. aveEg. dlculated .nd ordcd.

r NunberoftitlcB h l

Nmbercf tilles pd nerer stud. werc couled and cal.utrled in cacb ptol al

. NuEher orgnin! p.r 3pik!

Fivc spikes werc tak n at rmdom fbm ach pt6r and lheir grains p.r spike *eecounl.d dd avm8.d.

. rol|l'gnir r.igtt:Sdples of rhouend grains wer l6ln at rmdob foh s tot l lor of esh plol

ed seighed oo d aulonaric elcclronic balde, av.need dd r€oded.

Crain yield w6 recordcd od a pei plot bst ed convcrtcd inro tg h. '.. Biologicrl yield

An.r su drying, $. lotal bio@s io @h plor w *€i8hed beforc rrNshingdd rben @nv€rr.d inio tg h,r.

. E.F6r trd€! (q-r)Hev6t i.dex (H- l ) v.lu* Nde €alcllated sins th. followins formlla.

H-I = E onopic vi.ld x lO0Biological yhtd

. Lr.d.qdi.le ntio (LER)

The intercrcp yield of €ach crop ws .tividett by th. sote crop yi.ld dd the

esulring 6tiG fo! rh. t*o cbp6 *@ dEi addcd io obLin the lad eqlival€irmlio (LER) for dillcrdr i ercroppi's syst bs. Th. fomula u.d ws s

LER = Ls+Lb - Y&6..+ I't/Sb (Gooklon od Hilt, 1979) wnce Lr &d Lb

e lh. LE& for ildividual .op, Y! .!d Yb re rt. iD<lividd crep yi.ld ini aqoppilg and s! .od Sb e rt i. id& $ el. @F.

D.t ll ol dr...d 0l!.r hfotudior eoidd

Foliowilg F6n td of .litr€Mt crep. l@ r!.ord.d.

.. WEEAT

Pldt heighr El h.ncli (m)

Nhba ofgniB Spitd'

looGelain wight (g)

Biologicd yi.ld (ks htr)Gnir yi.ld (l€ h! r)

Por.inco .nl i! gni! (%)

l@r€in Cont nl in !ir.e (Y")

tad Equivdclt r.tio (!ER)

cErcxPEA ldtll .d M.rin

1000 snin rcighl (8)

Biologicat yi.ld (lg n-')Gnin ticld (tg h.n)

. fBh rcighr of Noduls F. pldl

. Dry w€iSl ofnoduls pd pldt

LECUMES

. N{!b.r ol Fd. pd pLliTw.nt, fiv! plants wE MdoDly ebctld fion @h plor md pod! of och tletv.c @uni.d and thm adg.d.

. ll,o&anln r.*ntTwo enpl6 of l00Gw& w.G rlt€n !r tudon fion 1he $.d lot ofc.ch plo!

w.i8h.d lnd their .ve6s€s w.c c.lcul.!.d,

. Nunb.r oa ed! pcr pod

. Fivc phnts lor numbef ofsds p.r pod weE s.lecledi seed Lt n oui frcm pods,

wE cout d ed rh€n @nv.ncd to sds ,cr pod,

Sun dri.d bu.dLs w th6h.d ndully to tud rt sd yi.ld plofr in kg

Wh.n rhc cop ws physioloSically mrruc. ir wls hw.sr.d, sun dd.q w.i8h.d

with th. help of d spring balde !o tind tn. biat bionBs t r ptot .nd rh.n

conr.ncd intokshdr.

. Nodulo p.r pL

For Dunbq ofnoduLs ofchickp.a ldtilmd methr& Fiv. ptd.r pc-Uowi.grl!& in ctch plot $ler.d !t..dom, q.a dug our (uFmld) mtu y, w$hcd

with tlp wscr, tud rh.n thc loot nunb.r of nodul6 ftE @ur!d od nodlLs

Fr pl0r EE cdculired,

. FBh r.ighr of lodutB Fr pbnt (og)

Nodul.s of lhe s@e file plsrs, diti.i hrs.st d, w@ weighed, using clstronicb.lanc. Md fesh seight ol nodltcs Dcr ptdr ws odotal€d.

65

. DrywcightofnodolB pe. prnt (ng)

Thc frcsh w.igh.d naterial s dric! in rn elecLonic DvM ar 70oC ro gd @nstanr

*eigh and then n6 dry w.isht ofnduLs Fr plonl ws qlculal.d.

66

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

R.sultsofvanos di* @nducLd during thc t riod i2002-01Md 2001-04) &disused in a Es@h publiqlion lom s under.

4.l.Studyl: wtst pmdrdivi.y, ritEt.! r.quird..l!.nd u. cmcilct s!ficr.d by eirr€r bgoE6 .!d litfg.n f.rt iririotr

Nitrogen ra|€s usd for *hql v.e 0, 50, ?t, Md IOO kC ha r B.sal do& of P (75

l(g P:Oi ht ) dd K (50 tg K,O ha -'r rcd rls appfien. Tne exp€rimcnt va orgui&d

An .snrial elenent ol acricllturdl s$taimbility h rhe eddlive nsnqcn.nt of

dtrogcn (N) in lhe envionment l.cErs.d Md susrin d prodElivity dep. ls noslly on

rhc !s or hisher N inpul which m.y lad !o dvimnmenral polludon. Achicving

I'id.ryiclds thrclgh hieh{ niEoscn inpur, it b.mn6 hidly crucial &d impondl boptanaa ic e dd nBimiz it' e .mciercy d@!d utilizinS all posibl. optio.r.

In order to i.cFe N Be eilcidcy th. pEent investisations weE c.ni.d out in

alid environmefl ol D.LKhd, Paldstan. The maih obj.ctiv6 of thc study w.rc to

inlcsti8.te th. impacr ol wi.ier legume.ops and Sraded doss of nitrogcn on whert

prcduciivny and the del€mimtion of N quircde s dd ils use elliciency. Ttrexpsim.nt w6.ondered for two yrs i... 2002-01 sd 200144. Duri.8 $. usl ttdonly l.gum. cops s* sDq atrd h.d6Gd. r.8uft mp M..ts includ.d flllow,

chickF. Md b.kn (Esati!. clov.r). Belsnftrdo* or20 keN dd t0 kg P:OJ

h! *.8 lpplied b lcsun cbp r.atn. s, Chi.kped 6 greM till drturity md

b.6e.n ri ns foudh cnning. Aft.r fi.n bd.sr Esulllnt r€sidual i.dihy was

61

in splil plot d.sign BinS aor Eplications, [email protected] legm. cop tc!h.n.s w@ pl&.d

in fi. mai. plol dd N r.ca in $e sub-plor. Wherl pmductiviS paEmdtr (pmductiv.

tiller, gEin pe! spik., loocgai. weighr) and yield (eEin, sluw ud bioloSiql yi.ldl

wcf signifimily .fl.dcd by rhe De.ding lcgunc cops and g6d.d do* of niimlen

f.nilia. whcai ticld and yi.ld pm.i.u w si8nifidlly incro3.d und.' leelloc

cr!9s. Tte sisnific4tlyhigh.sl yi.ld ws obbif,€d in FBe.ding t lwm !qltn61.

Chic*pe. dd illow FnLd sond dnd ]rd. Yield dd yi.ld psm.crs i.crds.d

siSnificedy *ith ince&in8 raies of.itogcn applicotion. The yi.ld pamete$ Nec

Fsitively mr.laLd with the e6in yicld. Agrcnomic cmciency (AE) reked

siSnifimdy hiBhcal al 75 kg N htr, followcd bt I OO dd s0 kg N hr''. Thc Lgu. crcp

lr .henb AE w6 signafiqtly tle hisncs in dE fallow, foUo*ld by chickp... udb.en hah.nr. Ninos.. diliation .lfici.ncy &caa..d with inccGing ar. of N

applration Ho$e\.r. Nitmsen hsed md.\ $as hisiAr d lhe f,iddle lerel(75le har,

ofN lnd dect$ed signii:qtly wilh incF6ihg or d*lsing lh. N Elcs. NiLogen

E@kry eedy follo*ed ft. potl€m of agenomi. efiici..cy. Nilo8.n 'lquim.nl of

*hc!l for &lizing tr@ nuinm yield (9t % El.rive yi.ld) ud.r fallow, chichpa ddb.en ftaonem w.E foud to bc 91, E2 ..d t2 kg h.'r, Bp.dively. E ommi.

&.lvsis ofN f.dilialion of$tF.lB..l.d rh.t @sl:hen€fit mrios w.rc found to b€ th.lisncst in beheem cnd wee followed by chictDs and follo* tr. ment. These mlios

in.Msed with increasinS r.te of N dd nng.d from l: L6?-l4.49. Th. mdimm ben.fir

of fcrtiliz.tion b whqt w6lh6 enicvd.1i.nitia EL of 100 kg N ht1. The srudy

[email protected] thd int g!r.d mnag.ment ofN rnolah rhe irclusio. of lcgun6 in DLrion

md $. lertiliar N lppliqrion tu esntiil for inc@ing wh. podudiviq ed N us

Kq'tord!: LguD. cbps, N f.nilizr Whql Eldu.tivity, M.!r N equirndqAgMomic .IIici.mx Physiologiol .fiiciency, N utiliz.rion eflicicnct, N

68

By 2050 globalfed srain d€mdd is pojected to doubl. (C6sm.n, 1999; Tilodet ol., 2002). L Patbran due to high.. Dopllrtior 8rcrth dle of (about 2v'), ils

popuhtion *ill doubl. by tlie '@

2010 (NIPS, 2007). l. od.r lo fcd the [email protected]. c.Bal 8rcw.R nusr incue th. aood s6in FDduction. wn.d (r",iataastiw L) th. kin8 of cc@k is by lor $. most inportart f@d g6in .ll ovei tn. world,

bur *Fcially in P6kist.n, It is considercd silple food for nosl of $c woild's populalion.

ln Pakislan, lhh crop is of imense inpotuce 6 it o@upies pitotal p.sition in food

surity ed €conomic slabili$/ olth€ ountry,

F€nilid us. b d iftegdl conpon.n of.rcp Foduction srst d md is trom io

be on offtc nosr inporthl pmducl ir ity .hh..c ing inpui D$pil thc public sGpticism

rhll sumunds the use of chemicol leniliaG in asicul$re, th. ealily b $al such

fcnilizeF G lhe bigg.sl sinsle letu @nlributi.S ro Norld food pbduclion sin@ the

advenr of ch.mical aB. ar lfie beejmi.S oa rh. k6r en[jry (srcw.n e, zl, 2005). Nor

3urpnsingl, @.sid.dbl. l!s€4h dcntion hs b.m 8iv.n to th. min driv.u of cmp

yicld incces, nitrc8.n (N) ed phosphotu c) ii rhe irr.Gst of cllicidr B for

Drcduclion as wcll as the envibnmenl.l sr$d poinrs (Tu.y €, al., 1997). FenilizN

pky.d domincbt rolc in sE. evoluio. of laic aixties in Pakisln (BodooCp, 1970) ddrubstantiau! inpov.d th. producrion of ercd g6ins, Thh t t@ qcn now b€@enoy @unrri6 whi.h 4 lsing hidEr ra16 ol f.niliz6 @ g.ning moc crcp yield d4Pskisla. (FAl,2005). ThecfoF, f.niliz.r us. musl b. n't nsificd ro suppty rh€ nurie.r

for incMins food Br.in prc<lu.tion. ne{d.d !o f..d 1n. gowin8 popul.tion.r e@ptablc

nulritio.al leleb. Wcll manosed fenili&r us cd c@re . "Win.Win" siruation by

inctsins food podlclion dd Educing soil d.gtrd..ion in nuri.nl p@r fGgile eih.

Amng thc f.niliaq nitrogenous fcnilid ae nosr inporrc s rh.e Nequ'rd in nuch |rrgcr momls $& orh.r nudidl supplying f.nili2.6. Nirog.. plays

a.ocialolein wh.et production (Pal,l99l), ln Pakishn outoflol.lf.rtilizer use ih thc

@unlry, us of nnrogcnous fenilircN is ?9 4ol., use of phosphorus being less .hm 20%

69

and thal of poEsn n.eliribh OrDC. 2006), ThccfoF high inpul cGt ol wb.at

production h m.ihly du. to hiShc! 6t.s of c@dy N l.nilizer. Tn efiiciehcy of

nito8cnous len il izes tor crop production is dilcourgingly low. ln field tirls in Euope,

it has bee. shoM that on an .vem8e only t0-60% of tnc applicd f€nilhd iituEEi (N) is

recover€d by winler whst gmin .nd str.s (Ahntenlu end Kuhlnonn 2000 odDlekendu er,/, 2000). ln chid (ch.n.r al; 1998) md Prthri. (zia et att t994, 1999,

Balisar ?r rl. 2001) it is still lower.

t w nilogen uF .fiici.ncy undd and ud s.nieid qlct@us llkdli.e eil (ais the 6c in Patislln) is !n ibur.d !o diff.Ent N hnfomadons dd loss oehdiss.Tt.$ e anmonia rolarili4rio. (SlN ud And.mn, 195; Zi el al. 1999t.

niriffstio.i.nirinotion {Rokon ad BD!db.n! I97?) ed l@hins (Wild ddCm.M., 1980 od Ni.l*n.r al, 1982), How.v.r, amnoni. vohtilizrion is thc mjor

los m*hdtd in hiCli pH olo@us rlkrlinc $ik Md rhe i3 cloe al.lionship

h€'lwen dE exEnl of N vohriliad {d rhc soil pH (Whirdad dd Rlisiclq l90i

High.r aql cop yi.l& llquir hilhc. inpur ofN &d .x@siv. N @ lqd to

pollurion ol public w.l.r ut!.G. Tncc is hiSh d.mdd of f.niliz.r N for @Ed

produdio. bu it3 purcha i! poblcm in mny @!nLi.r ds lo incE6irg lDd egl.tinsttnd in den pnc.s, Th.rfoa, cedl [email protected] ac lnbi p6uF ro incEe yields ednainrain profilability ag.iNt h.ck 8round ol.Nibnn.nr conscaint, high f.nilizr cosrs

ed .h.r$/ cris.s. In vicw of thb, rcsrch .im.d ennlming cdp pmductiyity dd N

@ emdercy b hilhly .sendal for d.vclopmcfl of noc susl.in.bL agdcuhre

syslens. Mihler e, "r (1994) 3ugg.Ld rhlt idiniziog N os eflicie.cy is m

inc@singly inpondr objecriv. in nost c6p framgcn.nt sysGN, due to eonomic od

Tbe efffoic.cy of appli.d N d.pcnds on th. typ. ol fenili4$ (Zi3 er ar, 1993).

timing or applic*ion (Husin e, cl, 2003) ed $..$nal acnds ctc (Huegins md Pa4

1993). Crop Esponse b N fenili4r i! allo inUu.n ed by soil type, crcp s.qu.hce dd

10

slpply ol Esidal and ninmliz.d N. Incl$ion of gBi. legum in cop

s.quencdmlatq euld bc D inronel rlr.tui. oFion. hcRsd efEciqcy ofN @ is

@li4d *he. the dmhri6. in the lcn lr Em.ins silbL lnd gBin yield iftEes ttr give. level of appli€tion ( Src.M ., zl 1990; Doylc dd Holford, 1993, oniz-

Mon.nerio er a1., t997). An csslial .hmnr of.gricutuEl susr.imbility is tli.

.ffcctive moaEehdl of N in $c avibnd.nr, Tht usually inyolv€s at ledn ene e or

biolosicdly fixed N b*a@ N foo thir soorcc b u!.d di€tly by the ptdl, so il is l6s

t sumes aE @.sideFd to be 6n inpotlnl ompohenl of subshtene ctopping

sysrem of sni!.id hpics b.caB. of $cir ability !o conven ltlndphetic nihSei (N)

inlo s$ihiabale rom of @oni. sd add slbsllnlill mou.t of o€si. nafr.r ih eil.In the gBin legunethe .bov. gloud plui plrls .E hwested / Moved Md Esidurl

cfrcct is ldgcly denved fton the und.ieroud pl.f,l biohds 6d leaf f,lling dunng cmp

goMh. Th. Esidul cfrer of legun. ir s.s.d ll|olgh d irclle iI soil fcttilily dd3ub*guor yi.ld irctlls of. succ.ding non lcg!m.. Minedl N in mt rcrc eilfollo*i.g g6jn legm.s is on . lO{O k8 h.n ni8D.r dun eF r cmps in lhc s.m

.Nircnmqt (Bad.urddin dd Mq6, 1994i D.l.l .r dl, 1998).Thc incaa hav. bcn

mribured !o bolh .ihi. sp&ing by rhc lcrun (Eves .? al., l99l) sd min@lizlion of

N rich aid@s {Cmbell €r dl, l99l), In dnon all sitution.lhe incMed N supply

ftsul$ in inc@sed yield or rouoving ccG.l cops.

Use ol ciop mtalioh Bilh l.gun6 inppv.s soil pnysic.l (Andriulo d a/., 1990j

Andiiulo €r al, I990b), ch.Eic.l (Miglhrin. d cl, 195) and biologi.al @ndilions,

iheFby enhncihg rulrGnls avsihbility dd sil w.ld @ntcnt (Lodta, 199?; Craldtini

et al, 1992). n€€for., whsi cspo.s to pEvios Lsune cops [email protected] 0.5-

l.l5 t hd' or 40 ro | 0(,4 olrh. yicld sh.!t .ft.r whe.t (ScnuL, 1995; Daltl d zl., 1998)-

In Pfisian. qhe.r is d$ groq. in ot ion wilh lelun* gEin dd foaee l.gufts.

FonCc l.gm6 nrv. pohd.l ro p.odue hidd fong. yicld tnd thal inmrPoarioD of

lbovc snund bione of |h.e 6oD6 podBcd wh6r g6in yi.ld uplo 80p/a (S.hu .r ar.,

1l

Cop Ftation ha ben .voh.d a . slr.r!8y io obLin hdestable yield in sfts$d

cnvibnmdts due b inp$tcd w.1d uF .mcimt, N fiiltion, ed b€ling dis@ctrlc. Fallowing o. gowing lcguh. cDF in thc dt mrre y6 hav. shoM to

@nsishrly inc@ yi.ld h eoi-eid .nvionmor Roradd En€cts m [email protected] sFin dd sFav po|ein, wh.da, N f.niliz.rid d.rrs . dnet efrect (Web6t r dd,eten, 193) lo & ext€.t modifi.d by Esidul N (B&thscn dd Alley, 1989). Undd

fauowing or gnwing leSun€ cop3 in th. llr.nar ts6, h*. shom .o consid.Ebly

incrdse *heal yield (Ryd .r "1,2007),

PKnt inv..ligatio.s weE, erviegcd to sludy

rhe nihogen ftquienent md ue efiici.ncy and pod!.livitt of winrer vhar grcwn in

caEal l.8une copping sysl€n in add .nviromcnr of D.l.(tuh, Pakislan.

4lj.lWnatsrcrfi . ti.LlFno.LE

wh.!t plur height re sigificsrly .f.cr.d by tn pr.ding lcgune mp6 ddnitrogo 61cs. Intenclion of prcc..din8 doF ud N fcnjliac wE lle signif'cd.

Mdinum plot hekhr w6 Ecord.d whcn lnc b.rs.n w6 tnc pdeding mp (Tablc 2).

Plont h€idl in lhe chickpea lr.rtmcni wa significlntly low thd rh€ bes.cn

lEalm.nl. Signiicahtly low.sr plant h.ight w.s Fgisler.d in tn EUow nea[nent.

PIel heiglfi inc@ed signific.ntly with incr.sins 6le of N upto 75 18 hdl

Beyond lhis nL lt* wa ibsiSnifi*t .ftccr of thc hidesl f.nilizr dose.

6, llh.at lid.l pdmd.tat

wher yi.ld p.Dn t6 (!$dsrivc dlhB, gBi.s Fr spikc md l00O gnin

w.ien0 E toi*s io N 6t s ec signifi*rlt .fr6r.d by pdadiry leslms (T.!L 3,

4, 5). All ol $* [email protected] wcrc si8nilicdrly th. high.$ wnen fte pd.ding crep

72

*tcrr v6 bctgm (Es,prid clovd). h w follovrd by cnicb.!. L,{6r vtl*s of

ih* p6ml6 v.E tgrd.d in 0F p@ding f.llov rsrlMr Applicdion ofnihge. si8,iim y incF.s.d lhe pdm*6,

Ttblc 2: Dfi..r or.Dppl4 ..qu.!.6 ..d N E 6 o! rhal DLlt hcighr (.n)

lo5jh

lmifg

N

ro3l c

r03.3,

rlD fd cs - 0 521.. rlD [n N - 0J9t], llD fo. lildir - o.lrtzcs - cr.ttbs 3.{E€M.c fi'rrw.d br ffi rG N d dtricriry diftdr I F4.05 b LsD,

Sig.ifidrlt $. highcn pFduriE ill.R w.E c.otd.d d Ih. hth6l ldel ofN

(tm kg htr), follow.d by 75 .nd 50 kg h.'. b*el taUB !uh.6 wE tuilcd in

nirqfl onnol ft{tDqt orble 3).

