Facultad de Filosofia y Letras. Documetnos Para La Historia a Tomo XVI Relaciones Inter Pro Vinci Ales. La Liga Litoral (1829-1833). 1922.

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icokzo ï owge% s dg~oegktoveo ï ã~t`~% dgngo +g ge Gxb`



— 3 "

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~g t`nofok q+¼ n`k~gmwcve`+ Eo mvokdâ~cbo g~no~`~ dg kwbg"

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oe qvg~tobc~to% n`b` ho ~wngdcd` ï yovc`~ dg e`~ qvg~to"

bc~to~ +g n`k cmwoeg~ movoktâo~% dcgv`k ~w~ i`kd`~ gk tcgbq`

dg eo Qvg~cd+o s+[` eegmov`k oeeï eo~ egtvo~ mcvodo~% hoyco

? ^g vgicgvg oe d`nwbgkt` kúbgv` 6 dg g~tg t`b`+ — (X+ dg eo D+#+

¼ ^g vgicgvg oe d`nwbgkt` kúbgv` > dg g~tg t`b`+ — (X+ dg eo D+#+

> ^g vgicgvg oe d`nwbgkt` kúbgv` 4 dg g~tg t`b`+ — (X+ dg eo D+J+



" CM —tgkcd` ewmov ge nobfc` dg odbckc~tvoncþk% s k` iwgv`k

qomodo~+

G~ ygvdod +[ ge ^`v+ Onhofov% tobf+¼ o~gmwvþ +¬ ge ^`v

Bckc~tv` dg vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~ eg hoyco odygvtcd` +[

cfo sï ï dgnvgtov~g ge qom` dg g~o~ egtvo~% e` +[ ge M`y+`v

+g ~wf~nvcyg% twf` nwcdod` dg okwkncov oe Qwfecn`% tokt`

q+&& eo ~otc~ionncþk dg e`~ cktgvg~od`~% nwokt` q+v ge nvãdct`

i 6 yto+ dge nobfc` `qgvod` gk ?+± dg Dcncgbfvg% s q+[ +g gvo

wk vg~`vtg bo~ q+¼ ioncectov ge ãxct` dg eo kgm`nconcþk +g

~g cfo ï qvckncqcov< qgv` k` fo~tþ q+5c dgncdcv ï e`~ q`wâ~c"

b`~ kgm`ncoktg~% +& tgkâok oemwk`~ i`kd`~ dc~q`kcfeg~+

N`ktvcfwâo bwnh` ï owbgktov e`~ tgb`vg~ s dcicnwetodg~%

eo of~èwto ioeto dg k`tcnco~ gxonto~ dge g~tod` dg eo~ n`~o~+Nwokd` sï t`d` k`~ qovgnâo dg~g~qgvod` n`b` gk wetcb`

vgnwv~`% ~g `nwvvcþ ï D+& Ovþk No~tgeeok`~+ N`~tþ oúk

bwnh`~ dgyotg~ s n`kigvgknco~ q+-& eo~ n`ktckwo~ dcicnweto"

dg~ +g honco kongv ~w bcgd` s dg~n`kicokzo~< ~g eg dg~g"

nhov`k bwnho~ qv`q`~cnc`kg~ ho~to +[ q+&& ick% ge n`bcnc`"

kod` dge M`y+&¼ dge Twnwbok% s ge +[ ~wf~nvcyg% qwdcgv`k

vgnofov +g ~g ofckcg~g ï eo~ n`kdcnc`kg~ +g n`k~tok dg eo

n`qco +g on`bqoÿo n`k ge kwb+` 4+± [ Geeo~ ~`k ncgvtob+tg

dwvo~% qgv` ~ck g~qgvokzo oemwko sï dg n`k~gmwcv ge cktgkt`

ï bgk`~ n`~t`% s gk n`kncdgvonc`k ï m+g ge ~onvcicnc` k`

qwgdg ~gv mvokdg n`bqovod` n`k eo cbq`vtoknco dge `fjgt`%

qovgncþ +& qg~ofo bwnh`% bo~ eo n`qgvonc`k dg eo Qv`y+¼

dg Twnwbok s ôeto% gk eo foeokzo dg eo gn`k`bâo% +¬2

ge ~onvcicnc` +[ ~g honco gk fgkgicnc` dge qvg~tobc~to+

E`~ tgb`vg~ dg +[ g~tofo q`~gâd` ge qvg~tobc~to k`~

i+ > qw~cgv`k gk bwnh`~ gbfovo z`~< gxcjcþ wk ~gnvgt` ckyc`"

eofeg

s

qwv` q+v n`kdcncþk% +[ ~g `nweto~g ~w k`bfvg% s +¼

gk ge vgncf` dge dckgv`% k` cktgvyckcg~gk bo~ qgv~`ko~% +5[

eo~ +g hoycok cktgvygkcd` gk ge ojw~tg+ G~to ncvnwk~t+* ho

n`bqecnod` oem` eo~ `qgvonc`kg~% q+&& +[ iwg qvgnc~` +[ ge

dckgv` gktvgmod` e` vgncycg~g D+& Bcmwge Dco~ dg eo Qgÿo%

s dg ~w q`dgv qo~o~g ï eo Nègntwvâo dg eo Qv`y+¼

^ck qgvdcdo dg b`b+-` vgbctâ ï ^+ G+ ge ^`v M`y+`v dge

Twnwbok eo bctod dg eo ~wbo vgncycdo% s hovã `tv` tokt`

n`k eo~ +g yoso gktvgmokd`% s ~gvycvïk tobf+& q+¼ kgm`ncov

? ^g vgicgvg oe d`nwbgkt` kúbgv` 9 dg g~tg t`b`+ —(K+ dg eo D+r+



" ?= "

n`k geeo~ gk g~to Qeozo e`~ ovtânwe`~ +¼ iwg~gk kgng~ovc`~ q+¼

qv`yggv ï eo gxq;gdcnc`k% s ~g ck~tvwcvï n`k nwgkto d`nw"

bgktodo dg t`d` ge mo~t` +g ~g homo gk eo iwgvzo +« ~gb`fgvï bws gk fvgyg+

Oqgko~ ~g vgncycþ ge kwbgvovc`% +[ t`d` ~g qw~` gk b`"

ycb+-` gk eo Qv`ycknco+ Kodo hoyco+ Eo dg~o~tv`~o j`vkodo

dg e`~ Nè`bfcok`~% hoyco dg~tvwcd` wk qvgnc`~` ovbobgkt`%

vgbctcd` q+&& ge Qvg~cdgktg dg eo Vgqwf+5¼% qgv` eo qv`ktctwd

s gicnonco n`k +[ t`d`~ ~g hok qvg~tod` oe ~gvycnc`% ho i" > yto+

qwg~t` oe M`y+&` gk oqtctwd dg ovbov bce h`bfvg~ q+¼ dcvc"

mcve`~ oe qwkt` +g `vdgkg ge ^`v Mvïe gk Mgig dge Gxt` wg

ho `nwqod` N`vd`yo+

Ge M`y+ì +g ~wf~nvcyg oe cki`vbov dg t`do~ g~to~ n`~o~

ï ^+ G+ ge ^`v M`y+¼-& dg F+~ Osvg~ tcgkg ge qeongv dg ìvg"

ngveg ~w bo~ oeto n`kncdgvonc`k s oqvgnc`%

+ J+& Cm+-- dg M`vvctc

Dj Qgdv` Fwctvom`^gn+` ckt+`

Gxb` ^`v M`y+[v s Noq+ Mvïe dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg F+~ O+~

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Xonc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+ — ôeto+ —?^69"?8>9% K+- 6+ — N`qco : bokw~nvcto +" qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"feodo >1 Yc X 6? ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ dg e` s cc bce+< n`k~gvyoncþkfwgko< eo~ i`jo~ 6 s > g~tïk qgmodo~ q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo #+

Y+& F+& " N`bo~+


K+± 8% — CGe M`fcgvk` dg ôeto% oe Bckc~tv` dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~

dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% oyc~o hofgv mcvod` wko egtvo

dg 71 kkee qg~`~ o ioy`v dg D+ Oov`k No~tgeeok`~ R+

( 61 dg Bos` dg ?863( novqgto R

ôeto Bos` 61 dg ?863

Ge M`f+`

Oyc~o hofgv mcvod` wko egtvo cbq`vtoktg (\£R# 71+111 ^qeoto q+v nwodvcqecnod` ï iof`v dg D+ Oov`k No~tgeeok`~

QwFE+ ^g`+ Hc~t+ — T+ XYC ¬



?8

q+o ~wfygkcv ï e`~ mo~t`~ dg eo gxqgd+¼ dg eo Qv`y+¼ ~gmúk

eo ionwetod dg + ~g eg ho ckyg~tcd` —

Om`~t` ?4

@vdãkg~g ge qom` gk e`~ tãvbck`~ on`vdod`~ s n`ktã~tg~g oe M`f+± dgôeto —

ihþ+

i+ ?

Fwgk+~ Os+~Om`~t` ?4 dg?863@vdãkg~g ge

qom` gk e`~tãvbck`~ on`v"dod`~ s n`k"tg~tg~g oeM`f+k` dg ôeto"

\hos wko vú"fvcno R

Dâoz Ygegz

Qvïe

ôeto Bos` 61 dg ?863

i + ? yto+

O ycvtwd dg eo ionwetod n`k + ho ~cd` ckyg~tcd` g~tg

M`fÿ` q+v n`kdwnt` dge Gbfcod` ngvno dg ãe q+¼& ^+ G+ ge

M`fÿ` dg F+~ Osvg~% ãe +g ~wf~nvcfg hï t`bod` dge Ncwdo"

dok` d+k Oov`k No~tgeeok`~ eo nokt+5c dg ncknwgkto bce q+~

i+~% q eo + n`k~cmwcgktgb+tg ~g mcvo egtvo qj nwotvcqecnod`

gk g~to ihï+ n`ktvo ge bc~b` Gxb`+ M`fÿ`+% q+[ ~gv nwfcgvto

ï `nh` dco~ dg yc~to gk q+ i+ dg v`~tv`% þ gk yceegtg~ dge

Fokn` koncþk+[ ~gm+[[ ~w yoe`v n`vvcgktg+

Gk 68 dg Of+- wetcb` dcvcmcþ ãe ckivo~nvcqt` g~tg bc~bòyc~` oe Gxb`+ M`fÿ`+ ï +¼ ï eo ygz ~g dcvcmg: bo~ hoy+[[¼

~cd` ~wf~nvcqto gk ï+c-[ ihï+ q+[ ~è` g~tg M`fÿ` eo~ egtvo~

+¬ mcvþ nwotvcqecnodobgktg% ã~ h`s gk eo kgng~cdod dg

cktgecmgkncov ï ^+ G+ ge ^v+ Bcÿtv`+ dg G~tod` +-[ tgbgv`~`

ãe cktgvg~+d` No~tgeeok` dg +[ dcfwemod` ge gbqvã~tct` +*[

honco eg q`dvâo ygkcv wk qgvjwcnc` gk ~w tvok~ct` ï F+[

Osv+~ q`v gktvg eo~ þvdo~ okïvwcno~% iwg +& ~ècnctþ owgeeo

noecd+-â% gxcmcgkd` toe ~gnvgt` dge n`ktvot`% +« kc owk ~g

eegmovg ï gktgkdgv g~to nègnt+&*% mvïe+ dg hon[[¼< ho+yO± ~cd`kgng~+` n`k ã~tg b`tcy`% +[ ge dck+¼ ~g cktv`dwjg~g ãk geeo%

q+&& `tvo bok` wg eo dge qvg~tobc~to+ Bo~ h`s g~tg bc~b`

n`k~cdgvokd` +[ eo~ egtvo~ oktgvc`vg~ q`dvïk ~gv dg~g~tcbo"

do~ k` hoy+5c` ~cd` mcvodo~ q+&& eo nègntwvâo% ho ~wqecnod` +«

~g vghomok dgjïkd`~g ~ck yoe`v eo~ qvcbgvo~% ~ck gbfovm`

dg +g tgkâo sï vgbctcdo~ tvg~ dg geeo~ o ~w oq`dgvod` gk

g~o Ncwdod: s nvgsgkd` ge M`fÿ` dgfgv onngdgv o ~w ~èc"

nctwd% g~ +g dcvcmg ge qvg~+[g oyc~` ï ^+ G+ ge ^v+ Bckc~tv`

dg G~tod` gk e`~ Dgqovtob+[`~ dg M`fÿ` s vgeoncþk+[ gxtg"

vc`vg~% g~qgvokd` +[ ~gvo gxontob+-[ nwfcgvt` ge Ncwdodok`

D Oov`k No~tgeeok`~% k` ~è` q+[ eo cbq`vtoknco% dg ~w ~gv"



— ?3 —

ycnc` gk ge n`kiecnt` gk +¬ ~g hoeeoyo g~to Noqct+&¼-¼ mvïe+ q

ioeto dg kwbgvovc` q* gxqgdcv eo~ iwgvoz~ dg eo Qv`y+¼

~ck` tobfcãk q+&& eo odhg~cþk dg owge o eo now~o konc`koe+Ge M`f ckivo~nvcqt` ~g h`kvvo gktvg tokt` dg ~oewdov o

^+ G+ ge ^v+ Bckc~tv` o+& ~g dcvcmg n`k ~w qvcb+¼ otgkncþk+

J+& [+* dg M`vvctc

D Qgdv` Fwctvom`^gn+` ckt+`

Gxcec`+ ^v+ Bckc~tv` dg G~tod` gk e`~ Dgqïvtobg`~[

dg M`fÿþ+ s vgeo~+[ gxtgvc`vg~

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dãeo Koncþk+— M`Bgvk` Konc`koe+— M`fcgvk`+ — ôeto+

?8^9"?8>9+ K+& ~+ — Nolqgto : bokw~nvcto < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

>? ¼c X ^C ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ dg e` o k bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko<e` ckdcnod` gktvg qovãktg~c~ (\ R# ~g hoeeo tg~tod` gk ge `vcmckoe: g~tï qgmodo oe

`vcmckoe wg eg ~cmwg q`v toqovtg ~wqgvc`v eomâ âgvvio+ — D`nvBG^T@: `vcmckoe

bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 [¯[x 6? -¼ ngkt+<

egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ e`scc bce+% n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y+¼ F+` — N`bo~+

Hoj" wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+—Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+¼

K+± 3+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Qv`yc~`vc` dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ n`bwkcno% oe

M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo% eo qoz ngegfvodo n`k ge n`bokdoktg mg"

kgvoe dg nobqoÿo% D+ Jwok Bokwge V`~o~+ Ge M`fcgvk` dg Nþv"

d`fo n`ktg~to wg eo ho dcvcmcd` oe Mgkgvoe QozR+

( = dg Jwec` s ?= dg Om`~t` dg ?863

Jwõ` = dg ?863

Oe M`fcgvk` dg N`vd`yo

^g eg n`bwkcno eo Qoz wg ho ngegfvod` ^+ G+ ge ^`vM`fgvkod`v Qv`yc~`vc` n`k ge N`bokdoktg mgkgvoe dg Nob"qoÿo D Jwok Bokwge V`~o~ n\iRgec~ctïkdèg q`v tok qeow~cfeg

on`ktgncbcgkt`+ Om`~t` ?= — Ge M`fcgvk` dg N`vd`yo—Onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`to oktgvc`v s dcng d\~Rg eo ho dcvcmcd`

oe Mgkgvoe Qoz+

\ novq"gto R



" 61 —i" ? Jwec` =

863

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` B± ^gn+¼ dg M`f+k` j[[ vgncfcd``vdgk

q+[

dcvcmcv~g oe G+ ^+ M`f dg eo Qv`y+o dg N`vd`y+* q+¼ n`bw"

kcnoveg eo igecz tgvbckoncþk dg eo mwgvvo q`v eo n`kygk"

ncþk ngegfvodo ge 64 dge q+[g gktvg ^+ G+ ge ^+ M`f (\dg sNoq+& mR# (qv`y+&# dg eo Qv`y+¼ s ge N`bokd+tg m+ dg eo Nobq+¼

D+k Jwok B+c V`~o~ dg +g ~g ck~tvwcvï ge ^+ M`f+[ q+[ e`~

odjwkt`~ yègtckg~

Wk ~wng~` dg g~to kotwvoegzo bokcicg~to dgbo~cod` q+--

~c bc~b` ~w~ fgkãicn`~ vg~wetod`~ q+* +g ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~g

dgtgkmo gk hongv `f~gvyoncþk oemwko oe ^`v M`f+ ï +&

~g dcvcmg+ Ge vg~tofegncb+-¼ dg eo qoz d`bg~tcno% ~cgbqvg

~gvo ge qvcbgv cktgvã~ dg e`~ qwgfe`~+ Ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~g

ecbcto gk n`k~gnwgknco ï igecnctov oe ^`v M`f+*& ï +& ~g dcvcmg

q`v (\~w~R# g~tg on`ktgncb+*¼ (\dge +[ ~gR# nws` (\qvcbgv n`k"

~gnwgkncoR# (vg~wetod`# ngvo ge (\g~R# (igecz# vg~tofegncb+*¼ dg

eo~ vgeonc`kg~ cktgvc`vg~ s ge fcgk g~tov (\dg e`~ Qwgfe`~R#

mvoe+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~w~

BIh`+

i+ C CN`vdo Om+t` ?= dg ?863

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` M`f+&& Dgegmod` hï vg~cycd` n`k eo bo~

ycyo ~otc~ionncþk% eo~ n`bwkcnon+~ dge Gxb` ^`v M`f+[ dg

F+~ Osv+~ + hï n`kdwncd` D+& D`bckm` Bgkdceovzú% s oe

onw~ov vg~cy` dg geeo~% dgfg gxqvg~ov oe ^`v M`f+[ + hok

~cd` dcvcmcdo~ ï bok`~ dg ^+ G+ ge ^`v M`f+&& s Mgk+- D+&J`~ã B+o Qoz oe `g~tg dg eo Qv`y+[ d`kdg ~g hoeeo+

G~tg b`tcy` qvg~gkto `non+& oe M`f+v + ~wf~nvcfg% qovo

vgqgtcv oe Gxb` ^`v M`f+v dg F+~ Osv+~ ~w~ qovtcnweovg~

n`k~cdgvonc`kg~

Iow~tck` Oeegkdg

J`~ã B+ - C~o~oB+ M+

Gxb` ^+v M`f+v s Noq+-[ Mgk+c

dg eo Qv`y+o dg F+[ Osv+[

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+— Nþvd`fo+ —?8>1"?8>1% K+± >+ — Novqgto: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` 63 …¼ X ~c



" 6? —ngkt< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 8 o ?1 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko: g~tï qgmodo oe

d`nwbgkt` ~cmwcgktg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo+ — D`nwbgkt` ?+& : f`vvod`v

bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` o` x 6? ngkt< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~

3 o ?1 tkce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< gktvg qovãktg~c~s

fo~tovdceeo e` wg g~tï gktvg

eâkgo~: gktvg qovãktg~c~ ( \R # ~g hoeeo tg~tod` gk ge `vcmckoe+ — D@NWBGKT@ 6+±:

`vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo ^3 x â@ -%

ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% Cktgveâkgo ?1 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

s+& tâ+& — N@BO^+

Hos wk ~gee` dge … Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko" ¼

K+* ?1+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg Fwgk`~

Ocvg~% n`bwkcno wg ho k`bfvod` o e`~ ~gÿ`vg~ Fgd`so% dg eo

T`vvg s Zúÿcmo gk neo~g dg gkycod`~ gxtvo`vdckovc`~ qovo q`kgv

tãvbck` o eo mwgvvo ncyceR+

( ?1 dg Jwec` dg ?863

(C+# i+e

\ novqgto R

Yceeo dge V`~ovc` ?1 dg Jwec` dg ?863+

Ge M`fcgvk` dg N`vd`yo

N`bwkcno wg ho k`bfvod` ï e`~ ^+ ^+ D+[ D J`~ã Bovco

Fgd`so D+[ J`~ã Jòwck dg eo T`vvg s D+ Bovtck Zwÿcmo

gk neo~g dg Gbfcod`~ gxtvo`vdckovc`~ ngvno dg g~to Qv`yck"

nco qovo q`kgv tgvbck` ï eo mwgvvo ncyce+

N`ktã~tg~g% +g k` `f~toktg (\~gR# hofgv bokcig~tod` e`~ ^vã~ dcqwto"

d`~ +g k` ~g hoeeofok owt`vczod`~ (\g~qgncoeb+tgR# q+ o tvotov q`v (\hofgv

hoeeovR# hofgv yovcod` eo~ ncvnwk~toknco~ s hoeeov~g ~ck ck~tvwnnc`kg~% ge i+ c yto+

M`f+k` eg~ dc~qgk~ovï t`do eo n`k~cdgvoncþk +g ~g bgvgngk n`b` gknov"

mod`~ dg wko bc~cþk tok h`kv`~o+

Yceeo dge V`~ovc` ?1 dg Jwec` dg ?863+ i+ e

Vg~wget` g~tg M`f+[& ï cktgvq`kgv ~w obc~tod% s ge q`dgv

dge n`kygkncbcgkt` dg vozþk s n`kygkcgknco mgkgvoe qovo

hongv n`vtov eo mwgvvo ncyce wg omcto g~o Qv`y[ hï dgtgvbc"

kod` gbfcov ~gvno dg Y G+ wko Egmoncþk wg ~gqo dg~gbqg"ÿov tok dgecnod` gknovm`% bokcig~tokd` eo qwvgzo dg cktgk"

ncþk% obc~tod s ~gktcbcgkt` qotgvkoeg~ dg wg qovtg ge M`f+±±



P 66

dg N`vd`yo bgdcokd`% ã cbfctokdèg ï wko n`kn`vdco sobc~tod wg q`kmo tgvbck` ï eo~ noeobcdodg~ dg g~o Qv`y+[

Eo h`kvodo~ ã cew~tvod` qotvc`tc~b` +[ od`vkok ï e`~Ncwdodok`~ D+ D+ J`~ã Bovco Fgd`so% D+ J`~ã Jòwâk dg eo

T`vvg s D+ Bovtck Zwÿcmo e`~ hongk dcmk`~ dg g~to n`kicokzo

s dgecnod` gknovm`% s e`~ k`bfvo g~tg M`ycgvk` q`v ~w~

Gbfcod`~ gxtvo`vdckovc`~% s qúfecn`~ ~gvno dg Y+ G% s oe

Tgvngv` gk noecdod dg ^gnvgtovc` dg g~to Egmoncþk% qovo

wg gk dg~gbqgÿ` dg geeo qv`bwgfok gicno~b+-¬ eo qoz+

G~tg M`ycgvk` g~qgvo wg Y G+ vgncycvï g~t`~ Gbfcod`~

gk ge novïntgv qwfecn` wg vgfc~tgk% s n`b` ï toeg~ qvg~"

i+ ? yto+ tovo owdcgknco% n`kygkncd` dg wg gee`~ ~`k ge ygvdodgv`

þvmok` dg g~tg M`f+&¼

Ge wg ~wf~nvcyg tcgkg n`k g~tg b`tcy` ge h`k`v dg ~oew"

dov ï Y G% ìvgncãkdèg ~w~ bo~ oeto~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~+

J`~ã B+ Ioz

J`~ã Bo J dg C~o~oB+ M+

Gxb` ^`v M`y+&& s Noq+& Mvïe

dg eo Qv`y+o dg F+* Osvg~

i+ 6 Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ @ntwfvg 7 dg ?863+

N`ktã~tg~g wg k` `f~toktg hofgv bokcig~tod` e`~ ^vã~

Dcqwtod`~ wg k` ~g hoeeofok owt`vczod`~ qovo tvotov q`c

hofgv yovcod` eo~ ncvnwk~toknco~ s hoeeov~g ~ck ck~tvwnnc`"

kg~% ge M`fcgvk` eg dc~qgk~ovï t`do eo n`k~cdgvoncþk wg eg

bgvgngk% n`b` gknovmod`~ dg wko N`bc~cþk tok h`kv`~o+

ih`+

Mwcd`

i Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Loncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk` — Nþvd`fo+ —?8^1"?^>1% K+& >+ —Novqgto : bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >1[?[ x ~c

ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ = o e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< g~tï qgmodo oe

d`nwbgkt` ~cmwcgktg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgcc`v czwcgvdo< e` ckdcnod` ( \R # g~tï tg~tod`

gk ge `vcmckoe+ — D@NYe~cFsv`: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`: qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d5;feodo 63 -o X 61 -j ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 8 bce+< n`k~gvyo"

ncþk fwgko#+

y+` F+` — N`bo~+




— 6> —

K+& ??+ — \ Dcqe`bo dg e`~ Dcqwtod`~ dg Nþvd`fo% ~gÿ`vg~ Fgd`so

s dg eo T`vvg% ngvno dge M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% qovo tgvbc"

kov eo mwgvvo ncyce R+

( ?1 dg Jwec` dg ?863#

(/…# \novqgtoR

Jwec` ?1863‛

Dcqe`bo dg e`~ dg e`~ ^+ ^+ Fgd`so s eo T`vvg% q+¼ tvotov

dg dg~tgvvov eo mwgvvo ncyce

Ge Ncwdodok` J`~ã B+¼ Qoz% N`v`k+- b`v+ dg e`~ Gxt`~+ i+ c

dg eo Qotvco% M`f+[ s Noq+¼¼ Mgk+- dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg N`vd+¼

N`b` eo g~qgvcgknco ho hgnh` n`k`ngv gk t`d`~ tcgbq`~%

nwokt` cbq`vto eo wkcþk gktvg g~o Qv`y+¼ s eo~ dgbï~ oe

ncvnwe` Ovmgktck`% s eo kgng~cdod dg boktgkgv wko qoz

wkcfgv~oe gk ge G~tod` Obgvcnok`% gyctokd` nwokt` bo~

oktg~ wko mwgvvo Ncyce% + k`~ n`k~wbg s dg~onvgdcto kwg~"tvo b`voe: ge M`fÿ`+ dg N`vd+¼ hï nvgcd` n`kygkcgktg% q+¼

+ qwgdo ~cbgktov~g wko qoz ~ècdo% k`bfvov q`v ~w~ Gb"fcod`~ ~gvno dge M`fÿ`+ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% s dge ^`v Mgk+c

V`~o~% gktvg wcgkg~ ã~ eo dcigvgknco% ï e`~ ^ ^+ D+ D+ J`~ã

B+o Fgd`so% s D+ J`~ã Jòwâk dg eo T`vvg% qovo + tvotgk

dg tgvbckov ã~to mwgvvo dg~tvwnt`vo% o~gmwvokd` ï obfo~qovtg~ n`ktgkdgktg~ eo~ bo~ ~ckngvo~ cktgknc`kg~ dg ã~tg

M`fÿ`+ qovo hongv dg~oqovgngv ge h`vv`v`~` tvok~t`vk` +

k`~ dgf`vo< dg eo~ + k` dgfgk dwdov~g gk bokgvo oem¼%

qwg~ ~è` n`k ã~tg `fjgt`% ~g hok gegmcd` eo~ qgv~`ko~ dg

bos`v n`kicokzo s fwgko igg—Ge M`fÿ`+ qgv~wodcd` + dh`~ ^^+ g~tïk tok ck~tvwcd`~

n`b` ~g dgngo% ~w n`kdwnto s n`bq`vtonc`k% k` q`dvï ~gv

~ck` bws omvodofeg% s k` dwdo + ge M`fÿ`% s ãe ^`v+

Mgk+- ï wcgk ~`k Gbfcod`~% dovïk gktgv` nvãdct`% ï t`d`

<- nwokt` gee`~ dcmok dg qovtg dg ã~tg< s ~`fvg t`d`% nwokd` t+ c yto+

o~gmwvgk%+g

gk t`do `nonc`k ã~tg M`fÿ`+ g~tï dc~qwg~t`ï ncbcqecv ~w~ n`bqv`bc~`~% movoktcv eo~ qovtg~ n`ktgkdgk"

tg~% s n`ktvcfwcv ï eo qoz s bos`v qv`~qgvcdod dge G~tod`+



— 64 "

S qovo wg g~t`~ q`dgvg~% tgkmok t`do eo yoecdoncþk s iã

wg ~g vgwcgvg% ~g icvbov`k q`v bc% ~g ~geeov`k n`k ge dg

eo~ ovbo~ dg eo Qv`y+¼% s ~g vgivgkdov`k q`v bc Bckc~tv`

Mgkgvoe dge Dg~qonh`% gk eo Yceeo dge V`~ovc` ï dcg~ dg

Jwec` dg bce `nh`ncgkt`~ ygcktckwgfg

J`~ã B+ Ioz

J`~ã >Cok+- dg C~o~oB+ M

\Hoj- wk ~gee` dg eonvgR

N Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+— Nþvd`fo+ —?8^1"?8>1% K+± >+ — Novqgto: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >? Yo X 6^

ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko < g~tï qgmodo oe d`nw"bgkt` ~cmwcgktg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo+ — D@NWBGKT@ : `vcmckoe bokw~"nvct`% qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo 63 [¯[ x 6? ngkt+< egtvo ck"

neckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 8 s 3 bce+ < n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko < tcgkg wk ~gee` dg eonvg n`k

ge g~nwd` dg Nþvd`fo s wko ck~nvcqncþk ncvnweov wg dcng< t Qv`ycknco dg N`v"

d`yo ¼ #%

Y+` F+` — N`bo~+


K+± ?6+ —\Ge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% eg n`bw"kcno ge g~tod` dg owgeeo qv`ycknco s eo ~oecdo dg gkycod`~

ngvno dg ôkto Ig s dg ~w m`fcgvk` R+

( ?6 dg Jwec` dg ?863 #

>

\novqgto R( E 6 R #

Jwec` ?6 dg ?863

N`vd`yo

Ge M`fcgvk`% igecncto ï ãe dg g~to Qv`ycknco q`v eo tgvbcko"

ncþk dg eo mwgvvo ncyce eg n`bwkcno ge g~tod` dg owgeeo

qv`ycknco s eo ~oecdo dg gbfcod`~ ngvno dg ôkto Iã s

g~to Qv`ycknco+

Om`~t` ?8 — ^g n`ktg~to eo k`to oktgvc`v+

i + ? + N`vd+o Jwec` ?6 dg ?863

Ge M`f+`&& ~`~tctwt` dg N`vd+¼ tcgkg eo h`kvvo dg dcvcmcv~g

oe Gxb` ^+¼&& M`f+[&& s Noqctïk Mvïe dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg Fwgk`~

Osvg~% n`k ge `fjgt` dg igecnctoveg q+&& ge tgvbck`% +[ hï



" 67 —

qwg~t` ï eo~ dc~gknc`kg~ d`bg~tcno~% ¬% oiecmâok ï g~g fgkg"

bãvct` Qwgfe`+

G~to k`tcnco% ¬ hï tgkcd` ge M`f+±± g~ dgboncod` yomo%

qwg~ eo ~ofg q wk j`fgknct`% +¬ ~oecþ dg g~g dg~tck`% ~ck

n`vvg~q`kdgknco oemwko< qgv` o~gmwvo% +¬ yc` oe ^+--- Eoyo"

ecg% s ï D+k Jwok Bok+- V`~o~ gktvov ï g~o ncwdod ge 64

dge qo~od` gk wko cktcbo wkcþk% s obc~tod% s +-- eo ~oeyo

dg Ovtceegvâo% s dg koo~ dgb`~tvonc`kg~ qwfecno~ eg n`kygk"

ncgv`k dg g~tg qeow~cfeg on`ktgncb;

Eo nègnncþk dg Cbqvg~`~% +¬ ge M`f+¼& +*[ ~wf~nvcfg vg"

bctg ï Y+ G+% eg ck~tvwcvï dg e`~ n`kiecnt`~ gk +[ ~g ho

hoeeod` g~to Ncwdod% s ge Mvïe Qoz otonod` q iwgvzo~ dg eo~

Qv`y+8 dg [egkd`zo% dg eo Vc`xo% dg Notobovno% Qxbto i+ c yw+

dg ^+k Ewc~% s e`~ Dgqovtobgkt`~ dg eo ncgvvo dg g~to

Qv`y+o ~wfegfod`~ q Fw~t`~+

Eo bokdofo gk Xgig ge igv`z _wcv`mo% s n`b` ~w iwgvzo

gvo dg nckn` bce h`bfvg~ n`ktofo n`k ge tvcwki`+ Gk eo~

ckbgdconc`kg~ dg g~tg Qwgfe` iwã oyotcdo ~w ~`fgvfco<

tvcwkiþ ge Mvïe Qoz n`bqegtobg Eo~ ycntcbo~ ~onvcicnodo~

ï eo obfcncþk< s oe dg~q`tc~b` dg e`~ Xgig~ dg eo nòecncþk%

qo~ok dg bce h`bfvg~% ~gmúk ge Qovtg dg eo Qècnâo% ~`fvg

~gtgncgkt`~ qvc~c`kgv`~% ckwbgvofeg~ kwbgv` dg ovbo~ dg

t`do neo~g

Ge Mvïe Qoz ckiotcmofeg gk ~w~ gbqvg~o~% k` hï dg~nok"

~od` d`~ h`vo~ gk g~tg Qwgfe`+ Bovnhþ oe K`vtg% q+¼ d`kdg

~g twf` k`tcnco ~g dcvcmco Fw~t`~ n`k d`~g h`bfvg~% e` qgv"

~cmwg n`k gicnonco% owk+[ ~g gvã% +[ hoso t`nod` sï ge tgvvc"

t`vc` dg ^+** Igã< bo~ ãe e`mvovï yc~ctov ge Dgqïvtobg dgeK`vtg% s ~ì`nov ncgvt`~ b`ycb+t`~ °g b`kt`kgvo% +« o~`"

bofok gk owge ewmov< q+&& e` dgbï~% t`d` g~tï tvokwce`% sso gbqcgzo g~tg Qwgfe` ï ~gktcv eo~ ygktojo~ dge nobfc`+

O qgko~ ge Mvïe Qoz ~g dg~oh`mþ dg e`~ oqwv`~ bokdþ i+ 6

wk`~ gbfcod`~ gxtvo`vdckovc`~% q+¼ +[ t`nokd` gk ^+** Igã%

qo~o~gk ï eo Qv`y+¼ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% n`k ge `fjgt` dg tgkgv

wko qovtg qvckncqoe gk ge igkgncb+t-- dg wko mwgvvo tok dg~"

tvwnt`vo% woe [vo eo +g oiecmâo ï g~o fgkgbãvcto Qv`y+¼:

gee`~ dg t`d`~ b`d`~ dgfgvïk qo~ov ngvno dge M`f+¼¼

dg Y+ G+



" 69 — -

GeM`f+`-- ^w~tctwt` +g ~wf~nvcfg tcgkg ge h`k`v dg ~oewdov

oe dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% ìvgncãkdèg ~w~ oignt`~

ivotgvkoeg~%

soeto~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ dg vg~qgt`+

Iow~tck` Oeegkdg

J`~ã Bo+[ dg C~o~oB+ M+

Gxb` ^+`v M`f+i- s Noqctïk

Mvïe dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg F+[ Osv+~

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+ — Nþvd`fo+ —?861"?8>1% K+± >+ — Novqgto : bokw~nvcto : qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >1 -m x ~c

ngkt < egcvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 8 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< g~tï qgmodo oe d`"

nwbgkt` ~cmwcgktg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo+ — D@NWBGKT@: `vcmckoe bo"kw~nvct` : qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo ^3 -j x ~` -j ngkt+

<

egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo e` bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko J+

Y+` F+` P N`bo~+

Hos ww ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Xoncþk+

Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+¼

K+± ?>+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ qovtcncqo% oe dg ôeto% wg~g ho on`vdod` ge of`k` dg eo egtvo q`v yoe`v dg 71 bce qg~`~

iwgvtg~ o ioy`v dg D+ Oov`k No~tgeeok`~R+

( ?4 dg Om`~t` dg ?863

Om`~t` ?4863

Ge M`f+k` dg eo Qv`y+""* dg F+~ Os+[ cbq+t` dg eo k`to dg 61

dg Bos` wet+¼ dge Gxb` dg (eo dg# ôeto% gk + eg n`bwkcno

hofgv mcvod` (n`ktvo ãe# wko egtvo (q nwotvcqecnod`# yoe`v

dg 71+111 q+~ iwgvtg~ g~qoÿèg~ (\n`ktvo ãe% sR# ï ioy`v dg

D+& Oov`k No~tgeeok`~% n`k ge `fjgt` dg otgkdgv ï eo

(\~`n`vv sR# `vmokczon& s ~`n`vv` dg eo~ iwgvzo~ +& qvgqo"

vofo q+o ~`~tgkgv ge `vdgk gk ge ckt+-&&% gk g~to ihï% honcgkd`

ge h`k`v dgfcd` ï ~w icvbo% ho on`vdod` ge of`k`s

~otc~ihþ

dhï noktcdod gk fceegtg~ dg Fokn` n`k ge qvgbc` dg 471 q+'

+¬ g~ ge n`vvcgktg gk qeozo+



— 6= —

E` +-- ge ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg eo h`kvo dg oyc~ov oe Gxb`

(\î+R# M`f+- dg ôeto ï e`~ ickg~ n`k~cm+c*¼ ~oewdïkdè` n`k ~w

bgj`v n`kncdgvon+&

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Xoncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Xonc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`% — ôeto+ —?^^9"?^>9% X+` ~+ — F`vvod`v: bobt~nvct` +" qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

>1*?% X âc ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo yovcodo dg ?> o ?9 bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk

fttgko< e` ckdcnod` gk fo~tovdceeo s gktvg qovãktg~c~ ~g hoeeo gktvg eckgo~ s e`

ckdcnod¼ gktvg qovãktg~c~ ( \ R # ~g hoeeo tg~tod` gk ge `vcmckoe#+

Y+& F+& — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+—

Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+ …

K+± ?4+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg

Nþvd`fo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo n`bwkcnoncþk dg ?6 dg jwec` dg

?863 s wg omwovdo ge ovvcf` dg e`~ gkycod`~R+

( ?8 dg Om`~t` dg ?863

Ge M`f+k` dg F+[ Os+~ ho tgkcd` eo b`v ~otc~ionncþk oe n`k"

~cdgvov e`~ ~gktcb+-`~ ivotgvkoeg~ +*[ ge Gxb`+ dg N`vd`yo

eg ho bokcig~tod` gk ~w dc~tckmwcdo n`bwkcno¼ dg ?6 dg Jwec`

wet+Ω`% d`kdg eo igecncto q+&[ ge tãvbck` dg eo~ dc~gk~cþk+[

d`bg~tcno~ +-[ oiecjcok ï g~to Qv`y+[

Ge M`f+`` dg F+[ Os+[ omvodgng ~ckngvob+[g o+--[[ ~gktcb+t5¼[

s e`~ vgtvcfwsg oe Gxb`+ dg Nþvd`fo q+&[ eo qoz s tvokwcec"

dod +5[ ~g hok ~wngdcd` gk eo qv`y+¼ dg ~w bokd`% q+~(\+[R#

g~tï qgv~wodcd` +g eo Vgq+[ k` bovnhovï dg `tv` b`d` ï ~w

qv`~qgvcdod% s oe dg~tck` (ygktwv`~`# +[ ~w q`nc~+& eg ho

bovnod` tcgbq` ho+

O eo eegmodo dg e`~ ^^+ Gkycod+[ +g okwknco ge Gxb`M`f+`% ï +k ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~g dcvcmg% ge dg ã~to Qv`y+[

onvgdctovï e`~ ~gktcb+t[~ +g g~qvg~o gk g~to k`to% q+* qgv"

~wodcv n`k hgnh`~ wg k` g~ `tvo ~w o~qcvon+& +¬ (\eo dgR# i+ c yto+

ygv ï eo Vgq+[[[ tvokwceo< ([\bovnhov s qoncicn` t`d` ~w tg"

vvct+`R# m`zokd` dge ckg~tcbofeg fgkgicnc` dg ck~tctwn" ~oew"

dofeg~+



\novqgto ?+[u

— 68 —

Ge Bÿtv`+ ^gn+` +[ icvbo ho ~cd` gknovmod` qj ge M`f+¼

dg tvok~bctcv ~w~ y`t`~ oe Gxb` dg Nþvd`fo% s oe hongve`

eg o~gmwvg dg ~w (bo~# dc~tckmwcdo n`kncdgvon+-¼ (\n`k +&[ eg~oewdoR# —

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo-Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`%— Nþvd`fo+ —?8^3"?8>1% K+& >+— F`vvod`v: bokw~nvct`: qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >1 -j X ~c

ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ ?1 o ?4 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< e` ckdcnod`gktvg qovãktg~c~ ( \R # g~tï tg~tod` gk"ge `vcmckoe< gk fo~tovdceeo s qovãktg~c~ g~tï

gktvg eâkgo~#+

y+` F+` — N`bo~+Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —


K+& ?7+— \ D+ Vwdgnckd` Oeyovod` qovtcncqo% oe M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~Ocvg~% wg ho vgnoâd` gk ~w qgv~`ko eo gegnncþk dg M`fgvkod`v

Qv`yc~`vc` s wg ~w bovnho ~gvï dg n`ki`vbcdod o eo qèâtcno

dg e`~ qwgfe`~ wg tcgkdok o n`k~tctwcv~gR+

(6= dg Om`~t` dg ?863#

?863

BGKD@ZO

K+` ? N`bwkcno ge Mgkgvoe Oeyovod` (\geR# hofgv vgnoâd`

gk ~w qgv~`ko eo gegnncþk dg M`fgvkod`v Qv`yc~`vc`+

\ novqgto 6+¼ R Bgkd`zo Om`~t` 6= dg ?863

D+& Vwdg~ckd` Oeyovod`

N`bwkcno hofgv ~cd` gegnt` q`v eo Egmc~eotwvo dg owgeeo

Qv`ycknco M`fgvkod`v Qv`yc~`vc`% honcgkd` qvg~gktg wg ~w

bovnho ~gvï ivokno s tgkdgvï qvckncqoebgktg ï vgb`ygv

qoncicnobgktg e`~ b`tcy`~ wg dcycdgk s dg~qgdozok e`~

Qwgfe`~ dg eo Wkc`k+

~g n`ktg~tþ



" 63 —

Bgkd`zo Om`~t` 6= dg ?863+ i + ?

Dg~qwã~ dge qoncicn` nobfc`% +¬ ï cbqwe~` dg eo `qckcþk

qwfecno% twf` ewmov ge ?? dge n`vvcgktg% vgwkcdo egmoeb+t¬ eo

Egmc~eotwvo dg eo Qv`y+' qv`ngdcþ ï gegmcv wk M`f+&¼ Qv`"

yc~`vc`% q+o +g ~gmwkdokd` e`~ dg~g`~ dge Qwgfe`% oicokzo~g

~w kwgyo gxc~tgknco+ Eo gegnncþk vgnosþ gk eo qgv~`ko dge

wg ~wf~nvcyg< s oe gkwkncove` oe Gxb` M`f+*¼& dg Fwgk`~

Osvg~% eg g~ oetobgktg ~otc~iont`vc`% o~gmwvoveg +¬ ~w bov"

nho ~gvï eo bc~bo +¬ ~g hofco qv`qwg~t` ~w oktgng~`v ge

M`f+k` Dgegmod` ~cgbqvg +[ tcgkdo ï vgb`ygv qoncicnobgktg

e`~ b`tcy`~ +¬ dcfcdgk s dg~qgdozok h`s e`~ Qwgfe`~ dg eoWkc`k+ ^w n`kdwnto ~gvï ivokno s mgkgv`~o% gk tokt` +¼

~go vgncqv`no% s qvgqovg n`k ivwt` eo `vmokczoncþk konc`koe+

Eo Egmc~eotwvo dg Bgkd`zo% gk n`ki`vbcdod n`k ge y`t`

dg ~w~ n`bctgktg~% ho qvg~nvcqt` oe Gjgnwtcy`% n`b` fo~g

dg ~w qèctcno% cdgktcicwg ~w now~o n`k eo dg e`~ Qwgfe`~%

+g tcgkdok ï n`k~tctwcv~g+ Eo~ yco~ qoncicno~% eo~ vgeonc`kg~

obc~t`~o~% cb n`bgvnc` ecfvg% ~`k e`~ bgdc`~ dg ovvcfov

igecxbgktg ï wko ~ècdo n`knceconcþk< g~t`~ ~`k dg e`~ +&

dg~go yoegv~g ge ckivo~nvcqt`% s ï ~w jwcnc` ~`k fo~toktg~

q+o dcncqov dge @vcz`ktg qèâtcn`% eo tgbqg~tod +¬ e` dg~`âo:

q`v +g oe ick% dg~tvwsãkd`k`~ wk`~ ï `tv`~% k` hongb`~

bo~ +g dgmvodovk`~% s okcwceov ï kwg~tvo n`búk qotvco%

ge M`f+k` dg Bgkd`zo q`dvâo Wgfov eo mwgvvo n`k ygktojo:

Ge g~tod` s dc~ncqecko dg ~w~ iwgvzo~% e`~ vgnwv~`~ +¬ qwgdg

dg~qegmov% hongk no~c ckioecfeg~ eo~ qv`fofcecdodg~ dge ~wng"

~`: ~ck gbfovm`% kc wcgvg wko ycnt`vco gkvv`jgncdo n`k eo

~okmvg dg wk ~è` ovmgktck`% kc oqgtgng yâknwe`~% g~tvgnho"

d`~ q`v ge q`dgv dg eo~ ovbo~+

Ge M`f+k` dg Bgkd`zo% n`k g~to `nonc`k< ~g n`kmvotweo gk

~oewdov oe Gxb` dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% n`k eo~ dc~tcknc`kg~ dg

~w qovtcnweov oqvgnc`+

Vwd+± Oeyovod`

Ycngktg Mce

Gxb` M`f+k`

dg eo Qv`y+[ dg Fwgk`~ Os+¼

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo ôncok+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+— M`fcgvk`+— Bgkd`zo+ —?86="?8>4% K+` 4% Gkgv`"Dcncgkcfvg+ — No~+i[tï ?+¼: bokw~nvcto: qoqge n`k ieecmvo"

i+ ? yto+



— >1 —ko+ i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo ~c x ?7 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo e` bce+<

n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+ — Novqgto 6 [: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dgeo h`jo d`feodo >? -o X ?7 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo e` bce+ < n`k~gvyoncþkigBnko+

— D`nwbgkt`: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"feodo >9 X ^c Y% ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ = o e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþkfwgko #+

Y+& F+± — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+—Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+

K+& ?9+ — \Ge mgkgvoe D+ J`~ã B+ Qoz qovtcncqo% oe M`fcgvk` dgFwgk`~ Ocvg~% ge k`bfvobcgkt` vgnoâd` gk ~w qgv~`ko

q`v wko"kcbcdod dg ~wivomc`~ s o~gmwvo wg n``qgvovï ontcyobgktg gk

eo n`k~tctwncþk dge qoâ~R+

( ?= dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?863 #

K+& 4

\novqgtoR Nþvd`fo ^gt+fvg ?= dg ?863

Ge ^`v Mgkgvoe D+ J`~ã B+o Qoz

N`bwkcno wg vgwkcdo eo egjc~eotwvo dg owgeeo qv`ycknco

s hgnh` ge k`bfvobcgkt` dg M`fgvkod`v gk ~w qgv~`ko q`v

wkokcbcdod dg ~wivomc`~< ìvgng ~w bo~ n`vdcoe obc~tod% so~gmwvo wg g~tï dc~qwg~t` ï hongv e`~ bos`vg~ g~iwgvz`~

qovo ygv n`k~tctwcd` ge qoc~ nwokt` oktg~+

N`ktã~tg~g igecnctokd` oe ^`v Mvÿe Qoz q+[ ~w gegnncþk q+[

ge M`f+k` dg ~w Qv`y+¼ dg N`vd`yo gxqvg~ïkdèg% +[ ge

M`y+k` g~qgvo dg geeo mvokdg~ fcgkg~ q+* eo igecncdod dg ob"

fo~ g~tvgnhokd` eo~ vgeonc`kg~ dg obc~tod% +« qvgqovok

ï ~w Vgq+no ~w vg~tofegncb+`

i + ? N`vd+o ^gqt+vg ?= dg ?863+

Ge Gxb` M`f+`v s Noqctïk Mvïe dg eo Qv`y+[ dg N`vd+¼

tcgkg eo h`kvvo dg dcvcmcv~g oe Gxb` ^+`¼& M`f+`v °g eo dg

Fwgk`~ Osvg~% ck~tvwsãkdèg% +[ vgwkcdo eo ôeo dg Vgqvg"

~gktoktg~ dg g~to Qv`y+[ vgnosþ ge k`bfvob+t` dg M`f+`v

q+v wkokcbcdod dg ~wivomc`~ gk eo qgv~`ko dge +[ ~wf~nvcfg%

s +g nè`nod` gk g~to q`~cncþk ~g hoeeo gk eo bgj`v oqtctwdq+o ìvgngv oe Gxb` dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ ~w bo~ n`vdcoe

obc~tod+



— >? —

Eo nctwonc`k oiecmgktg dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko dg"

bokdo iwgvtg~ gbqgÿ`~% q+¼ +¬ e`~ Mgig~ +¬ ~g hoeeok qvg"

ncdcgkd` e`~ dg~tck`~ dg e`~ Qwgfe`~ bovnhgk n`k qvg~tgzoï dov oe Qoâ~ ge dco dg n`k~wge`% q ge +"[ t`d`~ ~w~qcvob`~+

Oe dg N`vd+o eg okcbok g~t`~ jw~t`~ ~gktcb%-5¼% s tcgkg eo

~otc~ionncþk dg okwkncov oe Gxb` ^+5&& M`f+&¼& dg Fwgk+[ i+ cyto+

Osvg~% +¬ qj ~w qovtg n``qgvovï ontcyobgktg ï ygv n`k~"

tctwcd` oe Qoc~ wokt` bo~ oktg~+

Gktvg tokt` ge M`f+±` dg N`vd+¼ ~g h`kvvo dg ~oewdov oe

Gxb` ^"@&& M`f+[i dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% ìvgncãkdèg ~w bo~

oeto n`k~cdgvoncþk s vg~qgt`+

J`~ã B+ Qoz

J`~ã Bok+- C~o~o

Gxb` ^+`&& M`f+`v s Noq+¼ Mvïe

dg eo Qv`y+o dg Fwgk+~ Oyv+~

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ @nt+g 7 dg ?863+ i + 6

N`ktã~tg~g igecnctokd` oe ^`v+ Mvoe+ Qoz q`v ~w gegnncþk

q+o ge M`f+k` dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg N`vd`yo gxqvg~ïkdèg% wg ge

M`fcgvk` g~qgvo dg geeo mvokdg~ fcgkg~ qovo eo igecncdod

dg obfo~ g~tvgnhokd` eo~ vgeonc`kg~ dg obc~tod% wg qvg"

qovok ï eo Vgqúfecno ~w vg~tofegncbcgkt`+

\hos wko vúfvcnoR

ih`+

Mwcd`

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Xoncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+— Nþvd`fo+ —?861"?8>1+ L+± >+ — Novqgto : bokw~nvcto : qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >1 ¼% x ~c

ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 8 s 3 bce+ ¯&n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko: g~tï qgmodo oe

d`nwbgkt` ~cmwcgktg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czttcgvdo+ — D@N]L^T@: `vcmckoe

bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo 63 ¼% x 6? ngkt+<

egtvo ckneckodo% ckt4cvetkgo~ 9 o ?1 bce+ < n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko #+

Y+` F+` — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge " Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+

+



— >6

K+& ?=+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg Fwg"

k`~ Ocvg~% eg igecncto q`v eo tgvbckoncþk dg eo mwgvvo ncyces

eg

qcdg homo yoegv ~w ckiewj` o e`~ ickg~ dg n`k~tctwcv eo Vgqú"fecnoR+

( 67 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?863 #

6+Vgncfcdo

\ novqgtoR ge — @ntwfvg

dg ?863

Nþvd`fo ^gtcgbfvg 67 dg ?863

Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vd`yo+

Onw~o vgncf` dg eo n`bwkcnoncþk wg eg dcvcmcþ g~tg M`"

fcgvk` n`k ihï 3 dg ^gqtcgbfvg n`bwkcnïkdèg eo (\igeczR#

tgvbckoncþk dg eo mwgvvo ncyce% s e` igecncto q`v tok igecz

on`kngncbcgkt`+

Ovnhâyg~g

i+ ? C N`vd+o 67 dg ^gqt+g dg ?863+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` M`f s Noq+¼ Mgk+c dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg N`vd+[%

oe n`ktgxtov eo vg~qgtofeg k`to ihï 3 dge n`vvcgktg dge

Gxb`+ ^`v+ M`fJ s Noq+& MgkJ dg eo Qv`y+* dg Fwgk`~

Osvg~% ~g hong wk dgfgv ge n`bwkcnoveg% wg eo tgvbckoncþk

dg eo mwgvvo Ncyce gk tok dc~tckmwcdo Qv`y+¼ s eo kwgfo gxc~"

tgknco dg wk M`fÿ`% dg wcgk g~ jw~t` g~qgvov wko vg`vmo"

kczoncþk ~oewdofeg% s wko bovnho dg qvckncqc`~% ã~ wk`

dg owgee`~ on`ktgncbcgkt`~ wg oe bc~b` tcgbq` + e`

vgneobofok cbqgvcâj~ob+-g ge h`k`v dg eo Vgq+[o

sge ~gk"

tcbcgkt` dg kwg~"tv`~ boeg~% qwgdg ec~`kmgov tobfcãk eo

g~qgvokzo dg ovvcfov nwokt` bo~ oktg~ ï wko `vmokczoncþk

mvïe% s oqv`xcbov bo~% s bo~% g~g ygktwv`~` dco gk +[[

vgwkcdo ivotgvkoeb+tg eo dg~mvoncodo iobceco Ovmgktcko% dcm"

ko q`v tokt`~ tctweg~ dg bgj`v ~wgvtg% ngegfvg ~ègbkgb+[g

g~g mvok qont` dg o~`nco~c`k konc`koe% +[ eg ckdcno ge

Gxb` ^`v+ M`f+[ dg Fwgk`~ Osv+[ gk ~w nctodo k`to+

Bo~ gktvg tokt` tcgkg ewmov tok dgngod` b`bgkt`% ge

i+ ? yto+ M`fÿ` dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vd+* dgneovo cmwoebgktg oe

Gxb`+ ^`v+ M`fgvkod`v dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% wg ~w n`kdwnto

~gvï ~gÿcdo qvg~c~ob+tg ï e`~ `fjgt`~ dg wk `vd+& qovtcnweov%



— >> —

~`fvg wg ge bc~b` Gxb`+ ^`v+ M`fgvkod`v% eg hong wko

ivokno bokcig~toncþk dg e`~ ~ws`~+ Gk eo~ ncvnwk~toknco~

gk+g

dg qvg~gktg ~g hoeeok eo~ Qv`ycknco~% ã~tg g~ wk no"bck` kgng~ovc`% dge +[ k` ~gvco dod` dg~ycov~g% ~ck ckncdcv

gk eo ovyctvovcgdod% s gk eo ycègknco< ` e` wg qg`v ã~<

~ck qv`y`nov dg kwgy`% ï wg ~g vgqctcg~gk dg Qwgfe` ï

Qwgfe`% e`~ bc~b`~ boeg~% +*[ jw~tob+-g dgfgk qvgnoygv~g+

Ge M`f+v dg N`vd+¼ oe bokcig~tov n`k ivokwgzo oe Gxb`+

^`v+ M`f+&& dg F+~ Osv+[ ~w qgvignto n`ki`vbcdod gk ã~to

qovtg% k` qwgdg qvg~nckdcv dg gxctov oe bc~b` Gxb`+ ^`v+

M`f%&& qovo +[ n`k~toktgb+[g homo yoegv ge oet` ckiewx`% ï +[

eg dï di`+ eo cbq`vtoknco dg eo Qv`ycknco + qvg~cdg% ï gignt`

dg + eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko oqovg~no dg kwgy`% s `nwqg

nwokt` bo~ oktg~% ge ewmov dc~tckmwcd` wg dgfg `qtov gktvg

eo~ Konc`kg~ n`k~tctwcdo~+ Nwoewcgv vgtovd` onco ã~tg cb"

q`vtoktg `fjgt`% vgtovdovï eo `vmokczoncþk n`kygkcgktg gk

eo~ Qv`y+~ n`k~gvyovï q`v bo~ tcgbq` g~g g~qâvctw dg oc~eo"

bcgkt`% s dg vcyoecdod tok iwkg~t`< s eo~ Konc`kg~ wg k`~

`f~gvyok% bws oe nof` dg eo ckiew gknco +[ gxgv~gk gk i+ 6

e`~ Qwgfe`~% e`~ M`fcgvk`~% hovïk jw~tobgktg nweqofeg~ ïe`~ + qvgncdgk eo~ Qv`ycknco~% dg wk g~tod` dg dc~èwncþk

wg tokt` k`~ dg~h`kvo+

G~ q`v tok mvokdg~ b`tcy`~% s tok ec~`kmgvo~ g~qgvokzo~%

wg ge M`f+¼& wg ~wf~nvcyg% ~g hï igecnctod` ï ~c bc~b`% oe

tgkgv dg wk b`d` q`~ctcy` s ìcncoe% eo qeowncfeg kwgyo dg

eo qoncicnoncþk mgkgvoe% ã ck~toeoncþk dge kwgy` M`fÿ`+ gk

eo Qv`y+o dg Fwgk`~ Osv[< s ã~ tobfcãk gk ge bc~b` ~gktcd`

wg ~g hong wk dgfgv dg igecnctov oe Gxb`+ ^`v+ M`f+&& ï

wcgk ~g dcvcmg% s dg qv`tgxtoveg% n`k ã~tg b`tcy`% eo~ n`k"

ncdgvonc`kg~ dg ~w bo~ dc~tckmwcd` s jw~t` oqvgnc` —

J`~ã B Qoz

J`~ã Bo[- dg C~o~o

Gxb`+ ^`v+ M`f+- s Noq+± Mgk+[

dg eo Qv`y+o dg Fwgk`~ Osv+~

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+— Nþvd`fo+ —?861"?8>1% K+& >+ — Novqgto: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >` Yo x 6?

ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 3 o cc bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< g~tï qgmodo oe

QõFE+ ^gn+ Hc~t+ — T+ XYC " >



— >4 —d`nwbgkt` q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo+ — D`nwcâcGYT@: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`%qoqgegok ieecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo hò d`feodo >1 [¯ x ^C ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo%

cktgveâkgo~ 8 s 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y+` F+` — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+—Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+¼

K+± ?8+— \Ge Bckc~tv` Mgkgvoe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% n`k"

tg~to% oe dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg eg ~gvï bws mvot` oe m`fcgvk`

dg ~w qv`ycknco n`knwvvcv o ioncectov eo oqgvtwvo dg n`bwkcno"nc`kg~ n`k eo~ qv`ycknco~ cktgvc`vg~R+

(67 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?863#

Vgncfcdo

\ novqgto J ge — dg @ntwfvg

dg ?863

N`vd`yo ^gtcgbfvg 67 dg ?863

Ge Bckc~tv` Mvïe

N`ktg~to ï k`bfvg dg ~w M`fcgvk` ï eo k`to wg eg dcvc"

mcþ ge dg g~to Qv`ycknco vgeotcyo ï ofvcv eo n`vvg~q`kdgknco

tokt` tcgbq` cktgvvwbqcdo n`k eo~ Qv`ycknco~ cktgvc`vg~(dcncgkd`# wg eg (\g~R# ~gvo bwc ~otc~iont`vc` oe M`fcgvk` dg

N`vd`yo n`knwvvcv ï tok eòfeg `fmgt` vgb`ycgkd` q`v ~w

qovtg t`d` `f~tïnwe`% qovo ioncectov ge wg e`~ qwgfe`~ ov"

mgktck`~ ~g hofegk ~g n`bwkcwgk s ~g ck~qcvgk bo~

n`kicokzo+

Ovnhâyg~g+

i+

? N`vd+o ^gqt+vg 67 dg ?863+

Ge Bcÿtv` ^gnvgtovc` +[ ~wf~nvcyg% tcgkg ge h`k`v dg n`k"

tg~tov ï k`bfvg dg ~w M`f+k` jo k`to dge Gxb`+ ^+¼-& M`f+&&&

dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% ihï+ =+ dge n`vvg vgeotcyo ï ofvcv eo n`"

vvg~q`kdgknco n`k t`do~ eo~ Qv`y+[ cktgvc`vg~% tokt` tcgbq`

cktgvngqtodo n`k qgvjwcnc` wkcygv~oe dg e`~ Qwgfe`~ Ov"

mgktck`~+

^+ G+ ~g ec~`kmgo dg ygv vg~tofegncdo~ eo~ vgeonc`kg~ +*-

wkgk ï t`do~ eo~ Qv`y~% s eo~ eeobok ï eo bo~ ~ckngvo obc~"tod n`k eo fgkgbãvcto dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~: g~to bgdcdo tok

jw~tob+tg on`vdodo q+¼& ge Gxb` M`f+k` jg g~o Qv`y+-"[ ~wvtcvï



" >7 —

gignt`~ odbcvofeg~% s tokt` bo~% wokt` t`d`~ e`~ Qwgfe`~

okncofok q g~tg bc~b` `fjgt`+

Eo Foecjo hofvï n`vvcd` so ho~to ge tgvbck` +¬ ckdcnoe#oeo n`vvg~q`kdgknco% s qgv~wodcd` ge Gxcÿ` M`f+&¼ dg Fwgk`~

Osvg~% +[ gk g~tg qwkt` g~tïk dg onwgvd` t`d`~ e`~ Qwgfe`~%

g~qgvo ge dg N`vd+¼ +g ~g n`ktckwovï eo n`vvg~q`kdgknco

ck~ckwodo% vgb`ycgkd` q ~w qovtg t`d` `f~tïnwe` q+* ionc"

ectov ge +g e`~ Qwgfe`~ Ovmgktck`~ ~g ofegk% ~g n`bwkc" i+

c yto+

wgk% s ~g ck~qcvgk bo~ n`kicokzo s ~otc~ionncþk+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` Bcÿtv` dg M`f+±` dg N`vd+¼ oqv`ygnho g~to

`q`vtwkcdod q+¼ ~oewdov oe Gxb` ^+¼*& M`f+¼¼& dg Fwgk`~

Osvg~% ìvgncãkdèg ~w bo~ oeto n`k~cdgvoncþk s vg~qgt`+

J`~ã Bo[ dg C~o~o

Gxb` ^+`v M`f+`&[ s Noq+¼ Mvïe

dg eo Qv`y+o dg Fwgk+~ Osv+[

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+— M`fcgvk`+— Nþvd`fo+ —?8"Â1"?8>1% K- >+ " Nolqvto : bokw~nvcto < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >1 Yc x ~c &%

ngkt+ : egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ 3 s e` bce+: n`k~c-+vyoncþk fwgko: g~tï qgmodo oe

d`nwbgkt` ~cmkcgcttc- q`v eo qovtg ~xcqgvc`v czwcgvdo: gktvg qovãktg~c~ ( \ R# g~tï

tg~tod`+ ¼"k fw~tovdceeo s qovãkti~c~ g~tï gktvg eâkgo~+ — D@NWBGKT@: `vcmckoebokw~nvct`: qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo ^3[[ x ^c ngkt+< eg"

tvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ 3 s e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko J+

Y+` F+` — N@BO^+


K+± ?3+ — - Ge Bckc~tv` Mgkgvoe dg Nþvd`fo% o e`~ gkycod`~ ngvno

dge M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg k` yonceo gk gktvov gk eo

ecmo qovo `fvov n`ktvo e`~ ~oeyojg~% qgv` wg q`v ge b`bgkt`novgng dg nofoeeodo J+

( 8 dg @ntwfvg dg ?863 #

N`vd+¼ @nt vg 8 dg ?863+i+ c

Ge Bcÿtv` Mvïe ï k`bfvg dge M`f+[& dg N`vd+-[ dcng ï

e`~ ^^+ Gkycod`~ ngvno dg ge dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% +[ kckmwko

n`~o eg g~ bo~ ec~`kmgvo% +g `fvov dg onwgvd` n`k ge M`f+&¼

dg g~o Qv`y+[ gk qwkt`~ +¬; ofvozok ge fcgk mgkgvoe dg t`do~eo~ Ovmgktcko~% o~c g~ +[ q+&& wk ck~toktg k` fo~ceo gk gktvov

gk eo ecmo q+¼ `fvov n`ktvo e`~ ~oeyomg~ +« obgkozok t`d`~



— >9 —

e`~ qwkt`~ dg eo Vgqúfecno% bo~ g~to `qgvoncþk dgfg vgtov"

dov~g q+o wk tcgbq` bo~ `q`vtwk`+

Eo ieonwvo dg nofoee`~ g~ g~qokt`~ogk

g~to Qv`y%[[s ïqgko~ k`~ ho owxcecod` ge Ncge` n`k ~è` wk omwo~gv`% dg

+g kong +[ kwg~tvo~ Nofoeeodo~ g~tïk gk g~tod` dg ckwtcec"

dod% s ~ck g~tg vgnwv~` k` ~g qwgdg gbqvghgkdgv g~to

j`vkodo+

Tgkcgkd` qvg~gktg e`~ ^^+ Gkycod`~ g~tg on`ktgncb+t` q`"

dvïk tvotov n`k ge Gxb` M`f+k± dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% ~gmwv`~

dg +g ge dg N`vd+¼ k` ioetovï jobo~ ï ~w~ n`bqv`bc~`~%

â" ? yto+ Ge Bcÿtv` +[ ~wf~nvcfg ~oewdo n`k g~tg b`tcy` ï e`~

^^+ Gkycod`~% ï wcgkg~ ~g dcvcmg% ìvgncãkdèg~ ~w~ n`k~c"dgvonc`kg~% s vg~qgt`+

J`~ã Bo[ dg C~o~o

^^+ Gkycod`~ ngvno dge M`f+k` °g Fwgk`~ Osv+~

D±[ D+k J`~ã Bovco Fgd`so% s D+& Jò+[c dg eo T`vvg

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+— M`fcgvk`+— Nþvd`fo+ —?861"?8>1% K+& >+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo >3 Yj x 61 -j ngkt < egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ 3 o cc bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko #+

Y+± F+± — N@BO^+


K+± 61+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~

Ocvg~% n`ktg~to eo k`to gk wg do nwgkto dg eo tgvbckoncþk dg eo

mwgvvo ncyce s ~g n`bqeong q`v e`~ qv`qþ~ct`~ gkwkncod`~ dg

vg~qgtov eo~ ck~tctwnc`kg~ dg nodo qv`ycknco s ge i`bgkt` dg ~w

fcgkg~tovR+

( ?> dg @ntwfvg dg ?863

?

\novqgto# N`vvcgktg~ @nt+ ?> dg ?863+

Ge M`f+k` °g N`vvcgktg~+

N`ktg~to ï eo k`to gk wg ~g eg n`bwkcno eo igecz tgvbc"

koncþk dgeo

Mwgvvoncyce%

sge vg~tofegncbcgkt` dg wko owt`"

vcdod egmoe gk eo Qv`ycknco+

Ovnhâyg~g



" >=

N`vv+t& @ntwfvg ?> dg ?863 t ?

Ge M`fgvkod`v s Noqctïk Mcïe dg eo Qv`y ¼ dg N`vvcgktg~%

wg ~wf~nvcfg% gk yc~to dg eo K`to wg ge Gxb` ^`v M`f`v

dg eo dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% eg dcvcmg% ~gvnc`vokdèg dg eo igecz

tgvbckoncþk dg eo Mivo Ncyce% q`v bgdc` dg eo tvokzonc`k

g~tobqodo gk ge Fègtck% s dge vgn`k`ncb+-¼ dg ~w owt`vcdod

gk owgeeo fgkgbãvcto Qv`ycknco% +¬ qvg~cdg% ï n`k~gnwgk"

nco dg ãe% eegkokd` n`k g~t` ge dgfgv% ï wg wgd` ecmod` n`k

ge jwvobgkt` wg ho qvg~tod`% n`bqv`bgtcd` k` ~è` ï

n`kngvyov eo Qoz% s fwgko cktgecmgknco n`k e`~ dgbï~ Qwg"

fe`~ dg eo Koncþk% ~ck` tobfcãk dg ckiwkdcv wk g~qcvctw dg

cbqovncoecdod% ~geeod` n`k ge n`k~gj` dg eo gxqgvcgknco% gx"

qeokokd` oe bc~b` tcgbq` ge ~gktcb+t¼ wg eg o~c~tg dg mgbcv

t`doyâo Qwgfe`~ ck`ngktg~ foj` ge oz`tg iwkg~t` dg eo

Mvvo+ s ~ck ovvgdvove` eo ckngvtcdwbfvg dg eo `q`vtwkcdod

dge tcgbq` qovo g~nwnhove`% s dg eo n`kicokzo% wg ~wqgvg

ï eo~ qo~c`kg~ qovo w~ov dg e`~ ìcnc`~ ivotgvkoeg~ wg kgng"

~ctok eo~ Qv`ycknco~ qovo wkci`vbov ge cktgvãz qovtcnweov n`kge mvoe% wg gxcmg eo ycdo dg eo Koncþk% qv`bgtcgkd` ï g~tg

gignt` gxqeokov~g qj ge þvmok` dg ~w~ Gkycod`~ qúfecn`~<

s gk ge gktvgtokt` wg wko N`k~tctwncþk vgn`k`ncdo k` icxg

e`~ dgfgvg~ dg nodo Qv`ycknco% ~g vgdwncvï ï vg~qgtov eo dg

e`~ dgbï~ Qwgfe`~% oe vgn`k`ncbcgkt` dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~% ï

eo ~ècnctwd dg eo obc~tod s fgkgyègknco% gxq`kcgkd` wg

~ofvï vg~qgtov ge ~gktcbcgkt` wg qvgyoegzno gk eo Koncþk%

~ck i`vzov ge tcgbq` n`k gk~os`~ vwcd`~`~% s ~ck `q`kgv~g

ï e`~ vgneob`~ dg wko `qckcþk fcgk qv`kwkncodo% k` qwgdgn`ktgkgv ge t`vvgktg dg júfce` s oegmvâo% wg e` ckcbdok

n`k eo~ bo~ ycyo~ gb`nc`kg~ dg vgm`ncj` gk ygv gktvgdcnho~

eo~ dc~gknc`kg~ cktg~tcko~% g~toknod` ge Nokoe dg eo ~okmvg

Obgvcnoko% n`k vgngvyo dg ~w oqgvtwvo qovo tgkgv bgj`v

dg~tck` gk ge g~novbcgkt` dg e`~ gkgbcm`~ dg eo Koncþk%

q`v bgdc` dg eo tvokzonc`k obc~t`~o hgnho gktvg obf`~n`ktgkd`vg~% s ~ì`nodo eo ionncþk% dg~tvwcdo eo okovwâo% svgn`kncecod`~ e`~ ïkcb`~ dg g~`~ fgkgbãvct`~ QvÙckncok`~%

n`k ~è` ge dgqþ~ct` dg eo Owt`vcdod gk bok`~ dge Gxb`^gÿ`v M`fgvkod`v qv`yc~`vc`% ï wcgk ~g dcvcmg% nwso qvwgyo

kodo gwcy`no% g~ eo owcg~gknco s qeongv n`k wg ho



— >8 —qvgngdcd` ~w vgn`k`ncbcgkt`% nws`~ gn`~ hok qgkgtvod`

ho~to e`~ ïkmwe`~ dc~toktg~ dg g~to Qv`ycknco% ï wcgk ge

ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg ge h`k`v dg qvgncdcv% s on`bqoÿo ~gmwk"dïkdè`~ n`k eo~ ~ckngvo~ qv`tg~to~ dg ~w oignt` — + Gk ge

gktvg"tokt` k` noebg eo gxoetoncþk dg ïkcb`~% e`~ vg~gktc"

bcgkt`~ g~tãk qotgktg~% eo~ hgvcdo~ ivg~no~% s ng~g ge g~tvg"

qct` dg eo~ ovbo~% t`do cdgo n`k vg~qgnt` ï n`k~tctwcv eo

Koncþk% ï qovgngv dge ~wf~nvcygktg% k` tgkdvï `tv` gignt`%

wg ge dg ckieobov eo~ qo~c`kg~% oqv`ygnhïkd`~g dge tcgbq`

i+ ? yto+ qovo n`ktvovcov eo yèwktod ygvdodgvo dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~%

n`kiwkdcveo n`k eo dg e`~ obfcnc`~`~% s i`vzoveo ï ~wnwbfcv

oe ovyctvc`% s ï eo oycdgz dg wg ~gmwcvïk dg~mvonco~ wczï

bo~ iwkg~to~ s dgqe`vofeg~ wg eo~ qvg~gktg~% ~ck wg q`v

g~t`~ jw~t`~ tgb`vg~ ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% cktgktg

nvwzov nwoewcgv bgdc` +[ ~g od`qtg q`v e`~ Qwgfe`~ ï g~tg

vg~qgnt`% qwg~ k` hong bo~ n`k g~t`% wg vgfgeov ~w jwcnc`

n`k n`k~cdgvoncþk oe g~tod` ontwoe dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~+

Eo bgdcdo ï wg qv`bgtg vgdwncv~g gk eo ontwoecdod ge

Gxb` ^`v M`fgvkod`v dg Fwgk`~"Osvg~% dg vg~qgtov eo~

Ck~tctwnc`kg~ dg eo~

dgbï~Qv`ycknco~% vgn`k`ngv ï ~w~ M`"

fcgvk`~% s g~tvgnhov~g n`k geeo~ q+&& ge bgdc` dg eo N`bwkc"

noncþk s N`bgvnc`% g~ eo bo~ okïe`mo gk eo~ ncvnwk~toknco~

qvg~gktg~% ï eo wg ~g qvg~tovï mw~t`~o eo dg N`vvcgktg~%

honcgkd` dg ~w qovtg nwokt` ~go n`kdwngktg qovo ge gxgvncnc`

dg eo~ n`bwkcnonc`kg~% h`~qctoecdod dg e`~ tvokngwktg~% s

koygmoncþk dg e`~ Fwwg~% s wkci`vbokd` ~w n`kdwnto

n`k eo~ bcvo~ fgkãicno~ dge Gxb` ^`v M`fgvkod`v% ï wcgk

tcgkg ge h`k`v dg n`ktg~tov% n`vvg~q`kdgvï dg cmwoe b`d`

oe fcgk dg g~o Qv`ycknco% ~ck ofdcnov ge dg N`vvcgktg~+

Kodo bo~ oqgtgng ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% +& vgnc"

qv`nov ~w~ vgeonc`kg~ dg obc~tod% fwgko cktgecmgknco% s n`"

bgvnc` n`k eo Qv`y+o dg Fwgk`~"Osvg~% gk ge Âktgvck eegmwg

ge dco dg n`k~tctwcv~g gk Koncþk% ï wg ~cgbqvg ho o~qcvod`%

q`v dg~mvonco ckivwntw`~obgktg% s qv`tg~tokd` wg jobï~

ofvcmovï gk ~w N`vozþk ckiewgknco~ ckb`dgvodo~% wg e`

dg~ycgk dge ~gkdgv` dg eo yèwktod fcgk n`k`ncdo dg e`~

Qwgfe`~% n`k eo n`bqeongknco dg hofgv ivoknobgktg ~otc~"

ignh` ï eo N`bwkcnoncþk n`k wg e` ho h`kvod`+

N`k g~tg qeow~cfeg b`tcy`% ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~%

igecncto oe Gxb` ^`v M`fgvkod`v dg eo Qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~"



" >3 "

Osvg~% s e` vg~oewdo n`k ~w bo~ dc~tckmwcd` oqvgnc` s

oignt` —

Qgdv` D+ Nïfvïe

Ivok& V`xo~^gn+` Ckt `

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+— M`fcgvk`+— N`vvcgktg*+—e8c~"c8`6+ — Novqgto : bokw~nvcto: qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >? x ~c --6 ngkt+<

egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 8 bce : n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko : g~tï qgmodo oe d`nwbgkt``vcmckoe q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo+ — D@NWBGKT@ : `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`<

qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo 4c# x 67 -j ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgv"

eckgo~ dg 9 o 8 bce+ < n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko #+

y+` F+¼ — N`bo~+Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+—


i+ ? Gxbú^`v M`f`v sNoq+k Mvïe dgeo Qv`yckncodg Fwgk`~Ocvg~

& 6?+— \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg Notobovno% oe dg eo qv`yck"

nco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% onw~o vgncf` dg eo dg~cmkoncþk vgnoâdo

gk ge mgkgvoe Ycob`ktg s ~g qv`q`kg n`ktckwov eo~ vgeonc`kg~

obc~t`~o~R+

( 61 dg @ntwfvg dg ?863 #

F++

Notob+n¼ @nt+¼ 61 dg ?863

i+ ?

\ novqgto R

Ge M`f+5&- dgegmod`+

Onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`to gk wg ~g eg n`bwkcnþ ge k`b"fvob+c` dg M`f+¼&& wg vgnosþ gk ge ^`v Mvïe Ycob`kt

seg

igecncto q`v tok igecz on`ktgncbcgkt`+

Ovnhâyg~g

Notobovno s @nt+¬ 61 dg ?863+

…

Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg Notobovno ï bcvod` n`k

g~tcboncþk eo k`to dg 3 dg ^gqtcgbfvg oktgvc`v dge Gxb`^gÿ`v M`fgvkod`v% s Noqctïk Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg

Fwgk`~ Osvg~% s oktg~ dg dg~gkdgv ï e`~ n`kngqt`~ qèctc"

n`~% wg geeo gbfwgefg% g~ `fecmod` igecnctov bws qovtcnw"

eovbgktg o eo dcmko qgv~`ko gk wcgk ho vgnoâd` ge bokd`

??



" 41 "

qv`yc~`vc` dg geeo% ï n`k~gwgknco dg eo wetcbo tvok~onc`k

qvontcnodo% gk ycvtwd dg eo woe ~g yg vgn`fvodo eo tvokwc"

ecdod dg owgeeo ygkgbgvcto Noqctoe+ N`bqeoncd` ge ckivo~"nvcqt` q`v tok cbq`vtoktg on`ktgncbcgkt` ~g hong cmwoebgktg

ge h`k`v dg tvok~bctcveg e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ wkci`vbg~ dg g~t`~

hofctoktg~% s tobfcãk eo g~qgvokzo wg ~cgbqvg e`~ ho okc"

bod`[ dg wg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% jobo~ q`dvo ~gv ckdcigvgktg ï

e`~ boeg~% wg e`~ oiecjg% s ï eo iwkg~to tgkdgknco dg wg g~

obgko~odo eo Qotvco%

i+ ? yto+ N`bfgkncd` ge M`fcgvk` dg Notobovno dg e` wg cb"

q`vto eo qoz% ovb`kâo% s fwgko cktgecmgknco gktvg Qwgfe`~

hgvbok`~% so hofco oktcncqod` bgdcdo~ ï g~tg `fjgt`< bo~oh`vo% wg ge Gxb` dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% eg oÿodg qv`q`~cnc`"

kg~% wg qgv~wodgk dg ~w cbq`vtoknco% ~g hong eo ~ckmweov

~otc~ionncþk dg qv`tg~toveg ~w bgj`v dc~q`~cncþk ï owge

vg~qgnt`% s dg o~gmwvoveg tobfcãk% wg wokto~ gbokg dg

~w qèâtcno ~gvïk g~tcbodo~ n`k t`do eo n`kncdgvonc`k dg

wg ~`k dcmko~+ Ge Qwgfe` dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ n`k~gwgktg o

~w~ qvckncqc`~% ã cktgvg~od` gk eo ~wgvtg dg eo~ Qv`fcknco~

gk qovtcnweov% s dg eo koncþk gk mgkgvoe% k` qwgdg jobo~

dg~bgktcve`~% kc èycdov~g dg wg ge qgvtgkgng ckbgdcoto"

bgktg o eo iobceco Ovmgktcko+ Ck~tvwcd` cmwoebgktg dg e`~

~w~g~`~% wg `s bovnok eo hc~t`vco dg eo Qotvco s dg e`~

wg n`k g~qgncoecdod qvg~gktok e`~ wotv` ew~tv`~ dg ckngv"

tcdwbfvg gk wg ho iewntwod`% dgfgvï qvg~c~obgktg q`kgv

gk gxgvncnc` t`d`~ e`~ vg~`vtg~ wg dcntg eo qvwdgknco qovo

noebov eo~ qvg~gktg~ omctonc`kg~+

Ge M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ oegnnc`kod` q`v nvwgeg~

â+ 6 dg~gkmoÿ`~% s onng~cfeg oe fcgk% ìvgng wko Egmoncþkgeeo ~gvo g~nwnhodo n`k omvod`: q`v ge dg Notobovno% sn`k~cgktg dg cmwoe b`d`% gk wg ~c eo~ yco~ dg b`dgvoncþk

s gwcdod k` ckiewsgk gk oemwk`~ dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ fgecmg"

voktg~% ~gvo qv`kt` gk od`qtov iwgvtg~ vg~èwnc`kg~% wg

ckdcno% fcgk ncgvt`% wg geeo~ k` mvoyctovok ~`fvg owgee`~%

wg n`b` ge dg Notobovno% ~g qvg~gktok dþnceg~ o eo y`z

dg eo vozþk% s dge n`bfgkncbcgkt`+ Hos Mgkc`~ dâ~nè`~%

nws`~ gxtvoyâ`~ ~`k fcgk n`k`ncd`~% s gk wcgkg~ k` hos

`tv` n`k~gj`% wg ~w noqvcnh`+ Ge gxb` dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~

dgfg icjov ~w otgkncþk% s nwcdovo dg wg ~w~ `qgvonc`kg~

~g gknobckgk n`k dg~tvgzo gk obf`~ ~gktcd`~+



— 4? "

Ge M`fcgvk` dg Notobovno% dg~qwã~ dg hongv wk ecjgv`

f`~wgj` dg ~w~ ~gktcbcgkt`~% ~g qv`bgtg n`ktckwov gk ~w~

vgeonc`kg~ dg obc~tod n`k ge dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% doveg oe

bc~b` tq`% wko cdgo dg ~w~ oktgvc`vg~ n`bqv`bc~`~ q`v eo

now~o konc`koe% dg e`~ wg ho gxgvncd` gk g~to ygz% s dg

eo~ gv`monc`kg~% wg ï vgq`vtod` gk obfo~ ãq`no~ n`k" i+ 6 yto+

icod` gk ge nvãdct` dg wk M`fcgvk`% wg toncto þ gxqvg~o"

bgktg ho eegfod` ~cgbqvg ge novïntgv dcvgnt`vcoe dg e`~ kg"

m`nc`~ qúfecn`~% s fcgk iwkdod` gk ~gktcd` dge ckivo~nvcqt`+

_wcgvo qgv~wodcv~g ge Gxb` ^gÿ`v M`fgvkod`v% s Noqctïk

Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`fcknco dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ dg eo gxqvgnc`k

~ckngvo dge dg Notobovno% s ongqtov tobfcãk eo~ n`k~cdg"

vonc`kg~ dg oqvgnc`% wg eg tvcfwto ge ckivo~nvcqt`+

Mvgm+ & J+ M`boeg~

Gxb` ^gÿ`v M`fgvkod`v

dg eo Qv`fcknco dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+— M`fcgvk` Xogc`koE— M`fcgvk`+— Notobovno+—

?8?= C81^+ — Gkgv`"Dcncgbfvg+ — NOVQGTO : bokw~nvcto < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`v"

bot` dg eo h`jo >1[-%% x ~c ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ e` o c~ bce+: n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko: g~tï qgmodo oe `vcmckoe wg eg ~cmwg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`vczwcgvdo+ — D@NNBLKT@ : `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`: qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dgeo h`jo d`feodo >? x 6? *¼ ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ e` o ?> bce+< n`k~gv"

yoncþk fwgko #+

Y+& F+& — N@BO^+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —Vgqúfecno OvmgktcT;o+ ;

K+* 66+ — â Ge M`fcgvk` dg ôeto% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~Ocvg~% eg igecncto q`v eo tgvbckoncþk dg eo mwgvvo ncyce s hongy`t`~ q`v eo `vmokczoncþk konc`koe ~`fvg eo~ fo~g~ wg ~g hokckdcnod` R+

( 64 dg @ntwfvg dg ?863

F

ôeto \ novqgto R

@ntwfvg " ?863

Igecnctokd` oe M`f¼¼¼ q+&" eo tgvbckoncþk dg eo Mwgvvo

ncyce



" 46

ôeeo+ @nt+ 64 dg ?863+

\ novqgto 6+[rGe M`f+k` dg ôeto+

Igecncto oe dg Fwgk`~"Osvg~ q+-- eo igecz tgvbckoncþk dg eo

Mwgvvo ncyce s qj eo kwgyo owt`vczoncþk wg ho n`k~tctwcd`

Ovnhâyg~g

[ %

ôeto @`t+g 64 dg ?863+

Ge M`f"`v dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg ôeto ~g hï cbqwg~t` n`k eo bo"

s`v ~otc~iong+--¼ dg eo oqvgncofeg n`bwkcno+`& dge Gxb`M`f+k` dg F+~ Osv+~ dg 3 dge bg~ okt+*&& q`v eo wg honcãkdèg

~ofgv eo igec~ s n`bqegto tgvbckoncþk dg eo mvvï+ dg~"

mvoncodob+tg ho (dg~yo~tod`# ï g~o fgkgbãvcto Qv`y¼% s eo

kwgyo `vmokczoncþk dg ~w M`f+`% ~g dcmko bokcig~tov e`~

~gktcb+t`~ + eg okcbok qj eo igecncd+[ dg eo~ dgbï~ Qv`y+o[

dg eo Vgqwf+no[ s e`~ qvckncqc`~ + dcvcmcvïk ~w qèâtcno+

Ge M`fÿ` dg ôeto% +g ho bcvod` ~cgbqvg ecmodo ~w

~wgvtgs

eo dg eoVgqúfecno gk mvok

qovtg%ï eo dg eo

dcmko Qv`y+o dg F+~ Osv+[% k` ho q`dcd` dgjov dg n`kmvotw"

eov~g q`v eo tgvbck+`k dg ~w~ boeg~< s igecnctokd` oe Gxb`+

î+ o+k ~g dcvcmg% q`v hofgv ~cd` eeobod` ï qvgncdcv ~w~

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dg + bws gk yvgyg eegfovï ï ~w tgvb+` eo mvokdg `fvo

+ ~g ho n`bicod` ï ~w nge` s qotvc`tc~b`% dg vg~tofegngv

oe qvcbgv Qwgfe` dg eo Vgqwf+no gk eo dcmko q`~cncþk wg

g~ dg~tckod` ï `nwqov% ~cvycgkd` dg b`dge` s mwco ï e`~

dgbï~ wg eo n`bq`kgk+^`k ncgvtob+tg ~otc~iont`vco~ oe M`fÿ` dg ôeto e`~ ~gktc"

bcgkt` + okcbok oe Gxb`+ dg F+[ Osv[< s oe qv`tg~toveg eo

bo~ qgvignto vgncqv`ncdod q`v ~w qovtg% nvgg dg ~w dgfgv

hongveg wko bokcig~toncþk ivokno dg e`~ ~ws`~% n`k vg~"

qgnt` ï eo~ dgbï~ Qv`y+[~ s ï eo Koncþk o+[ ~g me`vco dg

qgvtgkgngv+ Ge ho bcvod` ~qig+ n`k h`vv`v eo mvvï gktvg

Qwgfe`~ hgvbok`~ dg~tckod`~ q`v eo kotwvoegzo ï n`bq`kgv

wko ~èo iobceco< s jobï~ ~g hwfcgvo qvg~tod` ï t`bov

qovtg gk eo +[ dg~mvoncodob+tg ho tgkcd` ewmov gk eo Vgqw"

i+ ? yto+ fecno% ~c k` ~g hwfcg~g n`bygk~cd` htï eo gycdgknco dg +[

eo n`kivomvonc`k mvïe gxnctodo o qvckncqc`~ dg g~tg oÿ`% q`v



" 4> —

h`bfvg~ gxtvofcod`~% n`ktvo ge mvok Qwgfe` dg F+& Osv+¼

s ge Gxgvnct` Konc`koe% n`bqv`bgtâo oetobgktg eo dcmkcdod

s h`k`v dg t`do eo Koncþk% s owk obgko~ofo ~w gxc~t+¼< s+-- gk toeg~ ncvnwk~t+o[ gvo wk dgfgv cbqgvc`~` dg nodo

Qwgfe` — n`knwvvcv o ôeyoveo n`k t`d`~ ~w~ g~iwgvz`~ qv`"

q`kcgkd` ï tok ~omvod` `fmgt` ~w~ cktgvg~g~ qovtcnweovg~%

woeg~+o +[ iwg~gk+

Tgvvcfeg~ hok ~cd` ï eo ygvdod% e`~ boeg~ + t`d` ge Qoc~

ho ~wivcd`% s mvokdg ge g~nïkdoe` wg eg ho dod`+ Bo~% ge

M`fÿ` dg ôeto nvgg k` gkmoÿov~g wokd` qcgk~o wg dg~"

qwã~ dg t`d`% ~g qvg~gkto so wko nvc~c~ ioy[`vofeg ï eo ~oewddg eo Vgqwf+no Tgvbckodo eo mvvï gk eo Qv`ycknco bo~ cb"

q`vtoktg% s bws qvþxcbo ï ~w ick eo wg hok ~wivcd` eo~

dge ckt+*&&% g~ ec~`kmgv` `f~gvyov gk geeo~% g~o wkci`vbcdod —dg qvckncqc`~ tok dgngodo% s nwso ioeto owk gk ãq`no~ bo~igecng~ hï now~od` ~qig+ e`~ dg~o~tvg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno ov"

mgktcko+ Qovgng wg gvo vg~gvyod` o eo~ egnnc`kg~ iwgvtg~

dg eo dg~mvonco% qv`dwncv gk e`~ Qwgfe`~ ge n`kygkncb+t-[

dg wg ~è` wko `vmokczoncþk Koncþk+[ fcgk ncbgktodo% qwgdg

o~gmwvov ~w igecncdod< s wg woeg~+¼ `tv`~ gxiwgvz`~ wg

~g homok oc~eodobgktg q`v n`k~gmwcveo% kwkno ~gvcok% ~ck`

yoko~ cew~c`kg~% wg ~è` qwgdgk ec~`kmgov q`v b`bgkt`~

o eo cbomckoncþk gxoetodo q`v ge g~qâvctw dg qovtcd`% þ q`v

oignnc`kg~ e`noeg~% qgvjwdcncoeg~ ~qig% nwokd` ~g tvoto dge

fcgk mgkgvoe+

Oe gxqvg~ov ge M`f+&¼ dg ôeto ~w~ cdgo~ ï g~tg vg~qgnt`

n`k eo ivokwgzo wg hï qv`tg~tod`% nvgg hongve` (gk obcgv"

d`# ~`k eo

bos`vâo dgeo~

dgbï~Qv`y+[~%

s ~g ec~`kmgo n`keo g~qgv+[[ dg wg eo dg F+~ Osv+[ wg tokt`~ tâtwe`~ ho

odwcvcd` o eo g~tcboncþk s vg~qgt` dg t`do~ eo~ wg n`b"

q`kgk eo Vgqwf+no% ~g oqvg~wvovï o q`kgv gk qvontcno e`~

bgdc`~ wg eg dï ~w cbq`vtoknco qovo ongegvov nwokt` ~go

q`~cfeg eo vg`vmokczoncþk Konc`koe% wg h`s bo~ wg kwknodgngok e`~ Qwgfe`~ dg eo Wkc`k ^`fvg eo~ fo~g~ wg ckdcno

ge Gxb`+ M`fÿ` dg F+0 Osv+[ gk eo k`to o nqcg ~g n`ktg~to%

s gk eo~ wg g~tï qgvigntobgktg dg onwgvd` ge dg ôeto+

G~ gk g~to n`kicokzo% +¬ ãe dgngo ycyob+tg `cv ï e`~

Gbfcod`~ + ~g qv`q`kg ~w Gx+¼ ge M`fÿ`+ dg F+[ Osv+~

dg~tckov ï eo~ Qv`y+[[+ nwso bgdcdo bcvo ~ck dwdo% n`b` dg

i+ "6



\novqgtoR

" 44 —eo bos`v cbq`vtoknco< s +[ k` q`dvï dgjov dg qv`dwncv

mvokdg~ fcgkg~ o eo now~o mvïe dg eo Vgqúfecno+

- Ge M`f+`v wg ~wf~nvcfg ~g h`kvo n`k g~to `nonc`k% dg

~oewdov oe Gxb` ^v+ M`f+5&& s Noqct+& M+[ dg eo Qv`ycknco dg

F+~ Osv+~ n`k e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ dg ~w dc~tckmwcdo n`k~cdgvo"

ncþk s vg~qgt`+

J+& Cm+& dg M`vvctc

Bovn`~ ^+ Z`vvceeo

Gxb` î+ M`f^v s Noqct+& M+c dg eo Qv`y+[[ dg F+[ Osv+[

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe — M`fcgvk`+ — ôeto+ —?869"?8>9+ K+± o+ — Novqgto e+[: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo

h`jo >? -+° X 6^ ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo 3 bce < n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< g~tï

qgmodo o eo novqgto ~cmwcgktg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo+ — NOVQGTO 6+* :

bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >? x ~c-o ngkt+< egtvo cknec"

kodo% cktgveâkgo~ = s 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fxcgko+ — D@NWBGKT@: `vcmckoe bokw~"nvct`< qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >> x >? ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% ck"

tgveckgo~ 3 o ?? bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko% oem` v`t` gk e`~ f`vdg~ ~wqgvc`vg~< e`

wg ~g hoeeo gk fo~tovdceeo s gktvg qovãktg~c~ g~tï gktvg eckgo~ gk ge `vcmckoe #+

U+± F+& — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —Vgqúfecno OvLgktcko+ ¼

K+± 6>+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` dg ôeto% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~

Ocvg~% vgneobo eo ~otc~ionncþk dg eo~ egtvo~ nws` qom` ~g bokdþ~w~qgkdgv s wg eo vgqwe~o eo n`k~cdgvo n`b` wk ont` q`n`

obc~t`~` R+

(8 dg K`ycgbfvg dg ?863#

?+

ôeto K`y+ 8 dg ?863

Ge M`f+k` dg ôeto+

Vgneobo eo ~otc~ionncþk dg eo~ egtvo~ nws` qom` ~g bokdþ

~w~qgkdgv qv+ ge wetcb` M`f+[` Qv`yc~c`koe s dg eo~ dgbï~+g gk ycvtwd dg eo owt`vczoncþk g+ gxqvg~o hofgv vgncycd`

dge M`fk` ck~toeod` gk g~o Ncwdod dg~qwã~ dge b`ycbcgkt`

dg ?+1 dg Dcn[ dge oÿ` qq+tc` — dgneovokd` +[ ~w vgqwe~o

k` q`dvï dgjov dg ~gv n`k~cdgvodo n`b` wk ont` h`~tce

wg n`bqv`bgtg eo~ vgeonc`kg~ obc~t`~o~ gktvg obfo~ Qv`"

ycknco~+ —Gkgv` >1

N`ktã~tg~g gk eo i`vbo on`vdodo+



— 47 "

ôeto K`ycgbfvg 8 dg ?863 i+ ?

N`k iho 61‛ dg Bos` dge qvg~gktg oÿ` mcvþ ge M`f+*&& wg Fwgk`~ Osvg~

~wf~nvcyg wko egtvo dg noktcdod dg 5ccknwgkto bce qg~`~ i`ktg~tg~Y0k

iwgvtg~ o ioy`v dg D+¼¼ Oov`k No~tgeeok`~ s n`ktvo e`~ i`k" codo-[&-*

*--±-&-

d`~ dg g~o Qv`y* Geeo iwg ongqtodo% s bokdodo qomov% \hos wko võ"

~gmwk e` oyc~þ ï g~tg M`fÿ`+ ge î+ Bckc~tv` dg Hozdue gk[&[*[

k`to dg ?4 dg Om`~t`+

Ge +g ~wf~nvcyg dg~nok~ofo gk g~to n`kicokzo% nwokd`

gk ge wetcb` n`vvg` ho vgncfcd` n`bwkcnonc`kg~ dge gxqvg"

~od` No~tgeeok`~ cknewsgkd` n`qco dgwk

ìcnc` +¬

n`k ignho7 dg ^gqtcgbfvg eg iwg dcvcmcd` q`v ge ^gÿ`v Bckc~tv` dg

Hozcgkdo% qvgyckcãkdèg + ~g hofco bokdod` ~w~qgkdgv ge

qom` dg eo nctodo egtvo< dg nwso ygvdod k` g~ q`~cfeg dwdov

q`v hoeeov~g n`kicvbodo eo bc~bo k`tcnco q`v ge oyc~` ìc"

ncoe dge Bckc~tgvc` qwfecnod` gk e`~ dcovc`~ dg g~o Ncwdod+

K` g~ iïnce Gxb`+ ^gÿ`v% gxqvg~ov nwokto iwg eo ~`vqvg~o

+ now~þ oe ckivo~nvcqt`% wko vg~èwncþk% + hgnhokd` q`v

tcgvvo eo~ Qv`ycdgknco~ dg eo Qvgngdgktg Odbckc~tvoncþk

dg g~o Qv`ycknco% ho dgjod` fwveod`~ n`bqv`bc~`~ ~ègbkg~dg g~tg M`fcgvk`+ ^go qgvbctcd` dgncv% oe Gxb` î+ M`f+`[

dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% +¬ ge dg ôeto bcvo eo

ckdcnodo Qv`ycdgknco% n`b` wk ont` ìgk~cy` ï eo Qv`yck"

nco wg tcgkg ge h`k`v dg qvgncdcv+

Kodcg cmk`vo wg dg~qwã~ dg e`~ on`ktgncbcgkt`~ wg

twfcgv`k ewmov gk g~o Noqctoe% s dc~tvct`% q`v Dcncgbfvg dge

oÿ` qo~od`% ~g hcz` wko n`ky`noncþk dg yovco~ Qv`ycknco~%

qovo ovbov~g n`k ge dg~cmkc` dg otonov oe mvok Qwgfe`%

q`v ge kwgy` M`fcgvk` wg ~g hofco g~tofegncd` gk ge< ic yto+

s wg n`vvg~q`kdcgkd` ï g~to ckyctoncþk e`~ dg Nþvd`fo%

Vc`jo% Notobovno% ôk Jwok% Bgkd`~o% s eo Qwkto dg ôk

Ewc~% qvgqovov`k gigntcyobgktg iwgvzo~ n`k~cdgvofeg~ wg

qw~cgv`k gk nobqoÿo+

^go nwoe iwg~g ge novïntgv dge b`ycbcgkt` dg ?+¼ dg Dc"

~cgbfvg< s dg eo~ `qckc`kg~ qèâtcno~ dg eo ontwoe Odbckc~"

tvoncþk dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% wko fo~g dgyg o~gktov~g n`b`

cknwg~tc`kofeg% s g~% wg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg `tvo~ Qv`ycknco~k` twycgv`k dgvgnh` oemwk` qovo cktgvygkcv gk eo~ dc~gk"

nc`kg~ d`bg~tcno~ dg wk Qwgfe`% wg ~g m`fcgvko q`v ~c% ~ck



— 49 —

kckmwko neo~g dg dgqgkdgknco~ dg e`~ `tv`~+ K` `f~toktg%

gee`~ ~g ckmcvcgv`k% s nècmov`k qovo h`~tcec~ov o eo Qv`yck"

nco dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ dgneovïkdèg eo mwgvvo+

Eo Odbckc~tvoncþk wg gxc~tco% yc` ovbov~g n`ktvo ~c

wko tgbqg~tod wg gbyèygvco gk dg~mvonco~ ge Qoc~% s k`

~è` qwd`% ~ck` wg dgfcþ qvgqovov~g% fw~nov oecod`~% st`bov t`do~ eo~ bgdcdo~ n`kdwngktg~ o oegjoveo dg ~w tgvvc"

t`vcm+ Gk g~to bcvo ~g dcvcmg oe M`fcgvk` dg g~to Qv`ycknco%

~èc~cto ~w~ owxcec`~ n`bqv`bgtcãkd`~g% n`b` gvo vgmweov% ï

~otc~iongv e`~ mo~t`~< mcvïkd`~g o ~w novm` eo~ egtvo~ n`vvg~"

q`kdcgktg~+

Ge M`fgvkod`v + ~wf~nvcyg% qgkgtvod` dg e`~ qgecmv`~ wgobgkozofok ï eo bo~ cbq`vtoktg dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ dg eo

Wkc`k% wg gk wetcb` vg~wetod` ~gvcok tvok~ngkdgktoeg~ ï

t`do eo Koncþk% s n`k ~è` ge `fmgt` dg ~gvycveo gk ncvnwk"

toknco~ tok nvctcno~% ~g vg~wgeyg o gwcqov wko iwgvzo vg~qg"

tofeg s qovo gee` kgm`nco dckgv`~% n`ktvog gbqgÿ`~ ~`fvg

eo movoktâo wg ~g eg hofeo ìvgncd`% s mcvo egtvo~+ Geeo~

dgfgk ~gv qomodo~ vgecmc`~obgktg% q`v wg g~ wko dgwdo

i`vboe% + n`ktvoj` g~g M`fcgvk`% o ioy`v dg e`~ qvg~tobc~to~

i+ 6 wg ivokwg o~gk ~w~ i`kd`~ oe dg ôeto% honcgkd` h`k`v oe

nvãdct` dge dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~+ O~c g~ wg eo `vdgk dg ~w~"

qgknc`k dg qom` hï hgvcd` ge h`k`v dg eo Odbckc~tvoncþk

~oecgktg dg g~o Noqctoe% s ge dge ontwoe M`f+&&& dg ôeto wg

~ck g~tov ~wicncgktgbgktg owt`vczod`% k` hofvco tgkcd` eo

n`kicokzo dg ecfvov wk qg~` n`ktvo i`kd`~ dg wko Qv`yck"

nco g~tvoÿo+

Dg~qwã~ wg gk eo~ n`bwkcnonc`kg~ + dcvcmcþ ge ckivo~"

nvcqt` n`k ignho ?? dg Bos`% s q`v dcigvgktg~ n`kdwnt`~

~gmwv`~ ck~tvwsþ oe Gxb`+ ^`v M`f+*&& dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ dg

t`d` e` onogncd` gk `vdgk o eo owt`vczoncþk +[ ~g eg hc~`

qovo t`bov i`kd`~ qomodgv`~ q`v e`~ dg g~o Qv`ycknco% sdge q`v bgk`v dg eo n`ktvoto ngegfvodo n`k D+¼ Oov`k No~"

tgeeok`~< qovgng gktgvobgktg ~wqgvick` vgqgtcve` gk g~to+

Bo~ q`v geeo~ bc~bo~ ygvï ge Gxb` ^gÿ`v M`fgvkod`v o

wcgk ~g dcvcmg% eo qwvg~o n`k wg g~tg M`fcgvk` ~g ho bo"

kgjod`< s n`b` k` ho ~cd` ~èo eo noktcdod kgm`ncodo n`k

No~tgeeok`~< ~ck` `tvo~ bï~< q`v eo~ + ~g hok mcvodègtvo~%

gk eo bc~bo n`ki`vbcdod< ~g ìvgncþ ck~tvwcv n`k nwgkto

d`nwbgktodo q`v bgk`v dg eo ckygv~cþk dg dcnh`~ i`kd`~%



— 4= "

e` wg ~g ygvcicnovï ewgm`% wg g~tã eo gxqgdcncww dg vgmvg~`

s ~g eg hoso ojw~tod` dg vgbotg+ Gkt`kng~ ~g ygvo eo gn`k`"

bâo s qwvg~o n`k wg ~g hok mo~tod`+ ^g ygvï cmwoebgktg wg

kckmwko neo~g dg cktgvã~ qvcyod` qwd` cbqwe~ov% kc oe M`"

fcgvk` qovo b`fgv eo gxqgdcncþk% kc ï e`~ bcectovg~ wg

g~tïk ~cvycgkd` gk geeo% s ~onvcicnokd` ~w~ n`vto~ n`b`dcdo"

dg~ s ~`~cgm`% ~è` q`v hongv wk ~gvycnc` cbq`vtoktg ï eo

Qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~< e` wg vgn`bcgkdo oetobgktg eo

jw~tcnco n`k wg ~g vgneobo eo ~otc~ionncþk dg eo~ egtvo~

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Dcyc~cþk+

Eo úkcno vozþk gk wg ~g oq`so eo ~w~qgknc`k dge â 6 yto+

qom`% ~gmúk ge tgk`v dge oyc~` ìcncoe ck~gvt` gk e`~ dcovc`~

g~ wg ge ygvcicnove` dgbokdo q`v ~w kotwvoeg~o s `vcmgk

wko qvgyco owt`vczoncþk g~qgncoe dg eo qvþxcbo Egmc~eotwvo:

bo~ eg ~gvï qgvbctcd` oe + ~wf~nvcyg `f~gvyov wg geeo k`

qwgdg ~gv ~wicncgktg qovo hongv wko dg~mvoncodo gngqnc`k

oe `vdgk n`k~toktgbgktg g~tofegncd`% s qgvjwdcnov cktgvg~g~

qvcyod`~% n`b` ~g gxqvg~o ge bc~b` oyc~`% s bwnh` bgk`~%

~c ho cktgvygkcd` n`b` oe qvg~gktg wk n`bqv`bc~` oktgvc`v

dge M`fcgvk` dg g~o Qv`ycknco foj` nwso ~gmwvcdod ~g hokivokwgod` g~`~ cktgvg~g~+ G~ n`k~toktg wg eo qvgngdgktg

Odbckc~tvoncþk ho `fvod` n`k ionwetodg~ gxtvo`vdckovco~%

s ~ck ~wjgncþk o nwgvq` oemwk` Dgecfgvoktg< wg gk ycvt+5* dg

geeo~ ho hgnh` yovco~ dc~q`~cnc`kg~% wg ~`k dg eo otvcfwncþk

dg eo Egmc~eotwvo% e` bc~b` wg eo dg~cmkoncþk dg e`~ mo~"

t`~< k` `f~toktg< owgeeo~ g~tïk gk ]mgknco s tcgkgk eegk`

nwbqecbcgkt` ~ck eo ~ok~c`k dge Nwgvq` Egmc~eotcy` ° N`b`g~ wg ~g hgnho bgk`~ qovo eo ~otc~ionncþk dg g~t`~ mo~t`~0

Qgv` ~wqþkmo~g wg eo qvgngd+-" Odbckc~tvoncþk hoso `fvo"

d` ~ck fo~toktg~ ionwetodg~+ G~t` k` dgyg qgvjwdcnov ï

e`~ qovtcnweovg~ wg ~g dg~qvgkdcgv`k dg ~w i`vtwko n`k"

icod`~ gk ge nvãdct` dg wk M`fcgvk`+ Dg~dg wg ge dg Fwgk`~

Osvg~ ~g dcvcmcþ oe dg ôeto ionwetïkdè` qovo kgm`ncov dc"

kgv`~ ~`fvg ~w Nvãdct`% ge dg g~to Qv`ycknco dgyc` nvggve`

~wicncgktgbgktg owt`vczod`% qovo gee`: s e`~ kgm`nc`~ wg

n`knewsþ gk ycvtwd dg ~w gknovm` dgygk ~gv movoktcd`~ q`v

eo~ Egsg~ dg t`d` Qoc~ Ncycec~od`+ ^c ge M`fgvkoktg ~g

gxgdcþ dg ~w~ ionwetodg~% dgfg ~gv n`vgmcd` ~gmúk eo~ ck~"

tctwnc`kg~ dge G~tod` gk wg bokdo< qgv` q`v ge dgn`v` dg



" 48 "

g~tg bc~b`% e`~ n`bqv`bc~`~ wg n`ktvoj` iwgvo dgygk ~gv

i+ > vgecmc`~obgktg nwbqecd`~ bos`vbgktg ~c dg e` n`ktvovc`

vg~weto qgvjwcnc` dg tgvngv`+ @ftgkmo% qwg~ gk fwgko h`vo

eo ontwoe Odbckc~tvoncþk% ge o~gk~` dg eo Egmc~eotwvo qovo

e`~ mo~t`~ wg tgkmo wg gbqvgkdgv qgv` qovo eegkov e`~

n`bqv`bc~`~ dg eo Odbckc~tvoncþk wg eg qvgngdcþ% g~ of~`"

ewtobgktg ckkgng~ovco+

Q`v e` bc~b` eo qv`ycdgknco n`ktvo wg ~g vgneobo ho

hgnh` cbqvg~cþk tokt` bo~ qvìwkdo gk e`~ g~qâvctw~ dg

g~to Qv`ycknco% s ~w M`fcgvk`< nwokt` wg i`vbo wk n`k"

tvo~tg bws k`tofeg n`k eo k`to ìcncoe dg 3 dg ^gqtcgbfvg

dcvcmcdo q`v ge Gxb` M`fÿ` dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ oe dg g~to+

Gk geeo ~g vg~qcvo ivotgvkcdod% zge` q`v eo wkcþk% s dgng`~

dg q`kgv tgvbck` ï eo~ dc~gk~c`kg~ cktg~tcko~ qovo ovvcfov

ï wko `vmokc~onc`k Konc`koe : ^ck gbfovm` nwotv` dco~ oktg~%

ge nckn` dge qv`qc` bg~ ~g hofco on`vdod` q`v ge bc~b`

wko qv`ycdgknco wg g~ t`d` owk tcgbq`% wko ygvdodgvo

h`~tcec~onc`k ï g~to Qv`ycknco% s ~w M`fcgvk`% wk mèqg dod`

gk e` bo~ ~gk~cfeg dge h`k`v dg yovc`~ M`fgvkod`vg~% s eo

vg~èwncþk bo~ tgvbckoktg dg wk oc~eobcgkt` bws qgvjwdc"ncoe o eo now~o Konc`koe+ Ho bckod` tobfcãk q`v e`~

~cbcgkt`~ ge nvãdct` dg g~g M`fcgvk` nws`~ n`bqv`bc~`~

bo~ ~ègbkg~ g~tïk gxqwg~t`~ ï ~wivcv ge bc~b` n`ktvo~tg

wg hok qodg~cd` h`s e`~ dg eo Odbckc~tvoncþk oktgvc`v+

Ge M`fgvkod`v wg ~wf~nvcyg g~qgvo wg ~w Gx+[ ge ^gÿ`v

M`f+`v dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ — qg~ovï n`k eo n`vdwvo wg dg"

bokdo eo mvoygdod dg eo botgvco nodo wko dg eo~ voz`kg~

~g hok gxqwg~t`% okoec~ovï tobfcãk eo~ wg q`v gyctov

bos`v dciw~cþk ~è` ~g hok ckdcnod`< s qgkgtvod` dge qg~`

s ~ècdg~ dg geeo~% yèygvï ~`fvg ~w~ qo~`~% s `vdgkovï eo

i+ > yto+ ~otc~ion nc`k dg eo~ egtvo~ nws` qom` ~g bokdþ ~w~qgkdgv%

s dg eo~ dgbï~ + gk ycvtwd dg eo bc~bo owt`vczoncþk% s oe

bc~b` `fjgt` ~g hok mcvod` q+&* g~tg M`fcgvk`+ Dg e` n`k"

tvovc` ~w vgqwe~o k` q`dvï dgjov dg ~gv n`k~cdgvodo n`b`

wk ont` h`~tce wg n`bqv`bgtg eo~ vgeonc`kg~ obc~t`~o~ wg

ï t`do n`~to ho qv`nwvod` n`k~gvyov g~to Qv`ycknco n`k eo

dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~+

Ge wg ~wf~nvcyg oe ngvvov g~to k`to% ~g h`kvo dg ìvgngv



— 43 —

oe Gxb` ^gÿ`v M`f+«&& o wcgk ~g dcvcmg e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~

dg ~w dc~tckmwcdo n`k~cdgvoncþk s oqvgnc`

J* CmJ* dg M`vvctc

Bovn`~ ^+ Z`vvceeo

Gxb` ^v+ M`f+¼- s Noqct+± Mr dg eo Qv`y* dg F+¼ Osvg~

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+ — ôeto+ —c^69"e^>g+ K+& 6+— Novqgto : bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x 6?

ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo yovcodo% dg = o 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko<

g~tï qgmodo oe `vcmckoe wg eg ~cmwg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czttâgvdo+ — D@NW"BGLT@ : `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo

>1U-i X -j ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< eo

i`jo ¬+5… g~tï qgmodo o eo >+& q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo #+

Y+` F+& — N@XO^+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+¼

K+& 64+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo% mgkgvoe J`~ã B% Qoz% oe M`"

fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% eg qovtcncqo ge gkyâ` dg wk n`bc~c`kodò ick dg ngegfvov wk tvotod` h`kv`~` s fgkãicn` qovo obfo~qv`ycknco~R+

(?? dg K`ycgbfvg dg ?863#

N`vd+¼ K`T+¬ ?? dg ?863 â+ ?

Gk ge ontwoe g~tod` o +2 kwg~tvo~ qv`qco~ dc~gknc`kg~ hok

vgdwncd` o eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko% g~ wk dgfgv dg ~w~ hcj`~%

s bws g~qgncoe dg e`~ M`fk`~ g~tofegngv gktvg eo~ Qv`y+[cktcbo~ vgeonc`kg~ dg obc~tod% cktgecmgknco% s n`bgvnc`% +¬

o wk bc~b` tcgbq` qv`bwgfok e`~ cktgvg~g~ dg ~w qv`~qg"

vcdod% s ~ckok dg fo~g~ icvbg~ o eo ~ckngvcdod s fwgko igã

n`k +g dgfgk vghongv gk `q`vtwkcdod e`~ yâknwe`~ dg wko

o~`nconcþk mgkgvoe+ Kwg~tvo n`kygkcgknco s kwg~tv` nvãdct`

gxtgvc`v g~tïk gxqwg~t`~ o wko bgkmwo qv`mvg~cyo gk wkg~tod` dg oc~eobcgkt` woe qvg~gkto ge Qoc~ o e`~ `j`~ dge

bwkd` ncyceczod`+ Ge M`f+±-& dg eo Qv`y+o dg N`vd+[ qgkgtvod`

dge bo~ ycy` cktgvã~ s gktw~co~b` q+&[ ge h`k`v dg eo Vgqú"fecno t`do% q+-- ~w dcmkcdod% s q+&& ~w qv`~qgvcdod ho nvgcd`

dgfgv hongv g~to bokcig~toncþk dg ~w~ ~gktcb+-«[ oe Gxb`

QcFE+ ^g`+ Hc~T+ — T+ XYC 4



— 71 "

^`v+ M`f+±-- dg N`vvcgktg~% o ick dg +± qgv~wodcd` dg eo ~okc"

dod dg ~w~ cktgknc`kg~ s vgntctwd dg ~w~ qvckncqc`~% tgkmo o

fcgk q`kgv~g dg onwgvd` n`k ge +« eg dcvcmg ~w~ y`t`~ q`v

bgdc` dg wk tvotod` h`kv`~`% s fgkãicn` o obfo~ Qv`yck"

i+ cst)+ nco~ : O g~tg gignt` ho od`qtod` ge ovfctvc` g~tofegncd`

gktvg e`~ M`fk`~+ ncyceczod`~ dg owt`vczov gk fo~toktg i`vbo

wk gkycod` qwfecn`% +[ homo oe Gxb` ^`v+ M`f+±-- dg N`vvcgk"

tg~ wko ivokno s ~ckngvo bokcig~toncþk dg eo qèâtcno s qvck"

ncqc`~ dge M`fk` dg N`vd+* gk vgeoncþk n`k t`d`~ e`~ +¬

n`bq`kgk eo Vgqwfecno Ovmgktcko% gecmcgkd`% s gxqcdcgkd`

i`vboe Dcqe`bo oe fgkgbãvct` ncwdodok` D+& J`~ã Bokwgedg C~o~o+ Ge M`f+&± dg N`vd+*[ ~g qv`bgtg +*- ~gvï vgncfcd`

q+&& ge Gxb` ^+&&& M`f+±-& dg N`vvcgktg~ n`b` toe gkycod` qw"

fecn`% dc~qgk~ïkdèg e`~ h`k`vg~% s n`kicokzo~ o +*- eg homo

dcmk` ~w bc~cþk% s e`~ cktgvg~g~ vgnâqv`n`~ +« qv`bwgfo%

qv`tg~tokd` oe Gxb` ^`v+ M`f+&&& o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% +« ge dg

N`vd+*[ vgncfcvï e`~ ~ws`~ n`k cmwoe oqvgnc`+

N`k g~tg b`tcy` ~g h`kvo gk ~oewdoveg n`k eo ~ckngvcdod

bo~ oigntw`~o% ìvgncãkdèg ~w~ bo~ dc~tckmwcdo~ n`k~cdg"vonc`kg~+

J`~ã B+ Qoz

\Bov+&R Ivomwgsv`

Gxb` ^+[&& M`f"[&& s Noqctïk Mvoe

dg eo Qv`y+* dg N`vvcgktg~+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk: N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >>+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` ~ck icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo% >` -o x ~` ?6 ngkt+ < egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg 9 s 8 bce+

<

n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko < e` wg yo gktvg qovãktg~c~ vgntokmweovg~ g~ ckcktgegmcfeg #

+

Y+& F+± — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ₥ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe

dge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+¼



7? —

K+± 67+ — \ E`~ Dcqwtod`~ dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oe Bckc~tv`

dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% onw~ok vgncf` dg eo

k`to n`k wg ~g eg~ dcvcmcþ ge qo~oq`vtgR+

(?> dg K`ycgbfvg +eg ?863#

6 (\?R#

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ K`y+fi¼ ?> dg ?863 \ novqgto R

E`~ Dcqw\toRd`~ dg eo Qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo

Onw~ok vgncf` dg eo k`to n`k wg ~g eg~ dcvcjc` ge qo~o"

q`vtg% hongk y`t`~ q`v eo qv`~qgvcdod s me`vco dg eo Qv`"

ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% s bokcicg~tok ~w mvotctwd oe ^`v

Bktv` dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ q`v eo~ otgknc`kg~ wg eg~

ho dc~qgk~od`+

Ovnhâyg~g

< Fwgk`~ Oso ?>%% dg K`y+¼ dg ?863 i+ ?