T.bk 3: Efi€l of cmpphg 3.q!.ns ..d N nt6 o! thal pr.dmrivc r r.F

rJD for CS - 3J63, LSD ro<N - ? sl, LSD ior iddio . 2.442 CS = CbD'lnC s.q'ld€.tu f.u.*d by m. L6 n d diid.drr ditfd n P<0.0, b LsD

263 h x6g

313'

13

Cnim Fr spit *E rl$ siinifFdly in@!.<l ein inc@ira F€3 of N

lpplicnion, Ho*va, diffffi3 dw io I OO rNd 75 k8 h.' w@ n@3ignifi6l, t clrillcr nonbcB wd @rd.d in dE f.nili4r @naol t .!Ia (T.bl. 4),

T.bLa Ellet ofmDDirt 4q@r€..d t{ nr. o. tlal tr.l. P.r ldL

rsDft.cs-o.t1l9,IsDft.N-0.5271,lsDft.ldh.-0rla2,cs-cE 14t q!€EMdr ftlldql b, .e lG c d didi-l|} difftc'r r P4.05 b LsD

Whqr 1000 snin eidr incdscd lilniliqdy eith !'l..BiE ie|!g in N

f.nili2.r 6tci Hiahcn Bnin wcidn s G.dcd !l dF ftirnd rd. ofN .pplkii@ xdlop6t ii tE fcniliz.r oit ol ftrlndt (Tlblc 5)

T.U.l: Efi..ior.n!'d.!..qr..q .rd N nt or rl€l lo0o.trrlr w.lghtc)

o 7rc728

13/f3a

?t.86cd.

72.8r b

to.o3 f-

t015

5415 cd.-

53.titg

5tJ9 bc

ta.l I f5to3

51,25C

55.424

55.62,|

tsD hrcs -0.5611, LsD ft.N - 0l5aa, rsD tu ltuio, - Orl3t, cs - 6.rpi,||t {mMd! 6lL*.d by .e ldr c d di.i€lb diiF dP4.05 b!sD.

c tiologLal, 8tuln atd sio tidd

Biolosical Oabl. 6), ghin (Toblc 7), {d staw i.ld GlbL 8) EspoEs or

whear ro p€€ding lcgum. crops Md N 6&r Erc llmosl sinils, Highcar shcat yields

w@ c@idcd ih lb. lr.rhenls wher ih. pDc.eding oop ws h.ecn, This was

follow.d by trcah..t vne€ lhe p@@ding oop *6 chickpea. I-oa.st yi.l& w.re

recordcd in rh. pr.c.ding frllow [email protected], R6por*s of wneor b ditrccnt N nlca w.€

rl$ signific$t. R*po.*s to N .pplic.rion w.E hish.r in lhe faUa lFatrn.nt, fouowd

by chkkF. ud ih. b.lsn p@ccding !!l!Imrr Ovff lll highcn iclds [email protected] !t r[. hilild 6le ofN .ppliorioi 0oo k hi} fonoved by 75 ed 50 tg h.-r.

t wcst yiclds wcG [email protected] in $e @tuol f.nifi&r iEatn€nr.

Trbl.6: Elt cr ol creppitrg s.q!.n€ .nd N r.ts on qh€.r biologtc.l yLld (tg br'r)

o 1357 e

N

63131

LsD for cs . 114.0, LsD lor N -140.3, lsD for ltudioi .24trs - cmpriry $qu.c.M. follo*.d by lMr l.ra e! d dici.illy dlffdtrr i P<0.05 ro LsD.

Ellet of sppirg r.q!.!c .!d N dt6 oo rlar gnb y|.|d tg tt'

rsD tu CS - t9.70, LSD fo. N't9.?9, rlD fo. ril.did = 101.6, CS = Conjtrl equ.ffiM@. folro$ld by s. ldd e d dinj.dly darf4d n P{.05 b LrD

o

15

,t53j23I3I

rDO L2750 |

3433 g

3624 t

75

r.bb8: Etrer ol cmDpitrs r.qro6.!d N nrd o! sndr rrr..f, yi€ld (!s n. r)

4067 h

N

tx5 D

5311t

29rOf

'LsDfollfuxdol.l19.6'cs=crcPgiryqM.M*s lollov.d by rm. ldlr & ior ddini..rry dirf.E . P<0.0J b LsD.

TteE m no efrst ofprs.di.g l.gun.s on $e hw.st index. R.sulls i. .hie

Fsld 9ft @n-sisnifimr G.!h 9). TIF sisniiiqdy hi8h51 hw€st indd [email protected] d rhe niddl.6r. olN fcnilianion (75 kg l!|). Difl.m6 duc to higlEr,

lovcr Et s md @nllol ftl'tr.nt rcE n@-signifi@t,

r.bb 9: Enct of frppir! !.q@!s.rd N nr6 or rnat t.r6i lrdd %

2t, LSD fo. r'ldid . r.r 32, cs = corridc ..qheM63fol|ov.dbys.ldgedd

a AetuadL aflld.nq ( E)

Agrcnonic efiicidy wa abo 3igni{ic{dy lfat.d by th. p@€ding l.gunc

cop trcrtmenli dd nitosq dtes (Tabl. l0), Highcst cfiiciacy was Ecoilcd whq lh.

+ 4256" 3C1d

N

40370

76

pc.dins tEjlnqt w6 flllow. How!v.., thcF ws no sigDificet difcM@ due to lhis

rrsdn..t !d 6. on witn t cm F lcgun. cop. Als lhe ditr tros du. ro btn lh.l.gume crcps wm non-sisnifican1. with qrrds !o nt s of N lppli@liol! highcsl

emcie.cy ws eo(l.d &r thc ncdaun dr* (?5 kg ha r) of.ttlic.rion , cl@ly followed

bylhe highst one (100 kg ha-), I-o*.d.m.i.ncy B [email protected] th€ lo*esr nt of

Tlbl€ l0: Efict of cbpDltrg t.qu€ns .d N rds on *h..r rgreno&b emdenq

l5.t2d

lt.t2a

llD for cs= 1.917, LsD ror N= 0.7421, LsD fo. iirdrh . r.2l7.CS = Cmrri.l s.qreM.u 6rllfu hr !@. k c d friricdry dific.nr n P<0.01 b l-sD.

J CoftdaLn oftud p.tMd.6 ebh gtln lAd

Nitrosen rate, productiv. tillds, Edns D€r spik !.d N uptak in srin all

posnively @nlribured lFig l, 2, 3, 4) !ow.r& incraing rhe wh.al yield wnh very hicb

coftlarion values (l :0.9$ in all $e inrrlMs.

wn. 1000 grin wlight qs poliliv.ly corclaled qheFa, physiologicol

etnciencies NeE n g.rilcly @rclai.d (Fig 5 A 6) to wh@t Emin yield. However,

@ftl.tions wirh l|.t6e plmellB weE @mrd.tiv.ly nuch lowd, 6p*idly qith 1000

5{lx,

^/taqt_i ,t{ql

93ffi! 2500

E?SI ro0o,t 600-0

2a t0ta r{.. figih.l

Fi& r: Ral,rionlip h.rro r.3a nl€.rd rne. gnir rild

i

'!o

350€

3&025@2@15@

y= 18.95x-2373.R. = 0.995

fit.l: Rcl.rioNtip bcts ed Drud.crlv. rllld D ' rtrd Ftdl gnh yl.ld

78

o

2000

i000

071,3 72 72.5

Olalnsspken

FB J: R.briNtip b.rro gnl! .pl!. ' ..d rlar lnh tLld

J lxo

5.5 5! 555

lq,o r.h wdfl l9n.)

fts r: R.brlo!.hlD b.trq l0O0 snb r.lahl.rd rndr 8nl! yl.ld

19

5000

.1000

3000

2000

totx)

o

y= -1,t2.5x + 604€.R.:0.999

28303PnFb|lglcd dichncy ll(g6(gD

Ft, 5: Rdrbul|p b.rwd pltlioloaL.l .fllcLlcy ..d rhai inh ti.ld

: 306I 2raog 2ooo

€ looo

7o

il 0R3k. lk!)

Fb.6: Rel.tiouhlp berim limg.n uprtar.d qhar gntu yi.ld

30

.l,l,aJ. Nltmsetr .oletrtnlior .!d trptdt b wne.! N Bov.ry, phv,iologhtl

.nf,bcy, N ut ttrir dfi.Llcy .nd Nirt g.n hiR6t irdq

4 Ninoaa @nuti lt rh.d grti"

Niuogd @nqL.riot in *h@. gnin ws signifiddv .lTcctd bv winret

leeumes lnd N ra&s (Table I I ). Th. inl€radion .f.cl of legon. crops and N 4t s werle sigrifiut Nid.8m trent rion in wi.!t ws 3ignifi6rlt low* in tlc r.llov

ftalmenl comped to beKm and chickpea Ho*evet, lhe difiemcca due 10 chickp€a

lnd bcMo *eF not signii6t, lftsing 616 of N applielion t{li.d in

pro€rssiv. incr4le in N con@dtration in griin Tnus higbest conqtndon (2 1 5%) wd

@ded !r the ni8h61 Rtc ofN .pplicsrion Dd lh. loe.sr (l-84%) in dE fcnilizer

coni'ol rredridt (T.bL lI).

Etrcct ol cmpPilg !.qucrs .nd N drB on litmsen Cmenlntion

r.lD t ' cs:-e8d, uD t". n " aosr, tsD for l.hcdor - 0ra5l4. ( s - cop!'4 4!Ee

M.'i,Id.db'{d.h'.t.ddd.dd||ydr&Elt|r4GbBD.

t Nit osa @MEdto, ld *t tr ttr$

NitDgen @ncdE tion in vhal stls (T.!k 12) ws much lflq in vh'!t gnin'

NrhSen conan$.rion In *nw $as siSn rlicsnllJ atfecLed bJ pr.cedingl'eirmecropcdd

N mr6- Int@don of 1.8!ne cop3 Dd N rar.s *e ale signind! HiSn€$ N

corcenlralion in stmw ws rccord.d in bers.m cDp l@menl, fouoq'd bv chickp'a h

0'c ti) N

0

50

100

l.?3 8

l.9l cf

2-03 c

2.11^

r.95 B

t.87 f195d.

2.18.

2.02,1

|,92de

t,96 d

2.09 b

2.16a

2.03 A

Lal D

1.94 C

2.6 B

2.t5,1

8l

chickD€a r&aube conc.ntltion B silni,lcdrly low6 th& b.Mfl tEanrn( Fallow

ftahenr esulred in sigDif@tly lo*sl @.c.ntnlior in wh.ar sftw The @@nhtion

of N in sd.w lollow€d ine 3me plitem $ in gFin. N @ndtlirion incEls.d with

incBing t.le orN- The hid.st onentdion ws [email protected] th. hishcn leEl of N

appli€lion 0 0O kg N hr'r) ed lowen in $. a.nili4r ontol tt*n .t

LsD ror cs - t0l579lsD lor N = o 0l!.,, LSD hr lft*tid - 0 m3r5, cs = ctuFing sau.FMdi rolldd b $r bEamtsdidl, difi.mtrt-005bLsD

Efiet ot cmppiog t qu.rcd rld N r.t6 o! litroger cotra nrion

c Nlrlog$ tprLk2 i^ Nh@r

NitFgen uptale i. wh.t !r.in (T!bl? l3) lnd elraw ('Iabl€ 14) ed lotll upl*.(Trble 15) {ere sigificmlly af.ct d by thc Pcc.ding legune cops and difeEnt 6les

of N applic,tion. Nilrcg.n uprdke p.n.tn in rll $ee p@n t€6 *ee exacllv alite

Upbke incrta$d poere$ively dd eignificdtly wi$ increaing ntes ofN a9pli@lion

Lowest upbke lalu.s w.E Ecorded in $. f.llow ftahe.t Upbke was sienitiqnllv

gEct.r i. fEornenl *i1h leemca F pFc.ding ctops, However, difi.r.hcs in N utbke

due !o pEcedi.S 1.8m. cops wE not 3iginsnr

(kc h. ')

15

lm

N

0,64 g

0,65 g

0.12f

059 C

0.48d

0.E? b

0.85'

0-85 c

0.92 a

0,471

0.71C

0.78 C

0,81,

0.85,,r

N

0

t0

75

t00

31,79 t

53-829h

6t,31c

5t.27 h

65.!!f

93,15!b

T.At A

60.06 f8

?586de

93-23 ab

4223 A

49.10 D

65,00c

a3,24 B

91,t7

I.Db13: Eltet ol cmpDirs *q.ds xd N nrd otr tlal lhBtd!Dr.t httargni.

T.bb 14: Elt4t or cmppi4 rsq&nce .nd N nl€t or *[..t !ltN!.b oDt k€ itr

*h.rt rtnt

.56;tS = r J6a IsDlciN = a277,rlD i!. tddis - 7.lor, cs = cottbs t qwM4r forlow.n by $. h6 * rd disd..lly dilld . P4.05 o LSD.

tsDE;G-t33. LsD r' H25o, LsD it bE*i.tr = 2.t6tcs'cqa,i. 'a*m.Md 6rro|.d by s. 116 c d didoily difi*d ! P<0 01 b Lsrr'

tk L.n) N

50

75

100

13.09

u.t3f

45.38c

30.12 C

39.35d

51.28b

21.25 B

39.19 d

5l.lt b

55,89!

47.721

10,85 D

t5.45 C

43,13I

50.85,4

33

r.bb l!: E f.t cnDFle ,€qr€!q rld N nts on sldr tor.l drngolpt lc ir Gni! + etni)

0.i h.n) N

50

t0o

s6.l9j

?3.01 ir06.4 f132.2 c

93.19C

85,22h

103.?g

121,5 d

|5.2 8

100.1 g

l2l2e

tlo.51

80.50D

t0t,0 ctx5.l B

t14.3 A

d. Phlttototlcat .fr.hncr PE)

PhFiologac.l €ftciacy (18 gGidrg N udli4d) {[email protected] signilicutiy du. 10

inctui.g nr.a of nitrsa .ppliqlion. Signifiody hislE$ etrcicnc, wa [email protected] ttrhc low.sr dE ofN alplicdion (50 ts h!r) 4d tlovgl.fEcidcy lh. hiStEsl dt of

T.blG16: Edst of crcppilg [email protected] .nd N nt6 o! whal Phy.iologicd dnd.Nf,

lJDfolcs-,.{t'LsDfdiN-l'37!.LsD'oll**im-r21,,cs=chpp'Dg*q!.Fv.d folloBld b q. hh ft d d

' sD ro'.s -. 176, LiD ro' N'dwo r.(q LsD ro' hM'd'2 675 .s crcDins s.{kk

(LC h.') N

3020 b

24.91 d

21,t| A

E€

0t0

75

Itx)

33,29a

28,t0b.

25.9lcd

29,t01

30.37 b

30.53,4

32,65 A

28,4t B

25.9t C

M.8 ft'rrowd by r@ ld( d d fljdi..lly difiEui ! P<0,05 b LsD.

8,1

c Ntuogd diriztlitn 4F.i.,c! (NaE)

Nitogen udli2adon cfica.ncy wa ioud to be siSrrifimllr hishest in f.llow

lEatnen! followed by chiclp.. dd beeeo (T!bl. l?). Nihg.n utilizllion €mci€ncy

deE&d wilh an increN i. th. rar ot N applidion, R.larionship b€em N al* ndN urilizlio. effci.ncy is shown ih Fig. 7, hl.r.ction .f.cls of pEcedine leguftB tud

niloeen rates on N uliliation emciency w?E ako sisnifi.dt. Such etf{l3 were noE

conspicuous in fauow !s compaEd to prcc.dingchickps sd b.rsen crops.

1|fi""{ig"-llt***''d N nr" otr $hqr tritroa€o tr'.idrrob

iiicdty ditf.eii { P<0.05 b LsD

J Niioss tuv6t inds (NEI)

Nnrc8en hraest index (Tablc I 8) w.s aho affe.ted siEnifiodtly by lhe p@€dins

leglnes md nitrosen application tlles. Signific.ntly high€d NHI ws r*ded in rhe

fallow lr.Me.!, followcd by chiclqca, Lowd valo* wee @orded for bclsmLatnmr. The hish€st valucs of NHI *.8 obs.R.d ot ?5 kg N hr-r fouowen by l0O &d50hti. oldall elalionsnip ofN ncs sd NHt isshoM in Fi8. s.

lrjod

lt.17l

29.70 h

3t_69 B

N

1191A

33.47 B

I t_36 C

30.13D

ll20f

10,90 g

29.60 C

18.,o.

I l.t0 fJA_14,4

85

taa

I

Ft.7: R.btloDhlD D.trd !ltrog.! dt€ ..d lltilto .alb.dor .Ild.!.t ol

1..l"t.a ,lo 60

Fi& t: R.Ldouhip b.t!r6.lnoa.! ntq.!d !ltt!A.r l.ddr l!.Lt ofulat

86

6020I62,90 f6,1.80 d64.50 d63.t08

N

62.47 C61.E3I621A61,49 t

05075100

6L2ob

69.t0.6621c61.9,1

60,00 g62.60 f64,50 d63.90 c62,75 B

T.bl. lE: Efiet of.Dplhg &q!..e..i1 N nr6 o! rlat lhtogd !.n.t ltrdd

l,SD fo. CS r.qrc - 9,11t, LsD tu Nirqo - 5.322, llD ld iMion - 9,llt, cs - cdgpiiss.qb.. Mlm blLeld by !6. lc e d

'rdnidly difir.d . P<0.0t b LSD,

LSD dE tu C.S - o.rsa d.i!h {.ox},rlD du Gf N l*b 4,Iat, llD vdE 6r iahrim -0J1t2. Mlu forrord t ,e re & d.ddto,rr ditl*d d P4r, b rsD-

& Nnroga @Exr @r)

Nitogcn @t.ry vnich L xrl.lly Flqi.g. of lot l nitoged upld@ in vnan

Fr lin of N 4Pli.d w.5 [email protected] by N ni.s. It mg.{t lDn 41.0 to 6t%.

Nitosd @v6, &cc$.d sigifMdy *il|i iauiiS 6t6 of N .pplic'lioi. HiSnc$

N @v.ry B tsrd.d lt d!. lorql nI. of N .Dpliclrion. High$t N Gord, ws !l5o

@nLd in fallow tstndt. Difrc66 ii @vcry dE lo pE ding l.gunc cop

r.atDcnt! *4 norsi9if@r (hbL l9).

T.bL l9: EllBt ol rln Bt rbr.r LglE .!d N nr.. o! rlat [email protected]

62.3611

16,95 d

5tltt 'lB

60,r8t

87

4133. Nitrqo r.qdEddt orrf,at

Relatit. sBin yi.ldr (7d 3 afT4t d by wind lc8umc 6d N als wee

colcular€d. A plor of rclalive gEin yi.ld and dLs of hitrogcn feniliz. aPpli.d is 8iv€n in

Fig 9. Nitrogen Equiremdl of wnd for obbi.ing near ddinun yield (95 o/, Elldre

yield) h6 ben ploned as shown in th. ff! 9, Niirog.n requi€ment ofwh€at after fallos

wd fouhd to be 9l ks hdr, It.$ rcquiFoeit att r cnictFa dd beNeem winter

legun.s were found to be 82 and ?2 k! htr, Espcctively Therefod, io ordq 1o achieve

.err n.ximum yield (95ol.) of *h.at ift r bd*.m 6nd chiciF., about 2l% sd l0%

le$ "iliog.h

w6 needed as conptrcd to flllow.

100

='; 80

650

4025 50 15

Nitrogen applied (ts ha r)100

Fir: 9 Niimso requir€bent ofsn.rt $.fi*l.d by wi €r ksuE6 ad N mr6

88

a.l,3.4, E6no6L .ndrri! oa N f.ritllrttlon

Eoononic lhal'sis ofnilrogm Lniliarion ofwn ai eM an r winic! lcgumcs is

Con:b.Efic 6rioi w@ g46lly higls for *hc!r $M aft6 b.l34, follo*.d

by chickF. Orbh 2o). t vEsl Elws ol cod: bdcllts 6ti6 v@ @ordcd for wh..lssn in fallow lre.obo! C6t b€nefils vlllcs incE{sed wnh incEain! n16 ofnitog.n. Thus $e hiShest valks weE rlcordcd .r ln. hiShesl Ete ofN f.rliukr ( 100 kg

har). Economic malysis rvealed thal N f.nilizlion of wheal sowhlnervintcr l.gumc!

upto 100 kg hr'' wa qune wnrl dd profiLbl..

h [email protected] ot.au

M.rginll 6re of etun (MRR) of N f.nilizrion lo wh..l incEs!.d eid einc@ in thc ferriliE nt and Minum MRR v.lu6 w€c foud ar fcftiti2.r El. of75 kg N h. r Gsblc 22), nris *s r{. for atl tlrc rhF winter lcgu&t trst rcnt3.