Hok vgncfcd` e`~ ckivo~nvcqt`~ ge qo~oq`vtg wg ge ^`v+ Bc"

kc~tv` dg vgeonc`kg~ g~tgvc`vg~ ~g ho ~gvycd` vgbctcveg~ qovo

vgmvg~ov o eo Qv`y+[ dg Nþvd`fo+

E`~ ckivo~nvcqt`~ oe ~gqovov~g dg eo Qv`ycknco dg F+~ O+[

Wgfok eo bos`v n`bqeongknco q`v eo ~gmwvcdod wg eg~ dï

ge ^`v Bckc~tv` ï wcgk ~g dcvcmgk dg wg ~w M`fcgvk`

wgdo oetob+tg ~otc~ignh` q`v eo n`kdwnto wg hok `f~gvyod`

gk ge tcgbq` dg ~w vg~cdgknco gk g~to Noqctoe s q`v eo qovtg

wg hok tgkcd` gk oicokzov s g~tvgnhov eo~ vgeonc`kg~ dg

ivotgvkcdod s n`kicokzo gktvg ge mvok Qwgfe` dg F+[ O+~ s

ge dg Nþvd`fo q+&& ge n`kdwnt` dge ^`v Bckc~tv`: qgv` oktg~

dg qovtcv ncbcqegk ge bo~ h`kv`~` dg ~w~ dgfgvg~ bokcig~"

tokd` e`~ ovdcgktg~ y`t`~ dge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo q`v eo

qv`~qgvcdod s me`vco dg eo qv`ycknco dg F+~ Ocvg~+

E`~ ofoj`~ icvbod`~ ~wbob+-[ vgn`k`~cd`~ oe ^`v Bckc~"tv` dg vgeonc`kg~ g~tgvc`vg~ q`v eo~ otgknc`kg~ +&[ eg hok

bgvgncd`% eg ~wqecnok eg~ qgvbcto gxqvg~ov t`do eo gxtgknc`k



i+ ? yto+

76 —

dg ~w mvotctwd s ìvg~gveg eo~ ~gmwvcdodg~ dg ~w ~ck"

mweov oqvgnc`

J`~ã Bovto Fgd`so

J`~ã Jò+ & dg eo T`vvg

^`v Bckc~tv` dg vgeonc`kg~ g~tgvc`vg~+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk` — Nþvd`fo+ —?861"?8>1% K+& >+ — Novqgto: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >1 x ~c

ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko: g~tï qgmodo oe d`"

nwbgkt` ~cmwcgktg q`v toqovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo< e` °=cdcnod` gktvg qovãktg"

~c~ (ij# ~g hoeeo âg~âod`+ — D`nwbgkt` : `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`búk%

i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 x ~c ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ ce s c~

bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y+` F+±— N`bo~+Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+—

Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+

\novqgtoR

K+& 69+ — \ Ge Dcqwtod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig% oe Bckc~tv`

dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% dcng hofgv eegkod`

e`~ `fjgt`~ dg ~w bc~cþk s qcdg qo~oq`vtg R+


Fwgk`~"Osvg~% K`y+ 68 \67R dg ?863

Ge Dcqwtod` dg eo Qv`y+[ dg ôkto Iã —Dcng hofgv eegkod` e`~ `fjgt`~ dg ~w bc~cþk s hoeeov~g

so gk ontctwd dg vgmvg~ov s ~ècncto gk n`k~gnwgknco ~w

qo~oq`vtg+

Fwgk`~"Os+¬ K`y+ >1 dg ?863+

Gxqâdo~g ge qo~oq`vtg n`vvg~q`kdcgktg+

i+ J

Fwgk`~ "osvg~%>1 dg K`ycgb"fvg dg ?863

Gxqcdo~g ge

qo~oq`vtg n`"

vvg~q`kdcgktg

\hos wko vú"fvcnoR Mwcd`

Fwgk`~ Osvg~ K`y+g 67 dg ?863+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` vgqvg~gktoktg dge m`y+[[ dg ôkto Iã ngvno

dge Gxb` dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% dg~qwã~ dg hoygv eegkod` e`~

`fjgt`~ dg ~w bc~cþk% g~to so gk ontctwd dg fèfgv ï ~w

qv`ycknco% s gk n`k~gwgknco vwgmo oe ^+[c& Bckc~tv` dg vgeo"

nc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~% eg homo g~tgkdgv ~w n`vvg~q`kdcgktg qo"

~oq`vtg+

c



" 7> "

Vwgmo tobfcãk ge ckivo~nvcqt` oe ^+&&& Bckc~tv` ~g ~cvyo

tvok~bctcv oe ^+«&& M`y+±- dg eo qv`ycknco dg F+[ Osvg~% e`~

~gktcbcgkt`~ dg eo bo~ ~ckngvo% cktcbo s n`vdcoe obc~tod dgwg g~to okcbod` ge ^+*&& M`ygvk+¼-- dg ôkto"Iã% honco eo

qgv~`ko dg ^+ G+ s eo cew~tvg qv`ycknco +¬ tok dcmkob+¼*

qvg~cdg+

Eo cbc`k s oecokzo gktvg eo~ qv`yckg+¼ dg F+[ Osvg~ s^+[o"Iã% eegko e`~ bo~ ovdcgktg~ y`t`~ dg eo wetcbo+ ^wm`y+k` bcvo n`b` wko `fecm+`± ckycèofeg s ~okto% ge nwb"

qecb+-` dg e`~ n`bqv`bc~`~ wg onofo dg n`ktvogv q+&& ge

tvotod` dg ?8 dg @nt+[-vg[ s g~to ncgvt` dg eo vgncqv`ncdod q+-

qovtg dge m`ycgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` vgqvg~gktoktg vgn`vdovo ~cgbqvg n`k omvo"

d`% eo h`~qctoecdod s otgkto on`jcdo wg dgyg oe ^+_-& Bc"

kc~tv` dg vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~< s oe qgdcveg `vdgkg~ ìvgng

ï ~w ^gÿ`vâo% e`~ ~gvycnc`~ dg ~w obc~tod% s ~w n`k~cdgvo"

ncþk boq `f~gnwgktg+

D`b+& Nweegk

^%%&&& Bckc~tv` dg vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~ D+ Th`bo~ Mwcd`+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk` +— ôkto Ig+

— ?8?="?8>>+ — Gkgv`"Dcncgbfvg% O-+& â+— Novqgto: bokw~nvcto: qoqge nok icec"

mvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x ~c ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo 8 bce: n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko : g~tï qgmodo oe `vcmckoe wg eg ~cmwg+ — D`n`âgkt` : `vcmckoe

bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >> -> x ~c ngkt+< eg"

tvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ 3 s ?1 bce+ < n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

S+& F+& — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+—Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+ …

K+± 6=+ — \ Ge ^gnvgtovc` dg M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo% oe M`fgvkod`vdg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% n`bwkcno wg ho ~cd` votcic"

nod` ge tvotod` ngegfvod` gktvg obfo~ qv`ycknco~ R+


Vgeonc`kg~ Gxt+¼

>+ "(\6R#

N`vd+¼ K`y+fb 69 dg ?863+

Ge ^gn+` dg M`f+±`

N`bcbcno wg hok ~cd` votcicnod`~ e`~ tvotod`~ ngegfvod`~

q`v ~w~ vg~qgntcy`~ N`bc~c`kod`~ ge 6= dge qq+5â[ s wg ho

\ novqgto R



" 74 "

~cd` dgtgkcdo eo votcicnoncþk dg tgb`v dg wg ~g qcgvdok q`v

e`~ qgecmv`~ wg ìvgng ge nobck`

Ovnhâyg~g

N`vd+o K`y+vg 69 dg ?863+

i+ ? Vgâonc`" Ge M`f+*&& ~`~tctwt` dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg N`vd+o tcgkg eo ~otc~ion"

vg~+ nc`k dg okwkncov oe Gxb` ^+`*& M`f+`v s Noqctïk Mvïe dg eo

dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% +[ e`~ tvotod`~ ngegfvod`~ q e`~ vg~qgn"

tcy`~ omgktg~ dg obf`~ M`f+k`~ gk 6= dge qq+[` hok ~cd`

votcicnod`~ q ge dg N`vd%* n`k eo bos`v n`vdcoecdod ã cktcb`

qeongv dg g~tvgnhov eo wkcþk% s e`~ cktgvg~g~ dg obfo~ Qv`"

ycknco~% s dg +g g~to wkcþk ~cvyo ï eo `vmokczoncþk konc`koe

dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko dg~mvoncodob+tg vgdwncdo ï ivon"

nc`kg~ cknoqong~ nodo wko dg hongv~g igecz ~ck eo o~`nco"

ncþk konc`koe+

Oe bc~b` tcgbq` dgfg hongv qvg~gktg ï ~w Gxn+[ +g eo

vgtovdoncþk dge N`vvg` dg g~o ygvgdo% s ~wng~`~ `nwvvcd`~

gk ge tvok~ct` hong tgbgv oe M`f+&¼ dg N`vd+¼ wk qgecmv` gk

eo dcvgnncþk dge Qecgm` q+¼ ge nokmg s eo kgng~cdod dg vg~gv"

i+ ? yto+ yovc` ho~to wg hoso dg~oqovgncd` owge+

Ge M`f+`v ~`~tctwt` dg N`vd+o oe dov oe Gxb` ^+`&" M`f+&¼"

dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ g~tg oyc~`% ~g n`bqeong gk qv`tg~toveg ~w

bo~ ~ckngv`~ ~gktcb+t`¼ dg obc~tod s oet` oqvgnc`+

J`~ã Jwecïk Bovtâkgz

D+ &- Jwok Okt+ ôvonhomo

Gxb` ^+¼¼& M`f+`-& s Noqctïk Mvïe

dg eo Qv`y+o dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+— Nþvd`fo+—?861"?8>1% K+& >+ — Novqgto : bokw~nvcto : qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >1 X 6?

ngkt< egtvo ckneckodo% n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< g~tï qgmodo oe d`nwbgkt` ~cmwcgktg

q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo < gktvg qovãktg~c~ (\ R# e` tg~tod` gk ge `vcmckoe+

— D`nwbgkt`: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo >?x6? ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ ?1 o ?6 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko #+

S+& F+` " N`bo~+




— 11 —

± 68+ — ( Ge ^gnvgt3vc` dg M`fcgvk` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo%

oe dg eo dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg ho dg~cmkod` o D+ Bovcok` Ivo"

mwgcv` s D% Oegj` Yceegmo~ qovo ge nokjg dg e`~ tvotod`~ ngeg"fvod`~ gktvg obfo~ qv`ycknco~R+

( 7 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?863

Dgq+t` dg Vge+c

Gxtgvc`vg~

8+\ novqgto R

N`vd+¼ Dcn+f 67 \7R dg ?863+

Ge ^gn+[ dge M`f+±` dg g~to Qv`y+¼

N`bwkcno wg ho ionwetod` gk qvcbgv ewmov ï D+ [eovcok`

Ivomwgcv` s gk ~gmwkd` oe D+ D+ Oegj` Yceegmo~ qovo ge

nokjg dg e`~ tvotod`~ ojw~tod`~ gktvg obf`~ M`f+[¼¼

Ovnhâyg~g

N`vd+¼ Dcn+k¼ 7 dg ?863+

Ge Bcÿtv` dg Mvvï s Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg eo Qv`y+¼ t+ c Dgqov"

dg N`vd+o tcgkg `vdgk dg ~w M`f+[[[ q+* q`kgv gk n`k`ncb+-` ne`k++ Cxt["

dge dg cmwoe neo~g dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% +¬ n`k&±-«[-

g~to ihï% s q+[ ge qvg~gktg n`vvg` ~g ionweto gk g~o Noqctoe

gk qvcbgv ewmov oe ncwdodok` D+[ Bovcok` Ivomwgcv`% s gk

~w ow~gknco% þ cbqgdcb+-[ oe D+¼&& D+& Oegx` Yceegmo~ q+¼ ge

nokmg dg e`~ Tvotod`~ ojw~tod`~ gktvg obec`~ M`f+¼¼*¼[ s wetc"

bob+tg votcicnod`~ q ge dg N`vd+*% ï nws` gignt` ~g eg~

dcvcmg ge `vcmckoe n`k ge Dcqe`bo dg ~w owt`vczoncþk+ E`~

ckn`kygkcgktg~ wg ~g bokcig~tov`k c[j ge M`f+[` dg N`vd+-*

oe Gxb` ^+¼- M`f+¼&& dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ gk n`bcbcnonc`k dg

69+ dge qo~od` hok dg~oqovgncd`% bo~ gee`~ vgtovdov`k dhï

n`bwkcnoncþk ho~to eo ~oecdo dge ontwoe n`vvg`+

Ge Bcÿtv` +g ~wf~nvcfg oe dcvcmcv~g oe ^+`&& Bcÿtv` ^gn+¼ i+ c yto+

dg G~tod` dge M`f+¼¼¼ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% eg qv`tg~to ~w n`k~c"

dgvoncþk bo~ dc~tckmwcdo+

D+ &-- Jwok Okt+ ôvonhomo

^+`v Bcÿtv` ^gn+± dge Gxb` M`f+±`


( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+— Nþvd`fo+ —?^^1"?^>1% K+& >+ — Nofqgto: bokw~nvcto: qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >`*/% x ^c

ngkt+ < egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 8 o cf bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< g~tï qgmodo oe



" 79 —d`nwbgkt` ~cmwcgktg dg dcncgbfvg 7 dg ?863 q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo+ —D`nwbgkt` : `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`% qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"

feodo >1 Y~ X [c ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ e` s cc bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko#+

Y+± F+¼ — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+

\novqgto ?+¼R

K+& 63+ — \ Ge Bckc~tv` ^gnvgtovc` dg M`fcgvk`% dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg

cmwoe neo~g dg eo dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ongqto eo ìgvto dg ckdgb"

kczov e`~ mo~t`~ now~od`~ q`v ge vgtv`ng~` dg eo~ ovbo~ dg~tc"

kodo~ o owgeeo qv`ycknco s qcdg ~g egyoktgk e`~ gignt`~ dgedgnvgt` dg ?8 dg k`ycgbfvg% ~`fvg cktv`dwnncþk dg ovbobgk"t`~% n`k vg~qgnt` o Nþvd`foR+

( 9 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?863

N`vd`yo Dcn+g 9 dg ?863+

Ge Bktv7 ^gn+¼ dge M`f+¼ dg N`vd`yo+

Ongqto ï k`bfvg dg eo owt`vcdod dg wg dgqgkdg eo

ìgvto dg ckdgbkczoncþk dg e`~ mo~t`~ now~od`~ q`v ge vgtv`"

ng~` dg eo~ ovbo~% vgneobokd` t`d`~ e`~ qgvjwcnc`~ +[ hoso

ckigvcd` ï ~w M`f+¼¼ eo gmgnw~c`k dge dgnvgt` dg ?8 dg

K`y+g ~w~qgkdcgkd` eo cktv`dwnncþk dg ovbobgkt` ï eo~

Qv`y+~ fgecmgvoktg~ s ge wg ~g egfoktgk e`~ gignt`~ dge

gkwkncod` dgnvgt` n`k vg~qgnt` ï eo Qv`y+¼ dg N`vd`yo+

\novqgto 6+¼RN`vd`yo Dcn+g 9 dg ?863+

Ge M`f+cc` dg N`vd`yo+

Vgneobo n`ktvo eo bgdcdo t`bodo q+¬& ge M`f+¼¼ dg g~to

Qv`y+o gk eo ~w~qgknc`k dg eo~ ovbo~ wg ~g dcvcjcok ï

N`vd`yo+

i+ ? Bckc~t+`dg Vgeon+¼ Gxtgvc`vg~+

N`vd+o Dcn+vg 9+ dg ?863+

Ge Bcÿtv` ^gn+` dg G~tod` +[ ~wf~nvcfg hï qvg~gktod` ï

~w M`f+k` eo novto bckc~tgvcoe ihï 69+ dg K`y+vg cbbgdcot`%

+g ge ^+*&& ^gnvgt+` dg G~tod` dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ eg hï hgnh`



— 7= "

ge h`k`v dg dcvcmcveg% s ge Dgn+*¼ gk n`qco ihï ?8 dge bc~b`

n`k +¬ geeo ygkco odjwkto+

Owt`vczod`% n`b` ~g hoeeo ge Bcÿtv` ^gn+« +¬ ~wf~nvcfg

q+o n`ktg~tov oe ^+¼&& ^gn+« dge M`f+&¼ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ ~`fvg

ge n`ktgkcd` dg owgeeo~ n`bwkcnonc`kg~% k` qwgdg bgk`~

dg bokcig~toveg eo ~`vqvg~o% +¬ eg ho now~od` wko bgdcdo

tok ckg~qgvodo% n`b` omgko dg eo~ ionwetodg~% +¬ ï ~w

jwcnc` qwgdgk n`bqgtcveg ï ~w M`f+k` n`k vg~qgnt` oe N`"

bgvnc` ecfvg dg woewcgv neo~g dg bokwiontwvo~ qv`ngdgktg~

dg wetvobov q[ n`k eo~ Qv`y+~ dge ckt+¼-&: ^`k ï eo ygvdod

bws eowdofeg~ e`~ ~gktcb+-&[* q+*[ eo qoz dge Gxb` M`f+-¼[ i+ c yto

dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ n`k +[ b`tcyo ge nctod` Dgn+¼¼ Ge dgN`vd+o ofwkdo gk e`~ bc~b`~ ~gktcb-5-2% s tcgkg eo ~otc~ion"

ncþk dg hofgv qwg~t` gk `fvo wokt` ho g~tod` gk ~w~

oenok~g~ q+* n`k~gmwcveo+ Bo~ g~tï qgv~wodcd` +[ kodo dg

g~t` qwgdg owt`vczov oe M`f+[¼ dg wko Qv`y+¼ q+¼ ecbctov ï

~w ovfctvc`% s q+&& ge tcgbq` +¬ ho jw~mod` n`kygkcgktg ge

kwbgv` dg g~qgncg~ dg woewcgv neo~g n`bgvncoeg~ q+&[ n`k

eo~ dgbï~ Qv`y+~ dg eo oktcmwo wkcþk+

Ge ^+*&& ^gnvgt+` dg G~tod` dge M`f+-¼-- dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~

dgfg i`vz`~ob+-[ n`kygkcv n`k ge dg N`vd[% +« e`~ tvotod`~

dg wk ecfvg n`bgvnc` ngegfvod`~ n`k eo~ Q`tgknco~ dg We"

tvobov hok oigntod` ï eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko% s +[ k` hok

~cd` hgnh`~ ï fgkgicnc` dg wko ~èo Qv`y+¼ gk qovtcnweov%

dg +[ ~g ckicgvg% +¬ ge dgvgnh` ï wk n`bgvnc` ecfvg ontcy` þ

qo~cy`% +g vg~weto dg toeg~ tvotod`~% dgfg ~gv cmwoe gk t`do~%

sq+o t`do~+ _wg e` +5[ ecfvgb+** ~g qwgdg cktv`dwncv% s ~g

cktv`dwng gk Fwgk`~ Osvg~ dg Wetvobov% ~g qwgdg tobfcãk

ecfvgb+tg cktv`dwncv q+¼ eo~ Qv`y+¼ dge ckt+¼&&< s gk iâk% +[ k`

qwgdg ~gv ionwetotcy` oe M`f+&¼ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ ckdwncv qv`"

hcycnc`kg~ +[ ~`fvg g~tg qwkt` oigntgk ï eo~ Qv`y+[ dge

ckt*&&% n`b` k` e` ~gvco ï kckmwko dg g~to~ gxqgdcv Dgn+*-;¬ i+ 6

qv`hcyctcy`~ dg cktv`dwncv eo~ g~qgncg~ dg +[ ~g tvoto gk ge

nctod` Dgn%-` kc `tvo oemwko dg eo~ +¬ dcovcob+-[ ~g cktv`"

dwngk dg Wetvobov gk Fwgk`~ Osvg~ ï ycvtwd dge ecfvg

n`b+¬ n`k t`do eo Vgqúfecno+

Ge Bcÿtv` +g ~wf~nvcfg dgjo ï eo n`k~cdgvoncþk dge ^+5;v

Bcÿtv` ^gn+` dge M`f+[¼ dg Fwgk+* Osvg~ eo ckbgk~o tvok"~gkdgknco +5* tgkdvâo% ~c nodo Qv`y+* ~g nvgsg~g n`k di` q+*

qv`hcycv wko~ yg~g~ ï g~to% `tvo~ ï eo `tvo Qv`y+o g~to þ



" 78 —owgeeo g~qgncg n`bgvncoe% iwgvgk woeg~ iwgvgk ~w~ cktgk"

nc`kg~< s qo~o o ~otc~iongv ï `tvo vgiegnncþk% +[ owk+[ dg

`vdgk bws ~wfoetgvk` gk g~tg mvoyg kgm`nc`% hong dg geeo

bwnh` bãvct` ge ^+¼&& Bcÿtv` ^gn+` dge M`f+&¼ dg Fwgk`~

Osvg~ gk ~w nctodo n`bwkcno~+¼&

Toe g~ ge dc~ivoz n`k +[ o~gmwvo ge ^+¼&& Bcÿtv` ~g gxtvoâok

dhï~ ovbo~% s eo~ ~`~qgnho~ oeovboktg~ +g g~tg hgnh` qv`"

dwnâo+ Ge Bcÿtv` +g n`ktg~to ~g hong wk dgfgv dg qv`tg~tov%

+g k` oenok~o gk +g ~gktcd` q`dco ~gv oeovboktg oe M`f+&&

dg Fwgk`~ Osv%[ s ï dhï Qv`y%/[ +[ eo dg N`vd+o n`bqvg

wko~ ovbo~% +[ ecfvgb+[g ~g ygkdgk gk dhï Noqctoe% s dg

i+ 7yto+ +g

hofco dg kgng~ctov q+[ owbgktov e`~ bgdc`~ dg ~wdgigkzo °Cmk`vo% ^±[ Bcÿtv`% ~w M`f+&¼ wcgkg~ hok otonod`

ï eo Qv`y+o dg N`vd%¼ s wcgkg~ ~g dc~q`kgk t`dofco q+[

otonoveo0 °E`~ hgnh`~ bo~ vwcd`~`~% s k`t`vc`~ k` e`~

hok hgnh` n`k`ngv dg wko qwkto ï eo `tvo dg eo Vgqúfecno0

Eo~ qvgkzo~ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% +« n`k wko owdonco ckn`kng"

fcfeg ofwkdok gk tokto~ g~qgncg~ bgktcv`~o~% vcdcnweo~% s

~wbob+-*â dgmvodoktg~ ï wk`~ G~nvct`vg~ qúfecn`~ °k` g~ eo

úkcno ygvdod +5[ gkwkncok wokd` hok gkwkncod` owgee`~

hgnh`~% s eo~ cktgknc`kg~ dg vgqgtcve`~% ï +[ ~g qvgqovoke`~ bc~b`~ omvg~`vg~0 E`~ toeg~ G~nvct`vg~ hok odgeoktod`

tokt` ~`fvg g~t`% +[ t`d` e` hok dod` q+[ n`knewcd` ï eo

bgdcdo dg ~w~ dg~g`~% owk oktg~ dg hofgv~g dod` qvckncqc`

ï eo gbqvg~o ° N`b` g~ qwg~ +[ g~tokd` ï e`~ oenokng~ dg

t`d` hofctoktg gk woe+¼& qwkt` dg eo Vgqúfecno eo kwgyo

omvg~cþk +g qwgdg cktgktov~g ~`fvg g~to Qv`y+¼ q+v e`~

bc~b`~ +g oktgvc`vb+tg eo otonov`k ~g hok ~w~nctod` oeov"

bo~ gk Fwgk`~ Osvg~ ~gmúk ~g gxqvg~o ge ^+`[ Bcÿtv` q+&& +n

eo dg N`vd+o n`bqvo ovbo~ gk g~o Noqctoe q+¼ owbgktov e`~

bgdc`~ dg ~w dgigkzo0 Ge di` +g tcgkg wko Qv`y+[ q+o

dgigkdgv~g dg `tvo +g wcgvo ckyodcveo% s eo od`qncþk dg

i+ > t`d`~ e`~ bgdc`~ q+¼ ~w n`k~gvyoncþk qwgdg vonc`koeb+[g

oeovbov ï wko tgvngvo +g k` tcgkg qovtg gk eo dc~qwto% s ï

wcgk ~g hok dod`% s ~g dok mvokdg~ s n`k~toktg~ qvwg"

fo~ dg ivokwgzo% s dg obc~tod0 Ge Bcÿtv` wg ofeo qv`"

tg~to dg kwgy` oe ^+&&& Bcÿtv` ï +& ~g dcvcmg% +g eo toe oeov"

bo ~gvco ~ckmweovâ~cbo%s

~ckmweovb+tg ckn`kngfcfeg% ~ck` g~

+g ~g dg~gã ycyob+[g +g eo Qv`y+[ dg N`vd+¼ ~wnwbfo oe

q`dgv dg ~w~ gkgbcm`~% tokt` bo~ qvg~wbcfeg% wokt` gee`~



— 73 —

tcgkgk ivokn`~ e`~ Qwgvt`~ dg Nhceg q+¼ qv`yggv~g dg ovbo~%

n`b` e` hok hgnh`% bcgktvo~ ï N`vd+¼ ~g eg `f~tvwsg eo úkcno

yco dg `ftgkgveo~ ° þ hofvï dg fw~nov~g wk Qwgvt` bo~ ecfvgï ~w N`bgvnc`0 e` +« ge M`f+¼¼*¼ dge Bcÿtv` +¬ icvbo g~to

n`ktg~toncþk k` qwgdg% kc q`dvï ionceb; qgv~wodcv~g+

N`k e` +¬ ~g ho dcnh` ho~to owc qwgdg bws fcgk ge

^+`&& Bcÿtv` dge M`f+&¼ dg Fwgk+~ Osvg~ dc~nweqov oktg ge ^+`*&

M`f+`- dg eo bc~bo Qv`y+¼ ge dcivoz n`k +[ o~gmwvo ~g tvo"

hcok eo~ ovbo~ dg +[ ~g tvoto: eo~ k`tcnco~ +¬ qwfecnok

oemwko~ Qvgk~o~ gk dhï Noqctoe% q+&& ckdcmko~ s bgktcv`~o~+g geeo~ ~gok% hok q`dcd` ckiwkdcv oemúk tgb`v dg qgvdgveo~

gvt ge gknovmod` dg n`bqvoveo~% s dg vgbctcveo~ n`k ~gmwvc"

dod% ~c ~w vgbc~cþk ~g honco dg wk b`d` qwfecn`+ Qwd` i+ > yto+

qvg~gktcv eo dc~q`~cncþk dg g~g M`f+[` q+¼ qv`hcycv eo gx"

tvonncþk% hofcgkd` ~cd` ck~ctod` bwnh` oktg~ ï t`bov g~to

bgdcdo q+&& wk` dg e`~ Qgvc`dc~to~: qwgdg tobfcãk vgngeov

n`k iwkdobgkt`% +[ eo~ ovbo~ iwg~gk cktgvngqtodo~ qj wko

Qovtcdo dg b`kt`kgvo (+[ onofo dg dg~tvwcv~g# +£ otojofo

ge qo~` o~c ï e`~ tãvbck`~ dg g~tg tgvvct`vc` q+&& ge nobck`

ï g~o Noqctoe< s gk ick ge ^+¼&& Bcÿtv` dg M`f+¼¼¼ dg Fwgk`~Osvg~ ionceb+-g ~g qgv~wodcvï% +[ ge vg~wetod` bc~b` onvg"

dcto +g ge vgnge` gk ge gknovmod` dg vgbctcv eo~ ovbo~% woe"

wcgvo +[ iwg~g ~w b`tcy`% k` hï ~cd` gk yok`+

Gk n`k~cdgvoncþk dg t`d` e` +[ ge Bcÿtv` +[ ~wf~nvcfg

tcgkg `vdgk dg ~w M`f+¼¼ dg ongqtov n`b` jw~to eo ìgvto%

+¬ ge ^+`v Bcÿtv` ï wcgk ~g dcvcmg eg hong dg `vdgk dge

~ws`% dg ~otc~iongv e`~ mo~t`~ +¬ hoso now~od` ge vgtv`ng~`

dg eo~ ovbo~+ Gk ~gmwkd` ewmov eo tcgkg q+* vgneobov q+&&

~w n`kdwnt`% n`b` e` hong dge Gxb` M`f+?1 dg Fwgk`~

Osvg~ t`d`~ e`~ qgvjwcnc`~ +[ hoso ckigvcd` oe M`f+±` vgneo"

boktg eo gxgnwnc`k dge nctod` Dgn+-¼ dge ?8 dge qo~od` gk

+¬ ck~tvwcvï o~c +« ge gknovmod` dg eo n`bqvo% s vgbc~cþk

dge ovbob+t` dã nwgkto dg ~w N`bc~cþk< s gk tgvngv ewmov:

+g ~g ~cvyo egfoktov e`~ gignt`~ dge gkwkncod` Dgn+*¬ n`k i+ 4

vg~qgnt` ï g~to Qv`y+¼

Ge Bcÿtv` +g icvbo nvgã iâvbgktg% +¬ g~to~ qv`q`~cnc`kg~

n`b` iwkdodo~ gk qvckncqc`~ dg jw~tcnco ~gvïk on`mcdo~qegkob+*g q+v ge ^+¼&& M`f+[[ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% s +¬ oe bc~"

b` tcgbq` eg ~gvï bws mvot` dov g~tg tg~tcb`kc` dg eo b`"



— 91 —dgvonc`k (j+[ eg novontgvczo% s dg ~w obc~tod ~ckngvo n`k

g~tg M`f+k`

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg ge h`k`v dg ~oewdov oe ^+&&& ^gn+¼dge M`f+&` dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ n`k eo n`k~cdgvoncþk bo~ dc~"

tckmwcdo+

D+&-- Jwok Okt+ ôvonhomo

^+`v ^gnvgtovc` dge Gxcec` M`f+&&


(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+— Nþvd`fo+—?8^1"?8>1% K+± >+—Novqgto c+¼: bokw~nvcto : qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >1 [j[x 6c

ngkt : egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ = o 3 bce+ : n`k~gvyoncþk fkgko +… g~tï qgmodo

q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo o `tvo novqgto dg cmwoe ignho+ — Nohqgto 6+*

:

bokw~nvcto < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >6 x ^6 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâ"

kgo~ ~ o ?1 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< g~tï qgmodo oe d`nwbgkt` ~cmwcgktg q`v

eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo+ — D`nwbgkt` : `vcmckoe bokw~nvct` : qoqge n`k icec"

mvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 [c¯ x ~c ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~

?1 s ?? bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

s+& V+& — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Ovnhcy ` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+¼

K+± >1+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo n`bwkcno% oe dg eo qv`ycknco

dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg ho dg~cmkod` o e`~ ~gÿ`vg~ D+ Bovcok`

Ivomwgcv` s D+ Gw~gfc` Omõgv` gk neo~g dg gknovmod`~ dg kg"

m`nc`~ dg owgeeo qv`ycknco n`k b`tcy` dge ~gnwg~tv` dg ovbo"

bgkt` s `tv`~ o~wkt`~R+

( 61 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?863 #

i+ ? 6

\novqgtoR N`vd`yo Dcncgbfvg 61 dg ?863

Ge M`fcgvk` dg N`vd`yo

N`bwkcno hofgv k`bfvod` qovo eo bo~ fvgyg g~qgdcnc`k

dg eo vgneoboncþk wg ho hgnh` ï g~tg M`fcgvk` dg e`~

gignt`~ dge dgnvgt` dg ?8 dg K`ycgbfvg wetcb` þ nwoewcgv

`tv` kgm`nc` ï e`~ ^gÿ`vg~ D+ Bovcok` Ivomwgcv` s oe

D+ D+ Gw~gfc` Omõgv` gk neo~g dg Gknovmod`~ dg Kgm`nc`~

dg owge M`fcgvk`

Gk+` ??

N`ktã~tg~g (\+g ge M`f+k` +g ~g ho vgncfcd` o eo n`bc~cþkR# +g ge

M`f+k` g~to dc~qwg~t` ï (\vgncR# gktvov gk n`kigvgk~co~ n`k e`~ ^vg~ N`"

i+ ? yto+ bc~c`kod`~ (\~gR# s g e` ygvc icnovo ewgm` g ~g qvg~gktgk

ih`+



" 9? —

N`vd + Dcnv+ 61 dg ?863+% % Bckc~t+¼

dg Vgeon* Gx"

tgvc`vg~Ge M`f+ì ~`~tctwt` dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg N`vd+¼ dg~qwã~ dg

hofgv vgneobod` oe Gxb` ^+`v M`f+`[ dg eo dg Fwgk`~ G[k[[âcdg[c[`

Osvg~ q bgdc` dg e`~ Bcÿtv`~ ^gnvgtovc`~ dg obf`~ G~" gâ-M`fâk*[U-ste

tod`~ e`~ gignt`~ dge Dgnvgt` dg ?8+ dg K`y+* s ~w gxgnwnc`k iâe0Tk*[`kigC

gk ge ovbob+¼¼ +g n`kdwnâo oe M`f+k¼ dg N`vd+¼ eo tv`qo ~v&~-*n`b0~U`[

dg Bècko% hï nvgcd` n`kygkcgktg ï eo bo~ fvgyg gxqgdâ" &`** ygvcicnovï*

nâ`k dg g~tg kgm`nc`% s woewcgvo `tv`~ +[ qwgdok `nw" qvgigktgk/[*

vvcveg% owt`vczov ngvno dge Gxÿc` 8+±[ M`f+¼&& dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% Mwcd`

n`b` e` hong% ï D+& Bovcok` Ivomwgcv`% s oe D+¼-& D+& Gw~g" ih`+

fc` Omõgv` gk neo~g dg gknovmod` dg kgm`nc`~% v`mokd`

oe Gxb`+ ^+*&[ M`f+5&& dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ tgkmo ï fcgk vgncfcvc`~

n`b` toeg~% s dov ï ~w~ gxq`~cnc`kg~ ge nvãdct`% +g qqovtg dge M`f+&¼ dg N`vd+¼ ~g dovï ~cgbqvg ï e`~ +¬ `ftgk"

mok dg ^+ G+ cmwoe novïntgv+

Ge M`f+¼&& ~`~tctwt` dg N`vd+* oe dov g~tg qo~` nvgã qvg" i+ c yto+

~gktov oe Gxb` ^+¼&& M`f+¼&& dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ wk kwgy`

tg~tcb`kc` dg eo obc~tod% s fwgko cktgecmgknco +[ dg~go

nwetcyov n`k ^+ G+ vgk`yokd` eo~ qv`tg~to~ dg ~w~ ivokn`~

s ~ckngv`~ y`t`~ dg vg~qgt` s g~tcboncþk


X#+*&[ Jwok Okt+ ôvonhomo

Gxb` ^+`v M`f+`v s Noqct+& Mvïe


( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ —M`fcgvk`+— Nþvd`fo+ —?^6@"?8>1+ K+& >+—Nolqgto: bokw~nvcto: qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >1 Yo x ~c -%

ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ 3 o ?? bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko: g~tï qgmodooe d`nwbgkt` `vcmckoe ~cmwcgktg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo < e` ckdcnod` gk"tvg qovãktg~c~ (\ R# g~tï tg~tod`+ — D`nwbgkt` : `vcmckoe kwckw~nvct`< qoqge n`kicecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 Yc X ^C ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgvec"

kgo~ e` s ?? bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

U+± F+` P N`~âo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —




— 96 —

K+* >?+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` ^wf~tctwt` dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg eo qv`ycknco

dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% gk n`ktg~toncþko

eo ncvnweovdg ?6 dg dcncgb"

fvg% igecncto o eo qv`ycknco q`v hofgv `ftgkcd` wk m`fcgvk`

egmoej+

( ? dg Gkgv` dg ?8>1

\ novqgto ?+[ R

O+

NÞVD@FOGkgv` — co>1+

K+`?% Igecnctokd` eo vg~towvoncþk dge M`f+&& egmoe+6+ — N`bwkcnokd` ge k`bfvob+t` dg e`~ ^+ ^+ Ivo"

mwgcv` s Omõgv` gk neo~g dg Gkgv`~ dg Kgm+~ q+¼

ge vgneob` dge dgnvgt` dg ?8 dg K`y+[

>+ — Onw~g dg vgncf` ï eo k`to dge ?6 dge bc~bòn`bqoÿokd` wk ovt+` dge Dcovc` dg N`bgvnc` dg

Qovc~+

?+

N`vd`yo Gk+` e dg ?8>1

\novqgto 6+oR Ge M`f+[` ~`~tctwt` dg N`vd`yo+

Gk n`ktg~toncþk ï eo ncvnweov dge ?6 dg Dcn+5- wet+ n`kmvo"

tweo ï eo Qv`y+o dg F+~ Os+[ q`v hofgv `ftgkcd` wk M`f+&¼

egmoe% s igecncto oe ^`v M`f+¼&& q`v ~w `nwqoncþk dg owge qwg~

oe wg ~w bãvct` s eo y`z qwfecno e` hofeok eeobod`+

Ovnhâyg~g

i+ c Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vo

N`vd`yo ?+& dg Gk+` dg ?8>1+

Ge M`f+&& ~`~tctwt` dg N`vd+¼ oe n`ktgxtov oe Gxÿc`+ ^`v+

M`f+-- dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ ~w ncvnweov dg ?6 dg Dcncgbfvg qvþ"

xcb` dcvcmcdo o t`d`~ e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~% kodo

tgkdvâo wg oÿodcv ï ~w n`ktgxtonc`k dg 67 dg ^gqtcgbfvg ï

`tvo dge bc~b` M`fcgvk` dge 3% ï wg ~g vgicgvg eo qvg~gktg%

~ck` ycg~g q`v eo +& n`ktgxto nè`nod` ï eo nofgzo dg eo

dcmko Qv`y+o dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ wk Ncwdodok` wg ho `ftg"

kcd` ~w~ y`t`~ qovo qvg~cdcveo ~gmúk ~w~ egsg~+ G~to ncv"



— 9> "

nwk~toknco q`kg oe wg icvbo gk ge dgfgv dg igecnctov oe

Gxcec`+ ^gÿ`v M`fgvkod`v ontwoe% s ï eo Qv`y+¼ dg Fwgk`~

Osvg~: oe qvcbgv` q`v `nwqov ge ewmov ï +[ ~w~ bãvct`~

s ge y`t` qwfecn` e` ho eeobod`% s ï eo ~gmwkdo q`v ge oncgv"

t` +¬ ge wg ~wf~nvcyg% gvg bovno wko gegn+& gknobckodo

q`v ge `vdgk dg e`~ on`ktgncb+-`[ ï vg~tofegngv ~w tvokwcec"

dod cktgvc`v s eo ovb`kco gktvg eo~ Qv`y+[ hgvboko~+

G~tg g~ ncgvtobgktg ge qvcbgv dgfgv dg eo Qv`y+¼ s dge

M`fÿ`+ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% +[ dg~dg ge% qvcbgv dco dg eo vgmg"

kgvoncþk qèâtcno dg eo Obgvcno `nwqþ gk eo Vgqúfecno Ov"

mgktcko cb ewmov qvggbckgktg gk eo dcvgn¼ dg ~w dg~tck`

tck`+ G~tg h`k`v noqoz q`v ~c ~è` dg eegkov eo obfcncþk i+ c yto+

dg wk Qwgfe` hgv`cn`% kodcg ~g e` dc~qwtþ oúk gk eo~ bo"

s`vg~ omctonc`kg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno% s t`do~ eo~ Qv`ycknco~

gk ~w~ bc~b`~ g~tvoyc`~ fw~nov`k gk Fwgk`~ Osvg~ wk

oq`s` wg e`~ nwfvcg~g n`k ~w nvãdct`+

_wc~o g~tg h`bgkomg dg vg~qgt` þ dg n`kygkcgknco qov"

tcnweov q`dvï jw~tcicnov eo qèâtcno dge M`f+¼ dg Fwgk`~

Osvg~ gk g~t`~ úetcb`~ bg~g~ n`k ge M`fÿ`+ s Qv`ycknco dg

Njdyï[% gwcy`nokd` eo now~o dg eo qvg~gktg odbckc~tvoncþkn`k e`~ dg~yâ`~ dg eo +[ n`knewsþ+ Oe bgk`~ ge w8 hofeo

k` gknwgktvo `tv` qvckncqc` dg n`knceconcþk gktvg eo ivok"

wgzo +g N`vd`yo ho bokcig~tod` gk ~w qèâtcno% s e`~

vgnge`~ s dg~n`kicokzo~ +*[ ho odygvtcd` gk ge M`fÿ`+ dg

Fwgk`~ Osv+[ dg~dg wg ge Qwgfe` N`vd`fã~ w~þ dg ~w di`+

gk vgb`ygv wk bokdþk ~`fvgqwg~t` ï ~w~ ck~tctwnc`kg~+

G~to bws dgbovnodo q`v ~wng~`~ q`~ctcy`~ eo oetgvkotcyo

gktvg vgnge`~ s dg~dgkg~ n`k +g ge M`fÿ`+ Qv`]~`vc` dg

Fwgk`~ Osvg~ hï tvotod` oe dg N`vd¼% ~gmúk ge n`kngqt` dgdgyceâdod þ dg q`dgv +g hï i`vbod` q`v vgeonc`kg~ kodo

~gmwvo~ s bgk`~ gxonto~< bo~ ge ^gÿ`v M`f+¼& qv`qcgtovc`

dgfg qgv~wodcv~g wg ge q`dgv wg ~g hï i`vbod` eo Qv`y+¼

dg N`vdo% s c`~ ~wnng~cy`~ cknvgbgkt`~ +¬ ~go qvgnc~`

doveg% jobo~ tgkdvïk `tv` `fjgt`% +[ ge wg g~tï ï eo yc~to

dg t`d`~ e`~ Qwgfe`~: ~w ~gmwvcdod% s ge vg~qgt` dg e`~

gkgbcm`~ ~ eo hok ck~wetod`% eo h`~tceczok% s qvgqovok

kwgy`~ otowg~+

N`vd`yo gk q`dgv þ dgyceâdod ~gvï eo bc~bo gk ~w~

vgeonc`kg~ qèâtcno~% s tvotovï ï t`d`~ e`~ M`f+c¼`> s ï t`d`~

e`~ Qwgfe`~ n`k eo ivotgvkcdod s vg~qgt` dgycd` ï eo dcm"



— 94 —kcdc dg ~w ^`fgvokâo ã ckdgqgkd+* ~ck dc~tckmwcv gktvg ge

iwgvtg s ge dgyce+

i"6

E` wg bgk`~ qwgdg ckiewcv gk ã~to ã~to n`kdwnto dgeQwgfe` N`vd`fã~ s ~w M`fÿ`+ ã~ ge tgb`v dg e`~ ~èdod`~%

qgkck~weovg~+ Obo eo qoz q`v ~gktcb+[`~ °[ ivotgvkcdod n`k

t`do~ eo~ Qv`y+~ dg eo Vgqúfecno< eo bcvo n`b` wk fcgk

ckn`bqovofegb+tg bos+&& +g eo~ ycnt`vco~ gk~okmvgktodo~% eo

dg~go% s ~g hï qvg~tod` ivoknobgktg ï e`~ bgdc`~ dg `f"

tgkgveo n`k h`k`v% s ~c eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko iwg~g oemúk

dco ckyodcdo q`v wko iwgvzo gxtvoÿo% eo~ oqtctwdg~ +&[ h`s

t`bo N`vd+o q`v eo ~gmwvcdod s dgigkzo% ~gvïk gbqegodo~

gk ge gkgbcm` n`búk+N`k ã~t`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ n`vvg~q`kdgk oe M`f+&¬ dg N`vd+2[

ï e`~ dge Gxb`+ ^`v+ M`f+&& qv`qcgtovc` dg Fwgk`~ xYsvg~

n`ktgkcd`~ gk eo ncvnweov +*[ ~g n`ktgxto% s ^+ G+ ho dg

dc~qgk~oveg ~w nvggknco dg +g oe vgn`vdov obc~t`~o~ wgjo~

k` ~g qv`q`kg `tv` ick +¬ ge dg ofvcv ï ^+ G+ wko yco ~gmwvo

s ivokno q+[ q`kgv~g dg onwgvd` gk e`~ o~wkt`~ mgkgvoeg~

dg eo Vgqúfecno% s gk e`~ qovtcnweovg~ dg obfo~ Qv`ycknco~+

E`~ vgnge`~ s dg~n`kicokzo~ gktvg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ ygnck`~

~c fcgk dgfgk nowtgeov ~w~ vgeonc`kg~ nwokd` g~tvcfok gk

dot`~ ncgvt`~% s fcgk ~gmwv`~% hong qgecmvov eo fwgko ovb`"

kâo% nwokd` ~è` e`~ qv`dwngk eo~ omctonc`kg~ dg e`~ qovtc"

d`~% oe bc~b` tcgbq` +[ v`fw~tgncãkd`~g ã~t`~% dgycectok

ge q`dgv iâ~cn` s b`voe dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~+

^cbgktodo~ ~`fvg g~to~ fo~g~ eo~ vgeonc`kg~ dg e`~ M`f"c[`[

k` ~gvï dciânce ovvcfov gk n`vt` tcgbq` ï e`~ dâo~ dg h`k`v%

s me`vâo% +« ge Gxb`+ ^`v+ M`f+[ dg Fwgk`~ Osv+[ dg~go ï

eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko% s gk nwso n`k~gnwncþkãe

dgN`vd+o ~gvï ~w bo~ n`k~toktg n``qgvod`v% n`b` e` ã~ ~ck"

ngv` obcm`% s oqvgncod`v dg ~w~ ycvtwdg~+


â#+-&- Jwok Okt+± ôvonhomo

i+ ? Gxb`+ ^`v+ M`f+&& s Noq+& Mgk+¼

dg eo Qv`y+o dg Fwgk`~ Osv+~

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+— Nþvd`fo+—

?8^1"?8>1% K+± 7+ — Novqgto ?+*: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo

h`jo d`feodo 6? Y¼ x ?7 ?6 ngkt+ < egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo = bce+ < n`k~gvyoncþk



— 97 —itBnko+ — Novqgto 6+*: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"

feodo ^C X ?7 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 8 bce++" n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+— D@"

NNBGKT@: `vcmckoe boktt~nvct`: qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo

4? X ^9 ngkt+< egtvo cknectcodo% cktgveâkgo~ c~ s ?> bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y+& F+& — N@BO^+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dãeo Koncþk+—Vgqúfecno Ocmgktckoc ;

K+± >6+ — â Ge Bckc~tv` dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Nþvd`fo n`bw"kcno% oe dg M`fcgvk` s Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~%

wg ho k`bfvod` o D+ Bovcok` Ivomwgcv` s D+ Gw~gfc` Omõgv`

qovo wg vgneobgk ~`fvg ge dgnvgt` dg ?8 dg k`ycgbfvg vgeo"tcy` o eo cktv`dwnncþk dg ovbo~ oe cktgvc`vR+

( ?9 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>1

6+

Dgqovtobt` dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~+ \ novqgto R

N`vd+¼ s Gk+` ?9 dg ?8>1+

Ge Bÿtv` dg owge Dgqovtob+t`

N`bwkcno wg ho k`bfvod` ~w M`f+[` gk neo~g dg Gk"

novmod` dg Kgm`nc`~ ï e`~ ^vã~ D [eovcok` Ivomwgcv` sD+ D+ Gw~gyc` Omõgv` qovo wg vgneobgk dge dgnvgt` dg

?8 dg K`y+c[vg qq+d` vgeotcy` ï eo gxq`vtoncþk dg ovbo~ oe

cktgvc`v< s o~gmwvo wg (\hR# k` hok ~cd` dgtgkcdo~ gk owg"

eeo Qv`y+o kckmwko~ tv`qo~ dg novvgto~% ovbo~ qovo eo Vc`jo%

kc n`vvg~q`kdgknco+

Igf`

(\Gktgvod`/# _wgdgk vgn`k`ncd`~ e`~ ^vã~ Ivomwgcv` s Omõgv` gk eo

neo~g dg N`bc~c`kod`~ dge M`f+k` dg N`vd`yo q+o e`~ `fjgt`~ g ~g gxqvg"

~ok gk eo qvg~gktg+

Dgqovtob+t` dg i+ ?

Vgeonc`k+8 Gxtgvc`vg~

N`vd`yo s Gkgv` ?9+ dg ?8>1+

Ge Bckc~tv` ^gnvgt+¼ dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ ï wcgk ~g

dcvcmg ge dg cmwoe neo~g dge Gxb` M`f+¼¼ dg Fwgk`~ Osv+*

gk k`to dge 66 dg Dcncgbfvg ck~c~tcgkd` gk ~`~tgkgv ge

Dgnvgt` dg ?8+ dg K`ycgbfvg% s n`k~cm+-[ gxgnwnc`k gk ge

ovbob+t`& n`bqvod` dg nwgkto dge M`fcgvk` dg N`vd+¼ n`k

oktcncqod` n`k`ncbcgkt` dge bc~b` ^gÿ`v Bckc~tv` ï wcgk

~g n`ktgxto% gegyþ oe dg ~w M`f+[*¼ eo nctodo cj`to% s hï vgnc"

QWFE+ ^g`+ Hc~t+ — T+ XYC 7



" 99 —ycd` `vdgk dg- n`ktgxtoveo bokcig~tïkdèg ivoknobgktg +g

ge M`f+k` °g N`vd+¼ tok zge`~` dg ~w~ dgvgnh`~% n`b` icge

ï ~w~ n`bqv`bc~`~% tgkco oktcncqod` oe vgncy` dg eo k`to +g

~g n`ktgxto% wk bgdc` bo~ ~gmwv` dg tgvbckov ã~tg kgm`nc`

~ck e`~ ckn`kygkcgktg~ +g qvg~gktok eo~ n`ktgxtonc`kg~

@icncoeg~ ï eo dc~toknco% gk ncvnwk~toknco~ dgecnodo~% s gktvg

M`f+k`~ +g onofok dg dov~g eo~ bok`~ n`k qv`tgxto~ vgnc"

qv`no~ dg gbqegov ~w~ gxiwgvz`~ gk e;gkgicnc` n`búk dg t`do

eo Vgqúfecno+

O ã~tg qv`q`~ct` hï n`k~tctwcd` gk neo~g dg gknovmod`~

dg kgm`nc`~ ngvno dg g~g M`f+¼& ï e`~ Ncwdodok`~ D+ Bo"

vcok` Ivomwgsv`% D+ D+ Gk~gfc` Omõgv`% ecfvïkdèg~ i`v"

boeg~ Dg~qonh`~% ã ck~tvwsãkdèg~ @q`vtwkob+tg nwokt` hï

nvgcd` n`ktgkcgktg q+[[ hongv yoegv eo jw~tcnco +£ o~c~tg oe

i+ ? yto+ M`f+&` dg N`vd+o gk ~w vgneob`% gk eo wg ~è` ~è` dgfg

oÿodcv ge Bckc~tv` +52 icvbo% +[ ge ^`v Bckc~tv` ï wcgk ~g

dcvcmg hï ~cd` ~ckcg~tvobgktg cki`vbod` ~`fvg eo dgtgkncþk

dg tv`qo~ dg Novvgto~ qv`ngdgktg~ dge cktgvc`v% s oebo~gkomg

dg ~w~ ivwt`~ dg~tckod`~ oe Bgvnod` dg g~o Qeozo% s oúk+g cmwoe gwcy`non+c qodgng gk qwkt` dg n`vvg~q`kdgknco

sovbobgkt` n`bqvod` qovo ge M`fcgvk` dg eo Vc`xo% kck"

mwko bgdcdo ï g~tg vg~qgnt` qwgdg vgqwtov~g omgko dg e`~

dgvgnh`~ gktvg qovtg~ ygecmgvoktg~+

Q`v e` gxqwg~t` ygvï ge ^gÿ`v Bckc~tv` dge Gxb`+ M`f+&`

dg Fwgk`~ Osv+[ +g ~ck ioetov oe dg N`vd+[* voz+¼ s jw~tcnco

gk ge vgneob` dge Dgnvgt` dg ?8+ dg K`y+[ s n`k~cm+tg gxgnw"

nc`k gk ge ovbobgkt` dg ~w qv`qcgdod% ho wgvcd` dov g~to

qvwgfo bï~ dg ~w ivokwgzo s fwgko ovb`kâo vgbctcgkd`

ge o~wkt` ï dc~nw~c`kg~ obcmofeg~% s n`k g~to~ dc~q`~cnc`kg~tvotovï nwokt`~ eg ìvg~no eo obc~tod dge Gxb`+ M`f+&¼

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bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov#+

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ho tgkcd` o fcgk ge cknewcv< bo~ hoeeïkd`~g ge Gxb-` dg

g~to gk Nobqoÿo% otgkdcgkd` o o~wbqt`~ wg vgwcgvgk ~wqvg~gknco% s ge wg ~wf~nvcyg k` g~tov ionwetod` ~wicncgk"

tgb+[*[ qovo dgecygvov gk n`bcn+±& dg tok oeto tvok~ngkdgknco%



— 8? —

tcgkg o fcgk qvgygkcv oe ^gÿ`v N`v`kge b`v N`bcnc`kod`%

wg gk ge ck~toktg dg ecoygv qo~od` yc~to q`v ~w n`bwkcno"

ncþk% ho gegyod` ~w vgigvgknco oe Gxb` M`y+&± dg geeo% qovowg ~ck dgb`vo oemwko% s qvgyc` ge n`k`~cb+-*- o +± ~g i+ c yto+

+ dcvcmg% dgecygvg e` wg jw~mwg dg ~w bgj`v onwgvd` : Gk g~to

]vtccd ge ^+**-& Dgegmod` n`bwkcnovï o yb o eo bo~ qv`kto

fvgygdod k`tcnco odhgvgktg dg e`~ vg~wetod`~ dg g~tg ~wqg"

vc`v M`y+±± n`k vg~qgnt` o dh` gknovm`+

Ge Ckivog~nvcqt` on`bqoÿo ge nvgdgkncoe dg ~w n`bcnc`k wg

twf` o fcgk cknewcveg odjwkt`% s eg ~oewdo n`k t`do~ eo~ dc~"

tckmwcdo~ n`kncdgvonc`kg~ dge bo~ oet` oqvgnc` s dgycdo

n`kncdgvonc`k+

Qgdv` Fovvgkgnhgo

^v+ N`v`kge Bos`v% D+[ Qgdv` Igvvã —

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+— ^gnncþk : N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >4+— @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo d`feodo >> x 6? ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg ?1 s ce bce"< n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko#

Y+± F+± " Mv`~~`+



K+± 4?+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe dg N`vvcgktg~% wg ~g

hoeeo dg~g`~` dg oicokzov e`~ qeokg~ qovo eo ~gmwvcdod dg obfo~qv`ycknco~R+

( 61 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>1

Mwoegmwos Igyv¼ 61 dg ?8>1 i+ ?

Ge M`y+`&& dg eo Qv`y+[ dg Gktvg Vc`~ q`v eo k`to dg 3

dge N`vv+[[ +*[ eg ho dcvcmcd` ge Gxb` dg eo dg N`vv+t[[ wgdo

cbqwg~t` hoygv vgncycd` eo n`bwkcnoncþk dge ?± vgeotcyo oe

o~wbqt` dg Novofoee` o~c n`b` dg eo bcnc`k dge ^v+ N`v`"

kge b%&&& D& Qgdv` Igvvgv: Eo no~woecdod dg hoeeov~g ge ck"

ivo~nvcqt` iwgvo dg eo Noqctoe k` eg ho qv`q`vnc`kod` eo ~otc~"

ionncþk dg gigntwov eo gktvgyc~to o wg ~g ho dcvcmcd` owge

^gÿ`v qgv` g~tg bc~b` b`tcy`% eg dovï cbqwe~` o vvgmvg~ov

QWFE+ ^gn+ Hc~t+ — T+ XYC 9



— 86 —

n`k eo fvgygdod q`~ncfeg dg~g`~` dg k` otvo~ov wk ~è` ck~"

toktg gk eo vgoec~onc`k dg qeokg~ +*[ oicok~gk bo~ s bo~ eo

~gmwvcdod dg obfo~ Qv`ycknco~ q`kcãkd`~g o nwfcgvt`dgJ`~ tcv`~ +*- n`ktvo Ubo s `tvo dcvcmgk e`~ ± otgkâok twvfov

eo tvokwcecdod wg oe qvg~gktg dc~ivwtok%

i+ cyto+ Ge wg icvbo ~g n`bqeong gkn`ktvov g~to `no~cþk q+[

~oewdov n`k ~w bo~ oeto n`k~cdgvoncþk% s dc~tckm+-â` oqvgnc`

oe Gxb` ^v+ M`y+*&& o wcgk ~g dcvcmg+

Egþk ^èo

Vobþk Qgvgsvo

Gxb` ^v+ M`y+±[ D+& Qgdv` D+ Nofvoe+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk : N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >ã+— @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo d`feodo >9 x ^8 ngkt+ < egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo dg ?6 bce+ < n`k~gv"

yoncþk fwgko#+

y+¼ F+& — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe


K+± 46+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` dg ôeto% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~Ocvg~% wg eo ~w~qgk~cþk dge qom` dg eo~ egtvo~ ho nè`nod` o

eo qv`ycknco gk eo ~ctwoncþk dg hoeeov~g ~ck bgdc`~ qovo eegkov

~w~ `fecmonc`kg~ s g~qgvo `ftgkgv jw~tcnco dg eo Egmc~eotwvo dg

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~R+


?

\ novqgto R ôeto Igf+` dg ?8>1

Ge M`f+k` dg ôeto+

Onw~o vgncy` dg eo k`to iho+ ?4 dg Gk+¼ qq+[` ck~c~tcgkd`

gk eo ~w~qgk~cþk dge qom` dg eo~ egtvo~ mcvodo~ q+¼& owge

M`f+k` dge wg gv bc~b` vgneobo+

_wg gk ge n`kiecnt` gk wg eg ho qwg~t` eo vgqwe~o dge

M`f+k` dg F+~ Os+~ s of~èwtob+tg ~ck bgdc`~ q+[ eegkov q+&&

~w qovtg e`~ gbqgÿ`~ wg n`ktvoj` ï k`bfvg dg owge ~g

ec~`kmgo ~ck gbfovm` n`k eo g~qgvokzo dg `ftgkgv bo~

jw~tcnco dg eo H`k+âJcg e+ dg g~to Qv`y+[ ï +« ~wq`kg ~g hoso

n`k~wetod` so —



— 8> —

( \ Omvgmïkd`~g ï ~o~ oktgngdgktg~% ovnhâyg~g R

( \ N`ktã~tg~g gk eo i`vbo on`vdodo R

Ofvce 69 Omvgmïkd`~g ï ~o~ oktgngdgktg~% ovnhâyg~g

(ih`+#

ôeto Igf+` 66 dg ?8>1 i+ c+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` M`f dg ôeto ho vgncfcd` eo k`to dge

Gxb` ^ M`f% s Noq+& Mvïe dg eo Qv`y+-[ dg F+2* Os+¼ dg

?4 dg Gk+` oktgvc`v gk +¬ n`ktg~tokd` ï eo dg 8 dg K`y+*

dge oÿ` qo~od` ck~c~tg gk eo ~w~qgk~cþk dge qom` dg eo~

egtvo~ mcvodo~ q`v g~tg M`fÿ` dg + gk geeo ~g vgneob`+

Q`v bo~ +[ ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~g hoso g~i`vzod` o dg~nwfvcv Fwgk`~ Os+¬

gk eo n`ktg~toncþk iwkdobgkt`~ ~wicncgktg~ qovo dho ck~c~"[[&[&…*-

tgknco< n`k ge ick oe bgk`~ dg +¬ eg ~go bo~ tègvofeg ge o --~w~[oktgng"

mèqg +g ho vgncfcd` gk ~w qv`qc` h`k`v% s ge dg eo Qv`y+¼ [g~g-[[[-[-[[--

g qvg~cdg% s owkwg (nvgg# hoeeov~g gk eo bgj`v dc~q`~cncþk% Oknh`vgko+

q+o ~gv bo~ ckdwemgktg n`k e`~ gvv`vg~ wg now~ok eo~ qo"

~c`kg~ gk ge g~tod` dg n`kywenc`k% gk +¬ ~g ho gkn`ktvod`

g~o fgkgbãvcto QvÙU' s n`k eo~ gwcy`nonc`kg~ o +[[ ~w

dc~toknco dg g~to qwgdg hofgv dod` ewmov: k` eg ho ~cd`

q`~cfeg novontgvczov dg ck`ngktg eo vgqwe~o + ho vgncfcd`

n`ktvo e`~ qvckncqc`~ gycdgktg~ dg Jw~t+[ gk +[ oq`sþ ~w

vgneoboncþk+

Iwkdod` gk gee`~ ge M`f+¼& +[ ~wf~nvcfg q`dvâo ofcbdov

gk voz`kg~ ~ècdo~% qovo vgfotcv eo~ +¬ ~g hok oegmod` q`v

ge Gxb` M`fÿ` dg F+[ Os+[ gk ~w n`ktg~toncþk% s dg~hongv

eo~ gwcy`nonc`kg~ +¬

gkgeeo

~g k`tok: qgv` odgbo~ dg+¬

g~to tovgo gxgdgvco e`~ ecbctg~ dg wko n`bwkcnoncþk ìcncoe%

bèg~tokd` dgbo~cod` eo otgkncþk dg dcnh` Gxb` M`fÿ`<

qcgk~o tobfcãk ge ckivo~nvcqt`% +¬ geeo ~gvco ck~wicncgktg

qovo n`k~gmwcv ~w `fjgt`% ~c ~g otcgkdg ï e`~ qvckncqc`~ +¬

vgmeok eo qèâtcno dg eo ontwoe odbckc~tvoncþk dg F+¼ Os+¼

ygvtcd`~ gk eo k`to ï + ~g n`ktg~to+ Qgv~wodcd` qwg~ n`b`g~to ^w Gx+o dg +« ge jwcnc`% +[ ~g i`vbg ~`fvg eo nwg~tcþk%

+¬ ~g ygktceo% k` dgqgkdg dg eo yèwktod dg e`~ +[ qvg~c" i+ c vto+

dgk e`~ Qwgfe`~% ~ck` dge ckgx`vofeg ioee` dg eo `qckcþk qw"fecno% ge dg~nok~o qv+ oh`vo gk eo n`kicok~o dg `ftgkgve`

g~qgncofk+-g gk e`~ d`~ qwkt`~ qvoeg~ gk +g ho iwkdod` ~w



— 84 "

di`: g~ o ~ofgv< ?+± eo owt`vczoncþk +[ `ftwf` dge M`fÿ`dg F+~ Os+~ ck~toeod` gk ?+± dg Dcncgb+g dg 868< k` q`v wk

bgk~ojg ygvyoe% ~ck` qj wko n`bwkcnoncþk ìcncoe< dg nwso

gxc~tgknco hos dot`~% s qvwgfo~ gycdgktg~% ~ck +g `f~tg dg

b`d` oemwk` k` hoygv~g hoeeod` gk eo ~gnvgtovco n`vvg~q`k"

dâtg+ s 6` eo `fecmoncþk cknwg~tc`kofeg gk +g g~tïk e`~ M`fÿ`~

+g eg hok ~wnngdcd` dg eegkov e`~ n`bqv`bc~`~ +[ owge

n`ktvoj` g~qgncoeb+tg ~c ~g ygv~ok n`b` ge qvg~gktg% n`k wk

M`fÿ` g~tvoÿ` dg nwso cknwbfgknco jobo~ qwd` ~gv eo ck"

yg~tcmoncþk dg eo~ ionwetodg~ n`k +g ge qv`ngdco: `fecmo"

ncþk tokt` bo~ iwgvtg q+¼ e`~ M`fÿ`~ gxqvg~od`~% nwokt` +[

~w gxc~tgknco bc~bo ovvokno dg eo~ g~tcqweonc`kg~ dg owge%nwso cegmctcbcdod ~g `fjgto oh`vo% q+* gyodcv ge nwbqecb+*¼

dg ~w~ dgfgvg~% gk n`~o~ ~ck dwdo dg bgk`v cbq`vtoknco% smvofgdod+

Ge M`fÿ` dg ôeto gk ge n`kiecnt` gk +g eg ho qwg~t`

eo vgqwe~o dge Gxb` dg F+±~ Os+[~ s of~èwtob+[[ mck bgdc`~q+o eegkov qj ~w qovtg e`~ gbqgÿ`~ +[ n`ktvoj` o k`bfvg

dg owge< ~g ec~`kmgo ~ck gbfovm` n`k eo g~qgvokzo dg `ftg"

kgv bo~ jw~t+o dg eo H`k`vofeg Egmc~eotwvo dg g~o Qv`y+[% ï

wcgk ~wq`kg ~g hoso n`k~wetod` so qj ~w M`fÿ` ~`fvg eo

botgvco+ Gktvg tokt` ge ckivo~nvcqt` k` qwgdg tobq`n` dgjov

dg ck~c~tcv gk eo~ qv`tg~to~ +[ oktgvc`vb+t[ tcgkg hgnho~:

vg~gvyokd` e`~ di`~+ dge M`fÿ` +[ `ftcgkg% qovo hongv ~w~

vgneobonc`kg~ `q`vtwkobgktg oktg wcgk% s gk eo i`vbo +[

qwgdo n`kygkcveg+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` oe ngvvov g~to n`bwkcnoncþk tcgkg ge h`k`v

i+ 6 dg ìvgngv oe Gxb` ^+&& M`f+`v dg F+[ Os+[[ e`~ ~gktcbcgk"

t`~ dg ~w dc~tckmwcdo n`k~cdgvoncþk

J+ & em+± dg M`vvctc

Bovn`~ ^+ Z`vvceeo

Gxb`+ ^+i M`f+¼"&% s Noq+& Mvïe dg eo

Qv`y+o dg F+~ Os+~

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Kogcïk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+ — ôeto+

?869"?8>9% K+± >+ — Nïfqgto: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo>? Yo X 66 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ dg = o 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko<

g~tï qgmodo oe `vcmckoe wg eg ~cmwg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo< e` wg yo

gktvg qovãktg~c~ (\ R # g~tï tg~tod` gk ge `vcmckoe+— D@NWBGKT@: `vcmckoe bokw~"



— 87 "

nvct`: qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo â3¬c X *â ngkt< egtvo ck"

neckodo% ctttgveckgoo 8 s 3 bce+< n`kogvnoncþk fwgko: e` ckdcnod` gk fo~tovdceeo s

gktvg qovãktg~c~ g~tï gktvg eckgo* gk ge `vcmckoe+ Eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v dge d`fegz

~g hoeeo wk q`n` v`to #+

Y+¼ F+* — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —"Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+ ;

K+& 4>+ — \ Ge Q+ G+ dg N`vvcgktg~% o eo H+ ^+ dg Vgqvg~gktoktg~ dgeo bc~bo% eg odjwkto d`~ k`to~ dge m`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo s ~g

eg qcdg wko n`ktg~toncþk R+


N`vvcgktg~ Igfvgv` 66 dg ?8>1 i+ ?6

Q`v ge n`vvg` Mvoe+ eegmod` osgv% ho vgncycd` ge Q+ G+ eo~

d`~ X`to~% dcvcmcdo~ q+i ge M`f+±[ dg N`vd`y+o s mw Gkycod`

n¬vno dg g~tg% +[ `vcmckoeg~% tcgkg ge h`k`v dg on`bqoÿov oY+ H+% n`k ge `fjgt` dg +« cbqwg~to eo H+ ^+ dge n`ktgkcd`

dg geeo~% ~g ~ck"o ckdcnov oe Q+ G+ eo n`ktg~toncþk q+-& eo nwoe

dgfo vgmeov ~w n`kdwnto< s gk g~tg no~`% ~cvU-cgkd`~g dg"

yèygv eo~ dho~ K`to~ q+o e`~ gignt`~ n`k~cmwcgktg~ 2 Oqv`"

ygnho ge Q+ G+ g~to `q`vtwkcdod qovo ~oewdov dg \+++Rdo"

bgktg o eo H+ ^+ dg V+ ï wcgk ~g dcvcmg n`k ~w bo~ oeto i+ c6Tto+

n`k~cdgvoncþk s qovtcnweov oqvgnc`+

Oe+ H+ N+ Q+ dg eo Qv`y+o

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk : Ecfv`~ n`qcod`vg~

dg M`fcgvk`+— Egmoj` 6% Ecfv` 86+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` ~ck

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x 61 &% ngkt+ : egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg = s 8

bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov< e` wg yo gktvg qovãktg~c~ \ R g~tï dg~tvwcd`#+

U+± F+& — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+ ¼



89

K+* 44+ — \ D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz% o Qgdv` D+ Nofvoe% wg ho vgnc"

fcd` oe n`bc~c`kod` Igvvã s eg ho gxhcfcd` eo d`nwbgktoncþk

vgeotcyo o e`~ on`ktgncbcgkt`~ dge cktgvc`vR+

(64 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>1#

i+ ? ^v+ D+& Qgdv` D+ Nofvoe

ôkto Iã s Igf+` 64 dg ?8>1+

Bc g~tcbod` ^`v: ~w gkycod` ge ^`v Igvvã eco ~cd` vgncfcd`n`k t`do eo otgkncþk s n`vtg~âo% +[ ~g bgvgng q+&& ~w dc~tck"

mwcd` novïntgv+ S` eg hg hgnh` eo~ ìgvto~ mgkgv`~o~% +«

dgfco o wk obcm` oktcmw`% nwco~ ycvtwdg~ bg ~`k fcgk n`k`"

ncdo~% s otgkdcgkd` o eo vgn`bgkdoncþk dg Y+ Bc tvot` q+*

n`k ge g~ ge bo~ ivokn` q+[ ck~qcvoveg n`kicok~o+ ^c ge k`

bg `nwqo ge dgignt` ~gvï ~ws` s k` bcþ< ~c e` hong ~gvo

~gvycd` gk nwokt` oenokzgk t`do~ bc~ ionwetodg~+

Hg ivokwgod` o ~w gkycod` ge ^`v Igvvã t`d`~ e`~ d`nw"

bgkt`~ ~wf~tokncoeg~ dg e`~ on`ktgncbcgkt`~ dge cktgvc`v%

q+* +[ ~owg n`qco~% s eg ck~tvwso o Yd+% n`k geeo~< q`v e`

bc~b` kodo eg dcm` ~`fvg ge g~tod` dg e`~ kgm`nc`~ gk owg"

eeo qovtg: `joeï +« tgkmo wko fvgyg s igecx tgvbckoncþk+

^w oib` ^gvy+v _+ ^+ B+ F+

G~tïk+ ± Eþqgz

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk:

N`vvg~q`kdgknco@icncoe+ —Egmoj` >4+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo ^9 x 61 ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 3 s ?? bce+< n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

X+& F+± — Mv`~~`+

Hos+ wk ~gee` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe

dge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+ ;



— 8= —

K+± 47+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig% oe dg eo

qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% wg ho ~cd` vgn`k`ncd` ge n`bc~c`kod`

Igvvã gk ~w novïntgv qúfecn`% ~g ho dg~cmkod` o Qo~nwoe dgGnhomõg n`bc~c`kod` dg ôkto Ig s wg ho ~cd` icvbodo eo

n`kygkncþk qvgecbckov qovo ge tvotod` dg oecokzo ìgk~cyo s

dgigk~cyo wg ~g ngegfvovï gktvg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~% bcgk"

tvo~ ~g vgúko wk nwgvq` konc`koe wg dã eo i`vbo dg m`fcgvk` j+

| 64 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>1

ôkto Iã s Igf+` 64 dg ?8>1 i + ?

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` ho vgncfcd` eo g~tcbofeg k`to% +[ n`k iho

8 dge +[ ewng% eg dcvcmg ge Gxb` ^v+ M`fgvkod`v s Noq+[c Mvoedg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% gk wg eg oyc~o +« dg~qonho

oe ^v+ N`v`kge B`v+ D& Qgdv` Igvvã gk eo noecdod dg gkycod`%

n`k ge eòfeg `fjgt` dg g~tvgnhov eo~ vgeonc`kg~ dg obc~tod

n`k g~to Qv`ycknco% q+* wgdov o nwfcgvt` dg nwoeg~+* tgk"

totcyo% s o~gmwvov~g dge b`d` g g~ q`~cfeg gk ge g~tod`

ontwoe dg e`~ kgm`nc`~ qèâtcn`~% s ho~to tokt` qwgdo ge qoc~

n`k~tctwcv~g icvbg s qgvbokgktgbgktg+

Ge ^v+ N`v`kge B`v+ D+± Qgdv` Igvvã ho ~cd` vgn`k`ncd`

gk ~w novïntgv qúfecn`: s gk ~w ycvtwd k`bfvod` N`bc~c`"

kod` q+-[ qovtg dg g~to Qv`ycknco ge N`v`kge D+± Qo~woe dg

Gnhomõg+ Osgv iwg n`knewcdo s icvbodo wko n`kygkncþk

qvgecbckov% q+¼ ge tvotod` dg oecok~o ìgk~cyo s dgigk~cyo% i+ c yto+

wg dgfg ngegfvov~g gktvg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~% s oemw"

ko~ `tvo~ +[ wcgvok o~`ncov~g o eo ecmo% bcgktvo~ ~g vgúko

wk nwgvq` konc`koe% +« dg eo i`vbo dg m`fcgvk` o eo Vgqú"

fecno% ~gmúk ge y`t` fcgk qv`kwkncod` dg e`~ Qwgfe`~% eo

+g

ÿcã votcicnodo gk ge bc~b` dcoq+&&

ge ckivo~nvcqt`% s g~dg g~qgvov~g% +*- gk ge tgvbck` g~tcqweod` gk ge ojw~tg `ftgk"

dvï eo oqv`yonc`k vg~qgntcyo dge Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgk"

tg~% qwg~ oi`vtwkodob+-« tcgkgk qgvignto n`ki`vbcdod e`~

qvckncqc`~ dg obfo~ qovtg~ n`ktvotoktg~+

Ge wg ~wf~nvcfg n`k g~to `no~cþk ~oewdo oe Gxb` ^`v

o wcgk ~g dcvcmg n`k eo bos`v otgkncþk+

G~tïk+& EþqgzGxb` ^v+ M`f+&& s Noq+[ Mvoe

dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk: N`vvg~q`kdgknco@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >c+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`



dg eo h`jo d`feodo >= x ~c Y"j ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo dg ?? bce+< n`k~gv"

yoncþk fwgko#+

U+± F+± — MH@^^@+



K+± 49+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe n`bc"

~c`kod` D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% onw~o vgncf` dg e`~ ovtânwe`~ qvgecbc"

kovg~ dge tvotod` dg oecokzo gktvg eo~ nwotv` qv`ycknco~ dge Qo"

vokï s eg hong oemwk`~ vgqov`~ R+

(6= dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>1#

i + ? Qovokï s Igf+` 6= dg ?8>1

Ge M`f+&&[ wg ~wf~nvcyg ho tgkcd` ge h`k`v dg vgncycv n`k

eo oqvgncofeg n`btbcnonc`k dge ^gÿ`v Gkycod` gxtvo`vd+¼ dg

eo Qv`y+o dg N`vvcgkt+q~ doto 67 dge wg ÿkoec~o% e`~ ovtcnw"

e`~ qvgecbckovg~ wg eg odjwkto% vgigvgktg~ oe tvotod` dg

oecok~o ìgkncyo s dgigkncyo gktvg eo~ nwotv` Qv`ycknco~ dge

Qovokï Âktgvck ~g vgúko wko n`vq`voncþk Konc`koe+

Ge ckivog~nvct` ho vgyc~od` dgtgkcdobt« e`~ cktgvg~oktg~

qwkt`~ +*[ gk gee`~ ~g dgtoeeo% s gk n`k~gnwgknco% k` gknwgk"

tvo n`~o oemwko gk n`ktvovc`% s ~c n`k`ng wg eo bgdcdo% g~

n`ki`vbg% s dg n`búk ~gmwvcdod o eo~ Qv`ycknco~ dg eo ecmo%

~è` g~tvoÿo wg gk e`~ nctod`~ ovtânwe`~ k`~g bgknc`ko%

~c eo n`kygkncþk gxc~tg% `~c g~to dc~wgeto% o ycvtwd +« gk ge

ovtcnwe` ?+1 ~g hofeo dg i`vbov n`kygkncþk n`knwvvcgkd` qovo

gee` e`~ Dcqwtod`~ dg eo~ wotv` Qv`ycknco~+ Gk g~tg no~`

g~to Qv`y+o vgw~ovï n`k vo~`k gktvov gk gee`% q`v wokt` o

~w M`f+&± eg o~c~tg eo dwdo wg ovvcfo gxq`kg< s ~c% ~g qvg~"

tovï mw~t`~` o e` dc~qwg~t` gk ge ovtcnwe` 4+± otgkdcgkd` oe

fcgk wg dgyg vgq`vtov o eo~ Qv`ycknco~ ge ~gng dg eo mivo

ncUïe% wg k` qv`bgtg bo~ wg dg~èon+±±+ O g~tg k`feg

`fmgt`% bokdovï eo Qv`y+o dg Gktvg Vc`~ oe wg dgyg ckn`v"

q`vov~g o eo n`bcnc`k bgdcod`vo%i+ ? yto+ N`k e` g~qwg~t`% ho bokcig~to d` ge wg icvbo oe ^+`&&

Gkycod` howcgk ~g dcvcjg e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ wg eg okcbok



— 83 —

gk eo~ qvg~gktg~ ncvnwk~toknco~% wgdïkdèg ge qeongv dg ~o"

ewdoveg n`k eo n`k~cdgvoncþk dg ~w bos`v oqvgnc`+

Egþk ^èo

Vobþk Qgvgsvo

^`v+ N`v`ke+ Boy+&& y Gkycod` G~tvo`vd+¼ D& Qgdv` Igvvã

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk < N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >4+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` : qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko: i`vbot`dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 x ~c ngkt+ < egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg = o 3 bce+ < n`k~gv"

yoncþk fwgko#+

s+& F+- — mv`~~`+



K+±-4=+— \Ge Q+ G+ dg N`vvcgktg~% o eo H+^+ dg Vgqvg~gktoktg~ dg

eo qv`ycknco% vgbctg e`~ tvotod`~ qvgecbckovg~ ngegfvod`~ n`k eo

qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig s eg hong ygv eo n`kygkcgknco dic wkcv~g

oeo

N`bc~cþk Bgdcod`vo dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ wg yo qovo n`kncecoveo~ qv`ycknco~ cktgvc`vg~ wg ~g hoeeok gk ewnhoR+

( 6 dg Bovz` dg ?8>1

N`vvcgktg~ Bovz` 6 dg ?8>1+ i+ ?6 yto+

Gk g~t`~ b`bgkt`~ onofo ge M`f+-[& dg vgncycv q+&[ wk gx"

tvo`vdckovc` e`~ Tvotod`~ Qvgecbckovg~ ngegfvod`~ q+*& ge gb"

fcod` dg g~to Qv`y+* n`k eo dg ôktoiã% +[ `vcmckoeg~ ~g

on`bqoÿok% o `fjgt` dg +[ t`bod`~ gk n`k~cdgvoncþk q+- eo

H+ E+% ~g dcmkg vg~èygv e` n`kygkcgktg 2 N`k g~tg b`tcy`%

k` qwgdg bgk`~ ge M`f+&[&% +[ eeobov eo otgkncþk dg e`~ ^vg~+

Vgqvg~gktoktg~ ~`fvg ge n`ktgkcd` dg e`~ ovtcnwe`~ 4+¼ s 7+¼

g ckdcnov dg qo~`% nwok h`k`vofeg ~gvco eo Qv`y+¼ dg N`vvc[

t`boc" wko qovtg ontcyo gk eo ng~oncþk dg g~o mwgvvo dg~"

tvwnt`vo +[ dg~tvwsg eo~ Qv`y+* dge cktgvc`v dg eo Vgqúfecno%

wkcãkd`~g o eo n`bc~cþk bgdcod`vo on`vdodo q+¼& eo dgF+~ O+[ s dgbï~ obcmo~% oe eowdofeg `fjgt` dg n`kncecov e`~

cktgvg~g~ dg eo~ qovtg~ fgecmgvoktg~< oe bc~b` tcgbq` wg

ngdgvâo gk fgkgicnc` dg g~to% Qv`y+o +g no~` dg k`bfvov~g

wk q`dgv +¬ boktwfcgvo eo~ vgeonc`kg~ +« dgbokdo ge gvg"



— 31 "

dct` cktgvc`v dg eo Vgqúfecno% vgnosgvo ~w k`bfvob+-± ~`fvg

ge M`f+&± dg F+[ O+[ 2 Cmwoebgktg on`bqoÿo ge M`f+&± eo~

n`bwkcnonc`kg~ gk n`qco +*- eg ho vgbctcd` ge gbfcod` gx"

tvo`vdckovc` dg g~to Qv`y+' s nws` n`ktgkcd`% oe qo~` +*-

g~ oetobgktg ~otc~iont`vc` do fcgk o gktgkdgv e` ongvtod`

dg hoygv~g qv`b`ycd` eo~ vgeonc`kg~ dg obc~tod n`k eo~

i" ?> Qv`y+[ ecbctvìg~+ Ge (j`f+&± n`kico +± cbqwg~to eo H+ ^+

dg wk`~ D`nwbgkt`~ +[ dgfgk `fvov gk q`dgv dge M`f+&¼% ~g

dcmkovï dgyèygve`~ `q`vtwkob+*&[% k` ~è` q+* n`ktg~tov ge +¬

e` bgvg~no% ~ck` qj +[ dgfgk ~gvUov dg mwco gk e`~ wetgvc`vg~

vg~wetod`~ +*[ qv`dw~nok eo~ kgm`nconc`kg~ +[ ~g qv`bwg"

fgk+ 2 N`k g~tg b`tcy`% ge M`f+&± tcgkg eo ~otc~ionncþk dg

~oewdov o eo H+ ^+ q tok igecng~ qvckncqc`~ s tvcfwtoveg ge

h`bgkomg dg ~w bo~ oeto n`k~cdgvoncþk+

Oe H+ N+ Q+ dg eo Qv`ycknco+


dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` ~+ Ecfv` 66+ — F`vvod`v bobc~nvct` : qoqge dg hce` ~ck icec"

mvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1x61 -j ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg = s 8

bce"< n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov#+

Y+` F+` " Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gW` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe


K+* 48+— \ Ge Gkycod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oktg ge M`fcgvk`

dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% ~`fvg n`knewcv e`~ tvotod`~ dgovb`kâo s n`kivotgvkcdod s eo icjoncþk dg wko gktvgyc~to n`k ge

~gÿ`v Igvvã R+

( > dg Bovz` dg ?8>1 #

i% C ôkto Ig Bovz` > dg ?8>1+

Ge Gky+d` gx+` dg N`vd+¼ ~gvno dge Gxb` ^`v M`f+¼& s Noq+&

Mvoe+ dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg N`vv+tg~ ~g ho gktgvod` dg eo k`to iho

67 dge qd` Igf+-&& + onofo dg vg~cycv+ Geeo eg eegko dg eo

bos`v ~otc~ionncþk oe ygv okcbod` oe Gxb` M`f+&& dg N`vv+**¼%

dg cdgo~ tok cew~tvodo~% tok iceoktvþqcno~% s tok yohgktgb+tg



" 3? —okcbodo~ q ge fcgk qwfecn`+ K` qgvdgvï wk ck~toktg ge +

~wf~nvcfg% gk tvo~bctcveo~ vgecmc`~ob+**- o ~w M`f+±± q+* +

~gqo oqvgncov gk ge bo~ oet` mvod`% e`~ qvckncqc`~ ivokn`~%

s mgkgv`~`~ + vcmgk eo Odbckc~tvoncþk dge Gxb` dg N`vv+t5[

Ge + ~wf~nvcfg tvofojovo n`k gicnonco ho~to n`knewcv e`~

tvotod`~ dg ovb`kco% s ivotgvkcdod + dgfgk gk e` ~w~ngncy`%

vgmcv ge ~c~tgbo dg M`f+¼¼ dg obfo~ Qv`y+o[+ N`k g~to bc~boiho+ ck~tvws` oe ^`v+ N`v+- Bos`v D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% gkyO± gx+«

dge Gxb` M`f+[ dg N`vv+-[~ bokdïkdèg wk tokt` owt`vc"

vczod` dg eo vg~èwncþk dg ^+ G+% g ckyctïkdèg q+¼ + ~g

icmg ewmov% s tcgbq` q+* tvotov e`~ o~wkt`~ dg + hofeþ eo

k`to dge + ~wf~nvcfg iho+ ?6 dg Gk+± s dg + ~g qo~þ n`qco

oe ^`v Igvvã% nvgsãkdèo g~tvoU-codo+ G~tg ckdcycdw` ~g hoeeo

gk eo~ qvg~gktg~ ncvnwk~toknco~ ~gv no dge M`fk` dg F+¼ i+ c yto+

Osv+* : s o owge dg~tck` ~g eg dcvcj` eo n`vvg~q`kdgknco dg

+ ~g hofeo oe Gxb` M`f+&& dg N`vv+-[-~

Ge + ~wf~nvcfg ~g h`kvvo gk ìvgngv ~w~ ~ckngv`~ ~gktcb+-[~

dg oignt` s h`k`v oe Gxb` ^`v+ M`f+[ dg N`vv+-g~ s eg ~oewdo+

J`~ã B+- d C~o~o+

Gxb` ^v+ M`f+&& s Noq+& Mgk[

dg eo Qv`yo dg N`vv+-[~%


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >4+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` : qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo d`feodo >` x 6? ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg = s 3 bce+< n`k"

~gvyoncþk vgmweov#+

y+& F+" — Mf`~~`+ …

Hos xb ~gee` dg eo … Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe




— 36 "

N`bwkcnonc`kg~ vgeotcyo~ o e`~ N`bc~c`kod`~ dge m`fcgvk`

DG Nþvd`fo gk Fwgk`~ Ocvg~

- 43+ — \ E`~ N`bc~c`kod`~ dge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo% oe Bckc~tv`

dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg eo qv`ycknco dg fwgk`~ Ocvg~% vgneo"

bok dg eo~ bokcig~tonc`kg~ h`~tceg~ dg wg iwgv`k `fjgt` eo

k`nhg dge nwotv` dg bovz` J+

( 7 dg Bovz` dg ?8>1

i+ â

novqgtoR



" 3> "

jwcnc`~ dg n`k~cdgvoncþk< wg gk g~tg no~` qcdgk kwgyob+-g

~g eg~ n`ktg~tg dge b`d` +¬ so e` gxcmcgv`k% dïkdèg~

~w~qo~oq`vtg~

gk no~`n`ktvovc`+ â" "[

N`ktã~tg~g gk eo i`vbo on`vdodo

ih`

F+t Osv+¼ Bovz` 7 dg ?8>1 â" C

E`~ N`bcnc`kod`~ dge M`f+¬; dg N`vd+¼ +g ~w~nvcfgk tcgkgk

wk qg~ov% oe bc~b` tcgbq` +[ `fgdgngk ï eo bo~ ~omvodo

dg ~w~ `fecmonc`kg~ oe dcvcmcv eo qvg~gktg k`to oe ^`v Bi` dg

M`f+` s Vgeonc`k+~ Gxtgvc`v+¼+ Geeo tcgkg q+&& `fjgt` vgneobovgk t`do i`vbo dge dg~`vdgk n`bgtcd` ok`nhg ï eo ioz dg

t`d` g~tg qwgfe`% wcgk ho ~cd` tg~tcm` dg e`~ mvct`~ s y`ng~

dg~n`bqo~odo~% n`k +[ wko bwetctwd% ~ck dwdo boe on`k"

~gjodo% ho hgnh` vg~`kov eo~ noeeg~% vgqctcgkd` ge okotgbo

dg 2 bwgvo ge Mvoe Qoz% M`f+&& ontwoe dg eo Qv`ycknco +[

tgkgb`~ ge h`k`v dg vgqvg~gktov+

Ge fwgk ~gktcd` s eo b`voe% +[ n`kdgkok t`d` ck~wet`

mvotwct` cvv`mod`% k` ~è` ï Qi`y+~ s M`fcgvk+~ obcm+¼% ~ck`

ï ~cbqeg~ qovtcnweovg~% t`do ygz +[ k` g~tãk g~newcd`~ dge

obqov` s qv`tgnncþk dg eo~ egsg~ : ge dgfgv g~qg ncoe +« i+ c yto+

h`s cbq`kg ï e`~ M`fcgvk+~ eo ~ctwoncþk dg~mvoncodo dg wk

qoc~% ï +k g~ qvgnc~` vg~notov dg eo dg~èoncþk s eo bwgvtg

n`k ont`~ neoncn`~ dg b`dgvoncþk s qvwdgknco: eo n`vvg~"

q`kdgknco +g ~g bgvgng ge qv`ngdcbcgkt` dg kwg~tv` M`f+¼%

oe q`kgv gk jwcnc` ï t`d` wk qwgfe`% hong q`n` tcgbq` q+¼

dg~omvoycov e`~ vg~qgt`~ dge Gxb` M`f+¼ dg F+~ Osv+~% s~otc~iongv eo vgneoboncþk dg e`~ N`bcnc`kod`~ Bgdcod`v+[%

cktgvqwg~to q+&& wk dg~`vdgk dg cmwoe kotwvoegzo% owk+g

dwd`~`% þ q+v e` bgk`~ n`bgtcd` n`k bgk`~ g~tvgqct`<

t`d` gk ick n`k~qcvo ï +g ge î Bkti`% ï +± k`~ dcvcmcb`~%

oqvgncg g~to k`to gk ~w jw~t` yoe`v% ã ckneckg oe Gxb` M`f+¼

dg g~to Qv`y+* ï eo~ bgdcdo~ +[ dgbokdo gk g~tg no~`% k`

~è` eo `fecmoncþk dg vgqovov ge vg~qgt` ìgkdcd` dg wk

M`f+*[ fgkgbãvct` s obcm`% ~ck` tobfcãk eo kgng~cdod dg

onoeeov qvgygknc`kg~ s vgngktcb+t5¼% +[ ~c qwdcgvok dg~qvg"

ncov~gq+i

e`+g

~`k% dgfgk ~ck dwdo bgvgngv eo otgkncþkbo~ qvècjo q+&& ~w~ vg~wetod`~+ E`~ N`bcnc`kod`~ +[ i+ 6

hofeok eeobovâok eo otgkncþk dge ^v Bktiþ onco ge nwodv`



" 34 —

g~qokt`~` +¬ h`s bc~b` qvg~gkto ge qoâ~% s ~`fvg ge nwoe

eo cbomckoncþk otgvvodo k` qwgdg bgk`~ +[ iwebckov wk

ioee` dg h`vv`v+ °Qgv` +[ q`dvco oÿodcv~g ï e` +g hok gk"

~gÿod` so eo g~qgvcgknco s wk eovm` s dgtgkcd` ~wivcbcgkt`0

Gee`~ dcngk +[ e`~ qwgfe`~ dg eo Vgqúfecno hok ~cd` s ~`k

ycntcbo~ dg qgwgÿo~ dcigvgknco~% s +-[ eo jw~tcnco% ge qotvc`"

tc~b` s eo hwbokcdod bc~bo n`bqwe~ok ï e`~ M`fcgvk+~ ï

b`~tvov~g vcmcd`~ nw~t`dc`~ ~`fvg t`do ncvnwk~toknco +¬

qwdcgvo qv`y`noveo~

^`fvg iwkdob+t`~ tok ckn`ktg~tofeg~ g~ +[ e`~ N`bcnc`"

kod`~ g~qgvok dge Gxb` M`f+` dg F+[ Osv+[ eo ~otc~ionncþk

bo~ obcmofeg ï ioy`v dge dg N`vd+o% ~oewdokd` gktvg toktòe ^+ Bkti` n`k eo bos`v n`kncdgvonc`k+

Gk~gfc` Omõgv` Bov+ -&* Ivomwgcv`

^`v Bkti` dg M`f+¼ s V+ Gxtgvc`v+[

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe — M`fcgvk`+ — Nþvd`fo+ —?8^1"?8>1% K+& >+ — Novqgto : bobc~nvcto %" qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >? -% x 66

ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ ?1 o k bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< g~tï qgmodo

oe d`nwbgkt` ~cmwcgktg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo < gktvg qovãktg~c~ (\ R # ~g

hoeeo tg~tod` : gk fo~tovdceeo s gktvg qovãktg~c~ g~tï gktvg eckgo~+ — D@NWBGXT@:

`vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >? x 6?

ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 3 s e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko J+

Y+& F+¼ — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg co Koncþk+ —Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+ ¼

K+& 71+ — \ E`~ N`bc~c`kod`~ dge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo% oe Bckc~"

tv` dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~%n`ktg~tok ~w k`to dge dâo 9 s okoeczok e`~ novm`~ wg ~g hongk

n`k b`tcy` dg e` onogncd` o e`~ N`bc~c`kod`~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~

gk Nþvd`fo s ~ècnctok wko n`ktg~toncþk qvgnc~o o eo vgneobo"

ncþk gktofeodo s gk no~` n`ktvovc` wg ~g eg~ gxtcgkdok e`~ qo~o"

q`vtg~ R+

( = dg Bovz` dg ?8>1

i+ ? Fwg+~ Os+8 = dg Bovz` dg ?8">1

E`~ ckivo~nvcqt`~ N`bcnc`kod`~ dge M`f+¼ dg N`vd+¼ hok

tgkcd` ge h`k`v dg vgncfcv eo~ d`~ k`to~ dge ^+ B+ dg M`f+[

s Vge+~ Gxt+[ eo qvcbgvo ignho ` gk wg eg~ n`bwkcno vâ`



— 37 —

q`dgv dov gk owgeeo bc~bo ihï+ eo n`ktg~toncþk n`vvg~q`k"

dcgktg ï ~w vgneoboncþk cktgvqwg~to q e`~ ckivo~nvcqt`~ gk

owge bc~b` dco< q`v k` hofgv n`knwvvcd` ^+ G+ ge ^`v

M`f oe dg~qonh`< s eo 6+¼ ignho 9% gk wg ~g ~cvyg gxqvg"

~oveg~ so e`~ vg~wetod`~ dge onwgvd`+

Wk ~gktcbcgkt` dg ~`vqvg~o ho ~cd` ge qvcbgv` wg ho

`nwqod` ge okcb` dg e`~ N`b+*¼ wg hofeok oe ygv~g k`tod`~

dg q`n` vg~qgtw`~`~ s jw~t`~% nwokd` q`v wko cktgecmgknco

kodo n`ki`vbg oe tgk`v s g~qcvctw dg ~w vgneoboncþk% ~g

ho eegmod` ï n`bqvgkdgv wg gee`~ k` ~oeyok ge dgn`v` dg

g~tg M`f+±s n`b` e` hcz` gk cmwoe no~` eo N+ B+ n`k ge dg

N`vd+&

^gok nwoeg~ iwg~gk e`~ tãvbck`~ gk wg e`~ N+ Bgdcod`vg~ ~g g~qvg~ov`k gk ~w no~`% e`~ ckivo~nvcqt`~ nvggk

wg gk ge ~ws`% ~c k` od`qtov`k eo~ bc~bo~ y`ng~% k`

iwgv`k q`v g~tg kc bgk`~ jw~t`~% kc bgk`~ gxont`~ gk bov"

nov eo~ dcigvgknco~ wg hos kotwvoebgktg gktvg e`~ ont`~

dg wko bwetctwd dg~ycodo% ï wcgk dgkwkncok% s e`~ dg wkM`f+k` vg~qgtofeg s qv`fcd`% oktg wcgk hok gxqvcbcd` ~w

wgjo% s dg wcgk g~qgvofok wko ~otc~ionncþk obcmofeg ï

ioy`v dg ~w n`bctgktg+ ^c e`~ N`bcnc`kod`~ dg N`vd+* ckdc"

nov`k e`~ qvckncqc`~ dg vcm`v`~o Jw~tcnco wg vgn`bgkdofok~w vgneoboncþk: ~c hcncgv`k w~` dg e`~ b`tcy`~ dg qèctcno

s dg n`kygkcgknco qwfecno +[ eg dofok t`doyco bos`v iwgv"

zo% iwg q`v wg nvgsgv`k dov gk g~t` bc~b` wk tg~tcb`" â" ? yto+

kc` dg ~w vg~qgt` oe Gxb`+ M`f+¼ dg Fw+[ Os+[% ~wq`kcãkdèg

onng~cfeg ï cdgo~ s ~gktcbcgkt`~% wg ~`k s ~gvïk ~cgbqvg

ge bgj`v feoz`k dg eo~ owt`vcdodg~ qwfecno~+ E`~ ckivo~"

nvcqt`~ n`ktvogvcok mw~t`~`~ ï g~tg ~è` qwkt` t`d` ge

n`ktgkcd` dg g~to k`to% q`vwg kodo ho q`dcd` ~`~qgnhov~g

gk gee`~ kc bo~ n`ktvovc` ï ~w novïntgv qgv~`koe% kc bo~ojgk` dg eo~ bcvo~ s ~gktcbcgkt`~ dg ~w M`f+¼ Qgv` gk eo

kgng~cdod dg dg~ngkdgv ï `tv`~ qovtcnweovg~ dg cmwoe mvo"

ygdod wg n`ktcgkg eo nctodo k`to ï wg n`ktg~tok% gee`~

~cgvvok g~tg dg~novm` n`k eo ~ègbkg qv`tg~to dg wg wk

bos`v mvod` dg n`kncdgvonc`k s vg~qgt` onco ge Gxÿc`+

M`f+` dg Fw+~ Os+[ eg~ hcz` ~wq`kgv% oktg~ wg g~qvg~ov ge

n`kngqt` dg wg k` e` nvgcok nþbqecng gk ge dg~`vdgk wg

dgkwkncofok+…

Ge ~gmwkd` novm` wg tcgkgk wg dg~yokgngv e`~ ckivo~"

nvcqt`~ g~ & ge k` hofgv~g dgtgkcd` ï mvodwov e`~ b`tcy`~



" 39 —& wg qwdcgv`k gxoetov ï wk qwgfe` fgecn`~` s oetob+tn

*- ~gkncfeg o eo dcmkcdod dg ~w M`f+¼% nwokd` eegmþ ï nvggv

& wg e`~ vg\~Rqgt`~ dg eo qvcbgvo owt`vcdod dg Fw+[ Os+~ ho"

& fcok ~cd` ygjod`~ gk ge novïntgv dg eo N`b+`k Bgdcod`vo& q`v eo n`kdwnto dg dcnh` ^`v [vïe (Qoz# qovo qvgqovov

& eo j`vkodo dg 67 dg IghJ± & E`~ N`bcnc`kod`~ dg N`vd+¬-c

hofcok novgncd` dg t`d` bgdc` dg odwcvcv dot`~ ìcncoeg~%

s owk qovtcnweovg~ ~`fvg owgeeo j`vkodo< s ge ^`v B+ o

wcgk ~g dcvcjgk ~ofg bws fcgk wg ho~to ge dco k` qwgdg

jwzmov~g ~`fvg ge bãvct` dg owge ~wng~`% ~ck` q`v eo~ n`"

bwkcnonc`kg~ dg e`~ N`b+`~ Bgdcod+[ qwfecnodo~ gk e`~

qgvcþdcn`~ dg g~tonoqctoe+

Gk geeo~ ~g hongk% g~ ygvdod%onw~onc`kg~ okcb`~o~ s nvwgeg~ oe M`f"`v qv`qcgtovc` dg eo

Qv`ycknco dg N`vd+o Mvïe D+ J`~ã B+[ Qoz+ °qgv` nwokt` k`

dgfcgvo vgfojov eo ~oko nvctcno ï ~w~ ongvt`~ oe eod` dg

g~o gxoetoncþk n`k wg e`~ N`bcnc`kod`~ Bgd+[% ~oeyokd`

eo fovvgvo dg t`d` vg~qgt`% qv`dcmok e`~ dcntod`~ dg oegyg%

qãvicd` )o ï eo qvcbgvo owt`vcdod dge qwgfe` dg N`vd*0

Kodo g~ bo~ n`búk gk eo hc~t`vco dg eo dcqe`bonco wg e`~

gjgbqeovg~ dg B B+ bo~ novontgvczod`~ owk% wg ngdcgkd`

ï cbqvgnc`kg~ dge b`bgkt`% ï cdgo~% `qckc`kg~% s owk ïoignnc`kg~ qovtcnweovg~% tvok~bctgk ï ~w~ M`f%‛k`~ vgeot`~

ckicgeg~% s +[ dc~tok bo~ ` bgk`~ dg eo vgoecdod dg e`~

hgnh`~+ °S q`vwã ^`v B+ k` dov ï g~to n`kncdgvonc`k eo

on`mcdo +[ geeo ~g bgvgng gk ge no~` wg hong eo botgvco

i+ 6 dg g~to n`ktg~toncþk0 °Q`v wg k` ygvcicnok e`~ hgnh`~%

oktg~ wg vg~èygv~g ï nvggv ygjod`~ e`~ vg~qgt`~ dg eo

qvcbgvo owt`vcdod dg FwJ Os+[%q`v ~è` ge tg~tcb`kc` dg

e`~ N`b+`~ Bgd+~0 °Ono~` g~tïk gee`~ g~ngkt`~ dg eo~ ~`v"

qvg~o~ wg hongk oe fwgk jwcnc`% ï eo qv`fcdod bc~bo eo~

qvgygknc`kg~ wg oigntok% bws g~qgncoeb+t" gk ãq`no~ dg

tvo~t`vk`0 °Dg nwokd` onï g~ +[ ge ^`v+ Mvïe Qoz M`f+¼¼&

dg eo Qv`y+o dg N`vd+* ~g ho tvo~i`vbod` gk wk oegyg s

qãvicd`% wg ~g n`bqeong gk ygjov e`~ vg~qgt`~ dg eo qvcb+&-

owt`vcdod dg Fw Os 0 ° K` n`ktvodcngk g~tg ongvtþ hgnh`~

bovnod`~ s k`tofeg~% wg otg~tcmwok ge dcmk` gbqgÿ`% n`k

wg g~tg fgkgbãvct` mgig ~g ho h`kvod` gk qv`nwvov eo

fwgko cktgecm+¼ s obc~tod dge Gxb`+ M`f+`v dg g~to Qv`y+[0

E`~ N`b+`~ [g hofeok k` qvgtgkdgk q`v g~t` dg~q`jov dg

t`d`~ ~w~ gignt`~ e`~ cki`vbg~ s n`bwkcnonc`kg~ dg e`~



— 3= "

N`b+`~ Bgd+~< cktgkto~g vgdwncveg~ ï ~w~ jw~t`~ ecbctg~%

c" ecokd` o~gmwvok wg gk ygz dg gktw~co~bov ï wk qwgfe`

fgecn`~`% s jw~tcicnov ~w~ dcntgvc`~% k` hok dgfcd` tgkgv bo~iwgvzo~ oktg ge tvcfwkoe dg eo gwcdod s dg ~w vozþk% +[ q+¼

qgdcv g~qecnonc`k+~ oe M`f+[ dg N`vd+*% s owk gxcjcv ~otc~ion"

ncþk+ E`~ ckivo~nvcqt`~ nvggk wg ge Gxcâc`+ M`f+&& dg Fw[

Os+~% cew~tvod`% oe bc~b` tcgbq` wg nge`~` dg ~w~ jw~to~

qvgvv`motcyo~% k` hofvï `bctcd` g~tg qo~`% ~wqwg~t` +¬ eo

iceoktv`qco s eo ncyceczoncþk eg hok ~gÿoeod` wk ewmov qvgng"

dgktg oe bgdc` ovvcg~mod` s vwck`~` dg eo~ ovbo~ s dg eo

omvgnc`k% wetcb` vgnwv~` gktvg e`~ M`f+`[+ Ge dg N`t+[ n`k"

tg~tovï ncgvtob+tn n`k eo ivokwgzo s fwgko iã %¬ eg novontg"

vczo< sq+o gkt`kng~ g~ +¬ e`~ N`b+`~ ~g vg~gvyok eo ~otc~ion"

ncþk dg ygv dg~yokgncdo~ cbqwtoncþk+[ tok dgkcmvoktg~% vg~"

tofegncdo eo obc~tod dg d`~ Qv`ycknco~ hgvboko~% s jw~tcic"

nod` dg t`d` qwkt` ge ~cegknc` wg mwovdov`k gk ~w vgneobo"

ncþk ~`fvg eo~ now~o~ +[ qwdcgv`k gxoetov ï wk qwgfe` fgec"

n`~`% s oetob+ -* ~gk~cfeg q`v eo dcmkcdod dg ~w M`f+&±

E`~ N`b+`~ ~g ygk dc~qwg~t`~ ï qvg~nckdcv dge wetgvc`v

n`ktgkcd` dg eo k`to dge ^`v+ Bti`+% q`v +[ vgjc~tvokd`~g gkge novm`~ mvoyg~% qgv` ckdgtgvbckod`~% k` o~cgvtok n`k

ge b`d` dg ~otc~iongve`~ n`k eo gxontctwd wg dg~gov`k+ Ge

^`v+ Btv`+ ï k`bfvg dg ~w M`f+[¼ ~g vgicgvg oe ycègkt`

tvo~t`vk` dg eo~ egsg~ s dge `vdgk qwfecn`% n`b` oe ygvdo" *… 6 yto

dgv` `vcmgk dg e`~ boeg~ wg owgjok ï eo vgqúfecno< sncgvtob+-g wg ~c ï g~tg boe% mvoyg qj ~w kotwvoegzo% ~g oÿo"

dcgvo ge kckmúk vg~qgt` dg e`~ qovtcnweovg~ ï e`~ M`f+[[~

n`k~tctwcd`~% s eo ecngknco qovo ck~wetoveg~ n`k cbqwkcdod%

kwg~tvo ~ctwoncþk eegmoveo ï ~gv bo~ oqwvodo% s bo~ dciânce

ge vg~tofegncb+t` dg eo~ egsg~+

Oe hofeov dg eo vgoqovcncþk dge `vdgk s dg eo~ egsg~% úkcn`

bgdc` dg oegjov dg eo vgqúfecno e`~ boeg~ wg eg oiecjgk% e`~

N`b+`~ k` qwgdgk dc~qgk~ov~g dg tvokwceczov oe ^`v Bti`+

gk `vdgk ï eo dwdo wg qovgng ojctoveg ~`fvg ~c ge ^`v Mvïe

Qoz eegmovï ï oigntov~g dg kwg~tvo dè`v`~o ~ctwoncþk+ Qvg~"

nckdcgkd` dg eo~ ewng~ wg dok ï g~tg vg~qgnt` hgnh`~

vgqgtcd`~ s k`tofeg~% ~`fvg wg dg~nok~o eo vgqwtoncþk dg

g~tg Mgig% wk ~gktcb+t` dg jw~tcnco dgfg oyc~ovk`~ wg ãe tcgkg

dod`~ oe qoc~ dco~ dgboncod`~ dg me`vco% q+* +¬ ge qotvc`tc~"

b` ï wko n`k ge cktgvã~ qv`qc` dgjgk dg gjgnwtoveg ï ongeg"

QWFE+ ^ln+ Hc~t+ — T+ XYC =



— 38 —

vov q`v ~w qovtg g~o ãq`no igecz% gk +g ge bc~b` tcgkg wg

oqovgngv oktg ge tvcfwkoe dg eo `qckcþk qwfecno[ vgneobokd`

n`k ge tg~tcb`kc` dg ~w~ hgvcdo~ ge jw~t` qvgbc` dg ~w~cbq`vtoktg~ ~gvycnc`~+ E`~ N`b+`~ ~cgktgk hofgv tgkcd` +&[

hongv owk g~to ecmgvo ckdcnoncþk ~`fvg ge bãvct` dge Mvïe+

Qoz% q`v +« qvg~nckdcgkd` dg e` qgvkcnc`~` wg g~ gk kwg~"

tvo~ ncvnwk~tokn+~ t`d` ckncdgktg qgv~`koe% dgfg nvggv~g

tobfcãk ckjw~t` w~wvqov ï eo hc~t`vco e` +g g~ g~new~cyob+tg

dg ~w &vg~`vtg+ Geeo g~ wcgk ho neo~cicnod` ï e`~ hãv`g~ dge

bwkd`% s e`~ obgvcnok`~ dgfcãvob`~ vgbctcvk`~ gk ncegknc`

ï eo jw~tcnco dg ~w ioee`+

E`~ N`b+`~ hok ~otc~ignh` ï eo k`to dge ^`v+ Bti`+ dg

M`f+k« s Vge+~ Gxt+[ n`k eo g~tgk~c`k +[ dgbokdo ge cktgvã~

+g tcgkgk e`~ Qwgfe`~ gk +[ ~g vgntcicwgk eo~ cdgo~% s ~g

dg~yokgznok eo~ gwcy`nonc`kg~< s ~è` eg~ vg~to yèygv

ecmgvobgktg onco ge `fjgt` dg ~w vgneoboncþk% ~`fvg ge nwoe

gee`~ gknwgktvok wk ~gk~cfeg yonc` gk eo k`to dge ^`v+ Btv`+

Ge M`f+k` dg N`vd+[ ho ~cd` wetvojod` q`v wko vgwkcþk dg

qovtcnweovg~ gk eo k`nhg dge 4 dge n`vv+tg n`k cbqvgnonc`kg~

ygvtcdo~ qwfecnob+[g n`ktvo eo qgv~`ko wg tcgkg ge h`k`v

dg qvgncdcve`+ °^gvï ~ck vgbgdc` wg kwg~tv` M`f+[` hofvï

dg ~`fvgeegyov ge ck~wet`0 °Kc eo gwcdod% kc eo jw~tcnco eg

hovïk wk ewmov gk eo n`k~cdgvoncþk dg ~w fwgk obcm` ge

Gxb`+ M`f+k` dg Fw[ Os+[0 Ghg owc ge qvgnc~` qwkt` gk

wg wkcnob+tg ck~c~tgk q`v oh`vo e`~ N`b+`~ °g N`v+¼ s ~`fvg

â" > ge nwoe% vgqv`dwncgkd` e`~ iwkdob+t[~ dg ~w qvcbgvo k`to%

~g qgvbctgk qgdcv oe ^`v+ Bti`+ dg M`f+±` s Vge+[ Gxt+[ wko

n`ktg~toncþk tgvbckoktg+ Gk ge no~` ckg~qgvod` dg wko kg"

motcyo% e`~ ckivo~nvcqt`~ dgneovok wg k` q`dvok n`ktckwov

gk ge dg~gbqgÿ` dg wko N`b+¼&% wg ~è` qwdcgv`k ongqtov

gk ge n`kngqt` dg tgkgv wg nwetcyov vgeoncþk+[ obc~t`~o~<

s qovo ge bc~b`% vwgmok oe ^`v Bti`+ ~g ~cvyo bokdoveg~

g~tgkdgv ~w n`vvg~q`kdcgktg qo~oq`vtg+ Gee`~ ~g vgtcvovok

ï eobgktov gk ~gnvgt` eo dg~mvonco dg k` hofgv q`dcd` on`v"

dov e`~ cktgvg~g~ dg d`~ Qv`y+[[ hgvboko~< qgv` ~ck èycdov

e` wg dgfgk ï eo dg Fw+[ Os+[ k` ~g~ovok dg dcvcjcv ~w~y`t`~ q`v ~w qv`~qgvcdod s ~w dcnho+

E`~ N`b+`~ dge M`f+k` °g N`v+[ wg ~w~nvcfgk ~g h`kvok



— 33 —

gk ~oewdov oe ^`v+ Bti`+ dg M`f+±« s Vgâ+& Gxtgv+[ n`k t`do

~w n`k~cdgvoncþk

Gk~gfc` Omõgv` Bov+ && Ivomwgcv`

C ^`v Btv` dg M`f+` s Vgeon+¼ Gxtgv+& - [cgTTi&

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+— M`fcgvk`+ —Nþvd`fo+—C8m1-e8>1% K+& >+ — @vcmctwõ bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo >? ?% x B-% ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ = s 8 bce+< n`k~gvyoncïk

fwgko #%

y+& F+¼ — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dgJ ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+—Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+¼

K+± 7?+ — \E`~ N`bc~c`kod`~ dge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo% oe Bckc~tv`

dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ~g

wgjok dg wg k` hok vgncfcd` n`ktg~toncþk o ~w k`to dge dâo

= dg bovz` s omvgmok wg ge ??% ge d`bcncec` dg wk` dg e`~

n`bc~c`kod`~% iwã ycèod` q`v wko bwetctwd< vgneobok wko vg~"

qwg~to s gk no~` kgmotcy` ~g eg gxqcdok e`~ qo~oq`vtg~ R+

( ?> dg Bovz` dg ?8>1

F+¼ Os+¼ ?> dg Bovz` dg ?8>1 i+ c

E`~ N`kc+5c¬;> °ge M`f+¼ dg N`vd+¼ wg ~w~nvcfgk n`ktgxto"

v`k ge 8 dge N`v+[g ï eo k`to dg 9% wg vgncfcgv`k ge = dge

^`v Bi`+ dg M`f+` s Vge+2 Gxt+~% gk eo wg dg~qwã~ dg gxq`"

kgv yovc`~ b`tcy`~ dg gxtvoÿgzo dg qovtg dg ~w M`f+¼ ~`fvg

ge b`d` s i`vbo dg eo vgneoboncþk wg cktgvqw~cgv`k ge 7%

qvg~ckdg of~èwtobgktg dg eo ~otc~ionncþk obcmofeg wg e`~

ckivo~nvcqt`~ nvgsgv`k jw~t` gxcmcv ï iof`v dg ~w M`f+¼

N`bctgktg q`v ge ck~wet` ygvtcd` eo k`nfg dge 4 gk eo~ noeeg~

dg g~tg Qwgfe`+ E`~ N`b+[`~ [g hofeok% ~otc~ioncgkd` ï e`~

novm`~ n`k eo gxtgknc`k wg ï ~w jwcnc` gxcjcok e`~ vg~qgt`~

dge Gxb` M`f%%& dg F‛~ Os%% s eo ovb`kco n`kjqv`bgtcdo

dg d`~ Qv`y+~ hgvb+~% ck~c~tcgv`k gk eo ~otc~ionncþk wg

hofcok qgdcd`% ~wqecnokd` oe ^`v Bi` dg M`f%%¼ s Vge+[ i+ c yto

Gxt+~ wg gk ge no~` ckg~qgvod` dg wko kgmotcyo ~g ~cvyo

bokdoveg~ gxtgkdgv ge n`vvg~q`kdcgktg qo~oq`vtg qovo ~w

Qv`y%++o



— ?11 "