Mdinum MRR at 75 dd lO0 kg N ha-rw!rc found in qse oI fallow- In ce of chickpea

dd b.Mm, MRR values ser..hc high.fi.r ?5 kgN h!r, follow.d by 50 k! N h! i.

Ho*ev.r, lowcat vdlus v@ d.Emin.d for IOO tg N hd'. Al1h. v.lu.s \4 much

highd |ns 100 % suss€ding thai e of N fdliliz.r fo. wh..r poduction is hignly

89

ae

i

t

B

T

F

n

d

d

;aiYL

ta

tilrl.!ttt,'

I

,.

!

3rE

-t

!

iE€d_x c

6E{

:€rtE{ t EEF

s FR

cgi"E6

ai6

3Ee Fg a

E:g I E+ g

€ qa

E 9 5

1E^E;:5dg

6

t5

90

a

&

3

T

lc

'itI !E- r!I :Ea !tO F€6 iiE-!:

;E.EI

ag

E'r t

a&.

*t tE

t! !p

E!'c

s-E

.

5 g

€

8

I

B

E

E

E,

!IEE

9l

r.r,b2t: Eou *.a- a.dIO dE.dr |l brt-oarlr..l|rr

F.lLr O.aS OO1,l l5"2o

Ctid'F dt onto !O3a

B.6 0.61 olb3 a?Jl

. 5.1,f m3 15.7

12.66 €.0 96.6

2tltt ?60 lm?

or) &)

lq{|(rars')

NH.N

(p.rs )(khl

509

t2to

eL - whE l.a6c 6r - otrlir rG, M N - !0r..d rboF

92

In $. pE$.. inv.sriaatio. wintd wh..l p'ductivity ptu.t B (rodlctir.

tille6, snin p.r spite. 1000 sEin e.igb! grain dd slraw yi.ld) q.c aignifiody

imprcved du.lo pftedi.8 legum$ (chickF! dd beeen) od increding 6t s ofN

fetilizei. Prcc.ding l.gun s imp@ved $e eil orgeic man€r, loLl minc6l N, (Trble

22), *hich h.lp.d ih ihproling whor yi.ld pmmeleB. These pam.tc6 *ef.

Fosirivcly corcl.t d wi$ whdl Crsin yi.ld rh$ ghily ontributing in inpoving eheal

prDduclilitt, Simib li.dings hlve Eportcd by A.d.nddin and M.yd (l9l) ed lhe

Dalal e, z/, 198 wno obsN.d h'ene. ihs 3G6O kg ninedl N hr'r in $il mt Dne

follow'ng lcgudcs rhu c@l cBps in th. $m. ovimmen! which cotuibut d in

inpoving 1h. whol productility. AI$ lcgun$ in rctalion witt ceFah @uld have

condburcd in impmvinS soil physical prop.ni.s, cnbooins soil sustainability (S.hchez

?r al,, 1989), rcsulting in inprcved wh..t yi.ld prcdu.tivity. Thee findings ac in

asEo. {irh rhos cpotred by Rte ., al 2007, schulz€ sr zl I99 !, b, M€weer a|. t9a9, Cnn4.n.t at.,1992). TIE iNEes in whd yi.ld havc bcn iniibur.d io

holh nitnte 3plring by lcsunc (Eves., dl, l99l) ed nindl'8lion ol cop fsidB(CmD!.ll dr al, !992). In alnost all situations iml6cd N supply callt.d in inc'4dyield offouowing cere!|, S.hulz(1995 lnd Dal.l4 al (1998) epon.<t wh..t EsponFs

of 0.5- L5 t ha r !d 40- l0O% 10 prious le8!n! cFps conpded lo Nheat atut wheal.

Improring crop utilizalion of nnd$n t .xlr.nely inportaft foi obai.ing

ruinum eonomic cmp yields. This hB now bc.on€ .vo moE inpoidt in vi.w of

slatin! @nds in fcrtilizer prjc, ovenll .n.rg/ cnss dd qviDnm.nd pollution

dems. h lnis sludy pEc€dins l.sum. cbp3 sd nihgh nt s sisnifidtly atr4l|d

rhe N lpralc in Snin dd sltas. nitog.n hdcst i.d.x (NHl) sd phr3ioloSiel

.m(en(y NtrFg.n up| ke qa sonelJ a$oriakd sirh gEin )ield (/ - 0.99'. lhese

dsul$ s in [email protected] wilh Singn rnd Arcn (2001 ). N u are $d NHI wcre signifi.lht

sslg *nh pFc.ding legrme crcps a3 compdftd lo f.llow tr. m.nt, N llili4lion

etrrcicncy wc th. hieh.$ in ft fallow ro|'tr.n! follo*ed by chiclqs od b€entsnndl' lt drcpp.d signifimdy with inc@ine 6res of N aPpliolion, Nioogen

9l

E@very follow.d the pait m of N uiltalid sirh etF.t to pd€ding lc8!n cop6.

Howcver, on th. onlnry, N Mt.ry incnted wilh im|%ing 6B of N This is

conrr.dicbry to dlier finding (Sindr ild Aron,2001, Banedjschali..t dl,200?) N

@rc.y by whcar 6ecd from 50 ro 67 %. Tnis ir Fd[!s dE ro dE @n lh.l in lh.

Dr€s..t sludy low N Fcs than lh. EoonDend€d one wee used. Thus st ctcr

proponion of N ws bt . up by whdq Gulting in inpmrcd N dor.ry' Tn e findings

c in!gem. widi rhoe ol tlpcz-Betlido., aa (2005).

Oprimlm ld.ls of orgdic matrer in sil @ acnnlly @8nizdl6 @o6tor'.

lor su€esfiil aS.icultud productivily in nost {res (Vanlalw ,, 41 2001, Meel.x

€r d/. 2OOl, Zh..g dd H. 2004). Orgeic tuld in sil help! mdnilin $il N redililv,

wnich is cslill b 'ftprcv€

dd sustain ccMI yiel&. Ale it di@dv or i.diEcllt

afi.cts ch.nic.l, phrsical ed biologiEl soil poFnies tnft tf€d ctop p.rfomd.e. ln

eid Md eni- dd ESiom sil o4lnic mtrd l€veh e low dE 10 ls npid oxidldon

and Grulranl Door N fenility (zho, 1934, zhdg s/44, I99?) The&fore, inpoving th.

d.at cop lsd pmdlctiviry ,mugh irclusio, ol winkr l.lrlme b onraon 4d

incrc.sing N !! efiicicncy vill bc tqui,ln lo &hicv. food $clntv .nd .cononic

snbiliry 6l@mlri6 with high popol.rion 8rc*1|j !tle.

4.2.Study2r Ell4t or grdtr l€gum lltcr.mDPltr3 in rhqt tnd nihog.n

f.itiliatio! o! tn. p..drdni9 orol xhar .nd gnitr leglE. lot BrepFd

A field $!dy ss conducl.d on Slsru Soil aridisls (ypic camb.rthidt t ?ictl

ol did bnd! of D.l.Kns during 2002{3 rd 2003{4. TIE .feB of l.gm€

int rcopping sd *heit on ctch other wee sludied by Srowing leellm.s Nch .s mefin

Gv lMl), hiril (Q M,s 93), ud chick F. (s cn'72), sd c€dl cbp wh... (cv

D!mm-98) coch alo.e Md 2:l tlLtnale ors 15/45 .8 tptn conbinttion Nirosln

f.dlia Er.s ed wcrc O,70, lOO, llo dd 160 ks hdr' Exp.nft w.s or$ni2.d in

split ddilll witn 4 repliotions, usi.g cmps in min plots ..d N 6i.s in sub_plob

R6uIs show.d signifi@tly nutlal .ffed of both legloe int.doF Md sned on @h

orher, Wh..l 8rain5 per spik , l0OO cDin wcicl , biological dd gBin viel<t NeE

signifi@tly afr*tcd by l€8unc int aopping md N .ppliqrion rEr.s, rvhar vitld dd

yicld oonponehl *et @nsislendy dd significfldv Er€ler shen

thhout lcgm. int.Edps. Ditr@ncd due ro lcSum inrdeops wcE nor siSnilidt An

inicnclions of des. param.tc6 betlv.en l.gum. iht 6rcps and N nt s w€E 'lso

toh_

3i8!ili6r. Por€in in shor ghin wB sisnifiqntlv hid.sl vith .hic*F. inercopping,

bul *6 $cohd snd 3d wnh meltd tnd tenil i.EErcpping. Pot€in i. SBin d<t sl€P

*s sienificdtly loser whct wh.ar ws grem alonc Prctin in SIdn ard stEw

incfted sigrlicctolly wilh incEding N nt s Th. vield of leerd. intercdps q6

sieriistly tduc.d due to inr.rcopping eid wh.r . Tt.ir vield omponcnts md

nunb.r ol.odules .Dd th.ir *eight (frsh & dry) w.rc sig.ificrndv lov'r in wh{t llote

K.y rord.: C6in legMc i.crcrops, Nimgcn l.n'lzLion. Pr'ductivrq of whslrvhqr stzin ptotein. PDdudivitv or Snin l.grrm.3

In sid ed sni{iil ESions, lgriculnldl $ilt h.vc low orgdic mttr ad p@r

inhe6.t N soil fertiliiy, ahd slrwtu l sustainebili8 Ldd holdings !G snrll dd firn€6

95

aE donly poor dd unabl.lo u* csnlill inputs.sPeially nitr.E.nous ferlilia cop

yields @ lo* dd fetor ptoducdvny detinin& Inpovins th. ceml yield.speiallv'

Whcarland prcdudivity thFulh incllsion ol winter lcglm6 'nlctDpping

svsLn will kE(uned b ahiw. foo<t *curity dd.conodic abbility of *ond s coulries aith high

tr Fincip.l l.gunitous ovd cDps cu b€ intDduc.d in crcpping svsLn eidi.t

s ! cohDon.nt of tot tion ot thNgh inteFoPPins lni.mPPing t a omon l41urc

in uldiiional faming ol3mau lddholdes. .spechllv io sid crcp ldds t povid.s

fmins with vdiely of Enlns fom l.!d, lalor but .ls h.l!6 to .fliciendt utiliz. tn

Eooees. (Monis lnd Gamy | 993, Li et a1..2003)

hcrcopping is conmonly uscd in fodge .rcps in org$ic svsteds bll is 16'3

@mnon in d.bl. crops. (Lmpkin ed M6u€s, 1999) S.t.Bl .ffetivc in&do!

cohbination of ce.als lhd les]ldes ho. b.c. develop.d d.donsr.ti'8 lhrt

incEmppins offe6 th€ opPorlrily lo imtt4 tn u$ of svhbioicdlv fsed 'itrqpn

without @nprcnisinS Eoin yicld (J.nsn, I996i Buhon .r ot, 197) Unds sowing of

cld.r irlo c@ls it a ohmn psrie {or ddtlishing lavs (T.vlor tl z/ , 2001)

h inr.rcoppin& inl.Fspecific @nFririon bctwen i @opp'd q"i6 @@r rd apd(r fom pmductivig Md nilros.n fixing 6bilitv, @mP'titiv' sbihv becon"

morh6 obvioG chust r d.amining ine suiobilitv of. l.8mi@s sp6E3 s @Ycr

crops. Intercopping syslen h.ve th. poLnli.l to eni.v. higfi lrnin vicld p'r u'it da

!d ons.qwntly gMtet lDd u* .rrciscy thd el. cop, dmush 'fiici'nt

@ of

Esurc6 such 6 lilht, wal.r and nul&nts (wilhv, 1980) liLr.opping, 6p4iauv wilh

@.1 + l.gu. @hbimtiot! 6 ill.r!& poduction un'ler dinf'd @ndilions

(Ch!tl.rj.. and Msd.l, 192) Mirllrs of ccrcft dd l.Suncs hav' b"n found 10 givc

high* yi.ld lhd oFn Esp.clite el. coF (Shm.t ar, l99l) co r'rv lo this ol|l'!

rese.rchds hav. r.poned ih.t ield lnd vi€ld.oEpone.ts of whqt w'rc significmltv

att@t d by Ewiltion of chicb€a, hnl ed 6F..d (Mdir d' al ' |98) Nst e' at

198) reDoned th i eftrcpping of lentil, sNoon .nd chickPea d'cr'6ei lh' whdi

yield over whot alone under un-inignt.d condilions; howev.ii the loss *ee

@D€nsr€d by rhci. .ddnioal hd.n in lcms of d in@ne b momcr sMv'

sis.ificantly th. hid.st wh..l yi.ld Ms ealized whd chickp€a w.s itt rcrcpped'

follow.d by l.ntil inEEmpping (Khe €r ar 2005.) r,s6t vicld re obllined with

BDeead int r.opping (KhM el "l 2005 b).

tn sh..r i €ropping' N supply n on of th! nott limiting fa.to6 to what

yicld, Th. rcsulc hav. @nsirt ntly showed $.1 onlt 3@ll ftution (t l7 %) or l.gume

cov.r cbp slppli.d N ws Fovd.i by qhc.t, 10-78 94 wG Erait'd in the $il ud

7.r2%*6losr(taddar4l, l99l dd.loE, l9q)).

Fof sustaini.g wh.rt P'lductivny, n is, fieEiotc' impctol've to promore

M.onieuy vilbL ud mviomcnlilly lri6d int dotio.s lhoueh slihblc l'tinl.gume intercoppinS .nd optimud ni[ogcn supplv Preent sludv wts lheEforc,

.nvisg.d 10 inveslisat! dr inpm of in EdPpi.g of glio ke]ric md N fertiliarion

on wndt dd gFin Lgun. in|rcrep podutivilr'

,llj. R6!l! ..d di*usio.

,t 23.1, wlat gtwd .!d thld Fnb.tcE

Two yc& drt! of wh..l Plot h.igh s affccl.d bv diffdnt i'&dbpping ed

niEosen Ei6 e prcs.nt n in Tablc 23 lnlcrcmp .flctr on ehot pldt hiSl r@

no.-3i8liliconl <tu.ing 2OO2-O3 How.vs, dilfeEnc6 in Pldr h'ight dlrirg 2003_04

wcre 3ignifiqnt. Mdinun plsl h.i8h ws @tdcd w n chic*fs i eso0 follow'd

91

Trble23: Ef,et ol dllfeMi leiun€ iniercrep! ttrd N lirnl'.r n& on p|tt.thl (d) of 116l

r",r*"r" ildrh.ighr (cn)zmr:2@1 2003-04 Md

LSD

98-56lt o.49100,?6

100.92NS

l0t.72bl0l.5l.bl0l.86a0.36t9

101.00

t't,24l0t.t9

NS

F:= 100

LSD

s5.o6d"98.43 c102,86b

lo?28 a|.809

87.50d"

103.86b108.21.104.22 !0.5185

86,2898.96103.36

ro7.15|.t6t1

80-t3973410t,98r06,67t06,62

86,8?9a.62102.96t07.61101,62

81.5093.00102.41

101.t7t01,12

86,4598.50102.90

t0125r01.32

37.4599.50103,90

108:5t08-32

86.959.00103.40

101.15

107.82

l'"Fo a6.1198.71101.00107,50

l0?,84

81,1399.1310,1.00

108.50

108.60

47.23992t103.50

t08,00108.22

I{xFl

LSD

86.9599,12101.55107.6.r

107,32NS

cl,95100.12104,55108.&108,12

NS

8?.458.62104.0t108.02r01.82

-ffi;iffi b' d,rto-, r@ L ' -t',* "eird"d)

drft'dd P<0 0t

98

M.thro. DitTeE.ces du€ to l.htil chd n thra inter.rcps w.r. non-sjgnificMc Low6l

plul heidt w6 E@rded wh.n whot ws s*n aron..

Nitrog.n f.niliar dr6 afrcclcd ih€ Pl!t1 hcidt sigdficdd, duing bolh lhe

r!a6 under sludy. Signincmtlylhe mdidum plant heiSht w6 @ordcd with th. hislen

drc (160 l(g h! 5 olN fenili4r. How.vr, diff@nc6 dE lo $is 6r. and llo l(8 ha-i

{cc non+iglificdt. Bolh of thcse mte produ@d Pldts with sierificlntlv l4lt.r Plont

h.idr iho lO0 ks N ha-r, which in luh prcduc.d Pldts wnh tig'ifiddv erot r plel

bciglrr rhan 70 kg haI. Lrw.s pl..t beishi vd nlisietd in the coniml lErtnent

Inr.Ecdon of int rcrops and N fenili4r nt s *.re mn{ignilidi

D.b pqt ininS b Productivc tilL6 n : s afi.ctd bv thc Lgune int rcoF md

N fcniliats aE siven in bbl. 24. Poductile illeb {cF sis'ific..dv lf.cted bv l'eilme

int rop3 dd N f.nilter ELs Intc@dve .fiect of lcSune inr.Erops 4d N 6r's weE

dle sigificsnt. signifiqntly gealer nunb.r oltille6 *ere @rded in th' whd alone

tdune.t. This ws follow.d chi.kpea, rclhd rd lentil int.Eop6. Hoa'ver, rh'

difier.ce duc ro ncthd lDd lenlil wft non+icnificanl Nnog.. dt s siSnifiMtlv

inctsed $c producrive till.6. Si8nifiqdy gFater nunb€6 ol till6 *.8 ccoded al

th. hiSnd N dte 0 60 kg ni ), Low.sr nunbls of lill.6 seF @rd.d in the fcnilizer

contol tEalmenl. Ptoducriv. riu.rs in vtious l.gune incr coP reahenr Erc

significontly incrcdcd by incE6i.g Er.s ofN. Inceas6 in pdducliv. tille6 du' 10 N

atplicdion weE noc Ponirdl in whqr slone eah.nt.

Dat! penaining to numbet of Sllis Pd ePik 6 inflwnced bv inLEroppng {dN f.nili"{ion e p6.nLd in hble 25. During borh tn ved lnder studv. dif'dncos in

gr.ibs Fr 3pilc du. to inl.rcops w.E non si8nifidt. How.v.r snert 'lon'

prcdued

significmdy noi gBins p.r spike $.n wten 8rcw Nilh vdious legm' inteftoPpins

99

r'leos Pr.d!.1itel|lktsm''2002'01 2003_04 Md

LSD

729n r

124.2b

5.r50

335.4 !322.2.118.6 c326.4 b

5.016

132-5 zt20.7 b316.8 b125.3b

t.083

N nr" (ks h.')

LSD

230.8.2830d140,5c358,8b378.0 a

4.221

233.3.290_8 d366.8c3?9,5 b383-0 !3.318

212.05.2E6-9 d353.65c

3.779

215.0c

295.0 i165.0 c

175.0 b

231.0k301.0h

387.0.

236.0

298,0

370.0

380.0

28t.0j342.0 |360.0 d

213.0 kl290.0 i3?0.0f

383.0 b.

23t.15247.5

356.0

381.5

l8t.5212.0n242,,0k

33lt.0h

235.0t2980 h360-0 g

l7l.0f31rt.o d

233.5

290.0

347.5

360.5

t11.5

LSD

226,0.210.0k120.0 h350.0.380.0 a

4.221

210.0 i

280.0j162.09J19.0 d

3.3t6

224.0

215.0

341.0

164,5

180.5

1.778

Trbl.14: f,fft.iofdmd haun. hlenroF..d N nrdlt r nt6d pr.dude d||E n'

_M-6 r.lb".d br d'fld 1.6 i.. .crur m igunm$ d'fi.€r . P I 0 05 l.Et

100

T.U. 25r Eltlct ot d&El ttro. br.|sF Dd N nL d tnb! Fr.dr. oa

TEtF s GniBF3piL8U24t 200344 Md

LSD

63.75 r59.E0 b60.l6b60.36 b2t52

6125.

6l,l8b6l.3Eb2.3&.

63,[email protected]@[email protected]

F+ t6O

51,62.51.03b6tr5 r6837.

5EJ2 c6t.9 [email protected].

,18,48 d5E.l2c6t.50 b6412.6E.E r

tsD

IrrF2

L3,4

,19,00

63256t014,.256E.7t

2.tn

t0.00642562&,m25(o.15

49.t063J561.5269.15

@25lrxF0

IrxF2

41.955.30Jt870.n67.n

149256.31'

&.8768.666.n

4aa255.80&.3768.'68..t7

[email protected]

14.1556956r.8?6E.9069.t2

,ar556156t.175E.t{68.42

Lx Fl

I.xF3

LSD

4.t556.0062.61.r26t.42NS

4E.37t7.0063.t06[926942NS

11.16t6.t062.136a4268.92

t0l

Difiercnces in sEins Fr spik due to N Ets weE signinqnt duing 20(D-03 ed200344. c6is Fr sp't incF$.d wi$ pogFsive inclls in N 616. High.sr number

oa BFi.s per spite w€F Ecord.d at tne high.sl6re 060 K8 N hri) olN f.nilizrtion.

Ditrercnces due 10 l3O dd 160 kg N h! weft no.-silnificdt Bolh ol th.sc Et s

produ@d signi6c..tly norc numb.r of g6inr per spikc tns | 00 kg N hd'. Ltwd 6re

of N (?O ks ha r) pDdu@d si$ificdly l.*r .onber or SBins lhM I o0 kg h!'. L,vbtnumbe4 oa gdns were recorded ih rhe conrol trerd.ent (qithout f.nilizcr. InteEctive

cffe.6 of inrrcepping dd N fcnilier dtcs w.E non-significdt durins bot de rd

Dll. Fnlining to 1000 gFir wi8h s atrscd by inlEmppins ud !ilro8!.

nres for 1wo yeu (2002-03; 200344) of sludy a€ depicl.d in Lble 26. Effats of

intNrcpping. N .ales rnd iot Ecrion ofN nte and leslnc inlErops on 1000 cr.in

rcisl* wca sienili@t. All $. iitercrops tmdhra lctftil dd chicrF.) 3igrifiqdy

Drodu.al lowtr 1000 sEin w.ighl ttm wh.at .lon . How.v.r, ditTeMG duc lo vdious

inteeopting w.E non-significrht. Thus hiShest 1000 Itin wcidls *er. 68htered in

*h..t alon ftatne Nirogcn 6t s silnificedy incta.d lhe 1000 Snin w€iCit.

Higna( IOOO *iClt ws cod.d at thc 6t of160 ks N h!r. DifieEnG duc !o 160

and 130 kg N har w@ non-sigrrificdt. Ho*cver, !00 tg N ha' Prcduced signifrcdity

lowd l00O lrain veieit thrn bolh ofthe highcr at s 060 and I lO ks bdr). but prcduc.d

8ni. wnh SFarr looo wilhr thd lhe low6r Ele oo rg N h!'). si8rifidtly in.

10*61 scishls sd egst cd in rh. re]lilizd @nEol t totdr.

lnkdtir. efr.cb of intr.opDing dd N fertilizes on 1000 gnin reilhl were

lls signifidnt during the Fiod uder srudy. Whe.l.lon poduced nod 1000 gnin

w.i&i d dilt Enl Et of N .ppliqlion, How.vs, lll lhc i.lercDppi.g Poduced

compaBble 1000 gr,i. weiShtal dif@nt mt ofNappliotion.

102

T.bl.26: E|Icr or did.dr Lgun bt FreF .d N |'rrilid nt6 d l0{0 tni!TF.tn.nrs 1000 Cr6in qeiellt {g)

200241 200344 Mem

LSD

5320b

53.68 b0_6498

53_66 b

53,92b51.C2h

0.,1496

53,41b53.68bJ3.8t b0.5497

F:= lo0Fr= 130

[a= 160

LSD

52,61c

56.56.

03124

55,30b

0.3419

52,83 c

5r.t0b

56.93.0,3583

lr xF2lrxF!

48,12c.5J,4.

56.7E !57.03 r

56,91a5724^57.53a

48,63

5t,4956.66

5?.01

s12A

46.17I52.22d

56.42 t56,42,

4127 C

52.72d54,53b56.92^56.922

47.42

52!154.35

56.67

56n7

lrxFl

47.41 fg52.45d54,37 h

41.a5 tg5295 d54.8? b

57.05 o

475t52.10

v,67,56,65

56,80

LSD

52,57,d

56,65 r56.95 a

0.7456

ta.14f52.16.1

54,86b

0.64n

47.89

52,64

56,78

56.95

0.7153

, ''M.m! folloved by ditreEnt Ltt rs in a coldn e sigrificedy dif@l{ P : 0.05.

t0l

EfrCcls of inrdopping on biologiol yhld i.dicrt (T!bl. 2?) thr it rc3a9ali6dy .frccr.d duling rhc te 200243 .id ycr 200344. Mdimuh biologicrl

yi.ld ws ohdn.d wnh whci .loft r.stm lollowd by chiclp.! &d trcl|rd

inl.EFppin& Slishtly low biolosiol ri.ld *a ohain d witn l6uil iit f't?.

Nidogcn fariliF 6t.! 3ignif@dy .ffct d !h. bioloSic.l yi.ld xd sl'o*!d

p68r*sivcly itu|.4 wi|l| $. lppliorio of N up ro ll0 kg hit, b.tond di!.

difr.M@s h biologiql ri.ld rcG non{isnificrnt. t wn biologiol yicld qG

Egilr.cd in dE fcnilid @nttl tlrtrdt. Inrtuiiec cfrct! ud6 lcgun i.l*opsd N n&r *E @n{igdli{r for bodr lllc ttc of itrv6ligrioit

L.sw int EFppins rcltndts sigiifi.dly .fcEd tlt. whar gnin yi.ld ov.r

*lsr rlon. tqtmnl. Ho*vr, difr.EF.i mng th. kgoft iianrcf6 *.F non-

ri8!iti6t. N dr6 d$ lisnifi*tly .trcc!.d tlF stql sFin yhld (T$1.28). wh.rlos .lo.. pod!.cd nod gnin yicld d!. wirh hgum. in!.Eopping. Dift ElB du.

lo int eoppinS w@ insignilldi

Thd wa ptosBirc incl!& in *n.d s6in yicld with incBiis 6t ! of N

f.niliaion !t !o l30lg hr'r b.yond wiich dilf@M6 *@ insisniiiont. Borh of rfi.

hidd 616 pbduc.d siSnifiorly higLr yi.ld rhu loo l8 N h!r, $ich in tufrp6do..d lignifMil, hirhc. yicld rhr rl* lw$r 6r. ofN f.niliation it, 70 kg hir.Los6t grin yi.ld E obtiincd in t. @nt!l tqllor ltrts&tiv. .fi..& ofitrLEDppin! !d N 616 Ea non-iiglinqt G.bL 2E).

t04

cnii idd(ke ha ')2002.0] 2003-04

9ll3896888628901

8990 b8902 b9071b

9180!8979 b8882 b8990 b

LSD 164.9 lcr.5 161.2

F4= t6O

9024 bl1422 aI1480 r

9t56bl15l2 a\1522t

5431d

ll50laLSD Itt,2 196.6 l9tJ

921

915 |

l16lt|71255427tE68939ll5t.lI|464514514298986It2211430sl5274229021\\442t\296

5467ntlIs11|11455127316898111556I15045381

9024|412|222

94ll502

1t588

9180ll59!II?5]551173318961)

ll5l5

536474499005|261ll32653?3

9216t\472|442

LSD NS NS NS

T.blc27: E letof dillm. Lgnr. i .rcFF ud N f*ti|ns nr6 @ alologiclyi.ld oe h.-r) oawher

, Mea folloud by ditr@r lcdcE i. . @l@. c aignifi@dy ditrqut .t p < 0.05.

t05

Td'|. 28. Efr.c of di|I.Hr l.guD. Inr.rcreF od N f.rfiliw nB otr Enir tLH(r.s hrl)slqlql

I Et|1fu cEir i.UGs h! )200241 200t44 Md

LSD

1989.l8l4 b

3852bt82Ebt18,172

3E 4b3Wb39m b

NS

38,14 b

383?b3864 b

I15.43

Fr= 130

LSD

n86 d..3168 c

18?6b5020 i4953!90.45

2108d.3188 ct896 b

105.t

2297

3l?83886

5010

390t5097

J084

2145

32563925

5I7J t04

2315

3244

3915

5to

IlxF2

22503111

18324999

22103tt73854

5019

22fr')3t213843

5009

4980

2247

3t4938724964

49E5

23033169

3492498/4755

2296

3882

4870

LSD

2279Jt153895

50t7

NS

23ll3t9339t55037

NS

2295318.1

3905

5027

. Mas folern br d'fi.rd rGh.@l'mn& 'i!nand4

diftd! P 0.0(Ns. h{Ftn

\Irhert *.w yi.ld wa sigiliady !ficctcd by in&rc@lping lretn€.ts rd N

ledilirr d.s (TrbL 29) during both tc6 lndd nudy. How.t.r, inGnctive .fe.ts of

int Ercpping and N EGs w.c non4ignilic.nl, Wh..t .lon. poduc.d signiiqtlyhigh€r shv yield rhm an lh. b8un. int rcops, diflcienc.s mong shich ve€ non

Srav yield incMsed significdtly with incssi.g 6te ofN appli@tion up 1o

mdimun rd. of 160 k8 hsn duing rne lst y.d, Howder, dlring lhe 2nd yed (2001.

O4), sraw yield incred sigritqntly only up ro 130 k8 N ncr, beyohd wnich difla.nl

weF iBisnificbt. t w.sl sras yicld *6 prcduced by de fertiliEr conlrol ftat en!

Th€c wcr non sigrifidl .frer! of l.!rn. inl.Eottin& N fqtiliz.r Et6 &dinlaetion of i.te@pping &d N &nilid nrca on *trar hecn indd Gall€ 30).

't2J.2. Phr.ir i! rnat lnir

CBin prot in conl.nt ra siSnilicdlly !fr.crcd tt le8!h. int rcmps, N leniliarmres ed itu6tion ol N f.niliar r6r.s .nd l.gum. inr.rcmF [abG ]l). High61

proteih conr.nt i. grain w6 Ecord.d wnh chictp.! inlercrepping, foUowed by me.hr

md leDlil. Ddng the ls1)€ar, pecir conr. duc !o malhru inldbp was signifiondy

nign r thm loiil, How€ver, during rhc 2nd y.e, rh.e w.r. non-significdi diff@nces

dDe to helh6 ed lcntil inreeops and wh..t alonc,

As regards lhe e,lect of Bt of N aptliqtion on wheal rrain pmLir mnt€nt, it

incr4d siSnili{ntly bd pogrcsively *nh inc@hg Etes ofN applicaiion up ro l3O

kg N na-'. SignificMdy th. low$l p6Lh @nl.nr Ms Fo.d.d in th€ @mol ftfinenl.

tol

4.2.3J. Prcr.ir @rr€ nrndt.tnr

PIot in @ntqt in tE w *6 si8liliotly .fret d by Lsune inte$6t ftlrlncic(Tr!1. 32). Sicnifiddy dE highcn potlin onknt I @rdcd widr chicl(la ini.ropclosly foll@rd by nerh6 dd lcnril. SiSrifidtly rh. lo*€$ por.in @me'n in srnw

*a @rd.d in th. th.!i nlorc ft&ncnr

Niros.n f.nilizr lpplic.rion lle signiilMtly inp&led ilE polein coorent ofst!N, How*q, lhe difler.nc.s aon! N ntca w.F non sig.ificmi- Si8nifi@tly th.

lowe$ protein €onred w{s @od.d in thc control reainenr. Duiing $. 2nd yed ofsludy. prclein in slBw [email protected] silni,iandy wirh incft$ing rat€ ofN sppliqlion up 10

dE high.st n1e i.e. 160 kg har. Int nctivc cffccr, of inlercrcppi.g sd N fenilier on

st6w pbtein conlenr w.E .l$ silrificet. Th.s efr&ts e moR pro.ouc.d with

chickpo inteEoppins follow.d by hntil $d m.th6 (I.bl. 32).

al3,a. Nnrogo icqliErdr ol rtar

G6ir Elative yi.tb (%) '|difr.@r

tsr4 ofN f.nitir.rion 9* @tcular.d by

.quaring .Aihun yicld cqud to 100 rd E rs w.E d.i.mired Erdive ro lhd. A ptor

of ghin Fhtive yield ed nt s of nitoS.n f.dilia attlhd h Civd in Fig. lO. Nilmg.n

reqlirene.t of wheal for obt ining n.* m*imun yhld (95 % Etarive yi.ld) hs bccn

worked out dd found 154 kg N h! '.

t08

I!

4l,lJ. E@@is .ub!k of N f.rtllb.al,! to rtat iltdm0p.d ritr gnb lgrc

E@Fmics tulysis of airo8d f.nilizrrid of whar inEsrcpFd wilhl.grc is dieussd a mdcr

MatgiMl BL of erun of N iiniliario! !o wh.n showd o incMing trend sirh

incre in @ of N f.nilie applietion, Thls highcat v!h6 (2558 %) w mrded lor

Cosl bemfit Eioi of N fcnilidion ro whdr i lmlf.d wiln sFin lesmd wec

edeally hish ed not l.$ rhd l:8. Thc vd$ inccasd wi$ rhe incding mte ofNfertilization minm cosr b€.eft dios qs @rdcd ar $e tue of t3O kg N h{i. Ar

hiehe of 160 re N har ths stios ddpFd slidtly. Howda ov{ .ll Fsults sugs61 lhltuse ofN feflilid lo whear is highly {oronisl,

b. tvtusn"ttrt oltdw (MRx)

109

llo tsN nd. Al nisns le MRR [email protected] dru suy. ftc N of N ferrilizd d IOO adllokgNtr*@qun amniqldE lowd a.d dF nigid nL ofN fqtilizilion.

T.tlet: Etrct of ditr.mr Lgu. ||tdtuF .!d N fd nr d6 o! ltNydd (lg h. ) orrhei

TErM! shwyi.b(ls t.)200243 2003_04 M4

LSD

5173i'5080 b5010b5079 b75.t8

5100b5032 b5099 b11.97

518550905021

5089

LSD

4303 d5152c6384 b

106,6

3082dx1

5t12b

2t1n

J0124ll651626394

309E

526464396649

3ll6

528'4@596{69

3t084434521464496659

30t7425851066fl56494

30714284

653965t4

302142785ll665216504

30514281511261576445

301743015ll26t776461

106142915\2261616456

I.xFl

LSD

)0144241st2664246521NS

3W42615r46

6541NS

30&t42575l1664v6531

0

TrU.:n: Elft.r oldlt dr Lt!o. Larcrue. od N &rt'lbr nro d bi6l

IEtDq! Errv.n bdd (%) otrrat2@243 2fl)3.04 Ma

LSD

4t,80.

NS

42.&6r4292.

NS

al.02 r

{4J3.12.9E.

Ff 130

F.- t6O

LSD

12.41

42.95

41.96

11.t2NS

4.57.t3.?E ra3.l4r

NS

4J99424542.16

4.4143.tt

!rx12l,xF3

42,E1

42.26

12.67

1t.9043.31

4.7942,22

4.6344.20

41.16

42.83

12:U1255

'1,1.0513,34

,o.E8

42,042.E6

t3.4143.35

4t.2112.:412.n13r.343.31

4t.0642,37

12.E9

13.12

43.15

55.2942.7E

43.08

41.62

42.E3

471243,t243.67

42,24

49.06

12t043.t0

4295

LSD

13.21

12.7E

1t.1141.85

12,.t9

NS

42.-'912.E0

4t.6313.79

13.53

NS

13.00

42.79

12.&43,42

12,86

'MaE]k.E6Uo}ldtEft d]@tniAlu r 'irffi tdrffi ip s o"0r rrd.

lll

T.hbll, Efiat oa dlil.ot La!|m lrr.ftmF od lY f.rdlL.r nr6 or gnirrei.L o!4.!t (t6) olrld|.

T€l|mb Gnb pFtdtr @ . (%)2W243 200344 M@

LSD12,29

^0,00?

| |,84 b"

I1,72 bc

12,4160,0959

I t.79ll.8t|.74t2.35

tsD

12.| d

12.31bl2.l8c0.0174

12.09 c12,44^12,45

^12.24h0,089

12.10

12.44

t2.38t22l

lO.l2o..ll.?8mt2,.49 d12.01jt2,02k

10.3.1j"I t-80 ht2.83 b

l2.l I d.f12.08.f9

10.33

|,79t2.6t2,09lz05

10.36p

ll9l I

t2.l3hit2,| i

10.40 ij|.71n12.01fg1223 d.

lo38|.77| 1.96

I2.1812.15

10,40 o

12.19 tg12.22 tl2.l9fg12.16 gh

10.44 iil l,9l sh12.08 cfg12.21cd\2.22 d.

t0.4212.05

12.15

t2,2312,t9

14xFl

LSD

10.51 n

12,12 c

12.85b1211.0,0348

10,53 it2,90 bt2.95b11.23 s

0.t798

10.52

12.81

t2.9613.04

12.12

Ms follo*€d 6y difqd ldb in I cotlm G d3nifiorty djft€r n P . 0.0{

1t2

ruha! slnr pF.d! @L!l (%)20q,43 2003{4 M6

LSD 0,0t0

429 d'

00t0t2

a2a4154,42,r.61

N m.ttgF t

F!- ltoF.= 160LSD

123 c"4,86r

0.r?t2

125..'4.08 d4.88 c495 b5,11.

0,01005

t2t4rl4.E74915.04

3-23 tr3,42. 3.Ea r

,1.56 h4.85 g4.93 f

1.243,831,564.834,92

3.t9f 3.21o4.r3.i5.0t d

,1,91f

3.201,121,9,1.96

,1.90

3.25 t]El.

5,t?.

3.83 |a.90 f

5.t9b

t263.E2LE94975.lE

LSD

t.22t

5,21.

0.1424

3.24 n

0020tl

t234,50J.055,t05.16

r.b|. Jl: Ellat oa dEfttut Lalm lracn!. ..d N ftrdlbr nc. @ rF.r pft!.t

3

iE€d-E E

:!i3Es R

I R

3 q--: €-:

E.a&

R 5

e-35

s F

2-g:;

s s a

RI

E

I

IB

F

It.E

tta

l

E

E

i;

ii

3

lla

E

t

€E!I

5

!E

.!

:6

:

gEga

F 6

t=

E:6e

R5

Ie9?d

I it

g

E

e

!

r

lt5

4.2.3.6, Prednctivfty or l.gume intcrcroF!

L Mahtuti.h,o pon ntt, ^oduldtiod.nd lAd

vsious {t b r€h.d o ndhm plmt poprktion. nunb.r of pods Fr Plml, Il)0O

gr6in wcighl &d numb.r ol sceds per pod biologi.al yi€ld and 8t.in yield rre given in

table 34, Significnlly grc6t i nelhn phnt hcidl, numbq of pods ter pldl, biological

dd gnin yi.ld w@ @rd.d wh.n geM alon s onp.cd lo inleDoppins with

whclt, This is [@ aor both thc 116 und.r study. Thus whar whd goM in @njumtio.

virh n thm, afi*led thc ndhn yield lnd yicld p'lmeLr. Me$n 1000 C6in wlidland numb.r of sed p.r tod follo*ed similar prnem duih8 bolh $e yeds under,

D.b EBardinS ioduhlion in n lhE .E given in labl. 36. Nunber of nodul.t Frplul ed ft.sh dd dry wcidi ol nod!16 Fr pler wE si$itmtly gE.t r when

n lbra was Crcm alon . Crcring oelhrE in socialion Nith qhot significddy reduced

L Ii" t rLu.ontnn.rt,nottuAiond llw

Vsrious d!l! on l.ntil pl.nr height, nunb.r of pod3 p.r phnl, 1000 sFio sciSl

dd numbcu of$e{k per pod, biologiel yi.ld dd gain yi€ld sa tft*nt d in t bl. 37.

All rhc* prmdeF qept .o of s.d Fr pod vd sicniliqlly tlduc€d *hd l..rilsrs gdwn 6 intercnp in wheat. This is uu. for bolh thc yc$ und.r siudy. How.ver,

lhere wcrc Don-sigificant difsrcnces in nunb.6 of seeds per pod when n *as gown as

Numhe6 of mdul.s, fEsh dd dry widt of nodulc Pcr pldt q.F d$signiiicdlly reduc.d when lentil m sown $ .n int Erop in *hcal os @Eped !o lhot

wh.n grcwh llohe (T.b|.38).

|l6

T.bk 3s: Grewrh !d yield of Me$n gtut. itr rsiltlo! tiih thet

20n-{B 2rxB.rx

ro.,r5i Ll4a_2?.r5 t 2155b

1.,i65 t.509

28,lli. 23.49 0 23.3r

26,146 26.30 b 26.47

I l,8o a" 12.66 t2.23

10.'76 b 11.66 I t.2l

0.299 NS

r?.0,1 l1-Yt 11.29

15.34 t5.90b t5.37

ttgo,' \gta' 35%

2365h 2311h 2l1l

l3o3 a" ra]l'"1323 b 1342b t335

. vdof lhr s( cieoo brrowd by rJd'fi(ddP.00thEr ofrmbrhiriq u,ie LsD kq ! = Nqi'll'fitu,.

|7

T.bL 36: NodrLlio! l! Medln gwn in uocLtior ritl wnsr

t002.{:r t0Gt-lta MuNorts oa.odul€ Fr DLlt

LSD _<0,05

18.67.