E`~ ckivo~nvcqt`~ omwovdofok tvokwce`~ eo n`ktgxtonc`k

dge ^`v Bi`% s owk gxnw~ofok eo dgb`vo n`k eo~ otgknc`kg~

dge dg~qonh`% nwokd` gk eo k`nhg dge ??% k` ~è` ~g hovgqgtcd` ge ck~wet` ï ~w M`f‛±% ~ck` wg ~g ho odgeoktod`

ho~to ge qwkt` dg wg eo no~o dg wk` dg e`~ N`bc~c`kod`~

wg ~w~nvcfgk ho ~cd` ycèodo q`v wko bwetctwd% wg gee`~

k` ~ofgk novontgvczov% wcgk dg~qegm` ~`fvg geeo t`d` ge

iwv`v s owk t`d`~ e`~ onncdgktg~ dg wk ygvdodgv` o~oet`+

K` g~ dge no~` dg~nvcfcv owc kc e`~ gxtvom`~ wg ho ~wivcd`

wk gdcicnc`% wg ~ck vg~c~tgknco oemwko ~g yc` gktvgmod` oe

iwv`v ~cgm` dg wko bwetctwd dg~gkivgkodo< kc eo ~ctwoncþk

dg wko iobceco% wgP ï qvcbo k`nhg% s q`v ge g~qonc` dg

bgdco h`vo k` ho n`ktod` n`k bo~ ~gmwvcdod kc dgigkzo

wg eo dg ~w~ qwgvto~+ E` w` e`~ N`b+[`~ k` qwgdgk dc~"

qgk~ov~g dg `f~gvyov g~ wg qgkdcgktg ~w vgneoboncþk

~`fvg ge qvcbgv dg~`vdgk hoso tgkcd` ewmov ge ~gmwkd`% s

wg ~w cktgvq`ncnc`k n`b` omgktg~ dg eo Qv`y%%[ dg N`vd%%[

k` hoso tgkcd` ho~to owc `tv` vg~wetod`% wg n`bqv`bgtgv

bo~ eo fwgko ovb`kâo dg obf`~ M`f%%[% s ho~gv dg t`d`

*… 6 qwkt` nvctcno ~w ~ctwoncþk qgv~`koe+

Gk g~to~ ncvnwk~toknco~ gee`~ nvggk dg ~w dgfgv ck~tov oe

^`v Bi` dg M`f%%¼ s Vge%%[ Gxt%%[ q`v eo n`ky%%*[ n`ktgxtonc`k

ï ~w wetcbo k`to< þ ~c g~t` k` g~ q`~cfeg q`v ncvnwk~toknco~

wg k` g~tïk oe oenokng dg e`~ N`b‛5â`~[ ~g eg~ gxqcdo oe

bgk`~ ge qo~oq`vtg qovo ~w Qv`y%%[ ï gignt` dg n`k~wetov ~w

~gmwvcdod qgv~`koe% s g~nw~ov oe bc~b` tcgbq` ï obf`~

M`fcgvk`~ eo vgqgtcncþk dg ~wng~`~ tok dg~omvodofeg~+

E`~ N`b‛d`~ dge M`f%%¼ dg N`vd%%[ ~oewdok oe ^`v Bi` dg

M`f‛` s Vge+~ Gxt+[ n`k ~w bgj`v N`k~cdgvoncþk

Gk~gfc` Omõgv` Bov+ && Ivomwgcv`

\oe b[ovmgk mm[+ j[jj[ °[ [[` s Vge+~ Gxt+[

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk — @`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+ — Nþvd`fo+ —?861"?8>1% K+& >+— @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo >^ x 61[[ ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 8 oe` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko #+

Y+& F+± " N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+ ¼



— ?1? —K+± 76+ — â Ge N`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% oe M`"

fgvkod`v dg ~w qv`ycknco% qcdg ck~tvwnnc`kg~ n`k b`tcy` dg eo~

ck~ckwonc`kg~ dge gkycod` dge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo wg ~g hoeeogk ôkto Ig u+

( ?> dg Bovz` dg ?8>1

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~+ Bovz` ?> dg ?8>1 i+ e

Ge + icvbo tcgkg ge h`k`v dg q`kgv o n`k`ncb; dg ~w

M`fk`% hofgv vgncfcd` \k`toR k`to dge Gkycod` dge M`fk`

dg Nþvd`fo% +[ ~g hoeeo gk ^to Igã% gk +[ eg cknewsg n`qco

dg eo +« ge M`fk` dg N`vvcgktg~ eg qo~þ n`k iho 67 dge

qqd`% gk n`ktg~toncþk o eo +*- ge nctod` gkycod` eg dcvcmcþgk ?6 dg Gkgv` wetcb`+

Ge +g ~wf~nvcfg q+- eo nctodo n`qco% fg +[ ge M`fk` dg

N`vv+[ ~g qvg~to o eo cknckwonc`k dge dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg Nþvd`fo

q+&& ge þvmok` dg ~w Gkycod`% s eg o~gmwvo « qovo vgoec~oveo

n`k eo bc~bo iho+ ionweto oe +« ~wf~nvcfg qovo tvotov ~`fvg

e`~ `fjgt`~ dg ~w bcnc`k : n`k nws` b`tcf` gxcmg ~g eg ~gÿoeg

tcgbq` s ewmov qovo n`kigvgkncov ~`fvg ge qovtcnweov< bo~

n`b` hto eo iho k` ho vgncfcd` ge ckivo~nvcqt` `vdgkg~ dge

M`fk` o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% o g~tg vg~qgnt`% ho dod` eo n`k"

tg~toncþk +[ gk n`qco cknewsg n`k ge K+[ ?+

Ge +[ iâvbo vwgmo oe ^`v+ M`fgvkod`v o wcgk ~g dcvcmg

+[ gk no~` dg vgoec~ov~g e` +[ eegfo ckdcnod`% ~g ncvfo bok"

doveg ck~ tvonnc`kg~ bws fcgk dgtoeeodo~ s tgvbckoktg~% i+ c yto+

tgkcgkd` qvg~gktg e` `fvod` s eo~ nvctcno~ ncvnwk~toknco~ gk [c Gxb`+g h`s ~g hoeeo eo Vgqúfecno% s +« ~oefgk ge nvãdct` s noq+k[MvoE dg

dcmkcdod dg eo Qv`y+* +[ qvg~cdg% dgbovnokd` eo eckgo dg n`vv[&[-[ [

n`kdwnto +« dgfg `q~gvfov ge +*[ hofeo% qovo k` gxq`kgve`

o ckn`k~gnwgknco~ +« qwgdgk tvogv boeg~ dg mvofg tvo~gk"

dgknco+

N`k g~to `q`vtwkcdod ge +« ~wf~nvcfg vgqctg oe ^`v+ M`f`v+

o wcgk ~g dcvcmg ~w bo~ oet` oqvgnc` s n`kncdgvonc`k+

Qgdv` Igvvã+

âOvnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk < N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >c+— @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` : qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo d`feodo >? x ~` -j ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg 3 s cc bce+<

n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

U+± F+` — Mf`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe-

[

dge Ovnhcy` —N`vvcgktg~+¼



?16

K+& 7>+— \ Ge N`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% oe Gkycod`

gxtvo`vdckovc` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% wg g~qgvo þvdgkg~dg ~w m`fcgvk` qovo tvok~bctcveg ge oyc~` wg ho qgdcd`R+

i ?> dg Bovz` dg ?8>1#

i+ ? Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ Bovz` ?> dg ?8>1

Ge +¬ ~wf~nvcfg ho vgncfcd` eo k`to-+[ ge ^`v+ Gkycod`

gxtvo`vdckovc` dge Gxb` M`fk` dg Nþvd`fo ~gvno dge dg

N`vv+tg~ eg ho qo~od`% dg~dg eo Qv`y+o dg ^B Igg ~wiho ?± dge +[ vcmg% s eo n`qco +[ eg cknewsg dg eo

n`ktg~toncþk +[ ge ~gÿ`v gkycod` o wcgk ~g dcvcmg%

ho tgkcd` dge M`fk` dg N`vv+[*-« gk n`kngnwgknco dg eo +*[ ge

bc~b` ^`v+ gkycod` eg qo~þ n`k iho ?6 dge qqd` Gkgv`+ 2Ge +[ icvbo% oe n`ktg~tov oe ^+&&& gkycod` o wcgk ~g dcvcmg%

tcgkg ge h`k`v dg o~gmwvoveg% +« tok ewgm` n`b` vgncfo eo~

`vdgkg~ dg ~w M`fk` n`k vg~qgnt` oe n`ktgkcd` dg eo nctodo

k`to%dovï

ge`q`vtwk` oyc~`

+[ gxcmg ge ^v+ gkycod`+

2Ge

ckivo~nvcqt`% n`k g~to `q`vtwkcdod tcgkg ge qeongv dg ~oew"

doveg s ìvgngveg ~w bo~ dc~tckmwcd` oqvgnc` s n`k~cdg"

nc`k+

G~ n`qco

Igvvã

NOvnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk: N`vvg~q`kdgknco@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >c+— N`qco bokw~nvcto< qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo d`feodo >` Y¼ x 6? ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 3 s cc bce+<


Y+± F+` — Ml`~~`+


dge Ovnhcy`+— N`vvcgktg~+¼



" ?1> "

K+& 74+— \ K`to dg D+ Vgbcmc` M+ B`vgk`% o e`~ Gknovmod`~ dg eo

honcgkdo qúfecno dg N`vvcgktg~% wg% n`ki`vbg oe qgdcd`% ~g eg

ivokwgovïk oe n`bc~c`kod` dg g~o qv`ycknco ngvno dg Fwgk`~Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vâ`~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% nwokt`~ owxcec`~

dg dckgv` ~gok kgng~ovc`~ R+

( ?> dg Bovz` dg ?8>1

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ s Bovz` ?> dg ?8>1 i+ ?

Ge wg ~wf~nvcfg tcgkg ge h`k`v dg q`kgv gk n`k`ncbcgkt`

dg e`~ ^+ ^+ gknovmod`~ dg eo Honcgkdo qwfecno dg eo qv`y+¼

dg N`vvcgktg~% dg hofgv vgncycd` eo g~tcbofeg k`to wg n`k

ignho 8 dge qo~od` ~g ~ckgk dcvcmcveg% gk eo wg eg okwkncokeo ~oecdo n`k owgeeo ignho% dge ^`v N`v`kge ¯Bos`v D+ Qgdv`

Igvvã% gk n`bc~cþk gxtvo`vdckovco q`v g~g Gxb` M`y+±`

ongvno dge dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ^; Igg s Gktvgvvc`~+ Gk eo

bc~bo ~g ~cvU-gk gknovmov oe +« icvbo +[ ivokwgg oe dcnh`

^`v Igvvã nwokt`~ ow~cec`~ dg dckgv`% cc `tvo n`~o +¬ qwgdo

kgng~ctov% s g~tãk gk eo~ ionwetodg~ dge wg hofeo: wcgk

o~gmwvo o e`~ ^+ ^+ D+ ^gfo~tcok dg Oebcv`k s D+ Igvbck

I+ Qobqck +¬ hovï nwokt` g~tã gk ~w g~igvo qovo ~gvfcv oe

nctod` ^`v+ N`v`kge Bos`v D+ Qgdv` Igvvã< v`mokd` ge wg

qv`dwng o e`~ ^+ ^+ gknovmod`~ wcgvok q`kgv gk n`k`nc"

bcgkt` dge Gxb` ^gÿ`v M`ygvkod`v dg g~o Qv`y+[ wg no~c

dcovcobgktg ge wg ~wf~nvcyg ~g qvg~gkto gk eo oyctonc`k dge

^`v gbfcod` s o wcgk mw~t`~obgktg vgqctg ~w~ ìvgncbcgk"

t`~% wg nwbqecvï nwokd` eegmwg ge no~` wg ~g eg `nwqg+

N`k g~tg b`tcy` tcgkg B ~wf~nvcqt` eo n`bqeongknco dg

vgqgtcv o e`~ ^+ ^+ D+ ^gfo~tcok dg Oebcv`k s D+ Igvbck I+

Qobqck eo~n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ dg oqvgnc` n`k wg ~g vgqv`dwng

Fgbcmc` M+ B`vgk`

O e`~ ^+ ^+ D+ ^gfo~tcok dg Oebcv`k sD+ Igvbck I+ Qobqck— N`vvcgktg~+

âOvnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ —^gnncþk: N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >4+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`: qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo d`feodo >` x ~c ngkt+: egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 9 bce+: n`k~gvyo"ncþk fwgko J+

s+&F+± — mv`~~`+




— ?14 —

K+± 77+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~% o ~w gkycod` gxtvo`vdckovc`

ngvno dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~% n`v`kge bos`v D+ Q+ Igvvã% eg

ionweto qovo wg owt`vcng oe dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ o `fjgt` dg wg

dg~qonhg eo~ vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~ n`k eo~ q`tgknco~ gxtvok"

jgvo~R+

( 6 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1

i+ ? N`vv+¼ Ofvce 6 dg ?8>1

Qgkgtvod` ge M`fk` dg eo kgng~cdod dg +« hoso gk eo

Vgq+* Ovmgktcko% wk Q`dgv qúfecn` +*[ o k`bfvg dg geeo bok"

tgkmo n`k eo~ Konc`kg~ gxtvokmgvo~ eo~ vgeonc`kg~ dg obc~tod

s fwgko cktgecmgk+* +*[ dgbokdg ge h`k`v dge Qoc~% s n`kygk"

ncd` dg +g kwkno bo~ +« oh`vo g~ vgneobodo n`k cbqgvc`

g~to bgdcdo q`v eo n`kngktvoncþk gk wg ~g hoeeok e`~ dcig"

vgktg~ G~tod`~ +*- n`bq`kgk eo Koncþk% ho tgkcd` o fcgk

ionwetov n`b` ionweto oe gkycod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg g~to

Qv`ycknco ngvno dg e`~ M`yk`~ ect`voeg~% ge N`v`kge B`v

D+ Qgdv` Igvvã o wcgk g~to g~ dcvcjcdo q+[ wg o k`bfvg dg

~w M`yk`+ owt`vc~g n`bqgtgktgb+tg oe dg cmwoe neo~g dg eo

Qv`y+*[ dg F+ Osvg~ o `fjgt` dg +*[ dg~qonhg eo~ vgeonc`kg~

gxtgvc`vg~ n`k eo~ Q`tgknco~ gxtvokmgvo~ s n`k~gvyov dg g~tgb`d` ge nvãdct` s vg~qgtoycecdod dg eo Vgq+[% wgvcgkd` ge

+¬ icvbo +[ nwokt` o g~tg vg~qgnt` homo ge oktg dh` gkyco"

d`% tgkmo cmwoe yoecdoncþk n`b` ~c hgnh` iwgvo q`v ge +[

~wf~nvcfg 2 Ge ofoj` icvbod` oe tvok~bctâv~ge` oe ^`v+ Gk"

ycod` Gxtvo`vdck+` dg g~to Qv`y+¼ eg on`bqoÿo n`qco egmo"

i+ ? yto+ W~odo dg eo ~okncþk dg g~to k`vofeg Egmc~eotwvo q`v eo

+g k`tovo hoeeov~g (n`bqgtgktgb+ --# owt`vczod` q+¼ (yo gx"

qwg~t`# s n`k nws` b`tcy` tcgkg ge h`k`v dg ~oewdove` n`k

~w qovtcnweov g~tcboncþk+

Oe Gkycod` Gxtvo`vdck+¼ dg g~to Qv`y+¼ N`v`kge B`v+ D+ Q+

Igvvã+

NOvnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk < Ecfv`~ n`qcod`vg~

dg M`fcgvk`+ Egmoj` ~+ —Ecfv` n`qcod`v bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`tâ icecmvo"

ko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1[?[x>? Yo ngkt+: egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 8 s

3 bce+ < n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov < e` ckdcnod` gktvg qovãktg~c~ s fo~tovdceeo ~g hoeeo

gktvg eâkgo~ gk ge `vcmckoe#+

s+± F+± — mv`~~`+





?17 "

K+& 79+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe gkycod` gxtvo`vdckovc`

dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% D+ J`~ã B+ C~o~o% eobgkto ge nh`"wg ~okmvcgkt` gktvg e`~ mgkgvoeg~ Qoz s _wcv`mo nwokd` bg"

dcofok eo~ qv`ycknco~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ s ôkto IgR+

( > dg Ofvce dg ?8>1

N`vv+¼ Ofvce > dg ?8>1+ i+ c yto+

Ge M`y`v+ +[ ~wf~nvcfg tcgkg ge h`k`v dg n`ktg~tov oe ^`v+

Gkycod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg eo Qv`y+i* dg N`vd`yo ~w oqvgnco"

feg n`bwkcnoncþk dg 64 dg Bov~`% gk +« eg ck~tvwsg dg e`~

~wng~`~ +« hok tgkcd` ewmov ge 67 dge wetcb` Igfvgv`% gktvg

eo~ Ovbo~ dg e`~ ^vg~+ Mgkgvoeg~ Qoz s _wcv`mo— Ge +[

~wf~nvcfg% k` ho q`dcd` bgk`z +-- oigntov~g dg wk ycy` ~gk" i+ 6

tcb+-± q`v wk dg~gkeo~g toe% qovtcnweovb+-*[ gk `no~cþk +[ k`

dgfco g~qgvov~g q`v e`~ fwgk`~ ìcnc`~ cktgvqwg~t`~ q`v e`~

Gxb`~ M`yk`~+ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ s ôktoig% s gk e`~ +g ge +[

~wf~nvcfg hofco úetcbobgktg t`bod` wko qovtg% oe eowdofeg

`fjgt` dg tgvbckov g~o mvvo ncyce s gyctov ge dgvvobob+-± dg

~okmvg+ 2 Ge +[ ~wf~nvcfg v`dgod` dg eo tvc~tg cdgo +« ovvok"

no owge on`ktgncb+[[ tcgkg ge h`k`v dg ~oewdov oe ^`v+ gk"

nod` gxtvo`vdckovc` o wcgk ~g dcvcmg n`k eo gxqvg~cþk dg

~w oignt` s n`kncdgvonc`k+

Oe ^`v+ gkycod` gxtvo`vdcko+± dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg N`vd`yo D+ J`~ã

Bok+- C~o~o+


dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` ~+ —Ecfv` n`qcod`v% f`vvod`v bokw~nvct`< i`vbot` dg eo

h`jo >1 */j X ^C -¼ ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg ^s3bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

vgmweov#+

y+` F+± — Mv`~~`+




?19 —

K+± 7=+ — \ K`to dg V`~o~% Eþqgz s Igvvã% dcvcmcdo oe mgkgvoe Qoz

dg~dg ôk Kcnèï~% q`v bok` dg @v`% gk eo wg eg ~wmcgvgk eo

n`kygkcgknco dg onoeeov e`~ vgnge`~ wg ckiwkdg ~w q`dgv bcec"

tov s dgjov o e`~ qwgfe`~ oenokzov e` wg nvgok wg bgj`v i`v"

bovï ~w igecncdod ncgvto s g~tofegR+

(?6 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1#

i+ ? ^`v+ D+ J`~ã Bovâo Qoz+

ôk Kcnèï~ ?6 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1

Mgkgvoe+

Hofcgkd` eegmod` o g~to dg ôk Kcnèï~% kwg~tv` qvcbgv

nwcdod` ho ncd`% tgkdgv eo yc~to ~`fvg eo q`~cncþk% gk +[

wko fgz eegmod` ge dg~nweo~g dg eo~ twvfonc`kg~ +¼ omctofok%

s n`bqv`bgtcok eo~ Qv`y+[ cktgvc`vg~ ~g dgfg b`~tvov eo dg

Nþvd`fo+

Eo k`to% +*[ n`k g~tg b`tcf` dcvcmcb`~ oe M`fk` q+-

bok` dge ^`v @v`% k`~ ec~`kmgo +*[ ~gvï fcgk vgncfcdo% s

tobfcãk ~otc~iont`vcob+[n n`ktg~todo+

Boktgkgv eo~ vgeonc`kg~ dg fwgko cktgecm+* s obc~tod< ono"

eeov eo~ ckwcgtwdg~ +*[ h`c oetgvok ge vgq`~` dg eo~ Qv`y+[ +[

qvgncdcb`~% dgq`kgv e`~ vgnge`~ +[ ckiwkdg wk q`dgv bcectov

o eo ckbgdconcþk% ~oecv dg wko okncgdod +*[ k`~ qgvjwdcno% s

ovvcfov o eo~ ~gmwvcdodg~ +-- k`~ ~otc~iomok o~gvno dg eo

n`kdwnto wetgvc`v dg Nþvd`fo% ~`k Mgkgvoe% kwg~tv` `fjgt`+

Nvggb`~% +[ dciâncebgktg q`dvï dov~g ~ècnctwd bo~ egmc"

tcbo+ Eo jw~tcnco% s eo n`bfgkcgknco q+* t`d`~% k`~ hok

oqwktod` g~tg nobck`+ Ge qvgqovo ge +« dgfg wgdov oycgvt`%

q+* +-[ e`~ Qwgfe`~ k` ~gok d`bckod`~% s ~gok e` +¬ nvgok

+g bgj`v i`vbovï ~w igecncdod ncgvto s g~tofeg%

i+ ? yto+ Eo gegnncþk% +-[ hgb`~ gnh` dge ^`v+ @v`% q+[ gktvgmov

o~â eo n`bwkcnoncþk% n`b` g~to novto% g~ wko qvwgfo dg e`~

~gktcb+-±* s dc~q`~cnc`kg~ obcmofeg~ s ivotgvkoeg~ +&[ k`~

bwgfgk+ Yo ck~tvwcd` q+[ vgncfcv s dov eo~gxqecnonc`kg~% +¬

iwg~g kgng~ovc` s `q`vtwk` gxcmcv+ G~qgvob`~ +[ ge ^`v+

Mvoe+ dg onwgvd` n`k e` +« cbq`vto eo bokcig~toncþk dge



— ?1= "

dgng` +-[ k`~ okcbo% n`vvg~q`kdgvï ï vgeonc`kg~ tok ivok"

no~% s+g qv`q`vnc`kovok eo `nonc`k dg vgctgvoveg eo~ ~gmw"

vcdodg~ dg eo otgkncþk n`k +* e` ~oewdok2 Jââ¼ Bokwgedg F`~o~ 2 G~iokc~eod` Eþqgz 2 Qgdv` Igvvã+

G~ n`qco

Igvvã

(Ovnhcy` @gkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk : N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >4+— N`qco bokw~nvcto< qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo >? x ~c ngkt+: egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg e` s ?3 bce+< n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgkoj+

s+± F+¼ — MG@^^@+



K+± 78+ — \ K`to dg V`~o~% Eþqgz s Igvvã% oe mgkgvoe Qoz% s o wg

~g vgicgvg eo qvgngdgktg% gk eo wg ~g eg gxqecnok eo~ kgng~cdo"

dg~ wg dgtgvbckov`k eo i`vboncþk dg eï Ecmo Ect`voe s ~g eg

hongk k`tov e`~ vgnge`~ `vcmckod`~ gk ge hgnh` wg Nþvd`fo

boktcgkg wko mvok bo~o dg iwgvzo ovbodo% b`tcy` wg dgtgv"

bcko ge qgdcd` dg movoktâo~R+

( ?6 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1 #

ôk Kcnèï~ ?6 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1 i+ c

Dg~qwã~ dg eovmo~ s qgk`~o~ [-cnc~ctwdg~ qodgncdo~ oetgv"

kotcfobgktgq+&&

e`~ qovtcd`~ +« ~g n`bfotcok gk kwg~tvoVgqúfecno< qovgng +** e`~ úetcb`~ ~wng~`~ dg eo mwgvvo hok

qv`dwncd` wko qow~o gk eo~ `qgvonc`kg~ `~tceg~+ Eo~ nwo"

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o geeo~ vg~qgnto t`d`~ e`~ ckn`bfgkcgktg~ +« ~g eg~ `q`kmok

:

Qgv` n`b` eo oqtctwd dg mwgvvo +*[ h`s tcgkg t`do eo Koncþk

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i`vbg~% e`~ boeg~ s ~wivcb+--[[ +* owgjov`k o kwg~tv`~ Qwg"



" ?18 "

fe`~ dwvoktg ge noe`v dg eo n`ktcgkdo% ~cmwgk ~cktcãkd`~g% gk

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oqtctwd dg mwgvvo gk +*- ~g hoeeok% hto +« wk onwgvd` ~ck"

ngv`% vgoec~okd` eo~ qv`tg~to~ +*[ obf`~ q`dgvg~ hok gnh`

dg ~w ob`v o eo qoz% n`bfcgkg s ~c g~ q`~cfeg wkci`vbg eo

qèâtcno +± okdg ~gmwcv+

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Koncþk Ovmgktcko% gxtgkwodo s n`k~wbcdo% s e`~ dg nodo

wko dg ~w~ Qv`y[ ~ck gxgqnc`k% vgneobok n`k wvmgknco +«

i+ ? yto+ ~g eg~ gfctgk kwgf`~ s bo~ `vv`v`~`~ qodgncbcgkt`~% ec"

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dgk dg~nok~` s tcgbq` q+[ vgqovov gk e` q`~cfeg eo~ nvwgeg~

s dè`v`~o~ qgvdcdo~ +*[ ok gxqgvcbgktod`+

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dg e`~ Qwgfe`~+

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eodo+

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i+ 6 eo iwkg~to omctoncþk: q+&& e` tokt` ~g qgvbctgk eo `f~gvfo"



" ?13 —

nc`k dg +*2 eo mwgvvo ncfce +« q ick qïvg~g oqomodo% k` od"

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hwbok`~% n`b` n`bfgkcgktg o t`d`~ e`~ Qwgfe`~ dg eo Vg"

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+g q%v ~w qovtg g~tïk qv`kt`~ o dov qj ge n`bfgkncb+-¼ dg

+g dg now~o~ tok ~oewdofeg~ k` dgfgk g~qgvov~g% ~ck` gign"

t`~ nwso kotwvoegzo ~go ge fcgk mgkgvoe+

E`~ ckivo~nvcqt`~ tcgkgk ge h`k`v dg ~oewdov oe Gxb`+

^`v+ M`f`v+ dg Nþvd`fo n`k eo otgkncþk s g~tcboncþk bo~

dc~tckmwcdo+ 2 Jwok Bokwge dg V`~o~2 G~tokc~eod` Eþqgz 2Qgdv` Igvvã+

G~ n`qco— Igvvã+

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk : N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >4+ — N`qco bokw~nvcto< qoqge dg hce` ~ck icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 Yj x 6? ;% ngkt< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg e` s C^ bce+<

n`k~gvconcþk fwgko#+

Y+& F+& " MV@^^@+



? 6 Tto+

gk feokn`+



— ec` —

K±+ 73+ — \ Ge n`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% oe M`"

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eo n`kygkncþk ngegfvodo n`k Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ s e` `fvod` gk eo~vgeonc`kg~ n`k Nþvd`foR+

( ?= dg Ofvce dg ?8>1

i" ? ^to Igã Ofvce ?= dg ?8>1

Ge +g ~wf~nvcfg tcgkg ge h`k`v dg okwkncov o ~w M`fk`

~w ovvcf` o g~to Noqctoe% dg~qwã~ dg hofgv ~gegfvod` gk

eo dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ eo n`kfgknc`k wg cknewsg qovo ~w votc"

icnoncþk ~c eo bgvg~g% o~c n`b` on`bqoÿo n`qco dg e` `fvo"

d` gk eo vgwkcþk dg ^+± Kcnèï~% n`k vgigvgknco oe M`fk` dgNþvd`fo% nws` qo~` nvgã ge +« icvbo% tgkdvï vg~wetod`~

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Ge ckivo~nvcqt` oqv`fgnho g~to `q`vtwkcdod% qovo ìvgngv

o ~w M`fk` eo~ n`kncdgvonc`kg~ bo~ dc~tckmwcdo~ n`k +[ e`

~oewdo+

Qgdv` Igvvã

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sNoq+& Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+¼

i Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk: N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >4+— @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge d§ hce` n`tâ icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 x ~c ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg 8 s 3 bce+< n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko #+

Y+± F+± — Mv`~^@+



K+± 91+ — \ Ge n`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% oe gk"

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qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~ ~gvâo gxtgbq`vïkg`R+

( ?= dg Ofvce dg ?8>1 #

i+ ?+ ^+to Igã Ofvce ?= dg ?^>1

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dg N`vvcgktg~ ~w n`bwkcnoncþk dg ?> dge bc~b`% vgncycþ



" ??? —

ge oyc~` ìcncoe dge wetcb` dg e`~ M`fo`~ g~qvg~od`~% gk

+¬ eg ck~tvwâo dg +« eg hoyco gnh` ge h`k`v dg k`bfvoveg

qovo vgqvg~gktov ~w owt`vcdod gk eo~ kgm`~conc`kg~ +*- wgvâo

qv`q`kgv ge qvcbgv`% q ge n`kdwnt` dge ^`v+ Gkycod` gx"

tvo`vdckovc`% tokt` q g~to vozþk% n`b` q hoeeovng ge

^`v Gkycod`% g cmwoebgktg +[ ge ckivo~nvcqt` gk g~to Ncwdod%

eg ~gvco bws mvot` qv`q`kgv eo oqgvtwvo dg eo~ n`kigvgknco~

o +[ ho ncd` ckyctod`< qgv` eo n`kncdgvonc`k +¬ eg tcgkg%

g~ dg toe neo~g% +¬ ge ckivo~nvcqt` g~qgvo +« ge ^`v+ Gkycod`

hoeeovï n`kygkc[ctg% +« ~g g~nw~gk q ho`vo% s gk g~to

qgv~wonc`k ge +[ icvbo% fï hï ck~tvwcveg dg geeo+

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vg~tofegncbcgkt` dg eo qoz mgkgvoe dg eo Vgqúfecno% s icge

o e`~ n`bqv`bc~`~ +« e` wkgk% g~qgncoebgktg o eo~ dgbï~

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~w Vgqvg~gktoktg% qovo +[ qv`b`ycg~g n`k e`~ M`fk`~ dg

g~to~% owge s `tv`~ `fjgt`~ cbq`vtoktg~ gk eo noecdod dg

toe< ho n`knwvvcd` o eo gktvgyc~to +« onofok dg tgkgv gk

^+& Kcnèï~% n`k e`~ Gxb`~ M`fk`~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ s^to Igã% `fvokd` tobfcãk g~tg wetcb`% gk k`bfvg dge dg

Gktvg 2 Vâ`~% s oeec ~g ho vg~wget` ofvcv dcvgntobgktg wko

kgm`nconcþk n`k ^+ G+ ge ^`v M`f`v dg Nþvd`fo% nws` iâk

g~ qv`f`noveg% o wk onwgvd` +« wctg ho~to ge qvgtg~t`% ` eo~

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+« e`~ Ovmgktc k`~ fwgefok o ~gv wko bc~bo iobceco+ i+ c yto+

Eo~ wotv` QvÙdknco~ oqovg~gk `fvokd` gk n`búk gk owg"

eeo dgecfgvoncþk% s q+&& e` bc~b`% nwoeg~wcgvo n`bqv`bc~`

gk +g wcncg~g gktvov ho`vo N`vvcgktg~ ~`fvg ~gv gxtgbq`vï"

kg` gk ycvtwd dg owge onwgvd`% q`dvco ~gv ~`bgtcd` o ck"

tgvqvgtonc`kg~+

Qovgng wg g~ ~gmwcv ge `vdgk vgmweov% g~qgvov +[ ~g hoso

ovvcfod` o eo~ tvok~onc`kg~ +« ~g ~ècnctok gktvg e`~ Gxb`~

M`fk`~ dg eo~ Qv`y[ ect`voeg~ s Jo dg Nþvd`fo% oktg~ dg qv`"

~gdgv o qo~` oemwk` wetgvc`v+

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g~qgvo +[ ge ^`v Gkycod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dge dg Nþvd`fo%(\~gR# hoeeovï qeowncfeg ge b`tcf` +¬ cbqcdg hï o~gv bo~ q+-

ho`vo gk ge o~wbqt` +[ b`tcfo g~to k`to% s +¬ ongq"



— ??6 "

tovo eo~ qv`tg~to~ dg dc~tckmwcdo n`kncdgvonc`k n`k ~" eg

~oewdo+

G\~R N`qco

Igvvã

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D+ J`~ã C~o~o+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk +" N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >4+ — N`qco bokw~nvcto< qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo 4` ngkt+ = bce+ x 67 ngkt+ > bce+< egtvo nxcv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg

8 s ?1 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< e` wg yo gktvg qovãktg~c~ ( \ R # g~tï tg~tod` gk

ge `vcmckoe#+

U+± F+± — MV@^^@+

Hoj" wk ~gee` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe

dge Ovnhcy`+— N`vvcgktg~+¼

K+& 9?+ — \Ge n`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% vgbctg

oe M`fgvkod`v dg ~w qv`ycknco eo n`bwkcnoncþk qvgngdgktg dcvc"

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+g o ~w jwcnc`% gvo ge bgdc` dg ~oefov ge n`bqv`bc~` +¬

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N`k g~tg b`tcf` tcgkg ge +± ~wf~nvcfg% eo n`bqeongknco

dg vgctgvov o ~ú M`fk` ~w~ vg~qgt`~ s n`k~cdgvonc`kg~

(\dg oignt`~R#

Qgdv` Igvvã

Gxb` ^`v+ M`fgvkod`v

s Noq+& Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+¼


@icncoe+ —Egmoj` >4+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` N1=c icecmvoko% i`vbot`





" ??4 —

gk oqtctwd dg ~ècnctov% eo obc~tod s fwgkâc cktgecmgknco dg~"

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qovo geeo% eo n`kdwj` ï ~gv eo ycntcbo dg eo ecngknco s eo

ckb`voecdod: gk g~to qovtg ~w n`kdwnto g~ ckowdcto s g~nok"

doe`~o gk ~w vgeoncþk< qgv` oi`vtwkodob+t[ gxc~tg gk geeo

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~gk` dg ~w~ n`ktvo~tg~% s nwvoveo dg eo~ hgvcdo~ +& eg ofvcg"

v`k eo gxoetoncþk dg eo~ qonc`kg~% s eo ckdcmkcdod dg oemw"

k`~ h`bfvg~+

Ickoebgktg ge M`f+cc` dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg Bgkd`zo% ~g igecncto

o~c bc~b`% oe `f~gvyov dg~qgjod` ge `vcz`ktg dg eo Vgqú"

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n`bq`kgk+

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dc~tckmwcdo+

Tb+ M`d`s Nvwz

J`~ã B+ Nweeg^gn` Mgk+c

Gxb` M`f+k` dg eo

Qv`y+o dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+ — Bgjcd`zo+ —?8^="?8>4% K+± 4+ — Gkgv`"Dcncgbfvg+ — Novqgto: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko%

i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo 6? [¯[ x ?9 ngkt+< cktgveâkgo~ 9 s 8 bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk

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d`feodo >3 Yo x ^9 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ ~ o e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko #+

Y+& F+± — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+ ¬



— ??7 —

K+± 9>+ — â Ge gkycod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo%

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gknovmod`~ e`~ d`~ n`bc~c`kod`~R+

( ?8 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1

^+w Igã OfvW ?8 dg ?831 i+ C

Ge ìcnc` iho dg osgv +[ ho vgncfcd` ge +¬ ~wf~nvcfg dge

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dge vg~wetod` +&[ ho qv`dwncd` eo gktvgyc~to +[ ho tgkcd`

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+g hoycgkd` eo h`k`vofeg vgwkcþk dg ^+± Kcnèï~ dcvcmcd`~g

dcvgntob+-g s n`k bos`v g~tgknc`k oe M`fk` dg Nþvd`fo

~`fvg e`~ bc~b`~ o~wbqt`~ dg ~w n`bcnc`k% k` ~g qwgdg

dov wk qo~` gk g~tg bc~b` `vdgk% bcgktvo~ ~g hoeeo qgk"

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dge M`fk` dg Nþvd`fo% n`ktg~tokd` o eo k`to +« n`k iho dg

osgv ~g ho dcnkod` vgbctcveg ge ^`v+ Vgqvg~gkt+**[ dg eo Qv`y[

dg N`vv[% eg ~oewdo n`k ~w bo~ oeto n`kncdgvonc`k% s oqvg"

nc` 2 J`~ã Bo#c+- d C~o~o+

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N`v`k%[ B`v+ D+ Qgdv` Igvvã+

G~ n`qco

Igvvã+


@icncoe+— Egmoj` >c+ — N`qco bokw~nvcto: qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo ~g ngkt+ bce+ x ~c ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg 3 sc~ bce+ : n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y+& F+& — Mf`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo … Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+ …



" ??9

… 94+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgk"

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eo mwgvvo ncyce R+

( ?3 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1 #

i+ ? ôkto Ig s Ofvce ?3 dg ?8>1

Ge M`fgvkod`v ckivo~nvcqt` ho vgncfcd` eo g~tcbofeg k`to

+g n`k iho 9 dg Bovz` wetcb` eg dcvcmg ge Gxb` ^`v+ M`"

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eg dgfwgeyg votcicnodo eo N`kygkncþk qvgecbckov icvbodo gk

g~to ge 6> dg Igfvgv` \bovz`0R q`v e`~ N`bc~c`kod`~ dg ob"

f`~ M`fcgvk`~+ Ge +[ ~wf~nvcfg omvodgng oe Gxb` M`fgvkod`v ¬

dg N`vvcgktg~ e`~ ovdcgktg~ dg~g`~% g cktgvã~% +[ ho dgb`~"

tvod` q`v eo tgvbckoncþk dg eo mwgvvo% k` `f~toktg k` hofgv

tgkcd` ewmov eo bc~cþk bgdcod`vo qv`sgntodo% o now~o dg +[

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M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~ n`k eo bo~ dc~tckmwcdo n`k~c"

G~tok+ ± Eþqgz

dgvonc`k+

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(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk: N`vvg~jkdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >4+ —@vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` ~ck icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 x ~c ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg ~ s = bce+< n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko< e` wg yo gktvg qovãktg~c~ \ R k` g~tï gk ge `vcmckoe#+

X+& F+± — Ml`~~`+


dge Ovnhcy`" — N`vvcgktg~+



— ??= —

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dv` Igvvã% wg ~g ~`vqvgkdg q`v eo ioeto dg n`bwkcnonc`kg~ ~`"

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bovz` qqd`+ R+

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s ~g ho ~`vqvghgkdcd` ge wg ~wf~nvcyg dg k` hoygv vgncycd`

eo bgk`v ckdcnoncþk ï g~tg vg~qgnt` ~ck wg qwgdo otckov

n`k eo now~o wg hoso b`tcyod` eo ioeto dg wko n`bqgtgktg i+ 6 yto+

ck~tvwnncþk gk wk o~wkt` +[ eg g~ tok ckbgdcot` s dg tokt`

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kg~ ~wso~% wg ~g ho gxqgvcbgktod` gk g~tg n`vvg` tokt`

dg ìcnc` n`b` gk qovtcnweov% s+ ~cgkd` wk ckncdgktg fo~"

toktg gxtvo`vdckovc` q`v ~w~ ncvnwk~toknco~% dg~go ge M`fcgv"

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nvcyg tcgkg eo ~otc~ionncþk dg ~oewdov oe ^gÿ`v M`bcnc`kod`

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s oqvgnc`+

Oe M`v`kge B`v+ D+ Qgdv` Igvvã+ —

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk: Ecfv`¼ n`qcod`vg~

dg M`fcgvk`+— Egmoj` ~+ —Ecfv` ^>+ — N`qcod`v bokw~nvct`: qoqge dg hce` n`k

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Y+& F+& — MV@^^@+

Hos wk ~gW` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcv`+— N`vvcgktg~+



— ??8

& 99+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo% oe M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco

dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg gk otgkncþk o ~w vg~qwg~to dg 6 dgofvce ? k` qwgdg qgv~wodcv~g dg e`~ k`feg~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ s oeto

qèâtcno dge m`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~R+


\ novqgto e+[ R

D+

N@GD@FO

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\ novqgto 6+oR ?+

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dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~

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dg~oqv`fov eo n`kdwnto dg wk`~ ~wfdct`~[ «% hok n`bqv`"

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n`bctgktg% þ dgjov gk qcg eo ìgk~o cvv`modo ï wk M`f+k`

ecfvg ckdgqgkdcgktg% s obcm`% ~g[ gecmcg~g ge ~gmwkd`+

? Yão~g kwg~tv`~ D`nwbgkt`~ qovo eo Hc~t`vco Ovmgktcko% t`b` XY% qïmcko

=d+"(K+ dg eo D+ #+



— ??3 "

^ck gbfovm`% g~tg g~ ge vg~wetod` dg eo vgneoboncþk dge

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dg eo N`bc~cþk Bgdcod`vo dge Gxvo` M`f+±5¼ dg Fwgk`~

Osvg~ gk ~w qv`tg~to @icncoe dg~dg eo Mwovd+¼ dg eo G~wcko

jwvc~dcnncþk dg ^; Igã oe Gxb` ^+¼-- Mvïe D+& J`~ã B+[ Qoz%

oe M`f+k` dg g~to Qv`y ~gmúk ge n`ktg~t` dg+ ^+ G+ gk k`to

dge 6 dge n`vv[ +` icxovï eo vgmeo n`k [+¬ dgfok ~gv vgncfc"

do~ ~w~ vgneobonc`kg~ dg g~to g~qgncg+

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M`f+`&& dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ ~w bo~ dc~tckmwcdo n`k~cdgvoncþk

s oqvgnc`+


D+*&& Jwok Okt+-[ ôvonhomo

Gxb` ^+`&& M`f+`v s Noqctïk Mioe


(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+— M`fcgvk`+— Nþvd`fo+—?861"?8>1%

K+&>+

— Novqgto?+*:

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do 66 X ?>[[ ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo ec bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko— C;1"

NWBG^T@: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo

4? c-j X ^9 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo ?? bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov% g~tï

boknhod` dg hwbgdod #+

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eg odjwkto ge tvotod` qvgecbckov ngegfvod` n`kFwgk`~

Ocvg~ ge

6> dg bovz` qovo ~w ~okncþk R+

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dod dg +g dgfgvïk ~gv votcicnod`~ q+&& kwg~tvo qovtg% dgktv`dg nwovgkto dco~% qovo nws` tgvbck` ~è` vg~tok ~gc~ 2 Gkg~to ycvtwd% cknewsãkdè`~ o Ytvo H`k`vofcecdod ~è` g~qgvo



" ?61 —~w vg~qgtofeg ~okncþk% qovo e`~ gignt`~ +*[ ~`k n`k~cmwcgktg~%

s gktvgtokt`% ~oewdo ge ckivo~nvcft` o Ywg~tvo H`k`vofcecdod

n`k ~wbo~

oeton`kncdgvonc`k+

Oe H+ N+ Q+ dg (eo# Qv`ycknco+


dg M`fcgvk`+—Egmoj` 6< Ecfv` ^>% — N`qcod`v bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` ~ck icec"

mvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x 6? Yo ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg 3 s ??

bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< e` ckdcnod` gktvg qovãktg~c~ s fo~tovdceeo ~g hoeeo gktvg

eâkgo~ gk ge `vcmckoe#+

y+& F+± — Mv`~~`+


K+& 98+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o ~w n`bc~c`kod`% D+ Qg"

dv` Igvvã% onw~o vgncf` s dgywgeyg votcicnodo eo n`kygkncþk

qvgecbckov ngegfvodo n`k Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ s eg oqvwgfo eo n`k"

dwnto `f~gvyodo n`k ge gkycod` dg Nþvd`foR+


i+ > yto+ N`vvcgktg~ Ofvce 68 dg ?8>1+

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gkfcod` gxtvo`vd+¼ dg geeo dg eo Noqctoe dg ôktoig% ignhodo

gk ?= dge wg n`vvg% cknewsgkd` gk eo wko e`~ tvotod`~ qvg"

ecbckovg~ ~gegfvod`~ gk Fwgk`~ Osvg~% wg eg dgfwgeyg

votcicnod`~% g ck~tvwsãkdèg gk eo `tvo dge qo~` dod` qovo

n`k ge Gkycod` dg N`vd`yo22Ge wg ~wf~nvcfg k` qwgdg

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dg eo t`toe qo~cicnonc`k dg e`~ Qwgfe`~+ ¯@joeo +5[ g~to ~g

e`mvg / O~â e` dg~go wcgk ~oewdo oe bc~b` gbfcod` n`k

~w bgj`v n`kncdgvonc`k% s oet` oqvgnc` +[ eg bgvgng+

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(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+— ^gnncþk : Ecfv`~ n`qcod`vg~

dg M`fcgvk`+— Egmoj` 6: Ecfv` 6>+ — N`qcod`v bokw~nvct` < qoqge dg hce` n`k

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 Yj x 6? -o ngkt+: egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg

8 s 3 bce < n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov#+

y+& F+& — Mv`~~`+Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe




" ?6? —

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wg% gk ~gc~ ovtânwe`~% ho ~cd` ngegfvod` n`k Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ ge

6> dg bovz` dg ?8>1R+

( 63 dg Ofvce dg ?881 #

Kwbgv` J8+

Ge H+ N+ Qgvbokgktg dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% ho"

fcgkd` t`bod` gk n`k~cdgvoncþk ge tvotod` qvgecbckov ngeg"

fvod` q`v ge gbfcod` dg g~to Qv`ycknco n`k eo dg Fwgk`~

Osvg~% gk 6> dg Bovz` qvþxcb` qo~od`< gk ~g~cþk gxtvo"

`vdckovco% ho on`vdod` s ~oknc`kod` e` ~cmwcgktg+Ovt+ ?+ ^g owt`vczo oe Q+ G+ qovo wg qwgdo votcicnov% s

dg hgnh` votcicwg ge tvotod` qvgecbckov% wg gk ~gc~ octcnw"

e`~ ho ~cd` ngegfvod` q`v g~to Qv`ycknco% s eo dg Fwgk`~

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~c`kod`~ oe gignt`< o ~ofgv% q`v qovtg dge M`fcgvk` dg g~to

Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% ge N`v`kge Bos`v D+ Qgdv` Igvvã%

s q`v eo dge M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ ge ^v+ D+ Th`bo~

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vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~+

6+ Tvok~nvâfo~g oe Q+ G+ qovo ~w cktgecmgknco s dgbï~

gignt`~ n`k~cmwcgktg~+

S dg `vdgk dg eo bc~bo H+ ^+ ~g eg n`bwkcno o Y+ G+ qovo

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Dv+ Jwok Ivoknc~n` Nofvoe—Qvg~cdgktg

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N`vvcgktg~ Ofvce 63 dg ?8>1

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Nofvoe+

(Vgmc~tv` @icncoe dge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~ - Ecfv` ~gxt` N`k~to dg 4^ kú"

bgv`~% s n`vvg~q`kdg oe oÿ` dg ¯ ?8>1+—Ycÿgto : g~nwd` dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgk"tg~% gkngvvod` gk wko `veo dg eowvge+ N`vvcgktg~ — Cbqvgkto dge G~tod`< 48 qïmc"

ko~+ Novgng dg âkdcng+ I`vbot` ~` x ?> ngktâbgtv`~#+



?66

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dv` Igvvã% eg qcdg vgbcto eo n`kygkncþk qvgecbckov icvbodo n`k

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg `fvo gk ~w q`dgv% q`v k` hofgv wgdod`d`nwbgkt` oemwk` gk eo ~gnvgtovâoR+

( 63 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1 #

i+ > yto+ N`vv+tg~ Ofvce 63 dg ?8>1+

Ge M`f`v wg ~wf~nvcfg% k` qwgdg qvg~ckdcv dg hongv

~oygv oe ^`v+ gbfcod` gxtvo`vd+` dg g~to Qv`y+' N`v`kge

B`v+ D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% +± oe dgyèyãv~geg votcicnodo eo N`k"

ygk~c`k Qvgecbckov on`vdodo n`k ge Gxb` M`fk` dg F~+

O~+% ge 6> dg Bovz`% k` wgdo gk g~to ^gnvgt+*[ D`nwbgkt`

kckmwk` o g~tg vg~qgnt`% q`v k` hoygv~g on`bqoÿod` n`k

ge ^`v+ N`b+ic± bo~ +« ge +*[ ~g dgywgeyg% e` +*- o eo ygz

qwgdg ~gvycv dg ckn`kygkcgktg% q+[* ge nwbqecb+t` °g e` gk ge g~"

i" tcqweod` < bo~ n`k ncdgvokd`~g% +[ hoso tgkcd` ewmov oemw"

ko gwcy`noncþk ` tvo~t`vk`% oe on`b`dov eo~ n`bwkcnonc`kg~%

+¬ n`kdwx` ge Gdgnïk D+ Qgdv` Scn+[&[ Obovceeo% ~g hong qvg"

~gktg g~to ioeto oe ^gÿ`v N`bcnc`kod` Gxtvo`vdck+¼ q+¼ +¬

nwcdg dg vgbctcv `q`vtwkob+*-« o g~tg M`fcgvk` eo oktgdcnho

N`kygk~c`k Qvgecbckov% wg dgfg `fvov gk q`dgv dg g~to

owt`vcdod% s ~cvyo jw~tcicnov ~w~ n`bqv`bc~`~ 2 N`k g~tg

b`tcy`% ge M`f+±-& +[ ~wf~nvcfg% ~g h`kvo gk ~oewdov oe ^gÿ`v

gbfcod`% o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% n`k t`do ~w g~tcboncþk s oqvgnc`+

Oe ^gÿ`v gbfcod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg g~to Qv`ycknco

N`v`kge B`v+ D+ Qgdv` Igvvã+


dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` 6< Ecfv` 6>+ — N`qcod`v bokw~nvct` < qoqge dg hce` n`k

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 -j x ~c Yo ngkt+ %… egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 8

s 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov#+

s+± F+± " Mg`~~`+





— ?6> "

K+* =?+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o ~w n`bc~c`kod`% D+ Qg"

dv` Igvvã% qovo wg vgmvg~g o ~w qv`ycknco o cki`vbov ~`fvg

e`~ q`vbgk`vg~ dg eo mg~tcþk s vgncfcv kwgyo~ ck~tvwnnc`kg~ o ick

dg qv`~gmwcv eo~ kgm`nconc`kg~ wetgvc`vg~ n`k eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`"

voeg~% wg dgfgk tgkgv eo bï~ mvokdg ckiewgknco gk eo now~o

qúfecnoR+


N`vvcgktg~ Ofvce 63 dg ?8>1+ i+ 7

G~ dg eo bo~ oeto n`bqeongknco% oe wg ~wf~nvcfg okok"

ncov o ~w gbfcod` gxtvo`vdckovc` N`v`kge B`v+ D+ Qgdv`

Igvvã% hoygv ~cd` dg ~w oqv`yonc`k eo n`kdwnto qwfecno% wgho dg~qegmod` gk e`~ cbq`vtoktg~ `fjgt`~% wg ~g icov`k

o ~w~ toegkt`~ s Qotvc`tc~b`+ Bo~ n`kncdgvokd`% ge wg

~wf~nvcfg% wg gk eo~ kgm`nconc`kg~ wetgvc`vg~ +« yok o

qv`b`ygv~g n`k e`~ M`fk`~+ Ect`voeg~% dgfgk tgkgv ewmov

o~wkt`~ dg eo bo~ mvokdg ckiewgknco o eo now~o qwfecno%

dg~govâo q+&& e` bc~b`% +« ge ^`v+ N`bc~c`kod`% o wcgk ~g

dcvcmg% hcncgvo wk qovãktg~c~ o ~w N`bc~cþk% s vgmvg~ovo o

g~to Noqctoe% oe `fjgt` ~è` dg cki`vbov% oe wg ~wf~nvcfg

dg oemwk`~ q`vbgk`vg~< nws` n`k`ncbcgkt` dg~go odwcvcv%

s vgncycv cmwoeb+-*[ eo~ ck~tvwnnc`kg~ +*[ ~g nvgok n`kygkcgk"

tg~% jw~to~ s kgng~ovâo~% qovo eo O~gnwnc`k dge mvok qeok

+g ~g bgdcto q`v e`~ M`fk`~% ~ck +« q+&& g~t` ~g gktcgkdo

~w~qgkdcdo eo N`bc~cþk wg dg~gbqgÿo% kc tobq`n` wgi+ 7 sto+

dgfo ow~gktov~g% owk q`v ge n`vt` tgvbck` +« ~g eg ckdcno%

t`do eo ygz +[ ~w qgvbokgknco ~go wvmgktgbgktg kgng~ovco

s n`ktckwodo2 Ge wg ~wf~nvcfg% oqv`ygnho eo `q`vtwkcdod

dg tvok~bctcv oe ^gÿ`v gbfcod` gxtvo`vdckovc` e`~ ~gktc"bcgkt`~ dg ~w oqvgnc` s g~tcboncþk+

Oe ^gÿ`v gkfcod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg g~to Qv`ycknco

N`v`kge B`v+ D+ Qgdv` Igvvã+


dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` 6: Ecfv` 6>+ — N`qcod`v bokw~nvct`: qoqge dg hce` n`k

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 - % x ~c cj ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg 8

s 3 bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov#+

]& F+& — Ml`~~`+Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe




— ?64 "

K+* =6+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe n`bc~c`kod` dg eo qv`"

ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% wg% gk qvg~gknco dge

`fjgt` dg ~w bc~cþk% ho dg~cmkod` o D+ Qgdv` Fovvgkgnhgoqovo wg n`kjwktobgktg n`knwvvok o eo no~o dg m`fcgvk` s

qwgdo ojw~tov~g ge tvotod` R+

( ? dg Boj"` dg ?8>1

i" ? Qovokï Bos` ?± dg ?8>1

Ge M`f+&*- dg eo Qv`y+-[ dg Gktvg Vc`~ onofo dg ~gv cb"

qwg~t` dg eo k`to ncvnweov wg n`k iho 8 dge qo~od` Igfvgv`

eg ho dcvcmcd` ge Gxb` dg eo dg N`vvcgktg~ q`v n`kdwnt` dge

^v+ Gbfcod` Gxtvo`vdck+¼ dg owgeeo N`v`kge RUCos`v D+& Qg"

dv` Igvvã ge +« owt`vc~od` ~g dcvcmg ngvno dg g~tg M`y+&¼

qovo ngegfvov tvotod`~ dg bwtwo ~gmwvcdod s n`bfgkcgktgz

oe cktgvã~ dg obfo~ Qv`y+[* g~qgncoeb+*[ s dg eo~ dgbï~

ect`voeg~+

Oe gignt` ge +*[ ~wf~nvcyg k`bfvo q`v Dcqwtod` dg g~to oe

N`v`k+c D+& Qgdv` Fovvgkgnhgo q+-&[ +*[ ionwetod` qegkob+-*-

dg~gbqgÿg eo n`bcnc`k o wg g~ eeobod`% n`k g~tg b`tcy`

~g eg ckycto oe gxqvg~od` 8+±-- N`v`k+[ B`v q+[ +« ge > dge

qvg~+-g o eo~ dcgz dg eo boÿoko n`knwvvo qgv~`koeb+*5[ o eo

No~o dg M`y+&± o ick dg +-- nokmgod` ~w~ q`dgvg~ qwgdo

ojw~tov~g ge tvotod` ckdcnod`+

N`k g~tg b`tcy` ge +[ icvbo eg vgqv`dwng ~w~ bgj`vg~

n`kncdgvonc`k+[ s eg ~oewdo oigntw`~`+

Egþk ^èo

Vobþk Igvgsvo

^v+ N`v`k+c [e`v+ D+& Qgdv` Igvvã+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgkcg~+ — ^gnncþk : N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >ÿ+— @vcmckoe ycokw~nvct` : qoqge dg ecce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg

eo h`jo d`feodo >1 ngkt+% 8 bce+ x ~c ngkt++ 4 bce+: htvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 7

s = bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y+` F+± — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+¼



" ?67 —

K+* =>+ —J N`kygkncþk qvgecbckov ngegfvodo gktvg eo~ qv`ycknco~

dg Gktvg Vâ`~ s N`vvcgktg~ qovo i`vbov qovtg dg eo ecmo ect`voe%

t`d` foj` ge ~c~tgbo igdgvoe R+

( > dg Bos` dg ?^>1

Kwbgv` 61

Tvotod` -

E`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg N`vvcgktg~ s Gktvg Vc`~% ecmod`~ gktvg

~c q`v ge tvotod` ngegfvod` gktvg obfo~ Qv`ycknco~ gk 64

dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?86= s n`kygkncd`~ dghoeeov~g dc~wgeto

dg hgnh` eo N`kygkncþk Konc`koe wg vg~cdâo gk ôkto Iã

n`b` n`k~to q`v d`nwbgkt`~ `vcmckoeg~ dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~

dg eo ecmo% s n`k`ncgkd` eo kgng~cdod dg wg g~to ~go gx"

tgk~cyo o eo~ nwotv` Qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ dge Qovokï< o

~ofgv% Fwgk`~ Osvg~% ôkto Ig% Gktvg Vc`~ s N`vvcgktg~%

foj` ge ~c~tgbo igdgvoe wg ho qv`neobod` eo bos`vâo dg

e`~ qwgfe`~ dg eo Vgqúfecno< hok k`bfvod` ~w~ Dcqwtod`~

qovo vgoeczov wko n`kygkncþk qvgecbckov% o ~ofgv< q`v qovtg

dge Gxb`* dg Gktvg Vc`~ oe ^v+ N`v`kge s N`bokdoktg Mg"kgvoe D+ Qgdv` Fovvgkgnhgo% s ge dg N`vvcgktg~ oe N`v`kge