16.66b

0.613

r9.59 i'16.12b

0aa1

t9.13

t1.69

FBn r4hl or lodtLr Fr pb (dt)

LSD <0.0S

@j6i' 60.54i' 60.55

50,78 b 52,6Eb 5l-31

2,963 2,84

Dry neigtt of nodllB Fr phlt (ng)

10.54 a" 10.82 !" 10,68

693h 72th 1.07

1,183 LO83

,M66 of lli. m. *iory fouo'rd !r difi.'ar ld h . ..lum ft sjglindly difl|d n P s 0.05

hld orDob.lilirr lrltr3 ISD alr NS = Non{isnifiM

ll8

Trbl€ 3?: Grstb.!d ti.ld of k il grw! itr Mndo! viih theL

20024t 200144 Msn

LSD:0,05

87.50 a' 89.4! i 88.45

8J-00 b 86.42 b 85.71

2.054 2.201

N!eb.. ol Fdr p€r DLltt55-61 a" 56.85 i' 56,2J

42.86b 3932b 4l,09

LSD < 0.05

2r.0r i' 2t.61." 2l-t2

r1.16b t8.70b 11,94

0,911 1.170

N!nb.. ol i..d! p.i tod1-69 r.1l 1.70

1.50 1.52 l.5l

NS NS

LsD so.o5

2391 !" 2195 i' 2393

1896b r906b l90l

LSD :0.05

tzj3;' t267;' 1260

865b 869b 867

lll.l? 150.48

by dtrd laB h . 6lmn e .i3flfidlv difi.d d P :035l*l orpDirbiliry Ginc LSD dl,ls - NoMigiifd

9

T.bL J3: Nodrbrio! ir li d g@r h .snriotr rin rtat.

)m241 200344 Md

IEb rdsbt or.odort Fr dr.t (Ds)

71.74;' 12,66;'

57,97b 5851b 53.24

1.034 2.153

I'y r.{!1 of!.drr6 Fr phlt (Dt)fl29a_ 1t.27.' I3l37.93b 8.93b 3.43

- M.ft orrh. m. .esory tolldr.d by difr.d ldd h r collm & 'ig]ilidiy|ft|of0mbqhililyci,'gLsDd

c Chlctparid.l @n9on6t' no.labtid t rA!,

I.fomalion on chickpe! yi.ld eodponents dd yield is given in t bl. 19,

SiSdtcddy Srot r chicbe plmt popul.tion, no of pod pr plml, 1000 eBin Neighl,

biolosi€l yield and sFin yield weE obtlined whq chickF! ws 3rew alon. acoot ed ro *,fi.n gown a i.t NDp in *hor. R€sulb v@ 8lik. fo. bolh dE y6ond.! study. Howcr! n!nb.6 of s.ds p4 pod w@ not .f&ct.d by inl€rcFpping

Nunber of nodul.s Fr plmt fEsh srd dry w.iCltt 94 3ignific!.dy Edued du.

to ac i .roppine in ehcar @npaFd b chickpo al6.e O.bl€ 40).

120

Tdrr.39: GNlh rd yLld ofcnidp- a.do b Mi.do! witn tbet

200r.113 zlll|rrll Mc!

tsD =0.05

26,58b 21,84 b

r.201

11.09

27,21

jNurb.r ol pod! Fi pL.lt

LSD =0.0s

98,68s"80.52 b0.633 2.041

99.X6

80_?t

1000 gnb r€4ht G)

LSD <0,05

195,t4!" 19?.86!" 196 50

174.85b l7?.?5b r?6.30

9.1t9 1,811

LSD <0.05

2,t4\.16NS

2.22

|.92NS

2.t8l_84

Biologlql yicld (lig b.

LSD 30.05

34462640NS

lIl4b11.6t1

t7t224fl

-cnh

yidd (t s hi5

LSD =0.0s

1612;'1248b|2,.52

t268b5637

l66l1258

ldll drphhrbilfty 6iis LsD B.NS = Notrii$idd

t2l

T.t|. lo: N.d.hri,! itr "l,i.h- sdn L dcitirrir! rlatldtt-al 2q,3.{a M6!

LSD s0.05

20.E5 a"16.43b

1.861

2267;'

1.250

2t.1616.44

lsD <0.05

243.12a" 244.26;' 243.69

l9l,?2b t96.5tb 194,13

to90 1.J23

D.r r4tror'od.k FrpL!t'(le)

LSD:Oot

2811."2l.t6b

30.19.'21.8,1b4.808

4.5521.50

''_v;- triin m. d.slry blloq.d by difi.d ldh in | @rlm G |ie frm r difi4 iP<onlld orpDb$ili! uins LsD H.

t22

42.3.7. L.!d .quli.lar ndo (LER)

AhnNgh yi.lds ofsl. csps c rl$F higbcr rh.n wna 8reu in @nbi rion

sitt irkmF. h lh. iniswpping 3Fr.m yi.ld! of Mpd@r crtrlc @ r.dN.d du. !o

iocer.p .mpanim. Hl'w.r, oEr dl Fr unn 'd yicld. c JwF hiSha in

ior.F.ltping sysd (alLn.rd Obun, l9E3). Ii t[. [email protected] strdr, higlEt LER

CT.bL .t | ) h @rd.d fo. wh.{ + chi*F cDp (l ,72), Thi! qa follow.d by ehal +

nah6(1.6E). Ite low6t L€R w obtain.d filn whc.r + h jl 0.64). ft* fuditgs

N i. o8remqt with Ali (1996),

r{!d .quh.h!t nltd (LER) ofwt..t{r.ln Lgun. intcFrepphg

2@3-2n4lr2003-2001

I

1.64

1.72

t_70

t.61

t.13

I

t,67

1.62

l./

\23

al. Srudy3: Ell*i oa Snir Lgro6 ilr...nppirg ir rlat .!d p[6Phoru.f.rti[uriotr or lte Drodu.rivtty of rnat - lnin h!rD. irGrcnppitrS

A field sudy wrs conducted on s.!eu Soil &idiels (Typi. C.nbonhids) typicd

ol did l&ds of D. I Kne duine 200241 dd 2003-04. The .tfe.ts or legume

inkrcopping dd wh4t on @h orh€r w€E 3ludicd by Emw'ng dcrhd (cv lml), ltrlil

G! Masor 93) ed chick pd (cv cm-?2), and whmr (cv Dadan.98) 4ch olonc bd 2rl

oheddle ro8 conbin.tion, lJl45 cm ap!R, Phosphorus feniliz.r rat s us.d wde 0,50,

75, l0o Md 125 tg P:Or ha'. Exp.rincnt es orsanized in 5pli1 d.sisD *i1h 4

cplicarions, usins l.sun in|.(rcps in n.i. plols md P m.s in suLplots R6ullt

sho*.d signit@rly muul efrer of botn lcguac inteEmps Dd ahqr on th othct,

Wh.rt grair per spilc, IOOO g6in {eish! biologicd dd gdin yi.ld weE signinddy

.ffccr.d by Lsun. inlerodppins od P fdtilizcr rales. Wh€ot yield and yield @npo.ent

w.rc coNiienny dd sigifiq.tly src.t r whd wh€ar wd ewn silhoul lcsune

i crcrcps, Diff.rener du. to Lsum. intedops werc nof,-significet lntetutions of

l.8ume inllEnps *ith P 6!.e w@ signifi{t vilh 6per ro biologicd dd grain yicld,

fiov.ver, insigificant in s. ol s16w yi.ld. Slilisti@lly thlE w.E no difredn@s in

hary.sr indq duc 10 legune interops, Ho{cver, P f.rliliAtion significedy inorea*d

$e haresl index. Pet i. in whe.t Esin w6 silriifidny th€ highest *iin cbickp.r

in|.rcoppin& follow.d n thm ed l.ntil. Po|.in in gain od stt r was signifistlv

bwcr wn n wn d ws Iros alone qnp.Ed lo inteEopping w$ ghin legunB

Potcin in snin dnd $nw inoqs.d signific.ntly wnh incF6ing P dles. Ihe yield of

l.gume inl€rcops *s siFifi.dtly edu@d d!. b inl€rcFpting wilh whert Their yicld

componenh a.d .odul. nunb.r dd weighl (t*h & dry) seE si8nificMtly lowet in

X.tror$: Cdin l.gw. in@ops, Phosphotus fenalaario., Prcdoctivity of whctt,Vh.at gr.in pmei4 Pbducivny of gnh legumes

t21

I.r€rcroppins, mesning the simuh@us culliYrtion, at least during part of

grcr'd phrs.r, of moE lhs one 3p6i6, is crcppin8 l€cnnobgy which may b. usful for

a Do4 cflici.d re of lwurcd, moE stlbL yi.lds h pmbtcdatic entionm.nr dd a

mdnod b rcdu@ pobleds wiih weeds, tlst p.ltqens 6d niroSen losses posl gBin

lesume hancst (Jenso,2004), Intercropping oflegumes dd c.rsols is d old pr.ctice in

msy asro FoloSjs of th. eorld, esFcially in Paktt$ sd d!&s bet io scimr

civilizdotu. Thc main obj*riv. of inrcrcopping hG h.cn to inpovc 3d nuinize rhe

ue ofalaihble rcsons such s spac., lidt and nutints (Monis dd caitt, 1993; Li

?, .1, 2003b) as *eU s b imprcve cop qulity and qualitt (Mp.iN. er al., 2002) Od'et

benefin i.clud. w.&r qulity @nnol th@gh ninirol u* of nilroSen f€nilias dur

p6llfts th. .nvibment (C@ dd PEopl6, 2004). Thus intdepping sysLmr have ihe

potdlial lo cchieve a hish lrain yield per unit .g od consquody SEoter land use

efficienc, rh.n $le cmppin& lbBush .fiici.nt ue ol r.sou(6 such a lighq wdcr udnudqts (Will.y, 1979). InLrcoppine, spdially @Ml + l.glne @nbanlrion, qdecby hclp 10 mininiz. risk of @mplcr. @p foilut dd bnng stbilny of cDp

poducdon und.r Binled condnion (Chrn€rjec dd Msdal. 1992)

C.sl lesunc inr.rcbpping plsys u inportdr olc h sub6in.nce f@d

Foduction in holh delelopcd sd d.veloping @unries, esF.ially in siMliois of liniled

Nad re$uftes (Tsubo er a/,, 2005), as t fic ese in dd and €niarid rcgioh coutLies.

CEin l€sutus aa inpotldt bdluse of th.n ok io th. slslainabiliy of..Ed ba*d

cmpping syncns hainly bc.u* ofineir @ntribution of N slPply dd lhen $b. for lhe

mainbanc. of soil orsdic mnct od micDbicl divenity (Snil, | 97) ln counrics with

fst glowing populotions, and shau holdi.ls, ceEal-lesllme intercDppi.S is pef.red

ovd eEal-hErlne @pping syst m. In @Eal l.gume i .r.dPping sigilicd diEct

ltsfe. ol fix.d N to dE Miated nd lcgum. hs d$ b.n Epon d (ElgcM. .r dr,

2000: Chu st d., 2004). In l.sume-ceErl inlcrcropping whcn iwo cmPs grcwn logeu€r

iniesDecific conperilion oi flcililaion betw.en pld$ n.y occut (zhoe et d1 , 20031

t25

Thus imcaction will eclr in gre$rh Dt@s. [email protected] *h.n th. @mPomnt sp.cics edploiti.g go\th c$@s abolc or belowgrcund (willey, I990: Ong ,r ai,, 1996).

li hs b*n found ihar inrc@pping rt.ai wilh gr.if, lcgum. (chiclpa) incerdtobl prcdlciirity, improved lod !* eflicidcy Md suppEssd we&! r mensint ,6rin crcp prcduclion (Banik e, d. 2006). In motn r study Narsn er a/, (2004) rroned

hid6t l&d equiv.lenr roriq hdclary b.n fit! and @st w.igh. 6tio fo. nix.d mppirs

Lnlil 000P/t nd wh.at (40elr.

InleEmpping syslems rE delihd.t ly e desiencd dd noipul.Ld lo oplimirc

thc us. of spsri.l, lcnposl and physial @u6 tolh above md bdow 8rcund, by

ndimizing posiriv. inler..tiohs (f6.ilii4ion) lnd nininizing n gilive ones

(@np.rnio.) dong ih. onpo.nl3 (Jo* ., 4t 2000; s *@ od Luca, 2002). Maypiodue hiend enin yi.lds ll)ai .ith.r crp grcw. alo.. (Mp!iN. et tl, 20/J2. D,Wd el

al. 2003). Such incrcass uerc .nributed du. to improved nnrog.n nulritio. by lho

ompdion lcsud. crep (Cdtnn dd Schlc nd, 1995) Dd ale oth.r ulnom c.ucs

R.s6h ha show thlt @npctition b.twm sdls md lcg!re3 for nito8..

ma! in tuh ninuhle N, ffxdion r.rivig in l€sumc (Harden ad Artins, 2003.

Camb.lvo er al. 2004). Th. c.@l compon nt3 effecdr.ly dEin lhe $il N forcio! lhe

Lguh. !o 6x moE N:. Nor only rhis, P availlbiliry ro ssirt d eql k als .nhoced

(zhd8 dd Li,200l; Li-rog.r al.. 2003i Jos.. 2004), To a.hi*. th. b.si uiilizlion

of inErcropping syslens, tne qu.hiryine ben.fits or codp.tiiive €ffect! of nulrilionll use

is !n inpondt reshabb ns!c,

B.side nnrcgcn, P nuEition oleEoh Md l.gm.s.sp{ially in $e ifteropping

p.Rp.ctiv. n ol lhosr impotue for inpoving dd didizing th. lmductivity of

onpon.nl spEies. PEFnt if,v.slig.lion. e.c, lher.foE, c.risg€d wnh tne obj.ctive

lo evlluate $e e{Iect oa selecred grlin legun$ lhd P f.rliliation on th. poduclility of

shql-l.gune incFopping.

126

4.3.3. Rault .d dkcusior

R.suh of study penaining b $e .f.ct oI wh.ar ba*d l.$n. ider.rcps md

ditrertnt P lcveh on plonl gF*th dd proddivny of wh.at Md lc8lme intee@ps ar.

4JJ.r. Wnsrt gmwih ttrrl yi.ld D.nnct B

D.t! pertaining lo pldt hcight 6 lfcr.d by legun inleEbF ad P lcniliztion

ae p6c.Ed in Tabl. 42. Th.re *6 non siSiilicdi enccl of l€gui6 ioteFrcps on whed

pldt hcidl. Hosd.r, dif@nt Eles of P fcnilhr si8Iinmdt allad $. pldn

h.isni Mdinun plut height wb Egisl.cd ar ihe fiigh6t 6t (125 kg nri) of P

fenili4lioh. HoNev.i. dift-ed@s due to 50, 75 md IOO P hdrw.e non silnifi@l.

Simil.rly difi.tt@r in pht* ncilht de lo 50 lnd ?l P ht I 9e ds non sisnifid!Evd lh. lowsr 6rc O0 kg han) ol P fdiliz,tion sieniti{tly imporcd ih. Pllnl n ieht

hteraction ctreck of l.gune iflercrcps dd P !.tcs wee .l!o @n signiiicmt.

l.8M€ int fops !d P nr6 signali*dy afer.d rh. snins Fr +iL Howdcr'

inteEdion etr€cts of ihese varjBbl.s were non significanl in thb cglrd (Table 43)

Significmtly nuidlm gains pcr spite w.F obt ined undd wndt !lon€. Chkkp.a &d

ldnil in|EmF folloqed thc ordd. Meth6 'nt.rcFp

prcduccd lowel gdins Fr sPikc.

Phosphorus Lrliliztion sielificantly inoEascd gFins spik ' Mdinun cEins p.r spike

w@ obtlin d allh. niSD.sr kv.l ofP (125 t! h.n). Bu1diltcrc@s du. ro thit nt ed

r27

Tibie 42: Efier ol legube irtcRmpl lnd phsphorur f.rn[r.r o! pl.nt h€8hr

IFtutrb PLrt t.tbt (@) orrhdr.2002-01 2003-04 Md

LSD = 0.05

102.15 c

\02.25 b

104.25a

o.61

102.25b

0_61

102.25 b

0.65

F!= 125

LSD = 0.05

103.06b

l(Xil a!l04,62z

|.298

l04.l2bt05,3t rb

1.313

95.91

103,t9104.81

105.12

105.16

L305

IrxF! 94,75

10250l{x.75104.50

104.?5

95,75

103.50

r05.?5105.50

105.75

95.25

101.00

t05.25I05.00105.25

97.50

t03:5r04,50

104,75

l0t,0o

9425

t05.50

106.00

106.00

91.47

t0t.87105.00

105.3t105.50

95.00103.00

104.00

r04.7tr04,50

96.00

105.00

t05.75105,50

t01.50

104.50

105,25

105.00

LSD = 0.05

103.50

104.00

104.t0r04.t0

NS

104.50

105.00

105.25

10525NS

104.00

104.50

104.87

104,87

NS

''M.$ rorro*d by diftr[ ltu in r olum m signiGdly diftd nP <005 kEb NS = Non-

123

LbL ,B: Ef..t of dlldel l'!.c l|i.croF td tlddotu ftrdb.r nt6 o!

lrstu!. Gnrt Fr tpiL.2W)4! 2@!/A

LSD =0.05

LSD=0,05

71.t2

11.n7t.38

62,2'

72.27

59tO

NS

60_13

65.15

NS NS

'fia;ftu"fiddrfiffiffi l, ";ffi;;glrrd'v djn d. P <0 05lid

100 a.d ?5 kg ha' were hon si€Dificrnt. Lowest de of P (50 ha-r) produc.d sienificlm

le$ of gains $m nighcr rar.s. Paen of d!l. during both rh. y.rs udsr 51udy qG

Whell 1000 erlin vei8ht dar' (Table 44) followed thc pott m ofe ins p€r spike

widr 6p€t to srrisii.cl mlysis. L.gumc inter.ops Md P r*es siSninendv afi.cEd

lhe I OOO clri. Rei8hrs. Sigiifitutly th. sE.lcat 1000 sBin *cighn w.c r.coded in rhe

wheal alon€ ftatncnr Hov.ver. ditfcrcnc.s due !o lhe lcgunc 'nleEBPs

wec not

sisnificdr. This holds r@ for bolh thc yed under sudy.

Phoephoru fcnilirdion signifmlly incrcsed th. 1000 gdin w€ighr

Sis.iffcdntly thc src est IOOO 8rain w.ighls wc€ rccorded 61$e hiShest 6t olP(125

ks nsr ). This w6 Iollowed by | 00, 75 and 50 k8 ha L- sie.ifid|nlv the leat 1000 gdin

weighrs w€ft Ggi$ertd in ihe fenilizt @nuol tEald.nt lnt dction of legune

intarcops nd P fcnilizdion vd sisnili@t during bot[ tt4 uder study

Biolosical yield (Tobk a5) *d sigifi.t.ttv tf.clcd bv lt8un' inlercrcps

tre,h.nt and phosphorus Icnili",tioo- lnledclio.s of leCrm. inl€r(oPs and P f'ftilirrores w.re aho significchl. These rcsults dunng both the v.aB undd sere 6lik' &d

l. inLEropping r.drn.nri wh.it alorc ptldued signifiorlv th' hiShd vi'ld

Difercnc6 beMeen inlercop3 wec non si8nificd in lhis E8!rd As reStds legume

inteEops a l P f.nilizr inte@lion, i. whcat .lone, P f.rlili4ton sisDitcutlv

[email protected] the biologi.tl yield. In m.thR inlcrcrcps, a$ough biologicd vi.ld ihc@ed

wirh applistion of P !p 10 75 kg ht r, but difd.es w.F non siSnificei In l'ntil

inte(op di{LEnces bcNeen P @nltol d<l inc6i.8 de of P up to tOO kg har e'E

non sigificant. The hilhesr P l.vel tsulted in signifisnt Edu.tion in tbc biolosi@l

ll0

rnn"-|s 1000 gFln rcthl G)XOC24J 100]-04 Md

LSD P 30.05

51.09b5l.ltb5r_25b

0.2539

52,19;'51.59 b5t.65 b

5l.75 b0,2362

52.t651.34

51,40

51.50

o2450

F.- \25LSD P So.o5

49.8t d

52.62 c

5l.l2b

0.4563

t0.31c53.10b53.5,t b

0.4114

47,18

50.06

52.86

51,33

5J,990..1668

47.9J

50.76

51.15

51.9

50.51

51.57,

53.86

54_15

44.72

51.01

53.98

54.12

54.65

41,22

49,45

52.47

52.89

53.,14

47.72

49,95

52,97

53.J5

5J.94

49.10

52_72

5t.t251.69

52.21

52.15

53.11

47.45

19.12

52.46

53.00

53.96

48.10

52,11

54.21

47,4750.05

52A953.20

53,90

NSLSD P <0,05

41,6249.30

52,452.95

53.6tNS

48.12

50.30

521453,45

54,15

NS

Trbl. ,14: Ell*r of LSunc ht€rcrePs dd photpnotu fcrlilt . mr. on 1000 gEtn

'Mr*6ffi tiiffi r@" h-:;6!t;i6@i'in d d P < 0 05 r'Yd

l]t

LSD P <0.05

20n243

8930 b

403.6

9238b8912b

199.5

9601

92128951

F{- t25LSD P 30.05

95204

9338 r

356.0

9252

9491

94429286

aB19234 a

8?98 b3442

9712^9123,

926'9696

9689

9650

9t479t369514

9211

9145

13xFl9222^14

8708 c

9333 !b9309

919t

97M

8688

9t66 ab

8E82 bc

1551d712.0LSD P 3 0,05

9520 t

8592.