Bos`v D+ Qgdv` Igvvã: wcgkg~ dg~qwã~ dg hofgv nokmgod`

~w~ vg~qgntcy`~ q`dgvg~% gkn`ktvïkdè`~ gxtgkdcd`~ gk dg"

fcdo i`vbo% s gk n`k~gnwgknco dg e`~ tvotod`~ ngegfvod`~

n`k ge bc~b` `fjgt` gk eo Ncwdod dg ôkto Iã ge 6> dg

Igfvgv` qvþxcb` qo~od`% s gk eo dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ ge 6> dg

Bovz` wetcb` hok n`kygkcd` gk e`~ ovtânwe`~ ~cmwcgktg~+

Ovt+ ?+ E`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg Gktvg Vc`~ s N`vvcgktg~ n`k"

ycgkgk gk eo ngegfvoncþk dg wk tvotod`% nws` `fjgt` ~gvï

i`vbov wko ecmo ìgk~cyo s dgigk~cyo% gktvg eo~ gxqvg~odo~

nwotv` Qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~% wg eo~ qvg~gvyg dg e`~ boeg~%

wg ge g~tod` dg oc~eobcgkt` qwdcgvo now~oveg~% s wg n`k"

? G~tg tvotod` iwã qwfecnod` gk ge Vgmc~tv` @icncoe dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgk"tcko% wg n`bqvgkdg e`~ d`nwbgkt`~ gxqgdctt`~ dg~dg c~c` ho~to ?8=>% t`b` ~gmwk"d`% ?866 o ?>76% qwfecnoncþk ìcncoe% Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ?881% qïmcko 699% K+& 6c1c+ Eoygv~cþk dge Vgmc~tv`% iwã t`bodo dg Ge Qovomwos` Ckdgqgkdcgktg% 6¼ gdcncþk+

T`b` C% qïm+ 619+ Owkwg qovgzno gxng~cyo eo vggdcncþk dge tvotod`% hovgb`~k`tov% gk e`~ ewmovg~ vg~qgntcy`~% eo~ Toÿoktg~ ` omvgmod`~+ — (K+dgeoD+#+

â âk ge Vgmc~tv` @icncoe nctod`% ~g omvgmo eo qoeofvo ¬M`fcgvk`¼+ — [JY+ dgeo D+ s+



" ?69 —~gvyokd` nodo wko ~w ecfgvtod g ckdgqgkdgknco qèctcno%

oicokzgk - vgncqv`nobgktg ~w~ cktgvg~g~+

6+ Ge M`fcgvk` dg Gktvg Vc`~% n`kycgkg gk wg eo vgw"

kcþk dg e`~ Dcqwtod`~% qovo eo ngegfvoncþk dg dcnh`~ tvo"

tod`~% ~go gk eo Ncwdod dg ôkto Iã n`b` ~g ho on`vdod`

gk eo~ dgbï~ Qv`ycknco~ dg eo ecmo+

>+ E`~ qvgngdgktg~ ovtânwe`~ ~gvïk votcicnod`~ q`v ge

M`fgvkod`v dg Gktvg Vc`~% dgktv` dg ygcktg s nwotv` h`vo~%

s q`v ge dg N`vvcgktg~% dgktv` dg ygcktg dco~ n`ktod`~ dg~dg

g~to ignho+

Gk tg~tcb`kc` dg e` nwoe% k`~ e`~ Dcqwtod`~ dg e`~ M`"

fcgvk`~ dg Gktvg Vc`~ s N`vvcgktg~ icvbob`~ eo qvg~gktgn`kygkncþk qvgecbckov% gk eo Noqctoe dg Gktvg Vc`~ o tvg~

dge bg~ dg Obgvcno dge oÿ` dge ^gÿ`v bce `nh`ncgkt`~

tvgckto+

Qgdv` Igvvã Qgdv` Fovvgkgnhgo

K`~ ge M`fgvkod`v s Noqctïk Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco

dg Gktvg Vc`~% gk w~` dg eo~ ionwetodg~ `vdckovco~ s gx"

tvo`vdckovco~ wg ckyg~tcb`~ oqv`fob`~% s votcicnob`~% eo

qvg~gktg n`kygkncþk% gk t`d`~ s nodo wk` dg ~w~ ovtcnwe`~%

s k`~ n`bqv`bgtgb`~ ~ègbkgbgktg o mwovdov nwbqecv sgigntwov t`d` e` gk geeo g~tcqweod` o nws` gignt` eo icvbo"

dk`~ n`k kwg~tvo bok`% owt`vczïkdèo ge Bckc~tv` ^gnvgto"

vc` dge dgqovtobgkt` dg mwgvvo s ~geeïkdèo n`k ge ^gee` dge

M`fcgvk` dg eo Qv`ycknco% gk ge Qovokï o e`~ nwotv` dco~

dge bg~ dg Obgvcno oÿ` dge ^gÿ`v bce `nh`ncgkt`~ tvgckto+[

Egþk ^èo

Vobþk Qgvgsvo+

( Ewmov dge ~gee`

(Vgmc~tv` ¯ @icncoe ¯ dge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~ ¯ Ecfv` ~gxt` N`k~to dg 4^ bâ"

ytgv`~ s n`vvg~q`kdg oe oÿ` dg ¯ ?8>1+ Ycÿgto: g~nwd` dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgk"

tg~ gkngvvod` gk wko `veo dg eowvge+ N`vvcgktg~ 2 Cbqvgkto dge G~tod`% ã~ qïmc"

ko~+ Novgng dg âkdcng+ I`vbot` ~` x ?> ngktâbgtv`~#+

? Gk ge Vgmc~tv` @icncoe nctod`% ~g egg ¬oicvbgk¼+ —(K+ dg eo D+j+

6 Eo votcienoncþk qvgngdgktg k` icmwvo gk ge Vgmc~tv` @icncoe nctod`+ —(K+ dg eo D+J+ 3



— E6= "

K+& =4+ — \ Ge n`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% vgbctg

o ~w m`fcgvk` eo n`kygkncþk qvgecbckov ngegfvodo n`k eo qv`"

ycknco dg Gktvg Vâ`~ ge > dg bos` R+

( 4 dg Bos` dg ?8>1

Qovokï Bos` 4 dg 8>1+ i+ c

Ge +*[ ~w~nvcfg tcgkg ge h`k`v dg vgbctcv oe ^+«- M`yJ s

Noq& Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`y+* dg N`vvcgktg~ ge odjwkt` tvotod`

qvgecbckov ~gegfvod`% n`k ge Gxb` dg g~to Qv`y+¼% ge tvg~

dge n`vvcgktg% s votcicnod` q ge bc~b` ge dco dg h`s% ~cãk"

dèg bws ec~`kjgv` g~qgvov% ~w votcicnoncþk% ~c g~ +« bgvg~g

eo oqv`yonc`k dg eo Qv`y+*% o wcgk ge +[ icvbo tcgkg eo

h`kvvo dg qgvtgkg~gv+

N`k tok qeow~cfeg b`tcy` ge +« ~wf~nvcfg tcgkg ge qeo~gv

dg ~oewdov o ^+ G+ ge ^+&&& M`y o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% n`k ~w

bo~ oet` vg~qgt` s oqvgnc`+

Qgdv` Igvvã


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >"7+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`: qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 x 61 ngkt+: egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg 9 s 8 bce+< n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

U-+± F+& " Mf`~~`+



K+± =7+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Qv`qcgtovc` dg N`vvcgktg~ gk nobqoÿo%

oe M`fgvkod`v dgegmod`% eg qovtcncqo wg e`~ b`ycbcgkt`~ ~`k~otc~iont`vc`~ s wg ho vgncfcd` e`~ tvotod`~ qvgecbckovg~ ngeg"

fvod`~ n`k ge m`fcgvk` dg Gktvg Vâ`~ ge > dg bos`R+

( ?1 dg Bos` dg ?8>1 # c

Hoeeïkd`bg gk nobck` qovo eo Yceeo dg ôk V`wg vgnc[[

hosgv eo n`bwkcno~c`k dg Y iho 7 — [eg g~ ~otc~iont`vc`

ckigvcv dg ~w n`ktgkcd` wg ge g~qâvctw dg Yú+ dgfg ho"

i+ ? yto+

? Q`v ge n`ktgkcd` dg eo k`to ~g dg~qvgkdg wg g~ dge ?1 dg bos` s k`dge ?+& n`b` oqovgng gk ge d`nwbgkt`% wg ~wq`kgb`~ ~g tvoto dg wk gvv`v dgn`qco dg eo ãq`no+ — (K+ dg eo D+#+



— ?68 —ecov~g bo~ tvokwce` dg e`~ ~`fvg~oet`~ s nwcdod`~ +[ ck~"

qcvovok e`~ qvg~gktg~ b`ycbcgkt`~ — Nvg` +g kodo tgkgb`~+*&

tgbgv dg ~w dg~gkeo~g q`v+±

g~tob`~ qvgygkcd`~ qovogee` — Tobq`n` bg qgv~wodg tgkmok `tv` vg~wetod` +g e`~

~onvcicnc`~ +g ~`k ckdc~qgk~ofeg~ qovo boktgkgv kwg~tvo

vg~qgtofcecdod+ — Osgv vgncfâ e`~ tvotod`~ qvgecbckovg~ ~geg"

fvod`~ n`k ge M`f+±± dg Gktvg Vc`~ q`v ktv` gbfcod` ge >

dge N`vv+-[ — O g~tg vg~qgnt` ~g boktcgkg eo bgj`v ovb`kco

s obc~tod% ewgm` +± bg dg~gbfovo~g dg oemwko~ otgk"

nc`kg~ dg wvmgktg qvgigvgknco qcgk~` qo~ov o g~g dg~tck`—Gkt`kng~ jw~m` ~g dc~cqovok e`~ kwfeod`~ +± k`~ v`dgok

â" 6 s ~g dgxovok ygv eo~ n`~o~ dg ~w ygvdodgv` g~tod` 2Yceeo dg ôk V`wg Bos` ?+± \?1R dg ?8>1+


dg M`fcgvk` gk Nobqoÿo+ — Egmoj` 6 < Ecfv` ^ã+ — N`qcod`v bokw~nvct`< qoqge

dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x >? ngkt+: egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo

dg 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov#+

Y+± F+& " Ml`~~`+


dge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+ ¼

K+± =9+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Qv`qcgtovc` dg N`vvcgktg~% gk nobqoÿo%

gkyâo oe M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` eo n`kygkncþk qvgecbckov ngeg"

fvodo n`k Gktvg Vâ`~ qovo wg eo H+ ^+ owt`vcng ~w votcicnoncþkR+

( ?1 dg Bos` dg ?8>1

â+ ? On`bqoÿ` o Y+ n`qco Tg~tcb`kcodo dg eo N`kygkncþk

Qvgecbckov ngegfvodo q+-- ge gbfcod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg g~to

Qv`ycknco N`v`kge B`v D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% n`k ge Gxb` ^`v+

M`f`v dg Gktvg Vc`~< q+[ +« q`kcãkdèo gk bok`~ dg eo

H+ ^+% s hoeeïkdèo n`ki`vbg% ~g ~cvyo owt`vczov oe M`fk`

qovo ~w votcicnoncþk — Gk g~tg no~`% bïkdgbg Y+ ge ngee`

mvokdg qovo Eonvg% o `fjgt` dg q`dgv ygvcicnove` n`k eo

owt`vczoncþk wg n`vvg~q`kdg+

Yceeo dg ôk V`wg Bos` ?1 dg 8>1+

Qgdv` C#+ Nofvoe

Oe ^`v+ M`f`v Dgegm+*-± D+ Jwok Igecqg Mvoboj`


@icncoe+— Egmoj` >`+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` : qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`



— ?63 "

dg eo h`jo d`feodo ot x c~ ¼¼ 50¬¼¼-…… e¬tvo nwv~cyo% ckvgveâkgo~ dg~ s 3 bce"< n`k"

~gvyoncþk vgmweov#+

Y+& F+¼ " Mv`~~`+



K+± ==+ — \Ge (o`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~

gegyo% oe H+ N+ Q+% eo n`kygkncþk qvgecbckov icvbodo n`k Gktvg

Vâ`~ o e`~ gignt`~ dg ~w oqv`foncþk R+

( ?6 dg Bos` dg ?8>1

N`vvcgktg~% Bos` ?6 dg ?8>1+ [" ?«

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~cdgvoncþk dc~tckmwcdo+ 2 J`~ã Jwecïk Bovtâkgz 2 Dv+ Jwok



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Mgkgvoe

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oqovg~no okcbokd` eo~ bcvo~% s ~gktcbcgkt`~ qonâicn`~ dge

M`f+k`+

Qgv` hofegb`~ gk n`kicokzo: _woJg~wcgvo +« hwfcg~gk~cd` e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ dge M`f+0*- dg N`vd+* s bc`~ n`k ge

^`v+ V`~o~ okcbod`~ dg tokto jw~tcnco% k` hofco wk b`"



" ?>9 "

icf` dg vgngeov dg bc obc~tod% kc dg eo dge M`f+-c` dg N`vd+o

n`k ge dg ôkto Igg% Gktvg Vc`~% s N`vvcgktg~+ ^c owk q+&&

qovtg dge M`f+&± dg N`vd+-* ~g hwfcg~g mwovdod` wk ~cegknc`n`k ge ^`v% V`~o~% toe ygz ~g q`dvco vgngeov ofvcmo~g `tv`~

n`k e`~ dgbï~ M`f+±±[< qgv` kodo dg g~t` ho ~wngdcd`:

oktg~ eo~ wgjo~ dg g~tg M`f+&** k` ~è` ~g hok gegyod` ìc"

ncoebgktg% ~ck` +[ ~g hok qwfecnod` mwovdokd` ~cgbqvg ge

dgn`v` s dcmkcdod +*[ ~g dgfg gktvg eo~ owt`vcdodg~ s qvc"

bgv`~ Mgig~+

S` k` q`dvg qgv~wodcvbg +*[ Y+ s ge ^+[&& Igvvã hosok

dwdod` dg bc ~ckngvcdod% s dc~q`~cncþk o eo qoz% s obc~tod

n`k t`d`~ e`~ M`f+&±[% bo~ ~c oemúk vg~ge` hok q`dcd` now"

~ov eo~ `nwvvgknco~ bcectovg~ gk g~to Qv`y+* nvg` tgkgv dgvg"

?+ ? yto+ nh` o ~gv% nvgcd` nwokd` qo~odo~ eo~ ncvnbc~toknco~ +«

q`dvcok cbqgdcve`~% ~`s ge bc~b`% s nvg` +« hg bgvgncd`

eo qgv~wonc`k dge ^`v @v`+

S` hg ngegfvod` eo ygkcdo dg g~tg ^`v+ q+*& +*- so bg g~

n`k`ncdo ~w h`kvvodg~% s qotvc`tc~b`% s k` qwgd` dwdov

dg +n bgvgncãkdèg ~w n`kicokzo ~g qgv~wodo q`v ~w n`k"

dwnt` dg bc fwgko obc~tod+

Nvgsgkd` ï Y+Y+ vgwkcd`~ gk ^+-[ Kcnèï~ ~g tcvþ eo n`bwkc"

noncþk ìcncoe o e`~ Nwotv` M`fcgvk`~ dge b`d` +[ yo q+- k`

dceotov bo~ ~w vgbc~cþk% s ~g dcvcmg o g~o q`v qwkt` bo~

ngktvoe% o e`~ Nwotv` M`f+&±« q+* +*[ cbqwg~t` dg geeo ~g ~cvyo

tvok~bctcv~geo~+

N`k g~tã b`tcy` vgctgvokd` o Y+ bc obc~tod% s oqvgnc`%

nvg` +« ~gvïk bo~ ivgnwgktg~ eo~ `no~c`kg~ dg onvgdctïv~geo

n`k eo ~ckngvcdod dg obcm` s ^gvy+&&& _+ ^+ B+ F+ 2 J`~g Bo"

vâo Qoz+

G~to n`ki`vbg —Eovvgnhgo+


@icncoe+— Egmoj` >7+ — N`qco ycokw~nvcto: qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg

eo h`jo d`feodo >` ngkt+% ~ ycce+ x ~c ngkt+ 4 bce+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 7

s 9 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

U+± F+± — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~¼



" ?>= —

K+& 81+ — ( K`to dge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% gk nobqoÿo% oe dg

Gktvg Vâ`~% gk wg odjwkto votcicnodo eo n`kygkncþk dg > dg

bos` dg ?8>1 J+

( ?= dg Bos` dg ?8>1#

Yceeo dg ôk V`wg Bos` ?= dg ?8>12G? M`f+`[ %g ~wf~" i+ 9 yto+

nvcyg% tcgkg eo ~otc~ionncþk dg on`bqoÿov oe Gxb` ^`v+

M`f`v+ dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg Gktvg Vc`~% ge tvotod` qvgecbckov

on`vdod` s ngegfvod` gktvg e`~ vg~qgntcy`~ Dcqwtod`~ dg

obfo~ Qv`y+o[% ge > dge qvg~gktg bg~% gk g~o Noqctoe< s

ofcgkd` bgvgncd` eo oqv`foncþk dge +« ~wf~nvcyg e` dg"

fwgeyg votcicnod` o e`~ gignt`~ n`k~cmwcgktg~ 2 Oqv`ygnho%

ge +[ ~wf~nvcyg g~to `q`vtwkcdod q+¼ vgctgvov oe Gxb` ^`v+

M`f`v dg Gktvg Vc`~ eo gxqvg~cþk dg ~w ~ckngv` oignt` soqvgnc`+

Oe Gxb`+ ^`v+ M`f`v+ s Noq+& Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg Gk"

tvg Vc`~+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+— ^gnncþk: Ecfv`~ n`qcod`vg~ dg

M`fcgvk` gk nobqoÿo+— Egmoj` ~+ Ecfv` 64+ — N`qcod`v bokw~nvct` : qoqge dg

hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >` x ~c ngkt+: egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo dg

3 bce< n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov#+

Y+± F+± — MG@^^@+


K+± 8?+ — \Novto dge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe M`fgvkod`v dg

Gktvg Vâ`~% gk wg eg odjwkto eo n`kygkncþk dg > dg bos`%

votcicnodo< ~g vgicgvg o eo~ `nwvvgknco~ dg eo Fokdo @vcgktoe

s eg qcdg ~gÿoeg wk qwkt` dg eo iv`ktgvo qovo wko gktvgyc~to R+

( ?= dg Bos` dg ?8>1

^`v+ D+ Egþk ^èo22Yceeo dg ôk V`wg Bos` ?= dg ?8>1 i 9 yto+

2 G~tcbod` n`bqoÿgv` s obcm`: Tgkm` ge qeongv dg n`ktg~tov

o Yd+ ~w~ d`~ oqvgncofeg~ dge > s =% s vg~qgnt` o eo qvcbg"

vo kodo tgkm` +[ dgncveg ~`fvg ge qvgecbckov on`vdod` c+ =

qwg~ e` on`bqoÿ` n`k eo n`bqgtgktg Votcicnoncþk — Oktc"



" ?>8 —

ncqodob+-g bg hoeeofo cbqwg~t` dg eo~ `nwvvgknco~ dg eo

Yokdo @vcgktoe q cbqvg~`~ ygkcd`~ dg owge g~tod`% s tgb`

bwnh` eo~ wetgvc`vcdodg~ dg g~g nobfcob+t` — Bg g~nvcygkdg eo iv`ktgvo% wg ge N`v`kge Cmegnco~ hoyco ygkcd` o Fgeeo

Yc~to qj `vdgk dge Mvoe Vcygvo% o q`kgv~g o eo Nofgzo dg

"e`~ Ckdc`~% s dcvcmcv~g oe cktgvc`v: wg oqgko~ hoyco yo~tod`

t`do eo ckiewgknco dg Novvcgm`~ q+* dgtgvbckove` o eo bovnho%

bo~ +n gvo tokt` ge dg~n`ktgkt`% +¬ hoyco `vcmckod` g~tg

b`ycb+t` +g gvo bws dg tgbgv wko vgonncþk+ Kodo q`~tg"

vc`vb+-` hg ywget` o odwcvcv o g~tg vg~qgnt`% s tokt` qj

gee`% nwokt` q vgyc~tov eo~ iwgvoz~ onokt`kodo~ gk Nwvw"zú+o% g~t`s qvþxcb` o bovnhov o owge Dg~tck` — S`& jwz"

moveo g~to eo bgj`v `q`vtwkcdod q+¼ eo gktvg yc~to +& Y+ bg

ckdcno s +[ qj bc qovtg dg~g` bwnh` ~g ygvcicwg —… Vg~to

~è` +[ Yd+ bg ckdcwg ~w qv`xcbcdod o eo iv`ktgvo% s ge

Qwkt` gk wg dgfob`~ vgwkcb`~% qgvbctcãkd`bg Y+ eo

ivokwgzo dg +[ eg cknckwg% bc dg~g` dg +& g~t` iwgvo gk

Nwvwzú+[% qovo q`dgv vgncfcve` n`b` n`vvg~q`kdg — ^ck

gbfovm` +[ hoycgkd` q+[ gee` oemúk ckn`kygkcgktg% qwgdg Y+

gegmcv `tv` Qwkt` d`kdg n`knwvvcvã n`k ~w oyc~` — Dg~dg

osgv tgkm` gk g~to oe ^`v+ Igvvã% bo~ oemwko~ ~gvgb`kco~ dg

i+Tyto+ gtcwgto k` bg hok qgvbctcd` ho~to oh`vo hofeov n`k ãe

dgtgkcdob+tg 2 jjg dh` o Y+ wg dgktv` dg q`n`~ dco~ dgf`

bovnhov o Nwvwzú+-[ s oeec g~qgvovo ~w~ `vdgkg~ ~w oiib`

n`bqoÿgv` s obcm` —

( Ovnhc`` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ —^gnncþk: Ecfv`~ n`qcod`vg~

dg M`fcgvk` gk nobqoÿo+ — Egmoj` 6 < Ecfv` ^c+ — N`qcod`v bokw~nvct` < qoqge

dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x ~c ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~

dg 8 s 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov #+

Y+± F+& — Mv`~~`+





— ?>3 —

K+& 86+ — ( Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Gktvg Vâ`~% onw~o vgncf`% oe dg N`"

vvcgktg~% dg eo n`kygkncþk qvgecbckov dg > dg bos`% votcicnodoR+

(66 dg Bos` dg ?8>1#

ôk J`~ã dg Igec`¼ Bos` 66 dg ?8>1+ i+ ?

_wgdo gk bok`~ dge M`y+*&[ +[ icvbo ge tvotod` qvgecbckov

on`vdod` gktvg eo~ d`~ Qv`y+*[ dg Gktvg Vc`~ s N`vvcgktg~

+¬ ^+ G+ ge ^v+ M`y+&-[ o wcgk% ~g dcvcmg eg odjwkto o ~w k`to

doto ?= dge qvg~+-« e` +* q`kg gk ~w n`k`ncb+-¼ q+¼ ~w cktg"

ecmgknco+

N`k g~tg b`tcy` ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~oewdo o ^+ G+ ge ^v+ M`y+`-

dg eo Qv`y+o dg N`vv+tg~ n`k eo oeto n`k~cdgvoncþk n`k +[ e`

dc~tckmwg+

Egþk ^èo

Vobþk Qgvgsvo

Gxb` ^`v+ M`y+`v s Noq+& M+- dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg N`vv+-[~


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >7+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` +" qoqge dq hce` n`k icWmtoko+ i`vbot`dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 ngkt++ 8 bce+ x 6? -%% ngkt: egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 9 s8 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y+& F+& — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+ …

K+* 8>+ — â D+ Qgdv` Eovvgnhgo% dg~dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig%

vgbctg oe M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~ eo n`bwkc"

noncþk wg dge M`fcgvk` Qv`yc~`vc` dg Bgkd`zo eg gkyâo ge

M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg Nþvd`fo R+

( 6= dg Bos` dg ?8>1

ôkto Ig s Bos` 6= dg ?8>1+i+ c

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` ho vgncfcd` eo k`t[% +[ n`k iho 69 dgOfvce wetcb` Jg dcvcmg ge Gxb` M`fcgvk` Dgegmod` dg eo

Qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% o wg eg on`bqoÿo eo n`bwkcnoncþk



" ?41 —

dge M`fcgvk` qv`yc~`vc` dg eo dg Bgkd`zo% v`tweodo q+"[ ^+ G+

ge ^v+ M`fgvkod`v s Noqctïk Mvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgk"

tg~% vgn`bgkdïkdèg ~w dcvgnncþk+

Ge wg ~wf~nvcyg nwbqecgkd` n`k owge gknovm`% eo vgbctg

oe Gxb` ^`v+ M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o wcgk n`k g~to

`nonc`k e` ~oewdo n`k eo bo~ otgkto% s dc~tckmwcdo n`k~cdg"

voncþk+

Qgdv` dg Eovvgnhgk

Gxb` ^`v+ M`f+[&& s Noq+& Mvoe+


(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg e` Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk: N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >`+— @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`: qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo >` x >? ngkt+: egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg s 8 bce+< n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

x+± F+& — Mv`~~`+



K+± 84+ — \ K`to dge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe mgkgvoe D+ J`~ã

Bovâo Qoz% gk wg eg gxqvg~o n`b` dg~qwã~ dg eo n`kdwnto

`f~gvyodo gk eo~ qv`ycknco~ dg Bgkd`zo% ôk Jwok s Eo Vc`jo%

eo~ qv`ycknco~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig% Gktvg Vâ`~ s N`vvcgk"

tg~ dgfgk tgbgv wko ckyo~cþk wg homo qgecmvov ~w g~tofcecdodR+

(6= dg Bos` dg ?^>1#

N`qco

i+ C ^`v+ D+& J`~ã Bovco Qoz+

ôkto Iã s Bos`+ 6= dg ?^>1+

Mgkgvoe

:

Hg egcd` ~w oqvgncofeg dg ?7 dge n`vvcgktg gk eo +-[ bg

onw~o ge vgncf` o eo ccg eg dcvcmc q`v n`kdwnt` dge ^`v dg

@v` dg~dg ^+& Kcnèï~ gk n`k~`vnc` dg e`~ ^+^+ Mvoeg~+ V`~o~

s Igvvã+

Geeo odgbo~ tcgkg ge bãvct` qovtcnweov q+o bc dg qvg~gktov"

bg eo `nonc`k dg hofeoveg o Y+ n`k eo ivokwgzo qv`qco dg

bc novïntgv+ Dg~qwã~ dg o~gmwvov Y" w9 ~w~ dcmk`~ n`vvg~"

q`k~oeg~ k` ~g hoeeok gk cmwoe no~` qovo n`k Y+ q`v nwokt`

tcgkg oemwk`~ b`tcf`~ dg wgjo dge M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~



" ?4? —

Osvg~% dcng hofeokd` gk n`kicokzo : _woeg~wcgvo +* hwfcg"

~gk ~cd` e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ dge -M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo s bc`~

n`k ge ^`v+ V`~o~ okcbod`~ dg tokto jw~tcnco k` hofâo wkb`tcf` dg vgngeov dg bc obc~tod% kc dg eo dge M`fcgvk` dg

N`vd+ & n`k ge dg ^to Ig% Gktvg Vâ`~ s N`vvcgktg~+ S` nvg`

q`v ge n`ktvovc`% +« q`v mvoyg~ g ckn`ktg~tofeg~ +*- iwg~gk

e`~ novm`~ +g Y+ twfcg~g dgvgnh` o hongv oe M`fcgvk` dg

Fwgk`~ Osvg~% s wg o qg~ov dg gee`~ hwfcg~g mwovdod` n`k

ge eo bc~bo n`kdwnto wg h`s `f~gvyo% ~cgbqvg dgfgvcok

dwdov dg ~w obc~tod e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg ôkto Iã% Gktvg Vc`~

s N`vvcgktg~+ Y+ k` cmk`vo +[ ge M`fcgvk` qv`yc~`vc` dg Bgk"

d`zo o~gmwvo ìcncoebgktg +** nodwnþ eo odbckc~tvoncþk dge

^gÿ`v N`vfoeok q`v ge y`t` qwfecn` s ge oq`s` dg eo Yok"

mwovdco dg ~w Gxgvnct` : wg `tvo qovtg dg ~w~ iwgvzo~ hcncg"

v`k ofokd`kov oe ^`v+ Gnhgmovos ge M`fcgvk` dg ^+± Jwok<+g cb ~wfoetgvk` ~ws` `nwqþ eo Qwkto honcgkd` qvc~c`kgv`

o ~w M`fgvkod`v ge ^`v+ Mwcÿozú% s úetcbobgktg +g ~g

~gÿ`vgo gk eo Vc`jo ge N`v`kge Eobodvcd+ Dg~qwã~ +*[ ho

ckiewcd` o~c dcvgntobgktg gk ge nobfc` dg g~`~ M`fcgvk`~

°_wg ~gmwvcdod tgkgb`~ dg +« o eo ygz k` ~gob`~ tobfcãkotonod`~ ~c Y+ ~g n`k~cdgvo n`k q`dgv q+* gee`0 K` fo~to q+¼

dc~cqov kwg~tvo~ ~`~qgnho~ dgncv +*[ k` k`~ hoeeob`~ gk ge

bc~b` no~` wg owgee`~ M`fcgvk`~ dgqwg~t`~ < ~go gk h`vo

fwgko +g gee`~ dcg~gk t`do neo~g dg owxcec`~ oe Mvoe+ _wc"

v`mo q+* ckyodcve` o Y+ Qgv` dg~qwã~ +[ gee`~ eg qcdgk eo

qoz% eg dcvcmgk Dcqwtod`~ s eg ìvgngk eo~ movoktco~ wg

wcgvo gk qvgkdo dg ~w fwgko igg% °k` tgkco% Y+ `tvo~ ckdgb"

kc~onc`kg~ +& qgdcveg~ bo~ h`kv`~o~ s bgk`~ oeovboktg~ 0

K` Mvoe% dg~qwã~% +* Y+ ho dg~qegmod` o~c ~w g~qcvctw

dg N`kwc~to% kodcg ~ck `tvo~ ~gmwvcdodg~ qwgdg n`k~cdg"

vov~g ecfvg dg ~gv ckyodcd`+ O~c e` nvg` s` icvbgbgktg%

s dge bc~b` b`d` qcgk~ok e`~ M`f+±--[ ect`voeg~+ i+ c yto+

Dcng Y+ +g k` q`dvï qgv~wodcv~g +- s`< s ge âî+*&& Igvvã

hosob`~ dwdod` dg ~w ~ckngvcdod s dc~q`~cncþk o eo qoz sobc~tod n`k t`d`~ e`~ M`fcgvk`~+ O~c hofvco ~w~gdcd` ~c

qo~odo~ eo~ `nwvvgknco~ bcectovg~ gk g~o Qv`y+& ~g hwfcg~g

ecbctod` o geeo ~èo% s dg kckmúk b`d` gbqgÿov~g gk +¬

~w~ ~wfoetgvk`~ `nwqgk e`~ qvcbgv`~ qwg~t`~ gk eo~ ckyo"

dcdo~+

S` bg qgv~wod` +[ Y+ k` ~g ìgkdgvï dg g~tg egkmwomg



— ?46 —

ivokn`+ G~ ge úkcn` wg qwgdg q`kgv on`vdg~ o bcgbfv`~

dg wko bc~bo iobceco% +*[ dg~gok ~ckngvobgktg vgn`k~cecov~g

~otc~ioncãkd`~g vgncqv`nobgktg ~w~ dwdo~ s vgnge`~+ Eon`bwkcnoncþk ìcncoe k` yo tok qv`kt` n`ktg~todo q`v e`~

b`tcy`~ +g o Y+ k` ~g eg `nwetok+ Gktvg tokt` bg g~ ~otc~"

iont`vc` +g hoso bgvgncd` ~w qgv~wonc`k kwg~tv` n`búkobcm` ge ^v+ @v`% ec~`kmgokd`bg oe bc~b` tcgbq` +** k`~

q`kdvgb`~ dg onwgvd` ~c tvotob`~ dg fwgko igg% s dovgb`~

o kwg~tvo qotvco eo qoz q`v wg tokt` okhgeo+

Tgkm` ge h`k`v ~gv ~w nckngv` Obcm` s `f~gnwgktg ^gvy+`&&%

_+ ^+ B+ F+

G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz+

G~tï n`ki`vbg+

Eovvgnhgo+


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >7+— N`qco bokw~nvcto< qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo >? Yo ngkt% x ~c ngkt+ 8 bce+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo 4 bce+<


s+± F+± — mh`~~`+


dge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+++

K+& 87+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgk"

tg~% ~`fvg eo~ kgm`nconc`kg~ n`k Nþvd`fo s wg g~ ckdc~qgk~o"

feg wg ~g vgúkok nwokt` oktg~ e`~ dcqwtod`~ dg eo~ nwotv`

qv`ycknco~ ecmodo~ qovo i`vbov eo n`kygkncþk dgickctcyo+

(63 dg Bos` dg ?8>1#

i+ ? ôkto Igg s Bos` 63 dg ?8>1

Ge +[ ~wf~nvcfg tcgkg eo ~otc~ionncþk dg dcvcmcv~g oe Gxb`^`v+ M`f+`&& s Noq+& Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+[ dg N`vvcgktg~ odjwk"

tïkdèg wko n`qco owt`vczodo dge N`ktgxt` dge M`fcgvk` dg

Nþvd`fo o eo K`to +[ ~g eg qo~þ dg~dg ^+± Kcnèï~ q+-- e`~

M`fcgvk`~ Ect`voeg~+ Geeo n`bqvghgkdg gk ~c qwkt`~ dg eo

bos`v cbq`vtoknco% tokt` +[ dge b`d` dg n`k~cdgvove` dg"

qgkdg ge vg~wetod` dg~cncf` dg eo kgm`~conc`k gktofeodo+



" ?4> —

Odgbo~ n`b` ge dg~gkvvèe` dg geeo dgfg gk ~w~ n`k~gnwgk"

nco~ oigntov cmwoeb+-* o e`~ M`f+&±[ ect`voeg~% nvgg ge Ckivo~"

nvcqt` ckdc~qgk~ofeg %*- qvgngdo wk onwgvd` i`vboe q+* ~w

n`ktgxt`% q +*& o~c úkcnobgktg ~g q`dvï hon¬v% ~ck wg ~g

vg~cgkto dg oemwko~ qgwgÿo~ dcigvgknco~ +*& ~cgbqvg dgfgk

qgvjwdcnov gk eo `qckcþk qúfecno o e`~ cktgvg~g~ dg eo~ Nwotv`

Qv`y+« ecmodo~+ Q`v g~to q`dgv`~o n`k~cdgvoncþk g~ so ckdc~"

qgk~ofeg% +g ~g vgúkok nwokt` oktg~ e`~ Dcqwtod`~ +*[ dgfgk

i`vbov eo nncygknc`k on`vdodo% ` +« ge Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg

N`vvcgktg~ ckdcwg `tv` ovfctvc`% wg n`k~cecokd` g~to~ fgk"

tojo~% ~gqovg e`~ ckn`b[gkcgktg~ dg n`ktgxtoveo q`v ~gqo"

vod`+

Ge ¬ icvbo ~g hong wk h`k`v gk vgqv`dwncv oe Gxb` i"?yto+

^ M`f+&&[ o wcgk ~g dcvcmg e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ dg ~w bo~gxtvgnho n`vdcoecdod+

G~tïk-- Eþqgz+

Gxb` ^+±- M`f`v+ s Noq+± Mvoe+



@icncoe+— Egmoj` ^þ+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`: qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 ngkt+ 4 bce+x 6? ngkt% ~ bce+: egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 9

s = bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko J+

Y+* F+± — Mv`~~`+



K+± 89+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Twnwbïk% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwg"

k`~ Ocvg~% qcdg ~g vgbcto foj` g~nèto oe mgkgvoe _wcv`mo qovo

~gv jwzmod` q`v wk tvcfwkoe konc`koe% gk otgkncþk o ~w~ mvokdg~

nvâbgkg~R+

(>1 dg Bos` dg ?8>1#

Twnwbok Bos` >1 dg ?8>1+

Ge M`f+k` Qv`y+` dg Twnwbok

Qcdg wg ge M`f+±` dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ vgbcto foj` g~nèto

oe Mvïe _wcv`mo ï eo Qv`y+¼ dg Nþvd`fo qovo wg ~go jwz"

mod` gk wk tvcfwkoe konc`koe q`v ~w~ mvokdg~ nvâbgkg~

\novqgtoR



" ?44 —

i+ ? Twnwb+k Bos` >1 dg ?8>1

Dg~qwã~ dg eo ewnho me`vc`~o wg gbqvgkdcgv`k eo~ qv`y+¼

ovmgktcko~ q+-&* ~onwdcv ge `bck`~` swm` gk [ hofcok mg"

bcd` qj ge qgvc`d` dg tvg~ncgkt`~ oÿ`~% s dg~qwã~ dg ~w~

ckbgk~`~ ~onvcicnc`~ q+[ ovvcfov oe tgvbck` dg ~w igecncdod

tcgkgk h`s ge ~gktcb; dg ygv ckwtceczod`~ ~w~ g~iwgvz`~ sdg t`nov ~wf~c~tgktg~ eo~ bc~bo~ now~o~ wg qj ge g~qonc`

dg 61 oÿ`~ eo~ oegjov`k dge `fmgt` n`k~toktg dg ~w~ y`t`~+

Dþnceg~ gk t`d`~ tcgbq`~ oe mvct` cbqgvc`~` dg eo vozþk

s k` o~qcvokd` ~ck` oe fcgk% geeo~ fw~nofok ok~c`~o~ ge

b`b+t` dg hongv ng~ov ~w~ dg~mvon+[ s nwokd` ~g ec~`kmgo"

fok dg oenokzove` e` hok yc~t` dg~oqovgngv q eo~ bowcko"

nc`k+~ dg oemwk`~ mgkc`~ iwkg~t`~ g gbqoqod`~ gk eo cdgo

dg ~w gkmvokdgncb+t` hok hèeod` e`~ bo~ ~omvod`~ dv`~

dg e`~ qwgfe`~ q+&& eegyov odgeoktg ckk`feg~ o~qcvoncþk+[ sg~tofegngv ~`fvg eo vwcko dg ~w~ n`kncwdodok`~ wk cbqgvc`

dg icgvv`+

E`~ úetcb`~ on`ktgncb+t`~ dg eo Vgqúfecno hok n`bqv`"

fod` g~to ygvdod s e`~ qwgfe`~ hok yc~t` gegyov~g dg eokodo wk ~gmwkd` Otceo% & d`bckod` dge igv`z g~qâvctw dg

n`k+to ~g n`bqeonâo gk eo~ dg~mvonco~ dg ~w~ n`kncwdodo"

k`~+ ^ck `tvo ckyg~tcdwvo q+[o +g eo g eg dcgv`k ~w~ nvcbc"

i+ ? yto+ koeg~ gxng~`~ ~g n`k~tctwsþ ge oz`tg dg ~w qotvco s dg~"

qvgncokd` eo~ egsg~ bo~ ~omvodo~ s e`~ vg~qgt`~ dg wko

owt`vcdod nvgodo q+&& eo ecfvg yèwktod dg e`~ qwgfe`~ cktgkt`

ofvv`mov~g ge di` dg ~wmgtov eo~ qv`y%%[ s vgmcveo~ ~gmúk ~w

of~èwt` noqvcnh`+ Otvgqgeeokd` eo~ bo~ qvgnc`~o~ movok"

tâo~ dge ncwdodok` ~g eg ho yc~t` gktvgmov~g ï t`d`~ e`~

gxng~`~ dg ~w e`n` iwv`v< ovvo~tvov oe qotâfwe` ycntcbo~

ck`ngktg~< gbqoqov~g gk ~w~ okmw~tco~% ngfov~g gk ~w~

i`vtwko~< s owt`vczov eo bo~ g~nokdoe`~o ckb`voecdod+ Eo

gdod kc ge ~gx` k` g~twfcgv`k oe ofvcm` dg ~w~ nvcbckoeg~

otgktod`~% s ~w k`bfvg ~è` gvo ge tgvv`v dg e`~ qwgfe`~

wg ~wivâok ~w d`bckoncþk+ K` ~otc~ignh` n`k gxgnwtov q+&&

~c bc~b` t`do neo~g dg nvâbgkg~[ ho eegyod` ~w ~c~tgbo

bo~ odgeoktg s n`kngdcgkd` gktvg ~w~ tv`qo~ wk o~ce` o

e`~ boeyod`~% honco dg gee`~ `tv`~ tokt`~ ck~tvwbgkt`~ dg ~w

igv`ncdod [ oe gxgbqe` dg ~w Mgig honcok g~tvgbgngv e`~

qwgfe`~ s dgmvodofok ge k`bfvg obgvcnok`+



— ?47 —Gk g~tg ecmgv` f`~wgj` n`k`ngvï ge Gxb` ^`v M`f+&& dg

Fwgk`~ Os+~ g ~è` ~g tvoto dg D+& Ionwkd` _wcv`mo wg

hofcgkd` gkvv`mgncd` n`k eo ~okmvg dg tokto~ cew~tvg~

ycntcbo~ eo~ qv`yckg+[ dg Nws`% Vc`xo% Notobovno s Twnw"

bok h`s m`zo tvokwce` gk g~g cew~tvg qwgfe` dg wk o~ce`

¬ ~è` dgfg n`kngdgv~g ï e`~ dg~mvod`~ s gk bokgvo oem+*

ï e`~ mvokdg~ nvcbckoeg~+ E`~ qwgfe`~ « hok mgbcd` q

~w~ gxng~`~% s e`~ ncwdodok`~ so qv`~nvcqt`~ qj ~w iwv`v%

so gvvoktg~ qj hwcv dg ~w igv`ncdod tcgkgk wk dgvgnh` ï

qgdcv ~w jwzmob+[-- s [ vg~q`kdo oktg wk tvcfwk+- cbqov" i+ 6

ncoe i`vbod` qj Dcqwtod`~ dg eo~ qv`y+~% dg e`~ nvâbgkg~ ¬

ho n`bgtcd`% s gk g~tg ont` cbq`kgktg ~g qvg~gktovï wk

ivgk` o e`~ mvokdg~ obfcnc`~`~ [ eg~ `fecmwg gk e` ~wng~cy`

ï vg~qgtov eo~ egsg~ s e`~ dgvgnh`~ qúfecn`~ s qvcyod`~+

Oe vgneobov ge M`f+¼ dg Twnwb+& dge GxncTc` dg Fwgk`~

Os+> eo qgv~`ko dg D+& Ionwkd` _wcv`mo k` dg~n`k`ng eo

g~qgnc`~o vozþk [ qwgdg `q`kãv~geg iwkdodo gk eo~ egsg~

cktgvkonc`koeg~ [ qv`hcfgk gktvgmov~g e`~ nvcbckoeg~ ~ck

wk qont` oktgngdgktg +[ g~tcqweg bwtw`~ dgfgvg~ gk g~tg

vg~qgt`< kc tobq`n` ge [ ~g cktgktg hongv yoegv gk ioy`vdg g~g b`k~tvw` eo~ [ ~è` iwgv`k g~tofegncdo~ q+&& eo~ Ko"

nc`kg~ nweto~ gk ioy`v dg e`~ dg~mvoncod`~+ Bo~ n`b` eo~

egsg~ dg o~ce` k` qwgdok ioy`vgngv gk e`~ mvokdg~ nvâbgkg~

toe`~ n`b` e`~ [ hok bovnod` eo ycdo qwfecno dg _wcv`mo%

s owgeeo~ k` qwgdok tgkgv gignt` nwokd` eo vgneoboncþk

tcgkg qj úkcn` `fm+-` eo ~gmwvcdod qwfecno s eo jw~to vgcyck"

dcnoncþk dg e`~ di`~ bo~ ~omvod`~ dg e`~ qwgfe`~% g~ dg

g~qgvov~g n`k iwkdob+-¼ *- ge Gxwc` M`f+` dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~

honcgkd` eo dc~tckncþk kgng~ovco gk ge" qvg~gktg no~`% dc"

icgvo ï g~to ckdcnoncþk% s qgkgtvod` dg eo jw~t+* n`k ¬ ~g

vgneobo eo qgv~`ko dg wk mvok nvcbckoe% s ge cktgvg~oktg

`fm+t` g ~g tcgkg gk bcvo oe hongveo% e` dg~qonhg foj` ~gmwvo

g~nèto ï dc~q`~cncþk dge Gxcÿ` M`f+& dg Nþvd`fo gk nwso *… 6 yto+

Noqctoe q+&& ge y`t` dge dg g~to qv`y+¼ dgfg g~tofegngv~g ge

Tvcfwkoe Konc`koe *[ qv`kwkncg ~w ioee` n`ktvo ge gkgbcm`

dg eo tvokwcecdod dg e`~ qwgfe`~ ovmgktck`~ s ge dg~tvwnt`v

dg ~w qotvco+

Oe hongv tok jw~to vgneobon+& ~g qv`bgtg ge ckivo~nvcqt`

¬ ^+ G+ k` eo n`k~cdgvovï n`b` ge vg~wetod` dg bcvo~ bgz"

wcko~ s dg ~gktcbcgkt`~ ckk`feg~+ Gk bokgvo oemwko

QwFE+ ^gn+ Hc~t+ — T+ XYC ?1





" ?4= —

K+¼ ?+¼

ôktcom` dge G~tgv` s Jwkc` ?+& dg C^¼ \novqgto 6+¼R

Ge M`f+¼&& Qv`y+`

Gbfco eo N`kygkncþk ngegfvodo s votcicnodo ge 69 dg

Bos` q`v e`~ Gxb`~ Mgk+[~ D+± Xoycgv Eþqgz s D+& Igecqg

Cfovvo q eo nwoe ho ~cd` gegmcd` D+& Bok+- Oen`vto q+"¼

dg~gbqgÿov Qv`y+*¬ ge M`f+&¼ dg eo Qv`y+*

Ovnhâyg~g

ôktcom` dge G~tgv` s Jwkc` ?+¼ dg ?8>1+ i+ ?

Ge M`fgvkod`v qv`yc~+¼ wg ~wf~nvcfg o dcvcmcv~g qj qvc"

bgvo ygz oe Gxb`" ^`v M`fgvk+¼&& dg Fwgk`~ ocvg~ tcgkg ge

h`k+i dg gkycov o ~w~ bok`~ eo n`kygkncþk ngegfvodo s votc"

icnodo gk ygcktg s ~gc~ dg Bos` wetcb` q`v e`~ Gxÿc`~+

Mvïeg~+ ge ^+&& D+& Xoycgv Eþqgz% s ge ^gÿ`v D+± Igecqg Cfovvo+

Dg geeo ho vg~wet+± eo gegnncþk dge ckivo~nvct` qovo dg~gbqg"

ÿov qv`yc~`vcobgktg ge m`fcgvk`dg

g~to Qv`y+*G~tg n`k"

ngqtúo ~gv wko dg ~w~ qvcbgvo~ otvcfwnc`kg~ ckyctov oe

Gxb`+ o wcgk ~g dcvcmg o ick dg ecmov~g cktcbobgktg n`k

vgeonc`kg~ dg obc~tod s qotvc`tc~b`% qovo wg t`do~ eo~

qv`ycknco~ o~`ncodo~ gbqgÿgb`~ wk o~cdw` tvofoj` n`k

ge k`feg `fjgt` dg i`vbov wko ~èo now~o% s `vmokczov eo

koncþk q`kcgkd` tgvbck` o e`~ boeg~ wg dg~mvoncodobgktg

ho ~wivcd` ge qoc~ gk ge qgvc`d` dg tokt`~ oÿ`~+

G~ oetobgktg ~otc~iont`vc` oe M`fgvk+`v wg ~wf~nvcfg tgkgv

g~tg b`tcy` qovo ìvgngv oe Gxb`+ ^`v+ M`f+&& ï +± dcvcmg

eo~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ dg ~w obc~tod s vg~qgt` —

Bokwge Oen`vto

Gxb`+ ^`v+ M`f+&-& s Noq+±

Mvïe+ dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg F+~ Osv[

Gk ge dco ygcktg s ~gc~ dg Bos` dg bce `nh`ncgkt`~ i+ c

tvgcktohofcãkd`~g n`kygkcd` o tgkgv wko gktvgyc~to e`~

Gxb`~ ^vg~ M`fgvkod`vg~% dg ôktcom` N`v`kge D`k Igecqg

Cfovvo% s ge dg Twncbcok N`v`kge bos`v% Mgkgvoe gk xgig

dge gxgvnct` n`bfckod` d`k Xoycgv Eþqgz% o ick dg gyctov



— ?48 —

e`~ g~tvom`~ dg eo mwgvvo% s M`k~wetov eo qoz wkcþk s tvok"

wcecdod dg obfo~ Qv`ycknco~% n`b` tok cktgvg~oktg ï eo

now~o mgkgvoe dg eo koncþk ho k`bfvod` ~w~ Dcqwtod`~% ge

qvcbgv` ï d`k Odg`dot` dg M`kdvo% s ge ~gmwkd` oe D`nt`v

D`k No~cok` V`bgv`% wcgkg~ dg~qwã~ dg nokmgod`~ ~w~

q`dgvg~% s vgn`k`ncd`~ q`v gxtgkdcd`~ gk dgfcdo i`vbo

hok on`vdod` s g~tcqweod` e`~ ovtânwe`~ ~cmwcgktg~ 2 Ge Gx"

ngegktc~cb` ^gÿ`v M`fgvkod`v d`k Igecqg Cfovvo dgxovï ge

m`fcgvk` dg eo Qv`ycknco dg ôktcom` s gk ~w ewmov ~g k`b"

fvovï wk M`fgvkod`v qv`yc~`vc` wg ~gvï d`k Bokwge Oe"

n`vto 2 ^gvï dg eo `fecmoncþk dge ^gÿ`v M`fgvkod`v qv`yc~`"

vc` vgwkcv eo Qv`ycknco q`v bgdc` dg kwgy`~ Dcqwtod`~% qovo

eo gegnncþk dge M`fgvkod`v wg gk qv`qcgdod dgfo vgmcveo 2Cmwoebgktg ~gvï dg eo `fecmoncþk dge ^gÿ`v M`fgvkod qv`yc"

~`vc` eegkov ge novm` dg wk qvg~wqwg~t` wg qvg~gktovï ge

gxngegktâ~cb` ^gÿ`v Mgkgvoe d`k Xoycgv Eþqgz qovo wko

mvotcicnoncþk wg ~g dgfgvï dov o eo~ tv`qo~ owxcecovg~ dg

~w bokd` 2 Ewgm` wg ~g hoso mvotcicnod` o eo~ tv`qo~

gk e`~ tãvbck`~ wg ckdcno ge ovtcnwe` oktgvc`v% ~g vgtcvovok

g~to~ ï `nwqov eo iv`ktgvo dg ~w Qv`ycknco% d`kdg qgvbokg"ngvï ho~to ge nwbqecbcgkt` dg e`~ ovtânwe`~ oktgngdgktg~ 2O eo~ ygcktg s nwotv` h`vo~ dg eegmod` s okwkncod` ge oyc~`

wg eo~ tv`qo~ owxcecovg~ hok dg~`nwqod` ge tgvvct`vc` dg

eo Qv`ycknco dg ôktcom`% ge Gxngegktâ~cb` ^gÿ`v M`fgvkod`v

d`k Igecqg Cfovvo dc~qgv~ovï ~w iwgvzo s gktvgmovï eo~ ovbo~

oe ^gÿ`v M`fgvkod`v Qv`yc~`vc` 2 _wgdok movoktcdo~ eo

qgv~`ko s qv`qcgdodg~ dge gxngegktâ~cb` ^gÿ`v M`fgvkod`v

d`k Igecqg Cfovvo n`k eo fwgko iã dge gxngegktâ~cb` M`fcgv"

k` dg Twnwbok% dge gxngegktâ~cb`% (dg ôeto# s g~tg o~`ncod`

n`k ge ~gÿ`v n`bokdoktg Mgkgvoe dg Nobqoÿo d`k J`~ã

Ivoknc~n` M`vvctc 2 Eo~ bc~bo~ movoktâo~ ~g dok ï eo~

qgv~`ko~ s fcgkg~ dge ^gÿ`v n`bokdoktg mgkgvoe dg nob"

i+ ? yto+ qoÿo d`k Ivoknc~n` Cfovvo dg t`d`~ e`~ gbqegod`~ s ^w"

foetgvk`~ gk eo odbckc~tvoncþk wg onofo% s gk t`d`~ e`~

obcm`~ dge Gxngegktâ~cb` ^gÿ`v M`fgvkod`v d`k Igecqg

Cfovvo 2 Dg cmwoe b`d` eo~ ckdcnodo~ movoktâo~ ~`~tgkdvïk

eo ckycèofcecdod dg e`~ nwvot`~ wg egmâtcbobgktg g~tãk q`"

~gâd`~ 2 Ge Gxngegktâ~cb` ^gÿ`v M`fgvkod`v d`k Igecqg Cfo"

vvo q`v ~w qovtg oicokzo ge nwbqecbcgkt` dg g~t`~ tvotod`~

n`k eo qgv~`ko s fcgkg~ dg ~w hgvbok` ge ^gÿ`v N`bok"



— ?43 —doktg mgkgvoe dg nobqoÿo d`k (\Ivok+¬;R# (Igecqg# Cfovvo 2

Ho~to eo vgoeczoncþk dg g~t`~ tvotod`~ eo~ iwgvzo~ dge

Gxngegktc~cb` ^gÿ`v Mgkgvoe d`k Xoycgv Eþqgz k` q`dvoke`+

qo~ov ï eo fokdo `vcgktoe dge vc` q`v kckmúk qvgtgxt`% kc

eo~ dge Gxngegktc~cb` ^gÿ`v M`fgvkod`v d`k Igecqg Cfovvo

ï eo fokdo `nncdgktoe+ 2 G~t`~ tvotod`~ ~gvïk votcicnod`~ w+

q`v ge gxngegktc~cb` ^gÿ`v Mgkgvoe D`k Xoycgv Eþqgz gk ge

tgvbck` dg bâo h`vo% s q`v ge gxngegktc~cb` ^gÿ`v M`fgvko"

d`v D`k Igecqg Cfovvo gk ge tgvbck` dg d`~ h`vo~+ 2 On`v"

dod`~ s icvbod`~ gk eo noqctoe dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv` ï

ygcktg s ~gc~ dco~ dge bg~ dg Bos` dg bce `nh`ncgkt`~

tvgckto 2 D`nt`v No~cok` V`bgv` 2 Odg`dot` dg M`kdvo 2Ovtcnwe` odcnc`koe+ Eo n`ktvcfwncþk wg ge ^gÿ`v M`fgvkod`v ?6+

qv`yc~`vc` cbq`kmo oe ygnckdovc` qovo nwfvcv ge qvg~wqwg~t`

dge Gxngegktc~cb` ^gÿ`v Mgkgvoe Eþqgz ~gvï oicokzodo qovo

~w vggbfè~` n`k e`~ i`kd`~ dg eo noxo dge g~tod` 2 D`nt`v

No~cok` V`bgv` 2 Odg`dot` dg M`kdvo 2 _wgdok votcicno"

d`~ 2 Xoycgv Eþqgz 2 _wgdok votcicnod`~ 2 Igecqg Cfovvo Votci+¼

2 G~tï n`ki`vbg 2 Odg`dot` dg M`kdvo 2 Qwfecnþ~g q`v fok" Fokd`

d` gk eo~ g~wcko~ dg g~tce` h`c ygcktg s `nh` dg Bos` dg

bce `nh`ncgkt`~ tvgckto o ~`k dg nojo dg mwgvvo s n`k g~"

nèto d`c ig 2 Oktg bc J`~ã Bovâo dg Mwkdcok+ G~nvcfok` dg

kwbgv` honcgkdo s mwgvvo

G~ n`qco gxonto

Mwkdcok^^k`

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk` dg ôktcom`

dge G~tgv`+ — c~k"c~"s`+ — Novqgto ?+*: bokw~nvcto< qoqgen`k

icecmvoko%i`vbot`>â Y6 X [ ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ ?1 s ?6 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko:

g~tï qgmodo n`k eo ~cmwcgktg oe d`nwbgkt` `vcmckoe q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v cz"

wcgvdo+ — Novqgto 6* : bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >1 x 61 ->

ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ 7 o = bde+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+ —D`nnxgyt` :

`vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo 63 - j x 6?

ngkt+: egtvo vgd`kdo% cktgveckgo~ 8 o ?1 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+ —N`qco: bo"kw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >? x ~c Y¼ ngkt+< egtvo vgd`kdo% cktgveckgo~

8 s 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko: e` ckdcnod` gktvg qovãktg~c~ (\ R# ~g hoeeo tg~"

tod` gk ge `vcmckoe s gktvg qovãktg~c~ s fo~tovdceeo e` gktvg eâkgo~r+

Y+` F+` — N@BO^+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+ "



" ?71 —

i+ ?

Ncvnweov

Bckc~t+` dg V+~

Gxtgvc`vg~+

i+ ? yto+

Gxnb` ^+`v

M`f+`v dg eoQv`y+o dg N`"vvcgktg~+

K+± 88+ — \Ncvnweov dge M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% oe M`fgvkod`v

dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% gk wg eg qovtcncqo ge k`bfvo"bcgkt` dg D+ J`~ã Bovâo V`jo~ gk noecdod dg dcqwtod` qovo

wg i`vboecng ge tvotod` dg oecokzo ìgk~cyo s dgigk~cyo n`ki`vbgo eo n`kygkncþk qvgecbckov ngegfvodo n`k g~o qv`yckncoR+

(6 dg Jwkc` dg ?8+>1#

Fogk`~ +O+cvg~ Jwkc` 6 dg ?8>1¼

Ge cki+` Bckc~tv` ^gn+± dg M`f+&± s V~+ G~t+[ tcgkg ge h`k`v

dg dcvcjcv~g oe Gxb` ^`v+ M`f+*&[ dg eo Qv`y+* dg N`vvcgktg~

q+-[ q`kgv gk ~w n`k`ncbcgkt`% wg dg~gokd` ge M`fk`+

Dgegmod` dg g~to Qv`y+o dov nwokt` oktg~ q+&& ~w qovtg gob"

qecbcgkt` o eo N`kygkncþk qvgecbckov ngegfvodo gk g~toNcwdod n`k eo Qv`y+o dg N`vvcgktg~ ge 6> dg Bovz` dge qvg"

~gktg oÿ`% ho tgkcd` o fcgk k`b-fvov oe ^+&&& C#+[ J`~ã B+¼

V`jo~ q+o wg gk neo~g dg ~w Dcqwtod` s gk wkcþk dge wg

g~o s eo~ `tvo~ d`~ Qv`y+[ dg ôktoiã s Gktvg Vc`~ k`b"

fvo~gk i`vboeczg ge tvotod` dg oecokzo ìgk~cyo s dgigk"

~cyo dg wg hofeo eo vgigvcdo N`kygkncþk+

E`~ toegkt`~ s dgbï~ noecdodg~ vgn`bgkdofeg~ wg dc~"

tckmwgk eo qgv~`ko dge ^v+ D+& J`~ã B+o V`jo~ o~gmwvok oe

cki+` wg eegkovï vï e`~ `fjgt`~ dg~god`~ s wg n`vvg~q`k"

dgvï ~otc~iont`vcobgktg o eo n`kicokzo wg ~g eg onwgvdo<

q`v e` bc~b` g~qgvo% wg ge Dcqwtod` k`bfvod` q`v ge

^+±[ M`f+±-- o wcgk ~g dcvcjg ge cki+` dovï gktgvo ig s nvãdct`

o nwokt` bokcicg~tg o k`bfvg dg g~to Qv`y+o s g~qgncoebgktg

nwokd` o~gmwvg wg kodo q`dvï oetgvov e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ dg

g~tcboncþk s obc~tod gktvg obf`~ M`fk`~+

_wcgvo ge Gxb` ^+&&[ M`f+±-& dg eo Qv`y+o °[ N`vvcgktg~

ongqtov eo~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ n`k wg ge cki+± tcgkg ge h`k`v

dg ~oewdoveg

Th`bo~ BokJ - dg Oknh`vgko


@icncoe+ —Egmoj` >+7+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo >6 -o x 71*% ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo dg = bce+< n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y+` F ` — mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+ ¼

? G~to ncvnweov ~g hoeeo qwfecnodo gk eo qïmcko 86 dge t`b` XY dg kwg~"tv`~ D`nwbgkt`~ qovo eo Hc~t`vco Ovmgktcko< ~ck gbfovm` eo hgb`~ cknewcd`

q`v nwokt` g~tï dcvcmcdo oe m`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~+ — (K+ dg eo D+#+



" ?7? —

K+± 83+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~

Ocvg~%

wgeo

n`bc~cþk ho wgdod` vgdwncdoo eo qgv~`ko

dgD+ Gw~gfc` Omõgv` R+

( 7 dg Jwkc` dg ?8>1 ;

I+ ( novqgto ?+¼ R

N`vd`yo

Jwkc` — ?8>1+

K`+ ?+ — N`bwkcnokd` eo vgegyoncþk dge ^`v" Ivomwgcv`

dg eo n`bc~cþkwg

`ftgkâo eo (|wg ~è` ~gvï dg~gbqgÿodoq+i ge ^`v+ Omõgv`+

?+

Nþvd`fo Jwkc` 7 dg ?8>1+

Ge M`fcgvk` dg g~to Qv`y+¼

N`bwkcno wg q`v jw~to~ voz`kg~ wg ho gxqwg~t` ge \ novqgto 6+¼ c

^`v D+ [eovcok` Ivomwgcv` ho tgkcd` ï fcgk vgegyove` dg eo

n`bc~cþk wg dg~gbqgÿofo oktg g~tg M`f+±-- gk n`k~`vnc`

dge D+ D+ Gw~gfc` Omõgv`% wgdokd` vgdwncdo owgeeo ï

g~tg ckdcycdw` ~èobgktg+

Qv`s+t` Jwkc` ^‛Onú~g~g vgncy`+

N`vd+¼ s Jwkc` 7‛ dg ?8>1+

Q`v jw~to~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ +-" ho gxqwg~t` ï g~tg M`f+&¼

ge Ncwdodok` D+k Bovcok` Ivomwgcv`% ho tgkcd` ï fcgk ge +¬

~wf~nvcfg dg vgegyove` dg eo N`bc~cþk dg Gknovmod` dg

kgm`nc`~% +*[ gxgvnco gk n`k~`vnc` dge D+¼&& D+± Gw~gfc` Omõg" Fwgk`~ oy+¼

v`% vgdwncãkdèo ï ~è` g~tg ckdcycdw` gk t`do eo gxtgk~cþk%--&&-±

[&~~`

s n`k ge bc~b` novïntgv +¬ eo hok dg~gbqgÿod` e`~ d`~+(+c[*[*[[«[«

[*&

Ge M`f+ì ~`~tctwt` dg N`vd+¼ g~qgvo dge Gxb` ^+`[ M`f+«-

dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ ~g ~cvyo n`ktckwov ~w~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ oe 5[[[[

úkcn` Gknovmod` dg kgm`nc`~ ngvno dg ^+ G+ n`b` e` hovïg~tg M`f%±` n`k e`~ +¬ `ftgkmok q+¼& ~w qovtg cmwoe ckyg~"

tcdwvo+



— ?76 —

Ge +g ~wf~nvcfg n`k g~tg b`tcy` vgctgvo oe Gxb` ^&& M`f+¼-

dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ ~W~ qv`tg~to~ dg obc~tod% s oet` oqvgnc`+


D+&- Jwok Oki+& ôvonhomo

Gxÿc` ^+`v M`f+`&" s Noqctïk Mvoe

dg eo Qv`ygo dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+ — Nþvd`fo+?861"?8>1% K+± >+ —Novqgto ?+*: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k qecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo

h`jo d`feodo ~~ x ?9 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 3 bce+ < n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+— Nïâeigto 6+[ : bokw~nvcto < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo

^C[C X ?7?3 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo 3 bce+ : n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+ — D@"NWBGKT@: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo

4? X ^9 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo ?? bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov% oem` v`t`

s bws d`feod`#+

y+` F+` — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+—Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+ ¼

K+± 31+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe gkycod` gxtvo`vdckovc`%

D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% eg vgbctg% q`v cktgvbgdc` dge M`fgvkod`v Dgeg"

mod`% yovco~ n`bwkcnonc`kg~ gktvg D+ J`~ã Bovâo Qoz s D+ G~to"

kc~eo` Eþqgz s oe bc~b` tcgbq` dc~q`kg wg vgmvg~g ckbg"

dcotobgktg o qv`~gmwcv ~w n`bc~cþk oktg eo~ `tvo~ qv`ycknco~

ect`voeg~ R+

( = dg Jwkc` dg ?8>1

Nwovtge Mvoe gk Nwvwzw+[[ Jwkc` = dg ?8>1 2 Ge Gxb`^`v+ M`f`v+ dg ôktoigg bg ho cknewcd` q`v ge qvþxcb`

N`vvg`% n`qco owt`vczodo dg eo n`ktg~toncþk dodo q+&& ge Mvoe

Qoz% o eo k`to +[ dg~dg ôk Kcnèï~ ~g bg qo~` q`v e`~

M`fk`~ Ect`voeg~ — Eo qvgbwvo dge tq7 s ioeto dg qv`q`v"

nc`kg~ bg ho cbqgdcd` ~onov bo~ dg wko N`qco dg dhï

n`bwkcnoncþk s novto~ n`kicdgkncoeg~ +[ hok tgkcd` ewmov

gktvg e`~ ^+ ^+ Qoz s Eþqgz — Eo vgbct` oe M`fk`+ Dgegmo"

d`% qovo +[ ~g cbq`kmo dg geeo~ s eo~ tvo~qo~g o Y+ gk

nws` q`dgv dgfgk `fvov+ ^g hong qvgnc~` dov vg~qwg~tooe oktg dhï k`to< s g~t` k` qwgdg ygvcicnov~g ~ck g~tov

dg onwgvd` e`~ M`fk`~ n`ktvotoktg~ — G~ q`v e` bc~b`



" ?7> "

eegmod` ge no~` dg +¬ vgmvg~g Y+ o n`ktckwov ~w nòecncþk%

s o nws` gignt`% ge M`fk` Dgegmod`% ivokwgovï o Y+ e`~

owxcec`~ +q kg~g~ctg q+¼ ~w tvok~q`vtg — Boÿoko ~oem` q+¼

eo G~wcko d`kdg qcgk~` g~tovã q`n`~ dco~ s dg d`kdg n`k"

tckwovã bc bovnho o M`so gk nws` Qwkt` dgygvgb`~ ygv"

k`~ qovo on`vdov e` n`kygkcgktg+ 2

Oe ^`v+ N`v`kge B`v+ D+ Qgdv` Igvvã — Gkycod` Gxtvo`vdc"

kovc` ~gvno dg e`~ M`fk`~ Ect`voeg~+

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk : Ecfv`~ n`qcod`vg~

dg M`fcgvk` gk Nobqoÿo+ — Egmoj` 8% Ecfv` 64+— F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg

hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x 6? ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo dg3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov#+

s+± F+` — Mh`~~`+

Hos cck ~gee` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe


K+± 3?+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~%

oe M`fgvkod`v Qv`qcgtovc` dg eo bc~bo% wg ~g ho gktgvod` dg

eo n`vvg~q`kdgknco gktvg D+ J`~ã Bovâo Qoz s D+ G~tokc~eoÈþqgz s wg D+ Qgdv` Igvvã g~tï q`v ~oecv qovo ~w dg~tck` R+

(?? dg Jwkc` dg ?8>1#

N`vv+tg~ Jwkc` ?? dg ?8>1+ i+ ?

G~to Dgegmoncþk ho vgncycd` d`~ K`to~ dg Y+ G+% oewfo~

dg = dge n`vvcgktg% ckdcnokd` gk eo wko ge jw~t` b`tcy` wg

ho tgkcd` qovo bokdov vgtcvov e`~ G~nwodv`kg~ dg Bcecnco~%

g cknewsgkd` gk eo `tvo N`qco~ dg eo n`ktg~toncþk dodo q`v

ge Mvoe Qoz% s dg eo n`vvg~q`kdgknco gqc~tèov% +« n`k g~tg

b`tcy` twy` ewmov gktvg dh` Mvoe+% s ge ^+&&& Eþqgz% eo~ nwo"

eg~ iwgv`k gktvgmodo~ oe ^`v Igvvã% wcgk o bgdcod`~ dg eo

~gboko wg ycgkg% ~oedvï qovo ~w dg~tck` gk ge Eoknh`k

dge G~tod` s t`novï gk M`so qovo tgkgv wko gktvgyc~to n`k

Y+ G+% ï wcãk vgctgvo ~w~ bgj`vg~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ ge +[

~wf~nvcfg+

Jwok I+ Mvoboj`

Gxb` ^`v+ M`f+[&& s Noq+& Mvoe+ dg eo Qv`y+[ D+ Q+ D+ Nofvoe+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk: N`vvg~q`kdgknco@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >+[+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`



— ?74 —dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 -[ x >? ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg = s ~ bce+< n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y+& F+± — Mv`~~`

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ —N`vvcgktg~+¼

K+± 36+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto

Ig% eg okwknco eo~ dc~q`~cnc`kg~ qovo eo ~oecdo dge n`bc~c`kod`

D+ Qgdv` Igvvã s wg g~qgvo wg ge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo gk"

tvovï gk vozþk R+

(?6 dg Jwkc` dg ?8>1#

i+ ? Qwgfe` dg eo G~wcko Jwkc` ?6 dg ?8>1 2 Ge wg ~wf~nvc"

yg tcgkg ge h`k`v dg onw~ov oe Gxb` ^`v+ M`f`v s Noq+-[

Mvoe+ dg eo Qv`y+*[ dg ôktoigg ge vgncf` dg ~w oqvgncofeg

k`to ihï 63 dg Bos` —… Geeo eg iwã vgbctcdo oe Nwovtge Mvoe

dg Nwvwzwwotcï% s tok ewgm` n`b` iwg cbqwg~t` dg ~w n`k"

i+ ? yto+ tgkcd` s dg eo~ N`qco~ wg ~g eg odjwktofok ecfvþ eo n`b"

qgtgktg dc~q`~cncþk qovo wg ge Dcqwtod` dg g~to Qv`y+*%

N`v`kge Bos`v D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% vgmvg~ovo o g~o Noqctoe o

Hgkov e`~ `fjgt`~ dg eo n`bcnc`k wg oktgvc`vbgktg ~g eg

hoyco n`kicod` 2 Ge wg ~wf~nvcyg ~g ec~`kmgo wg n`k"

dwncdo eo qvg~gktg kgm`nconcþk n`k N`vd`yo% n`k eo ncvnwk~"

qgnncþk s b`dgvoncþk% wg dgbokdo eo cbq`vtoknco dg e`~

vg~wetod`~ wg dgfg qv`dwncv k` ~go toe yg~ dcicnwet`~`

ho~gv gktvov gk vozþk o owge M`fcgvk` s ~cbgktov dg

g~tg b`d` eo Qoz s igecncdod Mvoe 2 Ge wg ~wf~nvcyg ~g

fo~g wk dgygv dg tvcfwtov oe Gxb` ^`v+ M`f`v+ s Noq+[ Mvoe+

o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% eo gxqvg~cþk dg ~w bo~ oet` vg~qgt`sn`kncdgvonc`k+

Oe Gxb` ^`v+ M`f`v+ s Noqctïk Mvoe+ dg eo Yy`y[ dg

ôktoigg+

(-Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk: Ecfv`~ n`qcod`vg~

dg M`fcgvk` gk Nobqoÿo+— Egmoj` 6: Ecfv` ^c+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`: 6r(-Q[e dg

hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x ~c ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo dg

3 bce < n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov#+

X+& F+± — Ml`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo "Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe




— ?77 —

K+± 3>+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg N`vvcgktg~% oe M`fgvkod`v

Qv`qcgtovc` dg eo bc~bo% wg n`k eo ~oecdo dge ìcncoe dg ~gnvg"tovâo qovo ge n`bc~c`kod` D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% wgdo ~ck g~nvcfcgktg

oemwk` R+

c 67 ecg Jwkc` dg ?8>1#

N`vv+¼ Jwkc` L dg ?8>1 i+ c

Ho vgncfcd` g~to dgegmoncþk eo k`to dg Y+ G+ dg 6? dge

ontwoe% gk +± eg dcng ~g ho n`kygkncd` dg eo kgng~cdod gk

+¬[

~g hoeeo ge gbfcod` Gxtvo`vdckovc` dg g~to Qv`ycknco%n`v`kge Bos`v D+ Qgdv` Igvvã dg wk ~wmgt` dg n`kicokzo%

wg eg eegyg eo qewbo gk e`~ dcigvgktg~ kgm`nc`~ dg ~w n`"

bcnc`k% s ho dgtgvbckod`% wg ge @icncoe dg ^gnvgtovco

D+ Ivok+-[± V`~o~% ~go ge +[ on`bqoÿg oe oktgdh` gbfcod`+

Ge wg ~wf~nvcyg ~g hèmovo dg +[ Y+ G+ ~g hwfcg~g tob"

fcãk n`kygkncd`% dg wg hofcgkd` bwgvt` ge bg~ qo~od`

D+ Bgenh`v _õgygd`% eg g~ tobfcãk dg kgng~cdod ge bgk"

nc`kod` V`~o~ o g~to ^gnvgtovco% n`b` wg bovnhokd` ãe%

~gmcb gigntcyob+*[ bovnho% wgdo ~ck g~nvcycgktg oemwk`+

Vgeotcyob+-g oe vgbotg dg dcgzb`~ gk oÿ`~ oktgvc`v+[% ~`fvg

+¬ hofeo Y+ G+ gk eo bc~bo% n`k cmwoe iho+ qo~o `vdk o eo

Nègnt+o mvoe% wcgk n`k g~tg b`tcy` ~oewdo o Y+ G+ n`v"

dcoeb+*52+

Jwok I+ Mvoboj`

Gxb` ^`v+ M`y+*&[ s Noq+& mvoe dg eo Qv`y+[[ D+ Qgdv` D+

Nofvoe+


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >+7+ — @vcmckoe boktc~nvct`: qoqge dg hce` ~ck icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo d`feodo >` x °c ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg = s 3 bce+: n`k~gv"

yoncþk fwgko#+

Y+` F+& — Mv`~~`+





— ?79 —

K+± 34+ — \ Ge Gkycod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oe M`fgvkod`v

dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% omvodgng eo otgkncþk wg ho bg"vgncd` ~w n`vvg~q`kdgkncoR+

( 69 dg Jwkc` dg ?8>1 #

i+ ? ôkto Ig Jwkc` 69 dg ?8>1

Ge Gky+i-` dg N`vd+-[ +*[ ~wf~nvcfg oetob; vgn`k`ncd`

o eo otgkncþk n`k +*[ ho ~cd` tvotod` gk ~w n`vvg~q`kdgknco

ìcncoe q ge Gxb` ^v+ M`f+&& dg eo Qv`y+-[ dg N`vvcgktg~% eg

tvcfwto ge bo~ g~qvgncy` omvodgnckc+*± dcmkïkd`~g ^+ G+ vgn`"

k`ngv oe +n ~wf~nvcfg gk woewcgv dg~tck`% s dc~toknco o

+g eo ~wgvtg e` n`kdw~no q+&[ wk h`bfvg dgncdcd` q+&[ eo bo"

s`v qv`~qgvcdod o~â dg eo Qv`y+[ N`vvgktcko% n`b` dge dcmk`

Mgig +g eo qvgncdg+

G~t`~ ~`k e`~ y`t`~ +± oe tcgbq` dg qovtcv o ~w Qotvco

ìvgng o ^+ G+ ge Gky+5â& dg N`vd+¬< s gee`~ ~gvïk ~cgbqvg e`~

+g bokcicg~tgk bc novïntgv n`k~toktg q+&[ wko Qv`y+-[ nws`~

qvckncqc`~% ~gkncfcecdod% s fwgk`~ dg~g`~ eo eeobok o ~gv

obcmo ~cgbqvg dg eo dg N`vd+*

ôewdo oe Gxb` ^v+ M`f+-- n`k eo bo~ oeto n`kncdgvonc`k

s vg~qgt`+

J`~ã Bok/ dg C~o~o+

Gxb` ^v+ M`f+&& s Noq+& Mvoe+

dg eo Qv`y+o dg N`vvcgktg~+


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >7+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` : qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg

eo h`jo d`feodo >1 ngkt+ = bce+ x ~c ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg 7% 9 s 8 bce:


U-+± F+± — Mv`~~@+





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K+& 37+ — \Ge Bckc~tv` ~gnvgtovc` dge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~% onw~o

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ge tvotod` gktvg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ R+

(> dg Om`~t` dg ?831#

K+` ?+1

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dgvcmc` g~tg M`fcgvk` n`bwkcnïkdèg ge k`bfvob+-± dge ^`v \novqgtoR

V`xo~ qovo eo ngegfvoncþk s n`knew~cþk dge tvotod` wg ~g

hoeeo qgkdcgktg gkt[g eo~ Qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~+

Omt` 61

Ovnhâyg~g — o eo icvbo

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cmwoe neo~g gk eo Qv`y+o dg F+[ Osvg~% ge vgncy` dg ~w oqvg"

ncofeg k`to Ncvnweov Gho+ 6 dg Jwkc` gk +¬ hong ~ofgv

ge novïntgv n`k wg hï ckyg~tcd` oe ^`v+ D+ J`~ã dcovco

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hoeeo qgkdcgktg gktvg eo~ nwotv` Qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~+ Oe

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sg~ q`v gee`

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dg wk b`d` h`k`vofeg ï e`~ M`ycgvk`~ n`ktvotoktg~+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` oqv`ygnho g~to `q`vtwkcdod% qovo vgqv`"

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dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% eo gxqvgnc`k dg ~w oet` oqvgnc` s g~tc" i+ c yto+

bonc`k+

J`~ã Movvcd`

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i+ ?

Fwgk`~ OsOm+t` ?3 dg ?8>&

Ovnhâyg~g+

\ Hos wko vú"fvcno R+

NOvnhcy` Mgkyvoe dg eo Koncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+— N`vvcgktg~+ — C8C8"C81^+—Nofqgto : boktc~nvcto : qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 …-% x ~` -j ngkt+



— ?78 "

egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ â# s ?1 bce+< nþh~gvyonâþk °*ccgk¬+ — D`nwbgkt`: `vcmc"

koe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` >` Y¼ x 71-~ ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgv"

eâkgo~ 3 s e` bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko < tcgkg wko q`vtodo qgmodo gkeoqovtg

~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo#+

Y+` F+` — FeGDBO+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dãeo Koncþk+—Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+¼

K+± 39+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Notobovno% oe Bckc~tv` dg Vgeonc`kg~

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wg wcgvok dov~g eo~ qv`ycknco~ ovmgktcko~ vgwkcdo~ gk N`k"

mvg~` mgkgvoe R+

( 9 dg Om`~t` dg ?8">1

K 6

Vg~gvyodo Notobovno Om`~t` 98>1

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eo~ Vgq+no~ dg Obgvcno% wg n`kygkncd` wg kwg~tvo~ n`k"

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Ovnhâyg~g

o eo icvbo

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gk n`qco owt`vczodo~ dge ^ N`bc~+± dg eo Vgqúfecno Ov"



" ?73 "

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\ vúfvcno dg

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F+~ Osv+~ ~g ho ~gvycd` dcvcmcveg+

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fovco yonceov eo icvbgzo vgqwfecnoko+

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cktgmvcd+-c dge tgvvct`vc` Ovmgktck`: gk nwcþ n`kngqt`% ge

Gxb` M`y+` dg F+¼ Os+~ n`b` tok cktgvg~od` gk eo igecncdod

dg eo Vgqúfecno% s n`b` gknovmod` dg ~w~ kgm`nc`~ gxtg"

vc`vg~% k` dgfg ncvnwk~nvcfcv~g o ckdcnov oe M`y+¼ dg No"

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neo~g dg `vmokczoncþk Koncþk+-% +¬ wcgvok dov~g eo~ Qv`"

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g~tg cbq`vtoktg ick ho gbfcod` so wk Dcqwtod` ï eo Noqctoe

dg Nþvd`yo fo~toktgb+-g owt`vczod`+

i+ ? yto+



" ?91 —

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Bck+` dg vgeonc`kg~ Gxtvokmgvo~ o wcgk ~g dcvcmg n`k ~w

on`~twbf-o n`k~cdgvoncþk s oqvgnc`%

Bcmwge Dâoz dg eo Qgÿo

Mvgm+± J+ M`kzïegz

^gnt+`

â" â \oe bovmgkR Gxb` ^+`&[ Bck+` °g Vgeoncþk+¼ Gxtvokm+¼ dge

M`y+` dg F+~ Os+~

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dgeo

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bgkt` ~cmwcgktg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo+ — D`nwbgkt`: `vcmckoe bokw~"nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dã eo h`jo d`feodo >^[C+# x ~`[e[ ngkt+< egtvo

ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 9 o 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y+` F+` — N@BO^+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+—


K+± 3=+ — \ Ge n`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% oe M`"

fgvkod`v dg ~w qv`ycknco% eg vgbctg ge cki`vbg wg bokcicg~to

ge vg~wetod` dg ~w mg~tcþk ngvno dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s

Gktvg Vâ`~R+ [

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i+ e N`vv+tg~ Omt` ?> dg ?8>1

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M`f`v+ o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% ge odjwkt` cki`vbg% +** bokcicg~to

ge vg~wetod` dg eo N`bc~cþk +± ~g eg n`kicþ ngvno dg e`~

Gxb`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% ôktoig% s Gktvg Vc`~%

n`k ge `fmgt` dg ngegfvov tvotod`~% +*[ oe qo~` wg o~gmwvo"

~gk eo obc~tod s fwgko hobc`kco n`k owgee`~ M`fk`~%

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? Ge cki`vbg ~g hoeeo qwfecnod` cktgmv` gk @fvo~ dg D+ I+ ÔLBCGKT@% t`b`

XCCC% Ovmcvþqèc~% qïmcko ??1+ — (K+ dg eoD+#+



" CNe —`tv`~ qcbâ`~ dg btgvgz qovtcnweov dg eo Qv`y+*% s mvoe+ dg eo

Vgqúfecno% qovo +& gk yc~to dg ge ~g ~cvyo vg~èygv e` +¬

bgj`v n`kygkmo+

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eo~ voz`kg~ +*- o ^+ G+ k` eg ~`k dg~n`k`ncdo~+

N`k g~tg b`tcy` ge ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg ge qeongv dg ~oewdov

oe Gxb` ^`v+ o wcgk ~g dcvcmg n`k ~w bo~ oet` oqvgnc` sn`k~cdgvoncþk+

Qgdv` Igvvã

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Nofvoe+ —

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+— ^gnncþk: N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+— Egmoj` >`+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` ~ck icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo d`feodo% >1 x 6? ngkt+< egtvo ntcv~cno% cktgveckgo~ dg = s 8 bce+ n`k~gv"

yoncþk fwgko#+

y`+ F+` —Mv`~~`+


dge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+ …

- 38+ — \ K`to vg~gvyodo dge Bckc~tv` dg M`fcgvk` s Vgeonc`kg~

Gxtgvc`vg~ dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% o ~w n`bc~c`kod`

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?9 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>1

C Vg~gvyodo i% ?

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Gxtgvc`vg~ ho vgncycd` eo k`to ìcncoe vg~gvyodo dge ^+`&& J`~ã

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qovo ngegfvov wk Tvotod` dg oecokzo ìgkncyo s dgigkncyo

n`k eo~ dg ôkto Ig% Gktvg Vc`~ s N`vvcgktg~% gk eo wg ge

^+*&& V`xo~ on`bqoÿokd` yovco~ n`qco~ n`k ignho >1 dge

QWFE+ ^g`+ Hc^T+ — T+ XYC CC

eonc`k+¼ Gxtg"vc`v+&



" ?96 "

qvþxcb` qo~od`% cki`vbo o g~tg M`fcgvk` dg e`~ b`tcy`~ s

dwdo~ wg hok vgtovdod` eo ngegfvoncþk dg dcnh` Tvotod`< s

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n`b` e` hong% wg gk ge ~wqwg~t` dg wg e`~ N`bc~c`kod`~

dg eo~ `tvo~ tvg~ Qv`y+« g~tãk n`ki`vbg~ gk +[ ~g ngegfvg ge

tvotod` gk e`~ tãvbck`~ s ~`fvg t`d`~ e`~ Qwkt`~ wg gxqvg"

~ok eo~ ck~tvwnnc`kg~ wg ~g hok dod` oe ^gÿ`v V`xo~ : ge

M`fcgvk` dg g~to Qv`y+[ dg~dg ewgm` n`kycgkg% gk wg ~g

q`kmo gk dcnh` Tvotod` e`~ ovtânwe`~ ~cmwcgktg~+

Qvcbgv` + + Dgfgvï vg~cdcv q`v oh`vo gk eo Ncwdod dg ôkto"

iã wko N`bc~cþk n`bqwg~to dg wk Dcqwtod` q nodo wk`

dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ nwotv` Qv`y+[ Ect`voeg~% nws` Dcqw"

tod` q`dvï ~gv vgb`yc"d` oe ovfctvc` dg ~w vg~qgntcy` M`"

fcgvk`% nwokd` e` jw~mwg n`kygkcgktg% k`bfvokd` `tv` gk

~w ewmov% wg e` ~wngdo ckbgdcotob+---+ Eo~ otvcfwnc`kg~ dg

g~to N`bc~cþk ~gvïk —

?'% Ngegfvov Tvotod`~ dg Qoz o k`bfvg dg eo~ gxqvg"

~odo~ nwotv` Qv`y+[% n`ki`vbg o eo~ ck~tvwnnc`kg~

+[ nodo wk` dg e`~ Dcqwtod`~ tgkmo dg ~w vg~qgn"

%tcy` M`fcgvk`% s n`k eo noecdod dg ~`bgtgv dcnh`~

Tvotod`~ o eo votcicnoncþk dg nodo wko dg eo~ nwotv`

Qv`ycknco~ —6o‛ Hongv dgneovoncþk dg Mwgvvo n`ktvo nwoewcgvo `tv`

â+ ? yto+ Q`dgv% o k`bfvg dg eo~ nwotv` Qv`y+[ Ect`voeg~%

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wko dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ oecodo~ dgfo n`ktvcfwcv

n`ki`vbg oe tgk`v dge ovtcnwe` dg g~tg Tvotod` (ge

wg ~gÿoeo ge boxcbwk dge n`ktckmgktg —

…

7'% Ckyctov o t`do~ eo~ dgbï~ Qv`y+[ dg eo Vgqúfecno%

nwokd` g~tãk gk qegko ecfgvtod% tvokwcecdod s

`vdgk o vgwkcv~g gk igdgvoncþk n`k eo~ nwotv` Ect`"

voeg~< s o wg q`v bgdc` dg wk N`kmvg~` Mgkgvoe

Igdgvotcy` ~g ovvgmegk eo odbckc~tvoncþk mgkgvoe



" ?9> —

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dg eo Vgqúfecno% ~w nvãdct` cktgvc`v s gxtgvc`v% s

eo ^`fgvokâo Ecfgvtod ã ckdgqgkdgknco dg nodo wko

dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ —

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tvokwcecdods

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kcdo gk eo Ncwdod dg ôktoiã% k`bfvþ oe Gxb` ^+¼*& M`f+«&&

dg eo Qv`ycknco dg g~tg k`bfvg Fvcmodcgv D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz

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h`k`v s dcmkcdod% s n`k~wetov ~w ~gmwvcdod s nwokd` q+&[

wetcb` hosok dg~qegmod` wko bovnho qèâtcno n`ki`vbg o

g~tg Dgnvgt`+

Ge M`fcgvk` nvgg% wg gxtgkdcd` ge Tvotod` ckt`toe n`k" i" 6

i`vbcdod n`k eo~ Ck~tvwnnc`kg~ wg ~g eg tcgkgk dodo~ oe

^gÿ`v V`xo~% s n`k ge tgk`v dg g~t`~ ovtânwe`~% wgdok n`k"

~wetod`~ e`~ qvckncqoeg~ s bo~ cbq`vtoktg~ `fjgt`~ wg hok

dgfcd` tgkgv~g gk yc~to qovo ~w ngegfvoncþk% s ~oeyod`~ e`~

ckn`kygkcgktg~ wg dg `tv` b`d` e` hovcok ckygvcicnofeg+

O~c g~ wg% ge M`fcgvk` vgn`bcgkdo bwnh` oe ^gÿ`v V`xo~ ge

wetcb` ovtcnwe` gk t`do~ ~w~ qovtg~% wg oh`vo ~g omvgmo gk

g~to k`to% vgeotcy` o eo N`ky`noncþk dge N`kmvg~` Mgkgvoe

Igdgvotcy`< q`v wg dgfcgkd` g~tg `vmokczov~g gk eo bos`v

qovtg n`k Dcqwtod`~ dg wk`~ Qwgfe`~ wg vgn`k`ncgv`k eo

owt`vcdod egmctcbo dg eo N`kygkncþk Konc`koe% s wg hok

`fvod` n`ki`vbg o ~w~ vg~èwnc`kg~% hto e`~ b`bgkt`~ gk

wg dg~mvoncodob+-& hok ~cd` ~wfswmod`~ q`v e`~ Owt`vg~

s nþbqecng~ dge b`tck bcectov dg ?¼ dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?868%

eo úkcno qvwgfo n`k w` ~g qwgdg onvgdctov ~w g~tod` dg

ecfgvtod% g~ ge vgn`k`ncbcgkt` gxqvg~` +[ homok dg eo jw~"

tcnco s egmoecdod dge nctod` Dgnvgt` dg 69 dg Igfvgv` dg ?863%



— ?94 —

s eo n`kdwnto n`k~gnwgktg nò ~w tgk`v wg ~g eg~ ygo `f~gv"

yov+ Dg e` n`ktvovc`% iwgvo dge dg~d`v` +*[ vg~wetovâo o eo

Vgqúfecno% ~ck` ~g gxcjcg~g g~to qvwgyo dg eo dg~h`kvoktgdgfcecdod s n`ktvodcnncþk gk wg cknwvvcvâok eo~ Qv`ycknco~

Ect`voeg~% s dg eo boeo yc~to gk wg wgdoveo eo now~o dg

nwokt`~ hok tvofojod` gk dgigk~o dg eo~ Egsg~ s Owt`vcdo"

dg~ egmctcbo~% e`~ Qwgfe`~ +± hok ~`~tgkcd` s ~`~tcgkgk owk

g~to now~o% ~g gxq`kdvâok o ygv~g kwgyobgktg gkywget`~ gk

eo~ cktvcmo~ s bowckonc`kg~ dg e`~ ob`tckod`~% s ge Qoc~

ygkdvâo o ~wnwbfcv cmk`bckc`~ob+tg q`v e`~ bc~b`~ bg"

dc`~ wg vg~wgeyg od`qtov qovo ~w t`toe ~oeyoncþk+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt`% n`k g~tg b`tcy`% tcgkg ge h`k`v dg vgctgvov

oe ^gÿ`v V`xo~ eo~ qv`tg~to~ dg ~w qovtcnweov n`kncdgvonc`k

i+ 6 yto% s vg~qgt` 2 T`bo~ Bokwge dg Oknh`vgko2 G~tï N`ki`vbg

2 Eovvgghgo 2

G~tï n`ki`vbg

Movvcd`+


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >"7+ — N`qco bokw~nvcto< qoqge dg hce` ~ck icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 x ~c ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg = s 3 bce+< n`k~gv"

yoncþk fwgko#+

Y+± F+± " Mv`~~`+



K+* 33+ — \Ge N`bc~c`kod` dg/ M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo% oe Bckc~tv` dg

M`fcgvk` s Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% qcdg ~w qo~o"

q`vtg qovo qo~ov o eo Fokdo @vcgktoe gk otgkncþk o wg k` ~g

hok otgkdcd` ~w~ vgneob`~ i`vbweod`~ q`v eo gxqwe~cþk dg yo"

vco~ qgv~`ko~ dge cktgvc`v% gk ~w bos`vâo dg Nþvd`foR+

( 4 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1 #

i+ ? K ?+

Fwgk`~ Osvg~

\novqgtoR 4 dg ^gqtcgbfvg-

8>1

Ge N`bc~c`kod` dge

M`fcgvk` dg N`vd`yo

Bokcicg~to (eo ~`vqvgzo# n`k wg ho yc~t` wg ï wko q`v"

ncþk n`k~cdgvofeg dg ckdcycdw`~ dge cktgvc`v% gk ~w bos`v

qovtg dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vd`yo% hok ~cd` cktcbod`~ q`v



" ?97 "

ge Dgqovtobgkt`% dg Qècnâo dg `vdgk dge M`f+k` qovo wg

dgjgk gk ge tgvbck` dg wckng dco~ g~to Qv`ycknco: wg eo

cbqvg~cþk iwkg~to dg g~to bgdcdo dgfg o~gv gk ge M`f+¼¼dg N`vd`yo s ge kwgy` `f~tïnwe` wg geeo ìvgng oe vg~to"

fegncb; dg eo ovb`kâo gktvg g~tg M`f+&¼ s e`~ dge Cktgvc`v

e` hofvâok g~tcbweo d` ï hongv wko vg~qgtw`~o vgneoboncþk i + c yto+

~c dg~qwã~ dg yovâo~ n`kigvgknco~ n`k ^+ G+ k` ~g wfcg~g

n`kygkncd` cvvgy`nofcecdod+ _wg nvgsgkd` gjc n`k~gnwgknco

ckútce s toe ygz ~`~qgnh`~o ~w g~todo gk g~to qcdo ~g eg

dã ~w qo~oq`vtg qovo eo Noqceeo dg Bgvngdg~ gk eo Fokdo

@vcgktoe+ ^gq+[n 9

N`ktã~tg~g e` on`vdod`

Fwgk+- Os+~ 4 dg ^gtcgbfvg dg ?8>1 i+ C

Ge n`bc~c`kod` dge M`f+[ dg N`vd`yo wg ~w~nvcfg ho

yc~t` n`k eo boy`v ~`vqvg~o wg wko q`vncþk n`k~cdgvofeg Fwgk`~ oy+¬

dg ckdcycdw`~ dge cktgvc`v% gk ~w bos`v qovtg dg eo qv`yâk"

nco dg N`vd`y[o% hok ~cd` cktcbod`~ q`v ge Dgqovtobgkt` dg e` on`vdod`+ "

Qècnâo dg `vdgk dge M`f+¼ qovo wg gk ge tgvbck` qgvgkt`vc`

dg wckng dco~ oyokd`kgk g~to Qv`ycknco+ E`~ qgvjwcnc`~ wg

kotwvoeb+tg tvog n`k~cm` g~to bgdcdo gk ge jcv` s kgm`nc`~

dg nodo wk` dg e`~ ckdcycdw`~ n`bqvgkdcd`~ gk geeo: eo

cbqvg~cþk iwkg~to wg dgfgvï hongv gk ge M`f+¼ dg N`vd`yo

eo dgq`vtoncþk dg eo bos`v qovtg dg ~w~ ~wfdct`~ wg vg"

~cdâok gk g~to foj` ge obqov` s qv`tgnncþk dg eo~ egsg~:

s ickoebgktg% ge kwgy` `f~tïnwe` wg ìvgng g~to bgdcdo

oe vg~tofegncbcgkt` dg eo ovb`kâos

vgeonc`kg~ ivotgvkoeg~

gktvg g~tg M`f+& s e`~ dge cktgvc`v% hofvâok g~tcbweod` oe

+g ~w~nvcfg ï cktgvq`kgv wko vg~qgtw`~o vgneoboncþk% ~c dg~"

qwã~ dg eo~ g~qecnonc`kg~ +[ ho hgnh` gk ~w~ ivgnwgktg~

s dgtgkcdo~ n`kigvgknco~ n`k ^+ G+ ge ^`v+ M`fgvkod`v k`

g~twycg~g n`kygkncd` wg eo bgdcdo q`v ~w kotwvoegzo eegyo

n`k~cm` ge novïntgv dg cvvgy`nofeg+ Gk g~to ~ctwoncþk ge ck"

ivo~nvct` k` gknwgktvo wk ~è` `fjgt` gk wg q`dgv gjgvngv

n`k ivwt` ~w n`bc~cþk% s nvgg% q`v ge n`ktvovc`% wg ~w qgv"

bokgknco gk g~to% gk ygz dg qv`dwncv fcgkg~% ~è` gnctovcodg~n`kicokzo% wg ãe dg~go oegjov% s bèg~tco~ qgv~`koeg~

dg wg tobfcãk wgvvâo qvgbwkcv~g+



" ?99 "

i+ ? yto+ Gk ~w n`k ~gnwgknco g~ wg vwgmo oe M`f+` q`v ge þvmo"

k` dge ^`v Bckc~tv` dg M`f+` s Vgeon+~ G~tg+~ ~g ~cvyo bok"

doveg dov ~w qo~oq`vtg qovo ge qwkt` dg eo noqceeo dg Bgv"

ngdg~ gk eo Fokdo @vcgktoe% dg~dg d`kdg ~g qv`bgtg vgmvg"

~ov ewgm` wg% ng~okd`% eo~ ncvnwk~toknco~ ontwoeg~% qwgdo

hongv yoegv ge gjgvncnc` dg ~w gknovm` gk ioy`v dg eo qoz

mgkgvoe+

Ge ckivo~nvct` ~oewdo oe ^`v+ Btv`+ n`k ~w on`~twbfvodo

n`k~cdgvoncþk+

Gk~gfc` Omõgv`

^`v+ Bckc~tv` dg

M`f+` Y Vgeon+~ G~tgv+~

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+— M`fcgvk` Nþvd`fo+ —?8>1"?8>1% K+± >+ — Novqgto: bokw~nvcto : qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >> x 6>

ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 3 bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< g~tï qgmodo oe d`"

nwbgkt` ~cmwcgktg q`v eo cjovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo : e` n`bqwg~t` gktvg qovãktg~c~

s fo~tovdceeo g~tï gktvg h-kn`~+ — D`nwbgkt` : `vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqgegok

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >? [¯[ x ~` [[ ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgv"

eâkgo~ 3 s ?1 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko #+

Y+± F+± — N@BO^+


K+± ?11+ — \D+ V`bïk O+ Dghg~o% oe M`fgvkod`v dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% eg

qovtcncqo% n`k eo d`nwbgktoncþk on`bqoÿodo% wg ~g hoeeo n`k~"

tctwcd` gk ge M`fcgvk` dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv` q`v dgegmoncþk dge

wg e` gjgvnâoR

( 9 o 3 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1

K t

\ novqgto R ôktcom` ^gt+g 3 dg ?8>1

Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg ôktcom`

Q`kg gk n`k~cdgvoncþk dg g~tg M`f+¼¼ eo~ d`~ n`qco~ wg

odjwkto% q`v eo~ wg ~g ck~tvwcvï dg hofgv vgnoâd` ge

bokd` dg owgeeo Qv`ycknco gk ~w qgv~`ko —

@nt+g ?9

Onú~g~g vgncf`%

O eo i+bo



" ?M=

ôccc … -… dg ?8>1 i+ ?

Eg g~ bws ~otc~iont`vc` oe +[ ~wf~nvcfg q`kgv gk n`k~c"

dgvoncþk dg ^+ G+ ge ^`v+ M`f+-c`-& °g eo Qv`y+* dg Fwgk`~"

osv+~ eo~ d`~ odjwkto~ k`to~ ìcncoeg~ egmoeczodo~ gk dgycdo

i`vbo +& on`bqoÿok: q+&& geeo~ ~g ck~tvwcvï +¬ ge ckivo~nvcqt` Fwgk`~" Osvg~

% ‛ + +-[ [ % %

[‛ % @nie9dge^>1~g hoeeo n`k~tctwcd` gk ge M`fÿ`+ dg g~to Qv`y+¼ q~ dgeg" Onw~g~g vg"

ncy`+ — Oknh`"monc`k hgnho q ge +¬ e`vgmgvnco+ vgko+

N`k g~tg b`tcy` ge +¬ ~wf~nvcfg ~g n`bqeo~g tgkgv g~to

`q`vtwkcdod q+[ ~oewdov oe Gxb`+ ^`v+ ï wcgk ~g dcvcmg

n`k ~w bo~ dc~tckmwcdo n`k~cdgvoncþks

qovtcnweov oqvgnc`

V`bïk O+ Dgg~o

D+ & J`~ã No~cok` V`bgv` Gxb` ~þv

-[ -2-

Mvïe+ dg eoQv`y+¼ dg Fwg"k`~ — osv¼

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qgv~`ko dge Gxb`+ ^+¼-& Mvïe+ D+ J`~ã B+¼ Qoz q`v e`~ omgk" \n`qco c+¼R

tg~ dcqe`bïtcn`~ vgwkcd`~ gk eo Noqctoe dg N`vd`yo n`k ge

bokd` ~wqvgb` dg t`do~ eo~ izï~+ dg eckgo s bcecnco~ dg

t`d`~ e`~ qwgfe`~ dg eo wkcþk s q`v eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ dg

g~to Qv`ycknco n`k ge dg Qv`tgnt`v dg ~w ecfgvtod% o ick dg+g g~to k` iwg~g ~ì`nodo q`v eo~ obgko~o\kRtg~ dc~q`~c~c`"

kg~ dg h`bfvg~ dc~nè`~ nwso i`vtwko icvbgbgktg ycknweodo

oe ~c~tgbo dge dg~`vdgk% s o ick dg +[ wko ckdcigvgktg oqotâo

oe ~c~tgbo k` hczcgvo vg~q`k~ofeg ï dcnh` ^+&[&[ Mvoe Qoz% n`k

vg~qgnt` ï g~to Qv`ycknco gk no~` +¬ tvo~t`vkod` ge kwgf`

—`vdgk dg n`~o~ iwg~g gbfwgeto gk cknoenweofeg~ boeg~%

nwso tvongkdgknco qwdcgvo bws fcgk ~gv iwkg~to owk ï

t`d`~ e`~ qwgfe`~ dg eo Vgqúfecno< ho dcvcmcd` n`k qvgyc`

n`k`ncb+-` dg g~tg M`ycgvk` wko iwgvtg dcycnc`k o eo~ `vdg"

kg~ dg Y+ ^+ ¬ `nwqo~gk% gk no~`% qvgnc~`% oemwk`~ qwkt`~

dge tgvvct`vc` dg g~to Qv`ycknco bgdcdo qovo eo +[ iwg ck"

fctod` q`v g~tg M`ycgvk` gk ~w~ wetcbo~ n`bwkcnonc`kg~

Hofcgkd`% qwg~ g~% Y+ ^+ ovvcfod` ho~to eo noqctoe dg g~to

Qv`ycknco% q`v n`kygkcgknco~ dg of~èwto kg~gncdod s «%

cbqgvc`~obgktg gxcmâok eo~ ncvnwk~toknco~% eo~ +*[ g~tg M`"ycgvk` hcz` qvg~gktg oe ^+¼*& M+[c o wcgk gk eo gktvg yc~to

+g twy` ge 6 dge n`vvcgktg gk ge qwkt` dg Tovwno qobqo<





" ?M3 "

ckncmkwod`~ dgbokdok ge ~wng~` (\dgR# dg wk gxgnwtcy` vgbg"

dc` g e`~ qvgygkmo s dg~yokg~no% k` g~ bgk`~ n`k~toktg%

geo dgycecdod dg eo~ bok`~ ï nwso q`no iwgvzo ~g n`k" %

~cmko eo dcvgnncþk dg tok k`feg~ ickg~% toe ygz ngdojâ oe qg~`

gk`vbg dg e`~ nwsdod`~ +¬ ~g eg~ vgn`bcgkdo — + Eo tvok"

ncnc`k vgqgktcko dg~dg e`~ qwkt`~ +¬ ho qovtcd` ge noenwe`

dge qv`tgnt`v% gknovmokd` oe ¬ ~wf~nvcfg eo ~gmwvcdod dg

wk Qwgfe`+ +¬ dgngofo gegbgkt`~% s e` g~ncmco qovo qvg"

~gvyov~g dg wetgvc`vg~ n`bfwenc`kg~ wczo dc~to dge dg~tck`

ï +g ~g eg eeobo% þ qvg~gkto g~nèe`~ +g k` ~wqgvovï% ge +¬

oqgko~ ~g nvgg n`k oqtctwdg~ vgmweovg~ qovo ~gv ~èdod`

s ~`~tgkgv `fgdgncgkd` e`~ dgvgnh`~ dg ~w qotvco owc gkbwnh` oktg~ n`k~omv` e`~ cktgvg~g~ dg ~w ycdo — + ^ck gb"

fovm` n`b` ge q`dgv dg e`~ on`ktgncbcgkt`~ qèâtcn`~ vg"

neobo eo voqcdgz dg eo~ vg~èwnc`kg~ +[ dgfgk vgmeov eo

n`kdwnto dg e`~ qwgfe`~ +-[ bovnhok oe ìk+ q nobck`~

tok dciânceg~ ge +[ ~wf~nvcfg+ ^ck qvg~wbcv ~oefove`~% okc"

bod` q`v wko qovtg dg ~w~ dgng`~ gk nòdswyov ï e`~

g~iwgvz`~ +[ fo~g eo fgkgbãvcto Qv`y+* +[ qvgncdg Y G+ q+[

~onwdcvng s oeomod` q`v `tvo dg eo~ n`kicokzo~ +¬ tcgkg dg

~gv owxcecod` gk ge g~qwg~t` tvofoj` o ~g ~`bgtg ~gmwv`

dg eo ~ckngvcdod dg eo~ qv`tg~to~ +[ ho `fecmod` ~w vgncmko" i+ c yto+

ne`k ongqto - ge h`k`v n`k +[ ~g eg dc~tckmg qgv` n`k eo~

noecdodg~ +5[ g~qvg~o eo dgegmoncþk% s foj` eo ckdc~qgk~ofeg

n`kdcncþk dg tgvbckov ge ~onvcicnc` dg g~tg gbqgÿ`% tok

ewgm` n eo V V+ Qv`yckncoe bgdctg ~`fvg ge oncgvt` dge +[

dgfg ~wfv`moveo — + N`k g~to g~qgvokzo s n`k eo ngvtcdwb"

fvg dg +g Y+ G+ hoeeovo eo bos`v movoktâo dg g~to qv`kto

bgdcdo~g qvg~to oe ~gvy+[

wg wgdo gkwkncodòqv`yg"

nhok dg eo `q`vtwkcdod dg ìvgngveg n`k g~tg b`tcy` eo~

bo~ otgkto~ n`kncdgvone`kg~ dg obc~tod s oet` vg~qgt` 2

Voâk`k Okt`kc` Dgg~o 2 Gxb` ^`v M`fgvkod`v s Noqctïk

Mvoe+ dg eo Qv`ycknco —

G~ n`qco+

J`~ã B+& dg Mwkdcok^^k` dg k+` hoz+¼ s mvvo

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk` dg ôktcom`

dge G~tgv`+ — ?8?="?87>+ — NxkYGTO: bokw~nvcto: qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

>? -%-% X ~~ ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo ec bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< g~tï qg"

modo oe d`nwbgkt` `vcmckoe ~cmwcgktgq`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo+—N`ycx ?+*:



" ?=1 —bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >1[¯[ x 6? ?% ngkt+ < egtvo ckneckodo% ck"

tgveâkgo~ 8 s 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< e` ckdcnod` gktvg qovãktg~c~ (\ J # ~g

hoeeo tg~tod` gk ge `vcmckoe+ — N`qco 6 o+" bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbo"t` >1 [Ct X ^â ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 8 o e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+—

D`nwbgkt`: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feo"do >1 X ^C ingkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 8 s e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko

Y-+` F+± — N@JCO^+

Hos wk ~gee dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+

K+± ?1?+ — \Ge N`bc~c`kod` dge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo% D+ Gw~gfc`

Omõgv`% oe Bckc~tv` dg M`fcgvk` s Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Fwg"

k`~ Ocvg~% wg ho vg~wget` yovcov dg dg~tck` s qcdg ~g eg vgbctowk kwgy` qo~oq`vtg qovo Nþvd`foR+

( ?1 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1#

\novqgto ?+¼R ^gt+g ?8>1

N`bc~c`kod` dg N`vd`yo

?‛ Bokcig~tokd` wg nvgsgkd` ckkgng~ovco ~w g~toknco

gk g~to Noqctoe dg~qwã~ wg ho yc~t` wg ï wko q`v~c`k dg

ckdcycdw`~ dg ~w Qv`y+[-c ~g eg~ ho cktcbo` ~oemok dg g~to~qcdg ~w qo~oq`vtg qovo eo Noqceeo dg Bgvngdg~ gk eo Fokdo

@vcgktoe —6% Dcncgkd` wg ho vg~wget` yovcov dg dg~tck` qcdg ~g

eg vgbcto wk kwgy` qo~oq`vtg qovo N`vd`yo —

X 6

\ novqgto 6+"";R

^gqfvg ?1*

8>1

Ge N`bc~c`kod` dge M`fcgvk` dg N`vd`yo D+&& D+ Gw~gfc`

Omõgv`+

_wg gk yc~to dg eo k`to wg ~g eg qo~þ ge dco 9 dge n`"

vvcgktg% ho vg~wget` yovcov dg dg~tck`% s qcdg ~g eg vgbcto

wk kwgy` qo~oq`vtg q+¼ eo Qv`y+* dg N`vd`yo

^gq+fvg ?1

Vgbâto~g ge qo~oq`vtg wg ~g qcdg% s n`bwkcúg~g oe Bckc~t+` dg

M`f+k` o e`~ ickg~ n`k~cmwcgktg~—(ih`#



" ?=?

Fwgk`~ Osvg~ ?1 dg ^gqtcgkcc+vg tcn ?^>1+ i+ C

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` N`bcnc`kod` dge M`fcgvk` dg N`vd`yo

hofco qgdcd` ~w qo~oq`vtg q+&¼ eo Noqceeo dg Bgvngdg~ gk eo

Fokdo @vcgktoe dge Wvwmwos gk ge n`k~gqt` dg dcvcjcv~g ï wk

qwkt` bgk`~ dc~toktg% dg~dg d`kdg% yovcodo~ eo~ ncvnwk~"

toknco~% q`dvâo fèygv ï n`ktckwov ge dg~gbqgÿ` dg ~w n`"

bcncþk bo~ dgycgkd` dov~g g~to q n`knewcdo% ï ycvtwd dg

eo k`to iho 9 +[ ho vgncfcd` ge dco dg osgv% dge ^`v Bcv`

dg M`f+&` s Vgeon+~ G~tgv+*% qwg~ k` ~g hoeeo gk ge okcb`

dg hongv mg~tcþk oemwko% ~`fvg ge dgnvgt` dg ?8 dg K`y+g

dge oÿ` qq"c¼% ge ~g yã gk eo qvg~cnc`k dg yovcov dg dg~tck`%

s dcvcjcv~g o ~w qv`fcknco kotoe% o d`kdg eg eeobok e`~ cktg"

vg~g~ dg ~w iobceco+ Gk ~w ycvtwd ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~g t`bo eo

ecfgvtod dg dgyèygv ge qo~oq`vtg wg vgncfcþ tobfcãk osgv

q+[ eo Noqceeo dg Bgvngdg~% qcdcgkd` oe M`f+¼ q+&& ge þvmok`

dge ^`v RUCtv` dg M`f+¼ s Vgeon+~ Gxtgv+~ ~g dcmkg bokdoveg

dov `tv`% q+&& eo yco wg iwgng dg ~w omvod` q+¼ eo qv`fcknco dg

N`vd`yo+ Ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~g yã gk ge no~` dg v`mov tob"

fcãk oe ^`v Btv` q+&& ge qv`kt` dg~qonh`% q+&& gxcjcve` o~c eo

~cvnwk~toknco dg qovtcv ge dco dg boÿoko ge novvwomg gk wg

ho t`bod` wk o~cgkt`+

Ge wg ~w~nvcfg vgqctg oe ^`v Bti` dg M`f+-- s Vgeon[

G~tgv+- eo~ qv`tg~to~ dg ~w n`k~cdgvoncþk s vg~qgt`

Fwgk`~ Os+¬^gqfvg ?1 dg8>1Vgbâto~g ge

Qo~oq`vtg wg~g qcdg% s n`"bwkcúg~g oeBckc~tgvc` dgM`fcgvk` o e`~ickg~ n`k~c"iâwcgktg~+—Oc"nh`vgko

+

i+ ? yto+

Gk~gfc` Omõgv`

^`v <Btv` dg M`f+¼ s Vgeon+~ Gxtgv+~

dge M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk+~ Os+[

\oe bovmgkdg i + ?

v Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Xoncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+— Nþvd`fo+ —c~~`"?8>1% K+` >+ — Novqgto ?+*: bokw~nvcto < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo

h`jo d`feodo 66 x ?9 ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ ?6 s ?> bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

vgmweov+ —Novqgto 6+-[: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >6 x 6? ngkt+<

egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ ?6 s ?> bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko : g~tï qgmodo oe d`"

nwbgkt` ~cmwcgktg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo — D`ny[S"TõT@ : `vcmckoe bo"kw~nvct`% qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >> x â`&% ngkt+: tgtvo

ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ 8 s 3 bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko #+

Y+& F & — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+¼



" ?=6

K+& ?16+ —CGe N`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% o ~w M`fcgvk`% eg vgbctg

n`qcodg e`~

kwgy`~ovtânwe`~

wgge

M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ho qo~od` o ~w dcqwtod` D+ J`~ã Bovâo V`jo~ s Qotvþk R+

[

( ?> dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1

â" ? N`vv+g ^gq+hvg ?> dg 8>1

Gxb` ^%

Ge +-2 ~wf~nvcfg tcgkg ge h`k`v dg q`kgv gk bok`~ dg

^+ G+ ge ^v+ M`y o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% eo odjwkto n`qco% +[ ge

Gxb` M`y+&± dg ^to Igã eg ho vgbctcd`% dg eo k`to s kwgy`~

ovtânwe`~ dg ck~tvwnncþk +± ge ^wqvgb` M`y+&-- dg F+[ O[

o qo~od` o ~w Dcqwtod` d+& J`~ã Bovco V`jo~ s Qotvþk% dg

vg~weto~ dg eo n`k~weto% +± g~tg hc~` o owge% n`k b`tcy`

dg e`~ ovtcnwe`~ gk wg~tc`k gktvg ge ^ V`jo~% s e`~ Dcqw"

tod`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+[ dg ^to igã% Gktvg Vc`~% s N`vvcgktg~%

vgwkcd`~ gk eo Noqctoe dg eo qvcbgvo q+-[ +[ gk yc~to dg

i+ ? yto+ gee`~

se`~ dgbï~ oktgngdgktg~% dgecfgvg ge Gxb` M`y+&&

e` +*[ bgj`v n`bfgkmo o e`~ cktgvg~g~ dg eo Qv`y+[ s eo Vg"

qwfecno—Ge +&[ icvbo n`k g~tg b`tcy` ~oewdo oe Gxb` ^+&& M`y+`--

o wcgk ~g dcvcmg n`k ~w bo~ oet` oqvgnc` s n`k~cdgvoncþk+

Gxb` ^+&[

Qgdv` Igvvã+


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >9+— @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo ~` x ~c ngkt < egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg 3 s e` bce+< n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y+± F+& — Mv`~~`+



? Qwfecnod` gk eo qïmcko ?9? dg g~tg t`b`+— ( X+ dg eo D #+



?=>

K+± ?1>+ — \ E`~ Omgktg~ dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ dg ôeto% ôk Jwok% ôk

Ewc~% Bgkd`zo% Notobovno% Twnwbïk% ôktcom` dge G~tgv` sVc`jo% ~g dcvcmgk oe M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~

qovo gxqvg~oveg wg tcgkgk þvdgkg~ tgvbckoktg~ dg ~w~ vg~qgn"

tcy`~ M`fcgvk`~ qovo ofvcv n`bwkcnonc`kg~ ivokno~ s obc~t`~o~

n`k e`~ dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ R+

( ?> dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1

Nþvd`fo ?> dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1 â+ ?