688.4

92869543

95224731

Efid or kgrbe inr.twF .!d pbolptod. fcrdlirr nr6 o! bbloliel

'.Gcc;-fiiffiir.*fi4;;fi@tftdiP<005 kld

t32

yicld. SiFile€f€cLs ofP in chickpea introps Nec reeislered R6ulls ofthcs finding

Whql g6in yiekl 8d sisnificullv afrat.d bv leBrm' intercFps ltd P

lenilization. lnted.tion bdN.en Ieglne inlercmP6 ud P ferliliz*ion Bere 6lso

sigifico (-Iablc,16), wh.t-llonc poducd significetlv bid.r vi.b tnd dl l'8we

int mp' Ditfce.cd duc ro .ll inr.rco!6 weF non sicllilicat Applicttion or P

fenilizlion incr6cd wh.at f.in yi.ld sigifiqntlv and d' ndinm vield was

rlliz.d !1 dic Ete of 75 kg P ha-r. Ditfdncd due to this dd hi8nd at6 wec noi

siFificut. Siniltr .fdE of vrrious lF,ld.nr on sh4t sdin vi'ld r@ @rded

dlrins bolh lh. yess under study- trltr.ction elT.cb indiqa $tt wheat 8Ein vield

incsse sigr licfflly uP io ?5 kg P ht r in solc wheat cmp aod rho in l'srde ol.rcrops'

b.yond dis alc incrcrs w@ insie.ificdl.

D.t r..tai.ing to *he!t sraw vi.ld s afrGdtn b, kSume inLrcop tr'lm€nt

rnd P is pEmled io Tablc 47. Sigilicdtlv $e hidr6t str6{ vicld wss rccorded in the

{h.!t alone ftonn.nt Ho*d.r, dillcftne dong th' lcgrne i cmps wF non

PhosDhorus fcrlilizitio. ako siSnificdtlv incMed th' sft!* vield

sE w yi.ld dunrs botn lhc pdiods und.r studv v$ @rded 4 tn' dG or

Bcyond this dc P lPtlication *s nol h.lptul in in caing fie vi'ld'

tnt mction cffccts of legunc inrcfrcpc dd P Gnilizlion w'E sig'lifidt dunng

Bl

T.bl.,l6: , Ellei ofle{@ ilLE.oF rd Dndphotu lirtiliH dt6 o. gni!

Tmtnslt! cnu YFr (xa u|200243 2003 04 M@

LSD P <0.05

3885 i'

3666 b

I3J.I

3686 b

3to0 b1562 b14t.0

t8953680

t683t55l

r38,05

3607 b

3818 a

l5l.4

164l b1895a3898 !

156.0

Fr=50

Fr= r25

LSD P <0.05

16263887

1858

37J5

ltl.?

1436 fE: 3454 fgl'

41233lr xF2

3445

7153

4lt74l2l

332183514 efg

l3l7eh3528 efg

3319

3521

3801

3476

tla2

3409 fg3564 d{3828.d

t6l1c-t

3431rgh36t8 ef

3551cf

342036ll3817

1900

3641

3441fsh

1t13h212.0

143lt62t]8?53539

3289

281,1LSD P<0,05

3421re360? eg

3,105lg

340518

102.8

fi*6j6;;Ti;i6ffifi;i'.-;ffi; "is"fidv drrir.rd P<0 05 r'vd

t34

Efct or Ltrbs hr.dre!. .!d ph6pioru |irhliE nt6 otr tlw

-ffi ;bffi ;r)d;fr ffi ffi fi ;ffi *'oiid

26Z4t 2m144

LSD P 10.05

rlD P j 0.05

5333 3321

5523

5317

336t

IJD P ! O,O5

t933

52ll

NS

5855

5q2l

NS

135

v.rious daL ftlat d lo ..i hscsl ind.x @ Siven in lable !8 wh*t hNesl

ind.x .hhough wd slichlly moe in whed alonc Howe!'r, Esuhs duc 10 this ond legume

inr.rcFps *t non significsl Wheal hadcsl index @ signillc&'rlv alt'ct€d bv P

tcnitiTttaon. lt inclted signifigrlv up b IOO tg htr h inca{*d siSnifdllv wilh

incBing rsl€ of P aPPlicdion up lo l2t lq-rduing 2002_2003 But duins 20034{' iincred signitiotly up 10 lo0 tg h.i DificE.e du' lo Io0ad 125l(gha'wcre non

signilicot. Irt adion .fet of legum. in€Edp6 .nd P El€s w@ no' sig'ificdl The

lirdings tvaled $!t lhc ft.nndt3 wiu highd goi' vi'ld trd dF lighcr htRq< indq

4.3.3.2. Pret.id h wn6t gnltr

Dar, FiLining ro pdlin onLnt if, Phq1 gnin is Sivcn in ttbl' 49 lx8umc

int.rcrops dd phdpnorus f.nili?,tion sig fisrlv tfi€cted tn' porein conk h whet

g.in. Prctin com.nts due to n tneo snd chickpea w'6 alnosl siiild but sisnifict'dv

gsl€r ihe due o le.til intcrcmP Lb{csl pFt'in rc fo!'d sitn wh"t rlone llettn€nt

HiglFr Fot if, dE ro l.gm. intcFmF @uld b€ 'tlibll'd to biologidl N fi'd in $il-

Phcphod fedili2.tion si9i66dv ircrd'd dE potcin cona in wnoi Pddn

conient ihcr.6ed signiiqntlv wilh d incee in tne de 6f f'rlilization' Ilt hth61

potein i. gain *$ ltus obtrine<t .1 lhe hichest lev'l ( 125 kg Plor h! ') of P lpplicttio'

Thh could b. onribuied to bctrs udliaion olN wit[ P 'ppliqlio'

hr'dctiv' cdd! ol

l.gw mps tnd phos?hoos f€rrilialio' in this aStrd wcE mn sisnific&r'

4JiJ, Prcr€in h wn .i 3rn*

Pbt in @niq in wh.!r st 'w

(Tabl' 50) wd n*h lowcr thd in vh"r gtun

Cultivition of L8ure .6F in whor sigrifiomlt ircn$'d lh' potein in vhe't straN'

Prclein cont ni due 10 chickpla int tcop sd tbe high6! fallowed bv n'th€6 sd l"til'

l16

inr.rcreF .!d ptdpnotu f.n iatron ntd

2001.042002-03

,10.t6

39.70

t9.8119.86

NS

19.66

40. tl39.84

NSlsD P 3 o-05

40.55

39.68

19_939.85

l8.l2c

I ll!lF 125

LSD P -<0.05

1828c

42.11z0.7151

J6.14

38 20

4l_00

41.59

42.52

18.?0

42.71

11.21

3a.7t4\.5142.48

42.1J

J720J3.11

42.612.12

36.3631.10

J9.91

42.46

36JI't1.70

39.95

4t.9642!7

36.2617.70

l9_91

41.96

42.48

i6.4438.20

4t.2\4!.98

36.82t8,72

4t.21

42.02

36.6338.46

41.21

42.00

LSD P 30.05

16.91

37.89

40.02

NS

36.97

44.75

1l.91NS

16.95

31.91

40.71

12.81

ol'ni e rgn'i€ilY dl6qd

tl?

2002-03 200344 Md

LSD P 30.05

10.984

0.tn\

lo.90b

0.r534

10.55

I1.04

10.91

lo.32d"

10.56.

o.1252t.= 125

LSD P <0.05

10.87bI l.0l a

o.\525

10.13

10.78

10.64

10,76

10.309'r

10.1618

l0,38fg

10.12

t0-9610.88

.l6l t.16

l0.ll10.95

10.62

llJS10,31fg

10.93b10.95b

10.33

10.84

10.95

10.9?

I l.l3

10.32

10.E3

I1.00

l0.12fe

10.41er810.5t def

10,14

10.,t6

r0.45

10.t,10.67

l0.lll0-45

10.56

10.66

lrxF3

LSD P <0.05

l0.35fg10.85t.10.52d-g

10.93b

02t03

10.33

10.87

10.54

10.?5

10.91

NS

10.3,t

10.86

10.51

10.?4

10.92

Enecr ol hsuno itrErcrep. .trd phdPnoru rerrlli4r r'te! otr gnir

',-M r.lb"rd byd,fqdltu *h--"=*,lsridlv ditrd a P <o oJ

ll3

21n243 2003-04 Md

LSD P30.05

1.32e3,38b3.32b

0,007

1.38br.28b

0.0124

3.I3,38

3.30

x.51

3,27 d

o,(x)5

3.2tdl.3tc1.41b1.53r

Fr= t00Fr= r25

LSD P < 0.05

3.05

1,26

3.36

3,43

3.54

Lr3k.3.41h3.60 cLE6b

3.ll i..llll

3.84b3,874

3.12

J!23,51

3.85

1,39

2.911

1.52dr.50d

1.46 ef3.44 gh

3.54d3.52d

2.93

3,.r5

3,44

t.5ll.5l

3.12t

2.98o3,10rl.l2i

3,ll2.92971.03

3.31

3,10i298 k2_96kr.06j3.108

LSD P <0,05

2.94k3.lth

0.0201

1.17j

3,4618

0.011

3,001.t63.46

3.45

3_46

Ettci ol lesune inlercrepd tnd pn6phorlt f€rtllhtion dr6or rinr p.o&|. @!!o( c/o) ofehat

b **le"r"-1,r"*,,!''licd'lvd'r'mrdPr005B9

Differen6 in 9o!.in @nt s du. to the t.r.r cops w'e non siSnificDr' toNcai

tror.in v6 ceisrlEd in whqt aldc lrdlful.

Lik€ *he.l86in P fediliz.tion ,le siStificetlv inc&6ed the pot'i! conlent of

stmw, An incftbe in P levels resulled in siSnin..nt in'clse in pbt''n ooncnl As t

rcsulr higncst prolein i. shw ws roud !t lhe highcsl P le!'l lnr'mcrive elfel of

lcgun€ i.Lrcbps ed P Lnilia6 wcE lte signi{icdt All $c Esulrs w@ 'lik

durjng

bolh rhe rs ud€r sludY.

,L3J.4 Pbophorut r.qrir€E.rl .r rnar

Gnin Glotive yi.lds (%) difrcMl t.cs of P feniliafon w'r€ 4lculated bv

.qmring ndidm yield .qu!l to IOO ond Esls w'E ll't€dined tltrive to fit1 A plot

of grlir Gldiv. yi.ld lnd arcs of P fertitircr 'pp'icd

to qhc!! is 8iv€n in Fig ll

Ph6plrorus EquiEne of wher lor obsining trsr @inrm vield (95 % Gllliv' vicld)

h.s been work do ddlound58kgP:Orn!r'

tkl4-ffi'ln'@(

t40

aJJ.s. EoDni.. of PhdDloru a.nitlt dor gr.n l€'re i 'Er'pp'd ilar

E mnic ely3b of P f.nitizari@ of $lt !t inldEspp'd eith Snin Lgun6

Cd bdetil nti6 ofEtc of P f.niliztion lo wh'at *@ ft@h lov rh'n lhoe Ior

N disuled in $!dy I & 2 Gable 5!) Hightst 6tio of Ir2 26 s6 @od'd for 7t kl

PIOJ h!-r. This ws followcd bv 50 bd l0O kg PrOr h' r' t's'3t orio ws eddtd ror

ih. hieh.sl kvel of P (125 k P:oJ t' 5 Its hishs d6 or P f'niliaiid ro whcd

b. tlot/dtl rtt o, dsr (M,x)

M*inm ndgjdl d. of dM (2384 %) s foud !r ?5 kg P:OJ ht'

G5bk52). nis ws follow.d bv 50 kg Pror tu'1 At nignd d's of P fenili2ltion MRR3

wN found Ns!liv.. Hee 6lso '5

kg PlOr ht'was fouod h h' econonic'l rar' ofP

feniliztioh to legmc! i ercroF vhsl

tal

E

s

t

I

i

g

,!8ri

sE..s;lv! -F s

4

g

:gt

EE!6.Ee

!S

sia;;rEreR

E

F lg

!

r

t47

.E

F

E

i;EE

ute

:E

JE

JI

i8

,EA I

t:

6

s

€8,EE6

R3 R

E:_G

E a

-

si;E;g

a

E,

s!

E

141

{JJ.6. Ptudtrctivity or LgrDe ioL(rcPr

d Grcrtt and ri.Ll PuM.t4 ol$dtta

Vsios stowih od ,ictl psdnd.R of merhd re llva in Trble 53 Pl$r

populorioq numbs ol pods p.r pl6t nunb.r of s'cds Pd pldi, hiologiol lnd g'if,

yield leE sienili@tly s@t r in mclhd tloic rExlicni 6mpad ro $h@l intenrcp lt

indiel€s $ar onpedtion of whot willl mdnd in wh4t nelhd inl€Eop o'8ad!dv

impacrcd lhe Cro*d sd podwtivny of m.thr. Even bodlles per pldi nd qeighl

ifresh a.d dry) !@ sisnificdtl! hiShet in ndh6 alon' tEatne'( (Toble 54) !s

oooparcd lo *hett + netho ihdicotin! thal whcat inttcoPPine niSh have 6fided

b, Gm,th @d lLtd porM.tcn oll^N

veiou dab on so$th !d,icld P.dn.LE of bnril e peqtd in t'bl' 55

Plar population, nmbn of pods p.r plDc. 1000 gtin rcignl biologicl md giin

yi.ld vw significd ly gs&r in hmil doe s io whdt iiL@p Howg' difdnc6

in s! nmb€r per pod dne lo tn.e lt!trn61 w.c non si8tificdr' Also lhdl nodule

.umb.n..d weighr (r€sh dd dty) *.8 significdllt eutcr in lemil tlm. conprFd to

wh.ct i.rcrcrcp (Table 56).

T.bl.5!: GNli ttrd yl.ld of M.rid gorn It sod ldrtlrn'l

200243 200!'0a MdPLd DoDnl.do! D'

LSD P 3 0.01

30,05

77.62

1.512

30.1? i'21Aab

1.531

10,21

27.55

NuoDs of Fd. Fr ph!!

tsD P 3 0.05

2E.68."26,32bt.l5l

28,86."26.50 bl,tE0

2E.11

26.41

1225;loEa b|.)62

t6.tD bt.lEl

12.20

10.79

t7.00l5_50

1000 lnb *.!hr (t)

LSD P 3 0.05

Noobc of...d. Fr Fd

LSD P:0.05

12.t5it0,74 bt.331

l6t0|.t5,00 b0.956

36n;'21 hl0t.6El

3621

m4

Blobglcd'rdd(Et'

LSD P 3 0.05

)xn i'27526155J26

1821."r48b47,.625

t80830

LSD P !0.05

1795 i'llt2bt05,tal

',"M.s of $. sd. *Egdy folloeld by dif.G|r kn B in t @l!m e alnifEdydiff.Ent rl P 9.05 kv.l ofprlt lility sing LSD t r, NS = N@ig fo -

I45

T.tb 5a: Nodlrnior ir M!6n twr b d-.lrbntltbtlat20@-!! ?Qlj!_____!!g

N.!b6 orrod.L. !.i pL.t

LSD P<0.05

21.21;18,4?b7,395

20.52;l?.8? b1.486

At,88r8.17

FEr rdght ol md!L! p.r pLd (Dg)

LSD P:0.05

69.26;'53,50b2,858

68.02 a"53.26b1.201

68,64

53,38

I1.50.6.32bt,510

10.56i'

l_004

I t.031.t2

LSD P < 0.05',-Mnt ord. s.c.@ry 6'bbatdffii;6 ii rdw n

'isd6cdv d'tud ' 00t kEr

orrftft.bitry ci'! LsDd Ns - rjo.iiiror

t46

T.tL35: Gdth ud tldd oak t[ tffi b [od.dd rtt! t!.'t

,w243 [email protected] Mo

-pu

popo.oor o"

LSD P < 0.05

82.41b3.1{t

E?.65 !"82,97 b2.t31

t1.324.10

NuDtdoapodt Fr Flot

LSD P 3 0.05

5a.8? i'4{'93 b2.t30

40.03 b1,87E

55,21

{{),,lE

ldn gnb rdtht (t)

LSD P <0.05

20.t4 it722bt.95

20.14;'r7.56 boE

20.4t7.J9

N.!b.r of...d. D.r Dod

LSD P 30.05

f.68 \.12 l.?0trt 1,53 1.49

NS NS

Ehbsh.l yldd (k t '

LSD P 3 0.05

-,

2104 i'tEo3 bt35.90

2316i'r793b|lE.92

23t01798

cnli rLrd (\ nr_ )

LtD P 3 0.05

I IOO !"E0t b

E3.EE2

rr0i831bt55,12

05

Et6

',.'M-s or o. s! d.so fo[o*c ir diltud ld' & ri3liist dift.lr r 0.05 Lrd ofF.6.ul.y q4 LsD d Ns - lr*ritdfrd

141

Nodrhrtotr i! hr B@! itr .!od..io! rhh shel

2(0243 2003-04 MdNrEb.i ormd&. D.r pL||

LSD P:OO5

l9-82."t2.5 | br.198

12,51h2.032

19.86

12.51

F6[ s.thl of mdnl6 p.r Phlr

LSD P < 0.05

80,56!"66,90 b

0,31t68,00 b0.703

80.73

a,45

Dry v€igbi of nod e. por pltnt (bg)

LSD P:0.059.15 b 10.'79 b

t,464

I3.09r0.21

-'Ii6' rd6 c 3i3rfrd y dir"ffi d 005

ccn tt ml tdd putddd ofclic*?ca

Likc nelhd dd lqtil gowih &d yilld p.M.Ls, chickpet 8resth pmctct

dnd yi.ld (Table 5?) w.E also signilicutly df.cted by wn .r i €fteps wt..tintercop sicrlifimdy r.duced chickp.! pllnt Fpulalion, nmber of pods p€r pld! 1000

grains seight, .umbd of s.tds p.r pod and biological dd gain yi.ld Nodule nunbe.

ohd weight (fesh dd dry) were significanllt rdu@d thrcugh wheal in.@rcP (Table

58).

143

a@24, 200344 Md

LSD P<0.05

28.75 a.'25,06b

1,830

lO.O5."25.48bt,t92

29.40

25.27

Nunb.r or p.d! Fr Pb!r3

LSD P <0.05

91.82;'78,39b5,103 4.502

LSD P !0.05 6.042

195.48 s"115.2ab

4,341

t95.D114,6

LSD P < 0.05

2.26a'1.55b

0.397

2.60

LE5

NS

LSD P < 0.05

tt2t;'

41.874

39]] i'29?4bt25.56

LSD P <0.05 77.48

r5?oi'

9t.63

T.iLStr Gre h rd yi.ld ol chlc&P.. t@! i! .sililo! tntbei'

', Md! of 'lr qd *pry folb&d br drfiad l.@ c siFfd y.,inqEn d 0!5

pFb$iri,y reg LsD 6 NS - N*isdEoL

r.b|r5s: Nodnbdd |l.hld4- !d! h.!od lorr|.lrtat

200241 2{x)144 MdNrDb.r ofno&L. Fr DLtt

tsD P 30.05

25.25 i'20,50 b2341

25.1r i'19,34b7.llr

252419.92

rsr rdgrt ol !o||nLt F. Phll (Dg)

LSD P < 0.05

258.60 i'2t1J2b

5,902

259.30i'2ta32b29,1J1

258,95

,ra.c2,

71i4;'u.61b0941

3.56i'26,57 61,215

Dry r.hlr ol tudoL. Fr PLd (d{)

LSD P !0.05

', Mat or d* s dsprv tolloltd bv difrfli 16D.ot bi'i.y {rhgllD @ NS - Nca(gdfd

c rii&."dy difio6r d 005 bv.lof

150

a,3.J.t L.nd .q!iv.L!t nlio (LER)

AlthouSn |hG yicld of @nFr6t .op in *hcd gdin l'9rc inlat6!0n8 *aedu@d sigificsdy, tot l yi.ld of iot ErcPs ws signifiotlv 8rrtd th'n lntt of

"ch@D in t nmo cul@- On tnc b6b of rwo t G .ldg. intmrcPPing m$n' ldnil

'ndchickp.! gdin .loie in @nbinttion wnh {hcct glvc LER valu6 of 1 56' 149' l'6?'

6p61ivdt (Lbh 59). 'Ilw fntdin$ in lgEddr eith Alla |nd Obu 1983 od Ali'

1996.

LbL59: bnd .q!h.ldr ndc GIR) of t!..t !rw! lt do'L'ior thtdltliml Lgur6

2002.2001 2003-2004

t.@ t.0o !.00

1.55 t,51 1.56

t.48 t.50 t.49

1.6 t.68 1.61

t5r

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY

soil of did dd $mi did Egiom .ft low.r in o.gsi€ hatt'r &d th'EfoE htv'

l.$ available nilogcn. and poor smctunl stabilitv Bei.g n€ovv t'xtucd 'nd

cd@@us

alk.lioe h nofure, the* soils d. nish n*.r of.pplied ph6phorus Ptoductivnv oI@real

cmps grcM on $s soib is onslsin d du. to lowq avlihbilitv of ntuogd od

pfiosphods md a&.e eil phvsiql @nditjds Highq rai6 of nitrc8d fstilizeu NcquiEd to b@s lhc podlclivity of vh.!t. But rhe hjglEr @3t of N and its

envionne.tal oollulion @ncems e PFhibnive ih ns intcs.tive !s Tber€fore'

.lt.m'tivestra€gic!i*dtob.explorcdwhichwi|lhelpincFeol8!

of &. eil $d inpove sil geductivny Pr.scnl investiSarionsf@$i'g on "OPlihizins

produclivity ol h8ufrc bd*n *tst crepping svslco .hmud int 8nt d e of wi er

l.su.s dd r.nilizr inpult'e , th.Efot., e .nddtor in rnis diacrion Sdidr tutdin3

of dE studies e sunn.ri4d a ud..

In stdy I Pr...dlry *lni.r legubs rrd N ferrilit tio! hrd prefoud efiecr o.

Bidoll f€rdlity, rter pftducl0ity .d dtng.tr ur i4tio!

o'esic m.n r, roDl Ditpren Dd iiidl nirtsd OHrN + NO!x) we roud

b b€ hislF atur hnesl otb€R..m, bul N.rc tund Md ]d lild chicl'p<! ed

fallow, Beu4m fiied 125 kg N har oong@d to obout 60 kg N htr 6xed bv

chicklea. Th$ b.s.n tdded noE ot$nic malter dd inptov.d N soil ferihv

Wtd yield pdm.lqs (F.drclivc liu6, gnb pq spik ' 1000 gain stighl)

NeE iig.ificutly inc€$d by pFccding l.8un€ cor6 dd nilbgcn fcdilizrion.

Yield D!6mclcs w€e signifiMlly 8rat6l aftd PEceding b.Een oop' bul

werc saond 6nd 3Id after preceding chi.kpea ahd flllow Thes pddneem

incced silniiicdtly witn incrssing E!.s ofnnogen .tPli. on

t52

sinild ro th. whelt yi.t tn productivnv Prahetes such 6s biological, 8Ein

Dd srds yicl{ts wcrc .l$ siFilisntlv .trccled bv pEeding legm's ed

nilroscn f.niliz.6Lt The hid.n yi.lds weG Morded 'ii'r bc6"n bur wd

s.od dd ld lnd chicl9.. od fdlow Tt!6. vields i.cEos.d ti8'ifidtlv with

qch incc$ing r.1e oI N fcrtili4t High.* vieldi w.e @rd'd tt ih' niehesr

de ( I O0 kg N ha-r ) of feniliz.r.

Nnrcgen r6t s, Podlclive illes, gtsin spik.L and 1000 giain weigbls w're

posirively @@lrt d wilh gr6in yi.ld Coftldions YalEs olall parm't'6 ercepr

I000 €nin yicld w€ very hili G : 0.99)

Asenomic .fiici..cy (AE) *hich n eout of thd gnin p.odu*d (k8 kg r) ot

applicd N fcniliDr M the highcsr d 75 kg N ht', br mt.d sdnd dd 3d bv

NitBgen u .ke ws positively and sigrifi.dtlv orelated (r :0.86) wilh 36io

Ph'siologicll cffici.ncy M n sdliv. dd hignly cortlated (R1=0 99) silh sdin

yield.Nir,ogen urilization .mcidc, by whdl sd the hiSh6r ar lowd d. ofN-

TtcR s6 no sigriffmr ditreEncc in lhis cgrrd due lo wint.r l.gum.t.

Nnosen h!rycsi index (NHI) wrs found to b. the ni8he51!r th. middle level ?s

kg N harand d€ci..sd siEnifiqndy wnh in.@sing and d.cE.si.8 lhe N

Lrlilid r.Gs, Coftlltion b€lw*i N r.les lnd NH4 + N wG quitc high(r '{ 80).

Nirrogcn Ecor.ry OR) by *hear ws high.st lt ?5 kg N t. r dL, bul ws scond

ed ld by l0o ed 50 ksN har NR w6 ndimm in f.uow, bul dnked sm.d

sd ld fbn chickpca ed b.Fm.

h Study 2 role {hc.t .d intercmpping of g..ln l.euns rd nltroi.n lirtlllAliotr

ristrificrnlly.!d psftivl.y hnr.!c.d lh€ Produclrvig of..ch oth€L

wne{ gdin per 3pike, l00o gnin w.igh! bioloCrcal md !r.it vicld reF

signifidlly [email protected] by ghin t.gd. intEoPping ed N .pPliatio.

t5l

. wh.st yi.ld @npondts rcE @mbbdy and sislifidtl, 8tar.r thd wh€lt

eG greM .lo.c winout eBin l.grm. int Emps Ditrm3 d8 ro l'gun'

int rcdPs q@ non sigrinot.

. Protin in whc.t sain N6 silnifioilly higncst *ith chhtFA inlcrcbpping bur

was seconldd 3'd wilh n€lhti.nd lcntil inlcrcgping

. Prctcin in g6in ed 3lrau incr..sd with inceding rst of N f.nili4r' Th'

hidr.st pd.in conledt s.rc Fcordcd .t lne highBt N Etes of 160 18 hdr.

. Tn yicld of l.gmc inteEreF (ndhn, lcnlil ud clti.kFd wa r.duc.d du. !o

int4opging win whan Th.ir yi.ld @npoftnts ad nhbd of.oduLs od

lheir w.idr wcF clso sisDifiMtly Educ.d eho inteEopF<l in whclt.

R6u|n olSrudy 3 rddled sigrifn nrlutl.ftet orbotn lcguo.l.icrc.op! tld

. wh..t prcductivity p.dhet F {.F signif@dy gs&r ir whc.r !lon. lE.tDqt

ohPltd lo 8r!n lcgm. i.r.EopPcd wh.al. Diffq.n6 du. to mn l.glne

cDF eG non si8Difi@!

. Ph6phoG f.niliztion signifidtly incdsd grain ad slEw yicld Straw yi.ld

ihcHs.d siFificddy up 10 50 rnd g.in yield upto75 k! har. B.yo.d lhis $e

diffcren@s wer. .on significant.

. lnt oction olsrm l.gme intcrcbpG dnd P Bt.s s.r. sisnicqnt with rcsp.ct ro

whc.r biologisl ed gEin yhld, bul itui!'lifi@t wilh cpet ro $nw yi.ld

. GEin l.suncs inlctwF h.d rc ctrct o. hd6t indd, horcv.r P f.nili2lrion

3igilicsdy imt4€d n.

. C6in l.Sun i.r.rcoppin8 sigf,ific&dt incEed lne pnLin cont nt in sheal

gr.in ed stdq, Potein in wh.it g6in wts die highesi duc lo chickP.i intcrcrcPs

and w$ followcd by nelha and lentil,

. Prccib in grrin and st!* incfta3.d significanlly with inct .!ing de of P

t54

Thc yield of legun. inleEmps N6 ti8.in6.tlv Educcd dut ro inEEoppi'8

wnh whear Th.t yield componenis and nodule nombe! a'd weighl were

ignifi( antly SHter e h.n SIoM slon ritlout $hd inr?(@pping

t55

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSIONS ANIT RECOMMENDATIONS

Cultivstion of Lgun.s gnor b ewi.8 of *het wB h€btul in inpoting

orgMic nat r sd br.l plus mih.El nitrg.n in eil, *tich posiliv'lv

imp&ted tbe prcdudivity of whel

N ilrog€h r.quiftnent of whgl for obhiii.S n€d n ximum vield (95%) a0'r

l.llov, chi.kp€ lnd bclsad *.8 foud 10 be 91, 82, and 72 ks h!"

Esp€ctilcly. Th€refoF Econmc.dihs N fcniliz€r doe 10 vh'd following

1.8!me cop ne& b bc @nsidercd foremciefl f.n'l'ar M

Us of legume in ei$cr rolttion lith whett or as d intetop imPmved th'

pblcin mnt.nt lnd qu.lily of whot Snin .n<l slFw-

Ue of N f.nilizr in whe* olllio. s n bgw.s or !s M int'rcrops lleh.lp.d in imFoving th. quilitt of gain in l.m ofgoi. pobin 6tcd

Asronoiic trd ph'siological .mcicncica ftE hid'r at niddl€ 6re of

i.niliation; tncEfoc, @o.onic.lly oDriion ra16 d n*srv for Edding

the cosl of cbps cuniration.

R.cov.ry of de nnrcg.n feniliz.r

of hish @!t of f.nili4., @v.rtniuogen utilizrtion by whsl,

by wheal r.oged fron 4l lo 67% I. view

n€€ds ro b. inprcv.d dmugh impori.E

what did not EsFn*s b photinorus lpplidtion b''ond ?5tghar'Thi3

indietes 1hal .pplidion of high.. rales of pnosphorus 10 whdt should b'

ivoid.d if adcquaL dLs @ !!ed foi Ft .ding legmc gBiE'

156

t tu. td.d "t- oa.lid/iGqopi!8 ndi6 6'old t' di'd di

'od. rdied (@ trg-d) cddu.d' 11i. d|V lad to d'v'lq @9

d!|te!o.!r i.drolo8y fo. c$t vt6ld. ud" noidn 3ft*e'd

studi6 6i ingrwiis d, nhof!6 od !h..Ptou .6cht'kt h LlDttr

b.d c{rl croFiry ttd.!tr |!rLr lt$it d w.rt dPPlv 'r.

*!Edvi.lortd h vid ol.E ritits co. olt iftr|d odt@l Po tdd

s{fib inin Lg|d.. t .d b 0. tdadf.d |t mv D. oo.! lFoptld' 6r

i&t.Fi.s$b6lt

157

CHAPTER 7

LITERATURf, CITED

Abdllli. s. |.v.Z Ha$d K c (a$mmMdA V Na$rb l98t lhe porentdlot

'"t*"iN, '""i"".r$pt rnnrledlAgn( sci 1012) I06a_1070

AH, S., M. L Mdn. K Y.snin \' MushDq M ! People! dd D F Hcmdge I0a7

;:m."li;iillta g :rx;slil 81 ir:l;,#li 'l.l;lllfl;"tlli;,l*m ;l*l-"mr,,* "ifi ,r,,';j,) l'$iiu:' JitriT''53,"i")|:!iil

ahtd,A.,B AhredfldcH Akbd zO0'2 t(Id ofphosPhdtu' l$'L and RhDobiun

i"*ul*li" - rr'. e.i" I "ra "r *o muns b'$ cux rvb P*kbn l soilSli 2l(4):aa_

Ahmld. l. la7s. Gowrh p.rfomN. of rcw lhon duElion gdotvFs al difr@nt

r*iir," ri*r'. u s. s-. ri-, l hetn Asrcn D'pn u A l Pakis@

Ahndd, M C |aS4 Effat ol l'gune inF !rcppngln tne grc${h i'd treld ofnti4

"#iii r" airn*, g.oncu,.ni pu*'" Mn tqon' As't zPrl' Deptr' arrcn

Arat. K.. R K. Singh Mdrsen.nt ol \ od P In * h4t - chickpe! i'kNoDprng :vsEm

;i".iil;i;;;;;;';;;'i;;"d vi.rd orchictP'a under Einr'd @ndirions

aia\-Kumrr and R K sinS!. zoo4 M4te'de of N dd P in whed chicbet

iniercboo'ne sv"lcr on vi.ld otlhblnng chrmics No v'rld ol chickpe' unda dhl'd

-'dni;;, tu;als or Asdc R6 . 25r2 r: 100_105

{knbr. v.s r068 sBd'.\ on prdrine pan.hs f'cili!*inP@pDh:;.1.rfl:llrTtkld olmtE Dlanted

'n difi4n' gcom'hcd plkn tr

Alr5.,WB Nr.mddA Ah lege Lsublishi'nr of p$dudit' and r6binabk

il*..-*J"r .i,,i"" * *tn"* PakNkn Pa\ J sorls<r''17):21_28

* i;I-1,"Y$ii;,li"l;.ff "" l'?;,il; Li i,lxT"Tl"LY;"T','*" "'T;:T

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Ali, M.A. 1996. Agronoagem.nr studies on biologisl fisriot of nirogpn in wh"tr.g,.* in""-ppi"g .V,r.-"". ph D Th6is, D.ptnn 't

ol Agrononx Unit'6i9 of

AlLn. J.R dd R.K. Ob@ 1983 Yield of corn sd svbon undq ditr'adinredDppingsyst n.agrcn J. ?5(6)1 10051009

Andrews. D.J. l9?2 lnLrcoppihg with soqhun in Niseria Expcrin€nLl ASrioultuc

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;;;;;; ; ;;. ;;;i ;"i*" ;ME.e rr Ar8!tu p.pi'dad'!tui6 'd'n6iisl(|ls.l rgu! Aaa ll cong$o Naiontld' li8o Pergmino ArsdlM r pP Z'!'225.

Andriulo.A.E,IA Ctl ini Jo lslesii\' Elorioni R A Rossell A Glrtc lssob

;;#;';;;;.:i;; -" ':i" ." a sudo*r' bo!ffi* r Prcpi'd'de'

;I;;;lJ;-i;;'i; ^; iitonero Nrond ac rriep pergoino a€'ntin!'

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Ani[-Dhtk d. R,S. R6jpot, P K. Misbr. ed S K S@sgi' 2005 Efe't ol sPdial

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;ili;;i*;;;d;.s "'lem

inursorAsic R* 16{2} }rtrt7

Anira-Dh.k'd, R.s. Rljpur. P.(. Mhhra dd s K s@wei' 2004 llq of :eTt'!

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and l$d equit'renl

llf iiiiiii.r'ii*";iil;pp'ng lsam amars ot esic R's 25r4r 62 r -62r

Anna-Dh6lcd, R.S Rsjtu! P K Mish!, S K S@w8i trd B S Joshi' 2005 Eilct ol

iii,ii"'" '*-iii'i "#;r,;e."

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}'*iir'i"r*" ii*.*nd'v".t Andk orAsric R'5 262r' 20'r'203'

An t-Dhsr'.d; R S Rljp mdPK Mbhn 20O'r Fffd.ofcop s@m'E udnrhgd;;;;;' ;; ii.u-La vi.t ar''uurs ot *hd$chickF! inempPtre \)'qAMrisofAErtr R.! , 25(4): 567't70

AnonFos lgsl lxonom'c Sun.) Covenmenl of Pothb l inec' Div Erononic

Anonvmou', lsgo agriculuEl SbrNkr of Ptkis@ Co\'mmenr olP is@ M'nisrr)

li iii,i,",^gn-r"i"i"o c*p.Erive. rood Md As'iculoe Division {Pt!tring un '

Am3hng. F L.. J s Ptt ed M J Unlotich lgo4 Nrhgm !t!ua of liellls.,"0t i" i",O *".* r*.tl& sudi.d Bns ine ' N natual ibud'fte Lchque

a;{Elia L Pllnl Phvsiol 2l:5ll_549

159

AmstronS, E.. D Veq B

Pm. Thin€nd soulh.oSouthw!les,PP: 108'll2

De.r. 198?. Cop and pduE legmes in c'Ml mErDne

Cftal lmDovde Conl. D€priln.d Asrnd uR, New

A"hdl,M l9s2 S'udEs on Edeuv olplinring $'hat.frilibring 'nknro?pins v Sc

n'""". O"pn "l.rg..o.l d,.itehr) of Asrrculuc taieldh'd Pal.ind

A\'am. M.. t. A. vshnood. M B '""'t.r T*:*:1.1.liilY,,:131.:Tl'iil':l

dl chickF nirroren i'rxctio. to in(e6ed sheal pmdu<non

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Bactie. H. J.dnd s A B6dt lga? N loget@nuibut$of fieldpd D lnnucl opline

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Be$$n. w L ud M M Allet lgsa Optrhrring $il'nd fenilEr us bt intensn'b

#.;;;;;';;;;;"i i crcp;i'og'nupdre Aeon ' 8r:rr6'120

Boir.y K. 1.. K. Motun!.n Md u P ':aiotrd.

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Brldo.k. J O,R L Hisgs w H Paul{n lA J'clob' Md w D shmrad'r' le8l

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Mi;i$ipDi Vall.y ASron i T31885-890

Baligd. V I , N K lag'na ud Z,l ^He

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t60

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I6I

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For. R.H., Dd W P PnlilcL lg88 F.niliz.rN cquivtlsae of'lftlf' bid'3fml @foil

-J "J fi"i" i"'.*.ai^s -. cops Pod J A8'ic r:1ll-ll7

Galal. A,H, lq97 F[e(r or ro* spdc'ng! on v!'ld md vield ronponcnB oleme sdin

mrohdmculti!.F.A$intI Agflc Soi 28l4r: lll'142

:"H;- l; :"",iflix t';Si5lll".l i; Tili"-Ll;lll]' ffi :""'ff I'il;ffi;i.;i;d;;ft;Jb) dc tigo R.v Flcurbd de Asbmmia I r' PP 57-

Gmb€lvo, D. L Shngi C Amb. C Di Miolr'.A S FEnda P TEpdr sd C

[o.ir". iooi er*t "i 9"i^ re!m? crcPJ on ,i'ld dd qulit] or tbscquor *n'ar

;;. ; itiN; tt; i" ri'.r.acrs-or "or.i'op 'onnrutiotu

on GEin r'sun's and o'e

.^i',"i".-t, r'"" t **' **Iit dd imp'cB zuLh rsqikrl d' l8_le Nov 2004

CMcsd aid Cijendra Cki. l gs5 lntdoopPing of dust'rd ritt chickPca' lsnil $d

befy drr lan& lnd, J A8on. ]0(2)r 244J0'

Cddr. A and Cs Krlr! l98l lnn!'ne of miaregunes asochtion di

""'il?i'i.'.-ri ii s"; ;a.' *'' p'*' M'dE Asri r': 68(?rr' 15M57

i Fp6 C6D5 Absk.. 16(l): 22]l; l98l)

166

G.npat B, sd GS. K!16 1933'

nit;se. undd Eiif.d cordilions lnd'Respom. of P@ md nircd cop or nai4 to

J.AgDni28(l)r82-83

cddner. u K.lnd( A Bound) la8l fte equnnion olpho'phorus bv tqptb '!bA

#,$*f fl:''*i"r,*i*',;';l s,1'll t'u';:rl';ru "j't!934).

Coodina M. I and $ P Dtvie' lqq? wh"t Poddion dd Utihalion_Svnns

QloliD:nd Lhe tnlrbnncnt CABhkmt ontl cdbnoE'

cordon D. Md Y *l':..",1. l::l -l:,ll"c':1"1r '

odie' ' .Dd4'ropmenr

D's8$r

N.riomlDlmins A$ocialEn' wrsh'ngon, uL (uJnr lvt

Coswmi, s.R.. sN Soni. and SM Kumvoshi lggg E4mmic f'sibihrv of $vtdn

i"_*.pp.c ;i""t *',h j"*- dd "n!r undd ninr'd @'dirion Advec\ u Plmt

Sci€n6. 12 (2): 461-463

Cren, C. F. 1984 Dry dafi.r rccunuldionlogical fnm*ort fo' whcd husb4<tv

ABblermi.g, ll (6)26'10

crcoksn. R. K tnd Ds Hill la?a Gdin vield 4d llnd 'quilsr 6tob frcm

i""".pppi.e-t -a t"vb.." In Vrm'lolr' ABton J Tl 4l-44

cuDt! M.L md Q.L Shmt loS'l Srudi6 or ersb@ pisonFr inLtmpD'ng Mrmi;r;@ndrions lnd J Asron 2aCr:2lJ_217

HP.M R Sonrrklrd sd Pw Sins lo79 Studr's on certl_l?sun' mrercopprng

lil; r.i";i;:i.6u\4,..ihnro.7,2) 85-q4,Bior'Ab'b.7(rI':o6?8a rs80

Hrroond A. M A Khln bd S Ahmld 2005 QudtbLile Espons of(hicl'pet 3rcM

;'i3;;;;;ti;rrr;'.".op€ rndus r'Biorogiqr'sci 2i]r:17r-r?4

HailaMn c. Md c Atildnr' 20$1. oprrmizins bolosiel N: fi$lion bv I'gm6 in

fmins sFtens. Pldl .nd soil, 252: 4l _ 54

Hadson. G, SKA DaN F lipo[ and K R'rchardr' laal M6uEm' of

i'rfii." i""-r""-lij"r"u.- " aife;nt N tenilts ab sins rh' N ' iotop dilution

'nd ,i-vol* M.rhod, Pl.nt md $il l1ll2r l6l_163

Hndv. R.w.f.P I'lmcr.nd RH H.s.mrn IeT5 Nirogln inpul cmp pmdud u.l-*iiir' ,.**i'.'l iitr'rs- ,asri iifl suton ed bnin& Michign usa P

l4l.

Hdld.l. R. Igg2 Copsdd Md 2nd E/ ASA ddCSsA Vad$n Wt Hsis C E

i,ia 6 e ii.'i;-. i"oo o*ibire th. N @nEiburron bon 'rfalrr

@ loir dd No

su(eedinc crcps using nrrrcsm_lr' A8'on J 82: l2erra

t61

Hlmri. I $d D Sztu! 1982 Th. .lId of f'nilis 'pglidid on dilT'dl whdt

lji.iji,i..ii.ii* i;i"i;l| (r/rr:25?'265 (FErd cop Ab'rs r7t2B):7t1' teu)'

Hsix C.H .t'd B HBt mD tggo Qustifvinglh' niltogln onuiburion ftom lltrltu

. Jl;ioo *ectahs crcp' "!ing

niNs.n_l5 Agon l 82:129'l]4

H.w.E, M.P $d D Mcdo.ld lgg3 Bolrvtis Gnv Mold of Chickp" R.6r !dv&'6in as@h ICRISAT tP. 35

H!h6. R.J,, RJ. M.nin dd K M Goh l99l Nirogd Fis'lion dunullrid of$il.,il'J ii.i.* r"i *.. nt.l-s"M l.gw cop Fi'ld coF c'tch 35:82'e2'

H6i;G. D. f ,H M@llo' w L F.lbn G L TuddxdM B PdPlB lggt

iiiiiS -*.j"il L'r-n r*rritv in *Mr stlms rhsusn i'ht' spxins 'd Nlfiri;. soil Biol. Bi@n n 21415),545J51

H.rid!.. D.F l9l Mslgcncnt of l.8um Nihgd Fitlion for Rrinf'n cdl

"#i,"'"i"iir"ii'i.li. nie'i;a eurmt'"i.rctrn cio rogt ocurent pe s't:'

H.scde. O, 8., C. C. Sh.!frGr, D K Btn6, W E L@lhclEi, 'nd

J- H fod l9E6

alf.lt drv dds ed f,iEo!.. p'lduclio. sd f'nili4r nitDS'n dpo@ r' r'8!m'-

@n Dlltions. Agrc. t.78:|9-23

HBl.fru. O. M,, M. l, Rwl. C. C. Snotrd ed G ll H'ich'l l9E7 Niao8ln

"iiri-ii"i t"i ri irii,.' -o t"g"nc €idu* in t.gun -{m olliiom

^son r' ?e: 72G

129

H.Fc, E,C.l98? wtd dd \whd lnPDv.nc.r' 2d 'dni6i

Mdietl wisBin'

H@in!. D.R. ud w.L.Psn. l99l Niuog.n.fiicidv omPocnr e'ltsh: u 'v'ludion

of;Dppins 3yskn difi.ds in poducNirr' A8M , 8ti lo3'm5

HoBt w,l.sdC, WschkiB 1986 lhpoving tlE phcphttic tuPplv ofspnig shalby ii;rcDppiig wi! tuPin on eil lo* in lvail.bl. phdph( (wlsl Bthv ddTririot. Abst. 4(r:2200; 1987).

Hubd, R-. E, R. K.lLr tnd F. &hw.ndinu. 1987. Edan ofbiologiql nitogd fixlrion

bt hbn VN (Vich laba L ) 6 $c nihgcn @nonv of th' $il F bieN's lctt'r

HucklBby, D.P., C.M Bosn, S E Ho*ll .ndRH H!8GM l97l.Uk 3pang-

lmlidiion of N for clllci.nl utili4ri6 .nd .nhd..d prcducrion ot gnh pocn oI

;iar Arron J, 63( I ). 2?3-2?6

Huan6, R. Dd D. F Hctrid8. 1989 !ffd oflilhgc on v''ld' nodulrrio ed nihg"i"iioi ot *vtcu i" r* l;nrr co!5d N* south w!l6 AuidlilD J ExFriMtl

l6E

H!sr, F.. M S 1B. M L Alhd dd M Ytsin 2OOl -\imgEn

mea8em{t m B_

au cm.ie.cr *itr cltorcprrrtt m.rer od l*l'olorchd P* I Soil s'Rnc' Vol 22

(l): l-t0

Husin. L M. S. allch sd O ssvll lc9o sorehun ba*d ksuft hhrcppins

;fld d srs r6dd* yeld Sshad I Agn R.s l5l'll II7_rr1

Huslir, M. v., s A. tb6hm dd M.l z.ibn I C8rt Lfi4' of rifogFn lev€L on go*ln

",.ia -a .i"..r -tp..i i"" "f

*h.{ plu$ und'r dillcmr s€d mle( Ls/PiM J Soil

i.l. iq r j i.l s. rwh;r s.l.r -d rnriLal. Absrs 2(l': I 878 ls8t)

ICARDA 19s9. Annud Repon {lntcndioml Ccntrc for AgricultuE R's@h in tnc Drv

Ast 1988/1989, I ?8 PP. Aletpo, syda,

ICRISAT. 1964. Ahnul R€pott lnlcnilioMl Cop R'sedrch Itulitute for S'mi Arid

Topics. Hydcdbad, lnd i..,

ICRISAT. 19?5. Annula Repod ldcmlrion.l Cop @trch insdffie lor eni Arid

ICRISAT. 1981. Int maiioml Cop R.srch lNriNl. for Seni Acid TmPic AM ftpon

J!6r. M.. N. Ali. K H Husin. {d M Av}tb 1988 Lfid of pldring p'n'tu o'gyo*h oa yicra of sumar mai4 J Alnc R6 26{9lI4l!r'

J dev, ss ud v stov@v l9?'l Ufd of niltogd fdiliEtion on s' chmiql

-i"i'ii,*. "ili.ii ,it it'* "did6 or whd srcm 'n Libva ribvdI Asnc r:4e-

52.

l.hs$n. S. L- dd J. Pesn. 1982, Mircolidion ed innobiliz'tion of soil nitrog'n'

ii'Tili'*"*" tul, ni*e"' in Agiculturrr soir' Aercnonv monogsph No 22

ASA. Madien, WI. PP 229'252

Js4n. H. E. dd C D Radder. 1989 Nilrog'n hintnlization in a green nrnuri"lilliil"rr *;o"-La u"

'.ppins hisldrv; subequenr cop Plml soir' r20rl25-

lll.limn. H, H.. 1. B. Bol, V.O Bi.detbak ud A E Shnllrd leQo Iak ol N applicd6

*ii i-* - *.."i". l".rliar to sil subseqEntlv crcpped tith 3prins *h'rt;F.3iB m w.r.n c&od! c&ldid J soils'i 70:lll

J.tjA. H,H. &d C. B. Schulj.. 192 B!l.v esPoN ro nitrosd md non nuEnionrl

b.n fiB ofLsune gla mde Pldt Soil t42: 19'10'

l.dn E.S. leo6. Csin vi.ld. svmbidic \t linblion ud rnEEpsrh @mpdnion fot

orslnic.N in Pe'baicv int EroP Ptmt edSoillE2 2S_13

t69

lTlil,,i,i.ill';f ?ll f tJ"'"*"ilTill'.fl li,ili'li;'l i'l'Y;i ii'iif*:imM6? Zunch {Swi@rltnd} lSrcNov /uF F rc

ros \.. A R. cirreqPie r' R s'ire' D B vens'rdd ? F l:f;l,ll; i!T]'iffi *ffi ::'ru:"Trff#, iiii,fi

"lil5

ififfi .'l ;;;; ".o svu"-''at

6t-ii-

turm. c.s. 'nd

B. uansse ra8o I mnomi( or.int'16?P1st,i'Jltrl'l'ftT:;;lldir !t difieEnr |dck or n{oCEn under dhred conqnE

lll-135.

Krndeni. P , PM Sstnclun1mmro lnd c'M-Rantri'rn' 1077 lnaruFpping

:i;il;;j;;"""^"* PG r&h consr' Issr" rrr3 r'r4o rrnkr qdsor r" 8l

11965): 145; l97l)

fHlili,i,J;"#,#;i*lsh, iill,si:fi r,I#l'J;*1lil,:]fijii;ili''*Ksikd s. K.. o ch.bd dd e v9'''1".,'3ii".-if1'^"l"fifie{li.iili,'riel@bul on Darl m'll.r $rBhum dd mir In boswda 'i43r52.

Katin4. J D H,\'ChmsMdM C S*M IoS8 Effd of imPDv'd mrtg'ment

:*:,tll:l[ir'x]rfl"rxifi "l;'i;:::ff:s.Ti' 3l[ilr*"

*

f#i"*.""i:.1i:f::ili,:l1fi lyil:,#$r. :f {*i:'J:il1"ti:. r":;

(hthl. A I$l) StudiB m biolosi4l in@oPthtioship 'trd Mb u$ t*hnrqua In

liilll. ii,.o.li.iiitp" "r^g"n unn Ag'c Fasrsbcd Pakuu"n

Khln A R.. A. Q'vvum md o A .|"*.'ojl, f*-^ i"""Hf.::il "i":it"T:J il:

irl'#'fi$" j#lr

ffii.il.i *T;r' ^ff fu r;$^d: mru;it.roz.

Khd. v. R.u Khd. A !\anab dd A Rashid 2oot b4Yf ,i"Tt#I.fffj,il#lqhd 6 innu.nt2d bv incEopping ot (hr(KFq E'

Droportion P.k J Agri. Sci 42 (34)r l_3

KhM. M.. R U. Khd. D Muh'la.-q f ,*.Ii,'-Tiriliffl"J#i''tr:sd ccfal inr.rcopping und'r Rodlohi minied conoron

2r (4t:629412 t70

r$?j,lJ,fl Jjl"j#j:fi::"ifi fil,iffii{sf &T.: 5r;:':l;L:'*' "

f,]il; j*TX.**fi .li1;f l:T-i:Itllil;:"T'$'3l"f

r*cn sain v c'd od

Knotr- D.R., lq74 Eff4' oJ nit o-sFn Ienilid m d' vrld sd tmcm @nEnl ot ht'

spnns uh46 Cddio J l'rdr scr' rarr t r"

Kol' S.L. loTr' PuG strnd and mir'd crcpping oJdd d! soudnur in Ch'M Chant

l;siscr..8tl12]-10 (Fkldcopab$ 20(ll):346u re"r

Ku(r. R. M N. rcEo conuibunon orN2 fr'lion b ra!'!"'indrs i.l:ff ll:"1:srcwing r@n uids ndd @ndirions in sou$em srEni

Kuchenbuch, R, .nd I Juo8 lgsS Nil'ogo balde of lc3uncwhat cbppns

s{{uene Agmn ab$s. P. 240

Kudu S.. M, Vmnt' M C . rriptthi A K sd r' N Ttt*ar 1996 Ena1 of FYM on

Lfi-iin-ti.i i" 'it*"' ,oir;r'r d) ed its nd p@nridr mmbutm b N b'red

i:;5:i,ffi;il;;;;;;;"6dobs) r;dilnI Agric sci 6htor' 5oe'rrl

KBh*sh..BL ddM Ali lgE8 !ffdof Khsil leSun' on Produclit4 dd nihsrn

m.omv h 3K€ding vn.d lnd J Pul R6 l(l) lz-r/

kdd. L N. r. M. oadcs and M- A':'. r"sl qt:"r9Y::1.'il;T;i?11;*';.1'.ill.flm.6idu6 d(omFrng in soils$wnlo wtuar m mr

2ir-256.

Lrdha J.K. OX Kundu VG Anselo'Vs (opp'nolleaiS' MB P€pl'! vR

ii'Ji'*i ."1 L o"" , o"" r-'gume Pod(tit 'iv dd

^soir ni@sen dvndica in ros rsd

d@dsd coDDinssv3cm SoilS'i soc Atrnor'w:'""'"

LdDkin, N. &d M Measur.s (€dt lggg oreenic F m Mdlgtn4l Htndboot 3i

E{tilioi, Univditv of W.l's Abcrtslwvlh'

L,M, c. A le64 Pmd$rion of 0F r,':t ":n1':t, t fr- with *v'n r'nlity

**..o -a ro* "t".*-'ntsar Lv'llpur' Pal I Agri sci l II-16

Lson.Kl,r'G CNmN 'ndD A PhilliPr lo8g Ytld dini@Kn fixdion {d

f,".*""; "m"- ut'-* "r

imgar'd whik lupin in ! M'niaM clitur' Asron

J.8l:538-t43.

-?iii;i;Y;l;-'f lii,ixl,il3#;,,'#;i,T".t'.ii$3i:l9?4)

l7l

',i"!J,.i liflih,l;i il l;f H'Ti"l'l;"il;l"i,Jrf, "* l.';l* "91i

Nuo; Cvclins In Agrc' Ems)stcmshs 6r_/I

Hi3':flH:lilfti|x",li:;'"isi".i:;l"r:"Hi#*H"fl ff :l

l;lk,LltH,i;,T,ltrl"1l"i#ii;.Ti;ii;""1::JHlll':,lliiliii,*,1'#!frLibr, A.t. and L.H O. lnp6- 1979

ft. inc(oooine olmai4 dd bansHld.Ebld lndio JM,l0_ll, leTo

Pl&t DoDuhion ed ,Pltal o@gcmtrr nudv on

i.N B@il Po( Inr wSP In''(rcpprns ar_qr'

Iew, T. lgsT Robcion legrdime-liigo v ls fcnilid'd ni@g' d! del s$to Ccncit

I oaz-B.lhdo L; M. Fudks.I Ecsrillo F I Lops crmdn dd E J FeMd'z l9e6

i;f-:;;;il;;.;;;-p."ion md nihg'^n r'tiir'|rr 'tr*$ on whd vi'rd udcr

h'ni.d m.d'l.tu.an condi'ion Agbn r 33 '6r_"{

LoRd.oA,lc Bi5hopddD\'$ngh lgt5 Liquid ^drJ

dd gaeot' tenrlizd lol

oions on sav romy soiu emm Sci Ho( Sci 6i:2vo-ruo

In^ |A.-M P.RussleMdG H Heichel l9a! QMtifiranon ofsvnbiorictllv lired

li':1;:"1;;l' |ffiil;;rrJr",oor"na"oa"ts Agon r' 84 r0''r0'r4

r-u. i.x rs99. soil es*l'"ti'l'v An'lvst' B'ijing china Agricul@l scid@h PEs;

1999. PP 147149 (i! Chin'e)'

Lurhd.OP,NH Dawdi dd M Cho(h4 la8o R'hrioBhrD of hd'{ ind'8 $irh

lliiii," -.i"--" I" "r'.t HaryMt Agn' trniv J Res:e(lr:36-42 {frcldcop

r.*rsJr( t t ),rrtl, tr*o)

M'ir.r, Rr.. FF Koehrer dd IK hl\ r"l1;,"1T#".1".J,x;rlT,ill "'Noliqtio. md plecm.nt eficcB on *inrs wmd prcouclu

;il,*r*t.i1,,.*',.xli'"*,1,1'l#iri;j,Il",il[iT,]ir;'!l'i'l'M,n6urM.A,MS EisaA Abdtll' 1948 EtrFr.ofinL(mppirg she{ si$ lenril

ll:;liil,*r; ilii;t"' 'B on r'rd rnd rh'n @npoftnB am'r' Asnc v'Moshtoho. 36(l); 6 | 69-

M.idl. f. X, r' X H!@A P&s sd C fi*ht(k_.l9a6 ldsfer orsFin kgme

"i*?" J*t "..".u- r' AsDn and crce sci l76{I r 47_t?

t72

xlJ"l !{ii;l.1x1i*il"3;,"i;liui",i'i,'i",',:i,t'$:"" o*'

" "'**- '"0 ''

Mal'|,M.A,V a H4aLs Ahamd t'd I Haq 1998 lnkNopping ol lfflil gdn

i1iJrli.Jl i" 'i'*i;ir.' *r"red condrtion! sadad I qgric r4r5):4r7-42r'

Msdsl. B K., q D6eupr. sd P K Rt' t98J Fffecr ol rkErepp'n8 on th' )i'ld

ili'iil-i'. "i*r'--"irl**" -d mu"i'd ry:11:I'^Ti:,motsM rrin?s r' AsFn

i.j iti. r slro, :or-lor' , ii.ra ( op Ablls 19(10) 702t le8t)

MMdal. B. K. S DssupL ard P K Rtv lg86 Yield of $'hea mcbrd ed chickpca

##.f;il;r-l;-t'.i6 6u; rcl''u. Esim'* r' Agn sr' cdbrids'

!o(q' lrr-:er.

Mlndinb€. c. R r*s c-u ir"'i"n "r "t'y!{ l.sum.'

on rh' go*d orze 'a'4 L

und.r vdiols coBpinasvtems symbtot" v: / ' J_"'

Matr.llos. H., w l Fel'onandD F Hdridg' lqeS chi<kpm n *h4tsb3*dsopPng

";,i#;i ;;;h;; i;; sou'r' w'rs I N;nrdion dd 'nnd'nce

on soir nirrck $d

wlter. ABt, J. Agic Res 49r191_400

M. ovrc.N R KovsevrcTdic P lrovic l sl'vdovic.dd L Manhoric ls8l Th'

iiriii"ii j* ^-' "r pr'*O'G on *h'r vierd -dd-

Nair'br' phGphms in eir

;il;;:. r(r0tlil-"i ft i.rd cbp Ab3E 16{r0r7o05 re3\r'

M rullth. K , R U Kh@ A \N'h$ A Rahid 2005- Yield dd vicld @mpomB ol

;;;"; ;il; b' inr.fmppins of chicr'p€! rcntr dd ap€sd 'n dirr'rm

Foponios. PakislanJ. ASric Sci 42(l/4): l_3

Matull.h. K, R U Knm, D Muhmmtd md A R6nid

.nd cr?al ink(opping under rcdkohininr'd cond'l'os

2tl4)t 679-612

Mo\. X.w {82. I necr of planrrnS$hcdul'atut ini'rcoppinSon gFen SramtP Nreu3

"i?iil.,r,.ii.',qi-*i""r ';T!duia FrP Agn r8(2r r4e-rs6

VsuEl. J. ed M l@jto le84 Lffd of N -fdilizr tpplkaLion on vi'ld oflpring

*Eii. io'rin. rr sll tri <r i.rd crop Ab3B l&8),e61 1085)

McDonlrh,I F,s looM v Limpinu@'ndKEGrlln l99l E5tim'16 ol d'

"',"ri-ii'li-"!" t.".i"

"r e"udnui ro mlia in Nonnn lhairsd Plmt dd soir

ts4:267.271 .

Mclntosh.M.S l98l. ahalvsh ofcombincd 'rp'rincnts

A8rcn i 75:153'155'

M(N.rll,A.M,C J Prlbem H ( HttrisdndR SSwrR lssn s'Nntl ! &irtio' in thc

;i,uii'l; ;; ;;ri;;; meihod\ or .diming bioro-eicar. nihscn nrdion bv srain_r.""titi,"O",."inr.a-"ai,i""t Alndl8 J Agric Re' 47 1061_10?l

200s. Mutull eif.ct or lcgumc

ol D,I.Knd. sdh.d J. Agric

t7l

Mflg.l, K 5tu1 EA Kirbv lggT Principtls of Pldl Nutition lnl Polsh lnsr'

Mc(k;. R., I D'el!. B Vdnlauwc \' Stnisnea K D€n'r' D Ked'ngc 200l_ Soil

iili,ii .,"., -o -'r r".ir,,t rn:rhn G lshid' F .Karin'e D rEdr'' sBbin'bre

ii?iirL',1" 'i,." iir"" s"'r!.hne socieq orAmen<' sptrrr Pubricarion 'ro

{3

M.v.r. B s.. D B. Andeho. md R H Bokning labo Inhdt{ion o Pltnr Ph)'iolog}

D isNorbdco ln(.. Lotuon l$ Ed rlr'll4

Mirn. M.N.l. Md vR CaMsal laS(] t\rl@l6n of duncbcr (uhnad unds

#'*Ji;; #;";;"fu ';sns rnt Rei N's L'n'r' sirt' rt'rr' tri'u cmp

Abns., 35(4)i 295; 1982).

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