E`~ omgktg~ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ dge cktgvc`v +[ ~wf~nvcfgk

tcgkgk ge h`k`v dg dcvcjcv~g oe Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~

~`fvg wk o~wkt` dg eo bo~ oeto cbq`vtoknco s ~`fvg ge

wg tcgkgk g~qgncoe s bws gknovgncd` gknovm` dg ~w~ vg~qgn"

tcy`~ m`fc[[vk`~+ Ge eegyo gk yc~to eo qoncicnoncþk dg eo Vg"

qúfecno% s ge vg~tofegncbcgkt` dg eo~ fwgko~ vgeonc`kg~ gktvg

t`d`~ e`~ qwgfe`~ +« eo n`bq`kgk% oegjokd` qovo ge ovvgme`

dg ~w~ dcigvgknco~ ge tgvvcfeg bgdc` dg eo~ ovbo~% dg wg

jobo~ gktvg hgvbok`~ wc~cgvok hongv `~tgktoncþk+

G~t`~`fjgt`~ ~`k q`v ~c

bc~b`~ dgboncod` cbq`vtoktg~s vgn`bgkdofeg~% n`b` g~ bokcicg~to eo wvmgknco dg q`kgv

gk gjgnwncþk e`~ bgdc`~ +« n`kncgbgk o ~w e`mv`< qwg~ o

bo~ dge q`dgv`~`"b`tcy` dg wk obom` gxtgvc`v ~cgbqvg ~gvï

dgqe`vofeg ge b`bgkt` +[ ~g qcgvdo foj` wko ~ctwoncþk yc`"

egkto wg ~c g~ vwck`~o g cktègvofeg gktvg konc`kg~ dcigvgk"

tg~% e` g~ bwnh` bo~ gktvg qwgfe`~ hgvbok`~ cktcbobgktg

ecmod`~ q`v t`d` mgkgv` dg vgeonc`kg~ ã cktgvg~g~+

E`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ hok bokcig~tod`

vgnge`~ wg owkwg o jwcnc` dg e`~ ckivo~nvcqt`~ novgngk dgt`d` iwkdobgkt`% g~ ~cgbqvg wk boe qovo t`do eo vgqúfecno

s wk `f~tïnwe` o eo n`k~ècdoncþk dge `vdgk mgkgvoe ge wg

gee`~ k` dg~oqovg~nok dg t`d` mvod`- s vgko~no eo+ n`kicokzo

bo~ cktcbo% s eo bo~ n`bqegto cktgecmgknco dg wg iewcvïk

t`d`~ e`~ fcgkg~ +± qwgdgk oqgtgngv~g+

Gee`~ hok bokcig~tod` n`k oktgvc`vcdod cmwoeg~ dg~g`~ s

~gktcbcgkt`~ s ~`fvg g~tg dot` iwkdok e`~ ckivo~nvcqt`~ eo

bo~ ~gmwvo g~qgvokzo dg wg ~gvï od`qtodo q`v t`d`~ eo

yco dg eo vozþk qovo ge ovvgme` dg tok cbq`vtoktg~ kgm`nc`~+

Qovo g~tg mvokdg `fjgt` g~tïk vgwkcd`~ e`~ wg ~wf~nvcfgk

gk g~to Noqctoe% s tcgkgk `vdgkg~ tgvbckoktg~ dg ~w~ vg~qgn"



" ?=4 —tcy`~ m`fcgvk`~ qovo ofvcv n`bwkcnonc`kg~ ivokno~ s obc~"

t`~o~ n`k e`~ Gxb`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~+

Gk n`k~gnwgknco ~c ^+ G+ ge ^`v+ M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgk"- tg~ nvgã wg q`v ge cktgvbgdc` dg omgktg~ dcqe`bïtcn`~ ~g

qwgdg ovvcfov oe ovvgme` dg nwoeg~wcgvo dcigvgknco~ gktvg eo~

qv`ycknco~% s oe g~tofegncbcgkt` dg wko fo~g icvbg q+[- eo

qoncicnoncþk s `vmokczoncþk dg eo vgqúfecno% e`~ ckivo~nvcqt`~

n`bcnc`kod`~ g~tïk qv`kt`~ o gktvov gk kgm`nconc`kg~ n`k

e`~ wg ^+ G+ wcgvo k`bfvov qovo ge gignt`%

i+ ? yto+ ^c n`b` iwkdodobgktg g~qgvok e`~ wg ~w~nvcfgk eo

bgdcdo qv`qwg~to bgvgncg~g wko on`mcdo ioy`vofeg dge

Gxb` ^`v+ M`fgvkod`v o wcgk ~g dcvcjgk% ~g odgeoktok o

qv`q`kgv eo ncwdod dg Nþvd`fo q`v qwkt` dg vgwkcþk qovo

eo qvcbgvo n`kigvgknco+

E`~ ofoj` icvbod`~ oqv`ygnhok n`k qeongv g~to `no~cþk

dg ~oewdov oe Gxb` ^`v+ M`fgvkod`v s Noqctïk mvoe dg

N`vvcgktg~ s ìvgngveg ~w~ bo~ n`vdcoeg~ vg~qgt`~+

Bokwge dg J+ Qckt`+ — J+ Vwdgn+ [[ F`jÒm+tg Dcq+` dg ôeto+— Om"+tg Dcq+d` dg ^% Jwok+

J`~ã Bovâo Fgd`so — Ivok± Dgemod` — Gkvc+& OvowjÒm+cg dg ^+ Ewc~+— Om+tg dg Bgkd`zo — Om+tg Dcq+d¼ dg Notob+no

Bokwge FgvdcoOmgktg dg Twnwbïk+

Bcmwge Noecxt` dge N`vv`

Omgktg dg ôktcom`+

F+& S+& @nobqÒmgktg dg eo Vc`jo+

Gxb` ^`v+ M`fgvkod`v s Noq+& Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+[[ dg N`"

vvcgktg~+


@icncoe— Egmoj` >9+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo 4? x ^` ngkt+ 8 bce+ < egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg 8 s e` bce+

n`k~gvyoncþtc fwgko#+

U+± F+± — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+ ¼



L

— ?=7 —

K+± ?14+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo% D+ J`~ã B+ Qoz% vgbctg oe

M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~ wk qecgm` ~w~nvcqt` q`v e`~ omgktg~ dg

eo~ qv`ycknco~ cktgvc`vg~ s gknovgng ge qv`qþ~ct` dg qoncicnoncþk

wg okcbo o t`do~ eo~ qv`ycknco~ R+

-

( ?4 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1

N`vd+¼ s ^gqt+vg ?4 dg ?8>1 i+ ?

Gxctod` ge +*[ ~wf~nvcfg q e`~ Omgktg~ dg eo~ Qv`yck"

nco~dge cktgvc`v% vgwkcd`~

gkg~to Noqctoe% o

q`kgv gk bok`~dge Gxb` ^+&&& M`f+±-- dg N`vvcgktg~ ge odjwkt` qecgm`% nvgg

dg ~w dgfgv cki`vbov o ^+ G+ ~`fvg eo~ vgnto~ cktgknc`kg~

n`k +*[ e`~ Omgktg~ ~g dcvcmgk gk ~w odjwkto n`bwkcnoncþk+

E`~ ^+^+ D+& Fwgko"Ygktwvo @nobq` Omgktg Dcqe`bïtcn`

dg eo Vc`xo% D+& J`~ã Vwdgnckd` V`j` dg ^+& Jwok% D+& Gk"

vcwg Ovowj` dg Notobovno% D+& Ivok+-[[ Dgemod` dg Bgk"

d`zo% D+& J`~ã Bovco Fgd`so dg ^+& Ewc~% D+& Bok+[ dg I+

Qckt` dg ôeto% D+& Bcmwge Noecxt` dge N`vv` dg ôktcom`

dge G~tgv`% s D+& Bokwge Fgvdco dg Twnwbok% hok qvg~gk"

tod` dg~qonh`~ owtãktcn`~% +*[ ge M`f+&*[ dg N`d+[ ho gkn`k"

tvod` s vgn`k`ncd` q`v fo~toktg~ o e`~ `fjgt`~ dg ~w bc"

~cþk+ Eo qoncicnoncþk dg eo Vgqúfecno% ge vg~tofegncb+-¼ dg

ivotgvkoeg~ vgeonc`kg~ gktvg t`d`~ e`~ M`f+&±* s e`~ Qwgfe`~%

ck~qcvov~g vgncqv`no~ n`kicokzo~% s qv`b`ygv n`k geeo~ eo

`vmokczoncþk s n`k~tctwncþk dge Qoc~% ~`k e`~ cktgvg~g~ dg

+*- ~g `nwqok% s o +g gknobckok ~w~ tvofoj`~+ Ge +&

~wf~nvcfg k` qwgdg bgk`~ +[ qv`bgtgv~g dge qotvc`tc~b`

dge Gxb` ^+¼&& M`f+`v °[ N`vvcgktg~ +g dg~qegmïkdè` gk

`no~cþk tok `q`vtwko% s wvmgktg% dã fgkcmko on`mcdo o e`~

dg~g`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+[~ hgvboko~% +[ q+v bgdc` dg ~w~ Omgk"

tg~ eg dcvcmgk ~w~ y`t`~ dg obc~tod% vgwcvcgkdèã n`k gee`~

~w n`knwvvgknco o ~oeyov o ~oeyov oe Qoc~ dg qgecmv`~ i c yto+

+*[ obgkozok ~w ckdgqgkdgknco s ecfgvtod% ~gmúk o t`do~

geeo~ ho ~cd` okwkncod` q+&& ge Gxb` M`f+&¼ dg Fwgk`~

Osvg~+

? Qwfecnod` gk eo qïmcko ?=> dg g~tg t`b`+ — ( X+ dg eo D++



\novqgtoR

" ?=9 "

Ge +n ~wf~nvcfg n`k g~tg b`tcy` vgctgvo oe Gxb` ^+`v

M`f+¼¼" o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% ~w~ qv`tg~to~ dg obc~tod s oet`

oqvgnc`+

J`~ã B+ Qoz

D+&- Jwok Okt+ ôvonhomo+

Gxb` ^+`v M`f+`&& s Noqctïk Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+[ dg N`vvcgktg~+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk < N`vvg~q`kdgknco@icncoe+— Egmoj` >9+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo d`feodo 4? -% x ~~ ngkt+ 8 bce< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg 3 s cc bce+

<


Y+± F+± — Mf`~~`+



E± ?17+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg eo

qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% cknewsg wk qecgm` dg e`~ omgktg~ dg

ôeto% ôk Jwok% ôk Ewc~% Bgkd`zo% Notobovno% Twnwbïk%ôktcom` dge G~tgv` s Vc`jï ckyctokd` o ofvcv n`bwkcnonc`kg~ s

o gkycov wk omgktg dcqe`bïtcn` qovo ge ovvgme` dg eo~ dcigvgk"

nco~ gktvg eo~ qv`ycknco~R+

( ?> s ?4 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1

?

N`vd`yo ^gq+g ?4 dg ?8>1

Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vd`yo

Cknewsg wk qecgm` wg dcvcmgk ï g~tg M`f+&` e`~ Omgktg~dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ Cktgvc`vg~ vgwkcd`~ gk N`vd`yo% ckyctok"

dè` ï wg n`knwvvo n`k ~w omgktg Dcqe`bïtcn` ï eo @vmo"

kczoncþk Konc`koe+@nt+g 7‛8>1

N`ktã~tg~g e` on`vdod` —(ih`#

iP c N`vd+o ^gq+n ?4 dg ?8>1

Gxctod` ge +[ ~wf~nvcfg q+&& e`~ Omgktg~ dg eo~ Qv`yck"nco~ dge cktgvc`v% vgwkcd`~ gk g~to Noqctoe% o q`kgv gk bok`~

dge Gxb` ^gÿ`v M`f+`[ dg Fwgk`~ Osv+~ ge odjwkt` qecgm`+



" ?==

gvo dg ~w dgfgv cki`vbov ï ^+ G+ ~`fvg eo~ vgnto~ cktgknc`"

kg~ n`k +¬ e`~ Omgktg~ ~g dcvcjgk gk ~w odjwkto n`bwkcno" ([&[&7&[-[«[

nc`k+ E`~ ^gÿ`v+~ D+& Fwgko Ygktwvo @nobq`% Omgktg Dc" on`[do[â" *--

qe`botcn` dg eo Vc`jo% D+ J`~ã Vwdgnckd` V`x`% dg ôk[[["[[[[ &&*C[?

Jwok D+ Gkvcwg Ovowj` dg Notobovno% D+ Ivok+[J Dgemod` nh`vgko

dg Bgkd`zo% D+ J`~ã B+[[ Fgd`so dg ôk Ewc~% D+ BokJ dg

T+ Qckt` dg ôeto% D+ Bcmwge Noecxt` dge N`vv` dg ôktcom`

dge G~tgv`% s D+ Bok+c Fgvdco dg Twnwbok% hok qvg~gktod`

Dg~qonh`~ owtãktcn`~% +[ ge M`f+&¼ dg N`vd+¼ ho gkn`ktvod`%

s vgn`k`ncd` qj fo~toktg~ ï e`~ `fjgt`~ dg ~w bcnc`k+ Eo

qo~cicnonc`k dg eo Vgqúfecno% ge vg~tofegncb+*[ dg ivotgvkoeg~

vgeonc`k+~ gktvg t`d`~ e`~ M`f+[`[ s e`~ Qwgfe`~% ck~qcvov~g

vgncqv`no~ n`kicokzo~% s qv`b`ygv n`k geeo~ eo `vmokczo"

ncþk s n`k~tctwncþk dge Qoc~% ~`k e`~ cktgvg~g~ dg +¬ ~g

`nwqok% s ï +[ gknobckok ~w~ tvofoj`~+ Ge +[ ~wf~nvcfg k`

qwgdg bgk`~ +[ qv`bgtgv~g dge qotvc`tc~b` dge Gxb` ^gÿ`v

M`f+`&& dg Fwgk+~ Osv+[ +g dg~qegmïkdè` gk `nonc`k tok

`q`vtwko s wvmgktg% dã fgkcmko ïn`jcdo ï e`~ dg~g`~ dg eo~

Qv`ycknco~ hgvboko~% +[ q bgdc` dg ~w~ Omgktg~ eg dcvc"

mgk ~w~ y`t`~ dg obc~tod vgwcvcgkdèg n`k gee`~ ~w n`knw"

vvgknco ï ~oeyov oe Qoc~ dg qgecmv`~ +¬ obgkozok ~w ckdg"

qgkdgknco s ecfgvtod% ~gmúk ï t`do~ geeo~ ho ~cd` okwknco"

d` q+v ge Gxb`+ M`f+k¼ dg Fwgk+~ Os+~

Ge +g ~wf~nvcfg n`k g~tg b`tcf` vgstgvo oe Gxb` ^gÿ`v i+ ? yto+

M`f+ì o+k ~g dcvcmg% ~w~ qv`tg~to~ dg obc~tod s oet`

oqvgnc`

J`~ã B+ Qoz

D+*&[ Jwok Okt+ ôvonhomo

c Gxb` ^gÿ`v M`f+¼&& s Noq+& Mvïe i+ ?


Nþvd`fo ?> dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1+ i+ c

E`~ omgktg~ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ dge cktgvc`v wg ~w~nvcfgk

tcgkgk ge h`k`v dg dcvcmcv~g oe Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg F+~ O+[

~`fvg wk o~wkt` dg eo bo~ oeto cbq`vtoknco s ~`fvg ge wgtcgkgk g~qgncoe s bwc gknovgncd` gknovm` dg ~w~ vg~qgntcy`~

m`fcgvk`~+ Ge eegyo gk yc~to eo qoncicnoncþk dg eo Vgqúfecno%

QeFE+ ^gn+ Hc~t+ — T+ XYC ?6



" ?=8 —

s ge vg~tofegncbcgkt` dg eo~ fwgko~ vgeonc`kg~ gktvg t`d`~

e`~ qwgfe`~ wg eo n`bq`kgk% oegjokd` qovo ge ovvgme` dg

~w~ dcigvgknco~ ge tgvvcfeg bgdc` dg eo~ ovbo~% dg wg jobo~

gktvg hgvbok`~ wc~cgvok hongv `~tgktoncþk+

G~t`~ `fjgt`~ ~`k q`v ~c bc~b`~ dgboncod` cbq`vtoktg~

s vgn`bgkdofeg~% n`b` g~ bokcicg~to eo wvmgknco dg q`kgv

gk gxgnwnc`k e`~ bgdc`~ wg n`kncgvkgk ï ~w e`mv`% qwg~

ï bo~ dge q`dgv`~` b`tcy` dg wk ovvitcm` gxtgvc`v ~cgbqvg-

~gvï dgqe`vofeg ge b`bgkt` wg %~g qcgvdo foj` wko ~ctwo"

ncþk ycègkto% wg ~c g~ vwck`~o ã cktègvofeg gktvg konc`kg~

dcigvgktg~% e` g~ bwnh` bo~ owk gktvg qwgfe`~ hgvbok`~

cktcbobgktg ecmod`~ q`v t`d` mgkgv` dg vgeonc`kg~ ã ck"

tgvg~g~+

E`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ hok bokcig~"

tod` vgnge`~ wg owkwg ï jwcnc` dg e`~ ckivo~nvcqt`~ novg"

ngk dg t`d` iwkdobgkt`% g~ ~cgbqvg wk boe qovo eo vgqú"

fecno s wk `f~tïnwe` ï eo n`k~ècdoncþk dge `vdgk mvïe ge

wg gee`~ k` dg~oqovg~nok dg t`d` mvod` s vgko~no eo n`k"

icokzo bo~ cktcbo% s eo bo~ n`bqegto cktgecmgknco dg wg

iewcvïk t`d`~ e`~ fcgkg~ wg qwgdgk oqgtgngv~g+

Gee`~ hok bokcig~tod` n`k oktgvc`vcdod cmwoeg~ dg~g`~

s ~gktcbcgkt`~% s ~`fvg g~tg dot` iwkdok e`~ ckivo~nvcqt`~

eo bo~ ~gmwvo g~qgvokzo dg wg ~gvï od`qtodo q`v t`d`~

eo yco dg eo vozþk qovo ge ovvgme` dg tok cbq`vtoktg~ kg"

m`nc`~+

Qovo g~tg mvokdg `fjgt` g~tïk vgwkcd`~% e`~ wg ~w~nvc"

fgk% gk g~to Noqctoe% s tcgkgk `vdgkg~ tgvbckoktg~ dg ~w~

vg~qgntcy`~ m`fcgvk`~ qovo ofvcv n`bwkcnonc`kg~ ivokno~ s

obc~t`~o~ n`k e`~ Gxb`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`"

voeg~+ Gk n`k~gnwgknco ~c ^+ G+ ge ^+¼& M`fgvkod`v dg F+¼ O+&

i+ ? yto+ nvgã wg q`v ge cktgvbgdc` dg omgktg~ dcqe`bïtcn`~ ~g qwg"

dg ovvcfov oe ovvgme` dg nwoeg~wcgvo dcigvgknco~ gktvg eo~

qv`ycknco~% s oe g~tofegncbcgkt` dg wko fo~g icvbg qovo eo

qoncicnoncþk s `vmokczoncþk dg eo vgqúfecno% e`~ ckivo~nvcq"

t`~ n`bc~c`kod`~ g~tïk qv`kt`~ ï gktvov gk kgm`nconc`kg~

n`k e`~ wg ^+ G+ wcgvo k`bfvov qovo ge gignt`+

^c

n`bìwkdobgkt` g~qgvok e`~ wg ~wf~nvcfgk% eo bg"

dcdo qv`qwg~to bgvgncgvg wko on`mcdo ioy`vofeg dge Gxcec`

^`v M`fgvkod`v ï wcgk ~g dcvcmgk% ~g odgeoktok ï qv`q`kgv



— ?=3 —

eo Ncwdod dg Nþvd`fo q`v qwkt` dg vgwkcþk qovo eo qvcbgvo

n`kigvgknco+

E`~ ofoj` icvbod`~ oqv`ygnhok n`k qeongv g~to `nonc`k

dg ~oewdov oe Gxb` ^ M`fgvkod`v s Noqctïk mvïe dg F+[ O+¬

s ìvgngveg ~w~ bo~ n`vdcoeg~ vg~qgt`~+

Bokwge dg T+ Qckt` Fccdgn+[& V`jÒââ+-g Dcq+n` dg ôeto Om+tg õcq+&/¼ dg ^+ Jwok

J`~ã Bovco Fgd`so Gkvc+ - OvowjÒm+tg dg ^+ Ewc~ Oii+-¼ Dcq+g¼ dg Notob+*

Bokwge Fgvdco Ivok± DgemodÒmgktg dg Twnwb+k Om+t¼ dg Bgkd`zo

F+& Y+& @nobq` Bcmwge Noecxt` dge N`vv`

Omgktg dg eo Vc`jo Omgktg dg ¬[…ct[-[âv-[

Gxb` ^`v M`fgvkod`v s Noq+& Mvïe dg eo Qv`y+" dg F+ O+¼

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+— M`fcgvk`+— Nþvd`fo+ —?861"?^+>1% K+± >+ —Novqgto: bokw~nvcto : qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo 66 x ?7 ;-j ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ e` s ?? bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

ccâgvt¬+— Õ@NõBVKT@ ?+±: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct` : qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo

h`jo d`feodo 4? Yj X 6> -j ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ ?1 s ?? bce+< n`k~gv"

yoncþk vgmweov% g~tï oem` v`to eo h`jo ~cmwcgktg gk feokn`+— D@NN>CGXT@ 6+& : `vc"

mckoe bokw~nvct` : qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo 4? x 67 Yj ngkt+:

egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ 8 s 3 bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov% g~tï oem` v`to gk e`~

f`vdg~ #

+

Y+` F+` — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgk"[voe dg eo Koncþk+—Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+ …

K+& ?19+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~ oyc~o% oe dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~%

hofgv k`bfvod` o D+ Bokwge Egsyo% ~w n`bc~c`kod` gk vggb"

qeoz` dg D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% wg vgkwkncþR+

( ?4 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8+>1 #

^gqtcgbfvg ?8>1

N`vvcgktg~ \novqgto e+¬R

?+ Ofc~okd` hofgv k`bfvod` ï D+± jBok+- Egsyo N`bc"

~c`kod` ~ws` gk ôkto Iã q`v hofgv odbctcd` eo vgkwknco

hgnho q`v ge N`v+[ B`v+ Igvvã—



?81 "

k ?

N`vvcgktg~ ^gt%g ?4‛ ?8>1\novqgto 6+oR

P®<<_[[k`

[[ N`vvcgktg~

N`bwkcno hofgv odbctcd` eo vgkwknco +[ ho hgnh` ge

N`vJ B`v+ D+& Qgdv` Igvvã% dg eo N`bc~cþk gxtvo`vdckovco

+« dg~gbqgÿofo ngvno dg e`~ M`f+[&[ dg eo~ Qv`y+[ Ect`vo"

eg~% s +*- ho k`bfvod` gk ~w ewmov oe ^`v+ D+& Bokwge

Egcyo+

@nt+g ?9

Onú~g~g vgncy` :(ih`#

o eo icvbo

Onú~g~g vg"ncy`

Oknh`vgko

i+ ? N`vvcgktg~ ^gqt+g ?4‛ dg ?8>1%+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg ge h`k`v dg dcvcmcv~g oe Gxcec` ^`v

M`f`v s Noq+& Mvïe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% qovoFccgk`~[O+b~ q`kgv gk ~w n`k`ncbcgkt`% wg q`v jw~to~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~%

+± hï tgkcd` ï eo U-c~to[ hï odbctcd` eo g~nw~onc`k hgnho

q ge ^`v N`v`kge B7v D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% dg eo N`bc~cþk gx"

tvo`vdckovco +-[ dg~gbqgÿofo ngvno dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg

eo~ Qv`y+[ Ect`voeg~< s gk ~w n`k~gnwgknco% ~g hï qv`ng"

dcd` ï k`bfvov gk ~w ewmov oe ^gÿ`v D+ Bokwge Egcyo%ï wcgk n`k g~to ignho ~g eg owt`vczo n`bqgtgktgbgktg q+[

eo n`ktckwoncþk s n`knew~cþk dg eo~ kgm`nconc`kg~ wg ~g

hoeeok qgkdcgktg~ —N`k g~tg b`tcy`% ge bc~b` wg ~wf~nvcfg% tcgkg ge h`k`v

dg ~oewdov oe Gxb` ^`v M`f`v% ï wcgk ~g dcvcmg% n`k ~w

on`~twbfvodo n`kncdgvonc`k s vg~qgt`—Qgdv` D+ Nofvoe

J`~ãMovvcd`

\oe bovmgkR Oe Gxb` ^`v M`f`v s Noq+& Mvïe dg eo Qv`y+-[

dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+— N`vvcgktg~+—?8?8"?876+—

Novqgto ?+* : bokw~nvcto %" qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >? Yo x 66

ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo ?? bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk ^wgko+ — Novqgto 6+*

bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >6 x 66 ngkt < egtvo ckneckodo

cktgveâkgo ?1 bce+ < n`k~gvyoncþk itcâgco+ — D`nwbgxt` : `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qo"

qge n`búk% i`vbot`% >1 -%-6 x 61 -o ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 3 bce+< n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko< tcgkg d`~ q`vtodo~ qgmodo~ gk eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo#+

Y+` F+` — FcgDBO+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+—Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+



— ?8? "

K+* ?1=+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o D+ Bokwge Egcyo% eg

qovtcncqo wg% q`v gxnw~oncþk dg D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% ~g eg ho dg"

~cmkod` Dcqwtod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg N`vvcgktg~ ngvno dg eo~ qv`"

ycknco~ ect`voeg~ qovo ngegfvov wk qont` dg oecokzo% gktvg geeo~%

wg eo~ q`kmo o nwfcgvt` dg t`do omvg~cþkR+

( ?4 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1

N`vv+t¬¬ ^gqtvg ?4 dg ?8>1 i+ ?1 yto+

Ge M`f`v+ s Noqctïk Mvoe dg e°c Qv`y+* dg N`vv+-[[ +¬[ oyoj`

icvbo tcgkg eo ~otc~ionncþk dg dcvcmcv~g oe ^`v+ D+ Bok+c

Egcyo qovo q`kgv gk ~w n`k`ncb+*& +« oycgkd`~g odbctcd`

eo g~nw~onc`k hgnho q`v ge N`v`kge B+[[ D+ Qgdv` Igvvã dg eo

N`bc~cþk Gxtvo`vdckovco +-[ dg~gbqgÿofo ngvno dg eo~ (Qv`"

ycknco~# Ect`voeg~ dg F+~ Os+[ ôktoigg s Gktvg Vc`~ ~g eg ho

k`bfvod` s ~`~tctwcd` gk ~w qgv~`ko dho N`bcnc`k+ — ^w`fjgt` ~g vgdwng o i`vbov qont`~ dg oecokzo +[ q`kmok o

nwfcgvt` g~to~ Qv`y+[~ °g t`do omvgnc`k% s eo~ homo oqovg~gv

gk ge gxtgvc`v n`k vg~qgtofcecdod s n`b` wk nwgvq` dg ko"

ncþk qovo ~oeyov ge dg~nvãdct` +[ vgiewsg ~`fvg eo

bozogk

mgkgvoe q`v ge g~tod` dg oc~eobcgkt` gk +« ~g hoeeok+ /Bo~

q`v mvokdg~ +[ oqovg~nok e`~ vg~wetod`~ dg wko n`bfckoncþk

tok cbq`vtoktg% ge +« ~wf~nvcyg k` qwgdg qvgnckdcv dg ncgvto~

n`kncdgvonc`kg~% +[ ge cktgvã~ s n`kygkcgknco dg eo Qv`y+¼ +g

qvgncdg% qv`neobok n`k vcm`v`~o Jw~tcnco— + Toeg~ ~`k eo~

wg ge ^`v+ Dcqwtod` gegnt` odygvtcvï qv`b`ycdo~ q`v ~w ok" i+ cc

tg~g~`v ge ^gÿ`v Igvvã gk eo~ dc~nw~cþk+[ +g hok tgkcd` ewmov

``k g~tg b`tcy` gk eo Ncwdod dg ôktoigg% s +« gkn`ktvovï

gk ge odjwkt` cki`vbg tg~tcb`kcod` +& ~g eg on`bqoÿo—

+

Ge bc~b` 5[ ~wf~nvcyg k` nvgg qvwdgktg dg~c~tcv dge n`ktg"

kcd` dge wetcb` qv`sgnt` qvg~gktod` q`v ge oktgdcnh` s +5[ gk

qovtg vgdontþ dg kwgy` ge Dcqwtod` dg ôktoigg q`v +¬ ~w

tgkdgknco g~ ï wk `fjgt` qwvob+t[ konc`koe s n`knceeo oe

bc~b` tq` e`~ cktgvg~g~ qv`yckncoeg~ +« ckwtceb+*« ~g hok

vgneobod` n`k oktcncqoncþk — + Q`v e` bc~b` ge ^`v+ Dcqw"

tod` dgfg ~gÿcv~g o eo~ ck~tvwnnc`kg~ +« ~g eg on`bqoÿok%

~ck tvo~qo~oveo~ gk bokgvo oemwko% s ~èobgktg nwokd` gk

ge nwv~` dg eo kgm`nconcþk ^> qv`q`kmok odcnc`kg~ dg wkowtcecdod bokcicg~to% e` n`k~wetovï `q`vtwkob+*" qovo t`bov"

eo~ gk n`k~cdgvoncþk% s dgtgvbckov e` +[ ~g nvgo bo~ oko"



— ?86 —

e`m` o e`~ cktgvg~g~ +[ ~g qv`bwgygk — + Ge (ohoj` icvbod`#

wgdo gk eo qgv~wonc`k dg +*[ ge ^+&&& Dcqwtod` o +& ~g dcvcmg

i+ ?? yto+ ~ofvï n`vvg~q`kdgv o eo n`k icokzo %± gk ge ~g dgq`~cto%

n`k owge zge` tck` s ontcycdod +« tok onvggd`v e` hok hgnh`

o eo G~tcboncþk qwfecno s +-[ ~w ~è` k`bfvob+*± ~gvycvï

dg yo~toktg movoktco qovo o~gmwvov dge igec~ vg~wetod` dg eo

kgm`nconcþk +n ~g eg n`kico2 Ge +*[ ~wf~nvcfg oqv`ygnho

g~to `q`vtwkcdod qovo ~oewdov oe ^+±[ D+ Bok+[ Egcyo o wcgk

~g dcvcmg s tvcfwtoveg e`~ vg~qgt`~ dg ~w g~tcboncþk s

oqvgnc`+

Oe ^+&*& D+ Bok+c Egcyo Dcqwtod` Gxtvo`vdckovc` dg eo Qv`y+[

dg N`vv+t[[

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk < Ecfv`~ n`qcod`vg~

dg M`fcgvk`+— Egmoj` ~% Ecfv` ^>+ — N`qcod`v kcobc~nvct` : qoqge dg hce` n`k icec"

mvokm% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo ~` -j x ~c ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg = s 3 bce+<

n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov< e` ckdcnod` gktvg qovãktg~c~ s fo~tovdceeo% ~g hoeeo gktvg

eâkgo~ #+

s+& F+& — MG@^^@+



K+± ?18+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~ gegyo% oe H+ N+ Q+ dg eo

qv`ycknco% ge cki`vbg dg D+ Qgdv` Igvvã vgeotcy` o eo kgm`nco"

ncþk wg ~g eg gkn`bgkdþ ngvno dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~ dg

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% Gktvg Vâ`~ s ôkto IgR+

(66 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1#

i+ ?3 N`vvcgktg~ ^gqtcgbfvg 66 dg ?8>1+

Ge M`f+[-& wg ~wf~nvcfg% tcgkg ge h`k`v dg gegyov o eo H+ ^+

dg Vgqvg~gktoktg~ ge odjwkt` cbqvg~` tg~tcb`kcod` dge Ck"

i`vbg +g ho vgbctcd` ge Dcqwtod` dg g~to Qv`y+* N`v`kge

Bos`v D+& Qgdv` Igvvã ~`fvg eo kgm`nconcþk wg ~g eg gk"

n`bgkdþ ngvno dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ Ect`voeg~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~%

ôktoiã s Gktvg2Vc`~ — Ge wg ~wf~nvcfg% ~g ec~`kmgo% dg



— ?8> —

wg eo bovnho od`qtodo gk wk kgm`nc` dg tokto tvo~ngkdgk"

nco% s+g

~g hoeeo fcgk bovnodo gk eo n`kdwnto dg kwg~tv`Dcqwtod`% bgvgngvï eo oqv`yonc`k dg Y+ H+ q`v eo ckbgk~cdod

dg ~w~ vg~wetod`~— Hwfcgvo ~cd` nobckov ~ck tck` kc qvgyc"

~cþk% ~c oe n`ktvogv n`bqv`bc~`~ dg eo neo~g dg e`~ wg

owk ~g qv`bwgygk% k` ~g qv`nwvovo ~onov dg gee` t`d` ge

qv`ygnh` q`~cfeg% tokt` gk kwg~tv` qv`qc`% fgkgicnc`% nwokt`

gk ge dg eo Koncþk o wg qgvtgkgngb`~ — Dg~qwã~ dg e`~

mvokdg~ on`ktgncbcgkt`~% +&- hok tgkcd` ewmov gk ge nwv~` dg

g~to kgm`nconcþk% eo qèâtcno gxcmco wko qvwdgknco s qgv~qc"

nonco ~ck ecbctg~% qovo k` ygvk`~ gkywget`~ o eo ygz gk g~o~mvvo~ nc]eg~ +[ ho~to oh`vo hok dg~èod` eo Vgqúfecno+

Ge wg ~wf~nvcfg% n`k`nâo bws fcgk% wg ecmodo eo Qv`y+[

ìgk~cyo s dgigk~cyob*[ n`k eo~ Ect`voeg~% oe tgk`v dg eo~

n`kygknc`kg~% wg ~g `~ hok hgnh` qvg~gktg `q`vtwkob+*[%

~c foj` ~w o~qgnt` odwcvâo oemwko bo~ ~gmwvcdod foj` dg

bwnh`~ `tv`~ gvo o ygv~g gk+ ycyo q`~cncþk h`~tce% s gk"

OTcgeto gk nwokto~ dc~ngknc`kg~ ~g ~wf~ctovo q nwoeg~wcgvo

dg e`~ tvg~ M`fc gb`~ n`ktvotoktg~% n`k e` dgbï~ +[ k` i + ?3 yto+

gktvofok gk ~gbgjoktg oecokzo— G~ bo~ wg ioy`vofeg% +«

q`v bo~ oeomúgk`~ +[ iwgvok e`~ vg~wetod`~ dg kwg~tvo ck"

tgvU-gknc`k ovbodo gk toeg~ n`ktcgkdo~% kckmúk fcgk vgoe

vgq`vtovcob`~< q +¬ kwg~tvo ~ctwoncþk Mg`mvïicno ~g hoeeo

iwgvo dg eo Eckgo gk +[ ~`k bo~ +[ ioy`vofeg~ owgee`~ on`k"

tgncbcgkt`~ — Foj` toe hcq`âgnc~% k` qovgng n`kygkcgktg

oygktwvovk`~ o n`vvgv e`~ vcg~m`~ dg g~to oecokzo% ~ck +¬ eo

Qv`y+o vgq`vtg wko n`kygkcgknco gigntcyo s yo~toktg bokc"

icg~to

—Toe g~ eo qèctcno +«

hood`qtod` ge +* ~wf~nvcfg%

n`b` `~ e` ck~tvwcvï ge bgk~c`kod` Cki`vbg 2 Q`v e`~ bc~"

b`~ qvckncqc`~ dgtoeeod`~ ho nvgcd` n`kygkcgktg% ge wg

~wf~nvcfg% odbctcv eo g~nw~onc`k wg dg ~w n`bc~cþk ho

hgnh` ge ^`v+ Igvvã< s ho qv`ngdcd` o k`bfvov gk ~w ewmov

o D+ Bokwge Egcyo ygnck` dg ôktoiã o wcgk ~g eg hok

vgbctcd` e`~ Q`dgvg~ g ck~tvwnnc`kg~ n`kygkcgktg~ q+* eo

qv`~gnwncþk dg g~to kgm`nconcþk 2 E`~ ^gÿ`vg~ Vgqvg~gk"

toktg~ tgkdvïk eo dcmkoncþk dg ~gÿoeov ge h`k`vovc` +« dgfo

on`vdov~g o g~tg kwgy` Dcqwtod`% gk n`bqgkzonc`k dg ~w~gvycnc` s tvofoj` 2 Oe wg ~wf~nvcfg wgdo gk eo qgv~wo"

nc`k% dg wg e` gxqwg~t`% bgvgngvï eo oqv`yonc`k dg e`~

^vg~+ Vgqvg~gktoktg~% n`b` wk nwgvq` gk wg eo Qv`y+¼ ho



— ?84 —

dgq`~ctod` ~w n`kicokzo s o wcgk ~oewdo n`k t`do dc~tck"

ncþk s vg~qgt`+

Oe H+ N+ Q+ dg eo Qv`ycknco+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk : Ecfv`~ n`qcod`vg~dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` 6% Ecfv` ^>+ — N`qcod`v bokw~nvct`

< qoqge dg hce` ~ck icec"

mvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x ~c -j ngkt+ < egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg0 s 3 bce+<


U+± F+± — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+— N`vvcgktg~+ ;

K+- ?13+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe dg N`vvcgktg~% onw~o

vgncf` dg eo dg~cmkoncþk dg D+ CYCokwge Egcyo gk vggbqeoz` dg

D+ Qgdv` -Igvvã U+

( 6+> dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1

i+ ?? Noq+c dg Gktvg G+ ^fv+g 6> dg ?8>1

Ge M`y+±-& dg eo Qv`y+*[ dg Gktvg Vc`~ tcgkg o eo yc~to eo

k`to dge Gxb` dg eo dg N`vv+[*[[ iho ?4 dge +« ~cmwg% vgig"

vgktg o hoygv odbctcd` eo vgkwknco hgnho q`v ge ^`v+ N`v`k+[

Bos`v D& Qgdv` Igvvã dg eo N`bcnc`k gxtvo`vdckovco +¬

dg~gbqgÿoyo ngvno dg e`~ M"`y+&[[ dg eo~ Qv`y+-[[ ect`voeg~% sgk ~w dgignt` hoygv ~cd` k`bfvod` ge ^+&[ D& Bok+c Egsyo%

s oe onw~ov ge n`vvg~q`k[*[ vgncf` eg qovtcncqo wgdov cbqwg~t`

dg t`d`+

Ge +g icvbo oqv`ygnho g~to `q`vtwkcdod q+* vgctgvov oe

Gxb` ^+&& M`y+`v o% wcgk ~g dcvcmg eo~ qv`tg~to~ dg ~w bo~

~ckmweov oqvgnc`+

Jjg`k ^èo

Ctob`jâ Qgvgsvo

Gxb` ^`v+ M`y+&&& dg

eo Qv`y+o dg N`vvcgktg~+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+— ^gnncþk: N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >9+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo >? x ~c cj ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg = s ~ bce+< n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

y+± F+¼ — Mv`~~`+Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe




" ?87 —

K+± ??1+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe dg N`vvcgktg~% onw~o

vgncf` dg eo dg~cmkoncþk dg D+ Bokwge Egcyo gk vggbqeoz` dg

D+ Qgdv` Igvvã s qv`bgtg ~w vgn`k`ncbcgkt`/+

(67 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1#

ôktoig s ^gqt+¼ 67 dg ?8>1 -… C

Ge M`f+&± dg~to Qv`y+o ho vgncfcd` eo n`bwkcnoncþk ¬ n`k

iho ?4 dge N`vvcgktg eg dcvcmg ge Gxb` ^+&[ M`f+¼&[ dg eo dg

N`vvcgktg~ o]~okdèg +[ q*& jw~to~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ ho od"

bctcd` eo gxnw~oncþk hgnho q+&[ ge ^+*&[ N`v`k+- B`v+ D+ Qgdv`

Igvvã dg eo n`bcnc`k gxtvoh`vdckovco [ dg~gbqgÿofo ngvnodg e`~ M`f+cc`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+[~ ect`voeg~% s gk ~w n`k~gnwgknco

ho k`bfvod` gk ~w ewmov o D+ Bokwge Egcfo% dg t`d` e` +¬

wgdo cbqwg~t` ge ckivo~nvcqt` s dc~qwg~t` o vgn`k`ngve`

gk ~w novïntgv tok ewgm` n`b` qvgzgktg ~w onnã~ct qwg~ ge +-

icvbo ~g h`kvovï ~cgbqvg gk n`k~cdgvov dgfcdob+-" wokt`

gbokg dge Gxb` ^`v+ M`f+&&& o +± ~g dcvcmg+

N`k g~tg b`tcf` ge +« icvbo vgqv`dwng oe Gxb` ^+«&[

M`f+[&[ dg N`vvcgktg~ eo~ qv`tg~to~ dg ~w bo~ g~tvgnho n`v"

dcoecdod+

G~tokY Eþqgz

Gxb` ^`v+ M`f+±v Dk

Qgdv` D+ Nofvoe


@icncoe+— Egmoj` >9+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` : qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo+ >1 x 6? ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg 9 s 8 bce+< n`k~gv"

yoncþk fwgko#+

s+& F+& — Ml`~~`+



K+« ???+ — \K`to dg D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% oe M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco

dg N`vvcgktg~% gk wg onw~o vgncf` dg hofgv~g oqv`fod` ~w

n`kdwnto s qcdg ecwcdoncþk dg~ú~ hofgvg~ s mo~t`~R+

( 69 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1

N`vv+t¬¬ ^gqt+vg 69 dg ?8>1 i … ?

Gxb` ^`v+

N`k eo bo~ oeto ~otc~ionncþk% hg egcd` eo K`to% wg Y+ G+

~g ho ~gk"cd` dcvcmcvbg n`k iho dg osgv% gk n`ktg~toncþk o



" ?89 —eo ` gk ?> dg Omt` wetcb` qo~ã oe M`fk`+% on`bqoÿokd` ge

cki`vbg dg e` `fvod` gk t`d` ge tcgbq` dg bc+ h`kv`~o N`"

bc~cþk ngvno dg e`~ M`fk`~ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ Ect`voeg~% s

vgkwkncokd` dg geeo oe bc~b` tcgbq` — + Eo oqv`yonc`k 52

ho bgvgncd` dge M`fk` bc n`kdwnto gk ge dg~gbqgÿ` dg bc

N`bcnc`k% e`~ oet`~ n`kngqt`~% ± ~ck bgvgngve`~% ~g ho i`v"

bod` dg bc qgv~`ko% s eo odbc~cþk dg bc vgkwknco% bg dok

kwgyo~ qvwgyo~ dg ~w vgntctwd% s n`kncdgvonc`kg~ n`k wg

~cgbqvg ho ~oycd` dc~tckmwcvbg% dg ± jobï~ bc mvotctwd

bg qgvbctcvï èycdove`~+

Gk ge no~` qwg~ dg tgkgv g (\wgR# ecwcdïv~gbg bc hofgv%

odbctcd` qJ bc~ ncvnwk~toknco~% bo~ ± q&[ cktgvã~% ~wqecn`

o Y+ G+ ~g ~cvyo `vdgkov ~g gigntwã q wcgk n`vvg~q`kdo%

honcgkd` qovo gee` qvg~gktg% -[ hg dg~gbfè~od` qovo e`~

i+ cyto+ Nho~wg~ ± hg hgnh` oe M`fk` gk ge tcgbq` dg bc N`"

bc~cþk% s nwvo dg d`~ o~c~tgktg~% eo noktcdod dg ncgkt` nck"

nwgkto s wk q±% o~c n`b` eo dg k`ygkto s ~gc~% gk mo~t`~

s boktgkncþk dg eo tvcqweoncþk dge Eoknhgk% gk ge ~gmwkd`

ycomg gk ` iwc gknovmod` q-- ge M`f+&± Dgegmod`% n`k n`k`"ncb+t` dg eo Nègnt+*< qovo +[[ ~c bgvgngk ~w oqv`yonc`k%

`vdgkg e` g n`kygkmo+

N`k g~tg b`tcy` ~oewd` o Y[ G+ n`k bc bo~ oet` oqvgnc`

s n`k~cdgvoncþk+

Gxb` ^`v+

Qgdv` Igvvã

Gxb` ^`v+ M`f`v+ s Noq+& Mvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco+


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >9+ —@vcmckoe bokk~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` ~ck icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo% >1 ngkt+ 8 bce+ x ~c Y6 ngkt+ < egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg = s 8

bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< e` wg yo gktvg qovãktg~c~ (\ RJ ~g hoeeo tg~tod` gk ge

`vcmckoe#+

U-+± F+& " Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+



" ?8= —

K+±??6+ — \Ge N`bc~c`kod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~ oktg

e`~ m`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~% vgkwknco oe novm` iwkdod` gk eo ioeto

dg n`k`ncbcgkt`~ ~wicncgktg~ dg eo~ botgvco~ gk nwg~tcþk s gk

eo ontctwd `f~gvyodo q`v Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ honco ~w vgqvg~gktodoR+

6= dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1 #

ôkto Iã ^gqtfvg 6= dg ?8>1 i+ c

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` ho vgncfcd` eo vg~qgtofeg k`to +« n`k ignho

?4 dge ontwoe ~g ho dcmkod` dcvcmcveg ge Gxb` M`f+&& dg eoQv`y+o dg N`vvcgktg~ n`bwkcnïkdèg eo gegnncþk hgnho gk

~w qgv~`ko dg n`bc~c`kod` dg ^+ G+ ngvno dg e`~ Gxb`~

M`fk`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+[ ect`voeg~ dg Fwgk+[ Osv+[% ôkto Iã sGktvg Vc`~ < nws` `fjgt` g~ n`knewcv eo kgm`nconcþk qgkdcgktg

~`fvg vgoeczov qont`~ dg oecokzo +« q`kmok o nwfcgvt` o

dho~ Qv`ycknco~ dg t`do omvg~cþk s eo~ homo oqovgngv gk

ge gxtgvc`v n`k vg~qgtofcecdod s n`b` nwgvq` dg koncþk%

~ck qvg~ckdcv dg ncgvto~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ +*[ ge cktgvã~ s n`k"

ygkgknco dg eo Qv`y+* dg N`vvcgktg~ vgneobok n`k ycm`v`~ojw~tcnco% on`bqoÿïkdèg cmwoebgktg ge n`bqgtgktg Dcqe`bo+g egmoeczo ge k`bfvob+*±% ck~tvwnncþk+« s `tv`~ D`nwbgkt`~

q`v e`~ +g ge N`bc~c`kod` dgfg vgmeov ~w n`kdwnto+

^c ge ckivo~nvcqt` otgkdcg~g ~èob+*[& o e`~ ~gktcb+-`[ dg

mvotctwd o +** g~ dgwd`v q`v eo dc~tckncþk n`k +« ~g eg h`kvo<

o e`~ dg~g`~ dg ~gvyov oe Qoc~ dg +« k` qwgdg ~gqovov~g% so wko oignncþk ~cbqïtcno o eo Qv`y+[ dg N`vvcgktg~ s ontwoe i+ c yto+

odbckc~tvoncþk +*- e` cbqwe~o o vgkdcveg t`do neo~g dg ~gv"

ycnc`~% gk kodo hofvâo tvgqcdod` qovo ongqtov n`k wko

dweng ~otc~ionncþk eo n`bc~cþk o +[ ~g eg dg~tcko s eegkov

e`~ dg~g`~ dge M`f+±± +[ tokt` e` ioy`vgng< qgv` eg ho ~cd`

cbq`~cfeg bgk`~qvgncov n`k~cdgvoncþk+« q`v eo~ +« ge ck"

ivo~nvcqt` g~tï qgv~wodcd` +&- doÿovco ~w `qckcþk s nvãdct`

~c eo o~gqto~n+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` wcgvg ncegkncov oemcbo~ voz`kg~ dg dgecno"

dgzo +g e` oegjok dge ewmov o +*[ ~g eg eeobo s g~q`kgv ~`"

eob+tgeo~ bo~ qvckncqoeg~+ Eo ioeto dg e`~ n`k`ncb[+[`~ ~w"

icncgktg~ gk eo~ botgvco~ gk wg~tc`k% eo n`bqecnoncþk +¬

gbfwgeygk q`v eo iotoecdod +[ qgv~cmwg o ktvo dg~mvoncodo

qotvco s eo iwgvtg `q`~cncþk wg `f~gvfo q`v qovtg dge



" ?88 —

M`fk`% dg Fwgk+±[ Osv+[ o cb ojw~tg toe nwoe e` dg~go ge

Gxb` dg N`vvcgktg~ ~`k bws fo~toktg~ qovo +« ge ckivo~"

nvcqt` dg~c~to dg eo n`bc~cþk +*[ ~g eg gknovmo+Ge Gxb` M`fk` dg N`vvcgktg~ n`k`ngvï +*[ ge ckivo~nvcqt`

~ck oqtctwdg~ fo~toktg~ s n`kygkncd` dg eo g~tgvcecdod dg

~w~ g~iwgvz`~ k` qwgdg ho~gv `tvo n`~o +± vg~c~tcv% n`b`

vg~c~tg% ~w k`bfvob+[±% dgyèycgkd` e`~ d`nwb+-±[ +[ n`k toe

i+ 6 b`tcy` ~g eg odjwktov`k jwktov`k+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` oe dov g~tg qo~`% ycègktokd` ~w~ dg~g`~%

wgdo n`k ge qg~ov +± g~ kotwvoe s ~ck bo~ ~otc~ionncþk +[

~ofgv +g ge Gxb` M`f+&± dg N`vvcgktg~ ~ofvï yoe`vov eo~

voz`kg~ gk +n oq`so ~w vg~c~tgknco qovo jw~tcicnoveo+

N`k tok fvceeoktg `q`vtwkcdod ge ckivo~nvcqt` ìvgng oe

Gxb` M`f+k` °g N`vvcgktg~ o wcgk ~g dcvcmg ~w oet` vg~qgt`

s dc~tckmwcdo~ n`k~cdgvonc`k+~

Bokwge Egcyo+

i+ 6yto+ Oe Gxb` M`f+k` dg eo Qv`y+ dg N`vvcgktg~+


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >^+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo d`feodo >? x 61 ngkt+ > bce< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg = s 8 bce+< n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y+` F+` " Mv`~~`+



K+± ??>+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwg"

k`~ Ocvg~% qcdg gxqecnonc`kg~ q`v eo qvc~cþk dge bos`v Oktwÿo

s eo gxqotvconcþk dg tokt`~ ncwdodok`~ n`vd`fg~g~R+

( 4 dg @ntwfvg dg ?8>1

M`vd` U"o @ntwfvg 4 dg 8>1

Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vd`yo

Qcdg g~qecnonc`k ï g~tg M`f‛k` c[[` q`c eo qvc~cþk gk wg fo

qwg~t` oe ~ovmgkt` Bos`v mvodwod` D%%& J`~ã Oktwÿo wgbovnh` n`k ecngknco qovo ge G~tod` @vcgktoe s yckcgkd` dg

vgmvg~` o (n`vd`yo# iwg dgtgkcd` gk ge V`~[cvc`< s ge 6‛` g~ eo



" ?83 "

gxqotvconcþk dg g~to Qv`ycknco dg tokt`~ ncwdodok`~ dg eo

dg N`vd`yo ~ck i`vbo oemwko dg qv`ng~` kc bo~ wg wko

cktcboncþk+


(ihþ#

N`vd+¼ s @nt+vg 4+ dg ?8>1+ i+ c

Nwokt` bo~ ~g g~bgvo ge M`f+k[- dg N`vd+[[ gk boktgkgv q

~w qovtg ceg~o~ eo~ vgeonc`kg~ dg obc~tod s fwgko cktgecm+¼ +[ vg~[`ì ¬]bcho g~tofegncd` n`k t`d`~ e`~ M`f+-[¼[ dg eo Vgqúfecno% s bws n`ktã~tg~ge`

qovtcnweovb+-¬ n`k ge dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ n`k wcgk ~g ho ojw~" on`vdod`"

tod` q+v wk tvotod` ~ègbkg< ~g yã ge +g icvbo ~gkncfegbgktg fvânoâ&&[&[&-

cbqwe~od` ï qgdcv gxqecnonc`kg~ ï Y+ G+ dg ont`~ bws noqo" Oknh`vãko

gg~ dg oetgvoveo% ~gmúk ge novïntgv +[ qvg~gktok q ~c ~è`~+

Wk` dg gee`~ g~ eo qvc~cþk vcm`v`~o gk +g ~g hoeeo ge ôvm+-"[

b`v mvodwod` D+& J`~ã Oktwÿo< +[ n`k ecngknco tgbq`voe

bovnhþ q+* eo Qv`y+[ @vcgktoe dge Wvwmwos ï kgm`nc`~ qgv"

~`koeg~ s dg iobceco% gk nws` vgmvg~` hï ~cd` oqvc~c`kodo

~w qgv~`ko% s ~g eg eg boktcgkg gk vcm`v`~o qvc~cþk q+&& ge i" ? yto+

Gxb` ^+`v M`f+`v dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~+ Eo n`kdwnto ~cgbqvg

h`kvvodo dg g~tg @icncoe k` qgvbctg oe +± icvbo qgv~wodcv~g

dg ~w nvcbckohdod oe mvod` +[ eo qvg~gkto ge tvotob+t[ +¬

~wivg: ^ck gbfovm` tobq`n` qwgdg nvggv +g ~ck now~o bwsmvoyg s dg n`bqgtgknco dge Gxb` M`f+k` dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~

dg~novmwg ~`fvg wk ~wfdct` gxtvoÿ` ge qg~` dg ~w owt`vcdod+

@tv` ont` k` bgk`~ mvoyg s dg tvok~gkdgnco mgkgvoe g~eo gxqotvconcþk dg tokt`~ ncwdodok`~ dg g~to Qv`y+¼ +[ dco"

vcobgktg ~g qvg~gktok ï g~tg M`f+[` gxqwe~od`~ dg owgeeo

Noqctoe ~ck i`vbo oemwko dg qv`ng~`% s q+&& ~èo~ cktcbonc`"

kg~ +g ~g eg~ hongk n`k tãvbck`~ g~tvgnh`~ owk q+¼ ovvgmeov

e`~ kgm`nc`~ dg N`bgvnc` n`k +g ~g hoeeofok gk Fwgk`~

Osvg~+ ®e b`d` n`k +[ ~g qv`ngdg n`ktvo e`~ hcj`~ dg g~to

Qv`y+o bo~ qovgng wko qgv~gnwncþk dgneovodo ï ~w~ kotwvo"

eg~% +g ont`~ dg jw~tcnco dcvcmcd`~ oe fcgk g~tov dg eo Qv`y+[[

dg +g ~`k gxqgecd`~ d`~+ Ge Gxb` M`f+[` dg Fwgk`~ i+ [

Osvg~ gk no~` cmwoe k` bcvoveo n`k ckdcigvgknco wk tvotob+*¼

~gbgjoktg dg ~w~ ncwdodok`~ gk Qv`y+¼ gxtvoÿo% n`b` k`



— ?31 —

e` bcvok e`~ M`f+k`~ nwet`~% kc eo~ Konc`kg~ ncyceczodo~ ~ck

gxcmcv eo~ gxqecnonc`kg~ noqong~ dg owcgtov ge n`kiecnt` gk

+g q`kgk ï e`~ M`f+&±~ q+v wk dgfgv dg qv`tgnncþk +[ eg~

cknwbfg gk ~w~ vg~qgntcy`~ ~wfdct`~+

Ge dg N`vd+o nwbqeg n`k ãe qcdcgkd` oe GxcTc` M`f+&` dg

Fwgk`~ Ïsvg~ ~`fvg wk`~ s `tv`~ ont`~ eo~ gxqecnonc`kg~

n`kygkcgktg~ vgwcvcgkdèã ï geeo~ bws qovtcnweovbgktg n`k

e`~ n`bqv`bc~`~ dg obc~tod s fwgko cktgecm+-[ +± hok n`k"

tvohcd` q qont`~ ~ègbkg~% s qv`tg~tïkdèg q ~w qovtg

hongveo~ gk no~`~ dg cmwoe kotwvoegzo ~cgbqvg +[ eg ~gok

gxcmcdo~+

N`k g~tg b`tcy` ge +[ ~wf~nvcyg ~oewdo oe Gxb`^+[i

M`f+`-& dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ n`k ~w bo~ dc~tckmwcdo n`k~cdg"

voncþk+

J`~ã B+ Qoz

D+&- Jwok Okt+& ôvonhomo

i+ ? \oe bovmgkR Gxÿâ` ^+`&& M`f+¼&& s Noqctïk Mvïe

dg eo Qv`y+¼[ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~+

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~cgtg bce% ge dg ôeto ~cgtg bce% ge dg eo Vc`xo ~cgtg

bce% ge dg ôk Jwok ~gc~ bce% ge dg Twnwbok ~gc~

bce% ge dg Notobovno ~gc~ bce% ge dg ôktcom` dge

G~tgv` ~gc~ bce% s ge dg ôk Ewc~ nckn` bce+

=‛` Eo~ Qv`ycknco~ n`ktvotoktg~ dg~tckok eo nwovto

qovtg dg ~w~ vgkto~ `vdckovco~ q+¼ i`vbov n`k eo

noktcdod% +[ dg~cmko ge ovtcnwe` oktgvc`v% eo noxo

bcec tov +[ ho dg ~gvycv ï eo dgigk~o dg t`do~ i+ c yto+

geeo~% gxngqt` Nþvd`fo +[ n`knwvvcvï n`k eo~



— ?38 —

d`~ tgvngvo~ qovtg~% s ~w ckygv~cþk ï g~tg `fjgt`

~gvï dge ecfvg s gxnew~cy` vg~`vtg dge ~wqvgb`

Q`dgv bcectov+

8%± Ge ~wqvgb` Q`dgv bcectov wgdo gknovmod` dg eo

dgigk~o s ~gmwvcdod% tokt` cktgvc`v% n`b` gxtg"

vc`v dg t`do~ eo~ Qv`ycknco~ n`ktvotoktg~+

3‛` Ge ~wqvgb` Q`dgv ~`~tgkdvï ge ~c~tgbo vgqvg~gk"

totcy` +g gxc~tg gk eo~ kwgyg Qv`ycknco~% ~ì`nok"

d` e`~ twbwet`~ þ ~gdcnc`kg~ +[ tgkmok ewmov n`k

ge `fjgt` dg oetgvov ge `vdgk egmoe g~tofegncd` gk

geeo~+

?1‛` ^g dg~cmko eo qgv~`ko dge Gxb` ^`v Mvïe gk

Mgig dge Gxgvnct` Konc`koe D+ J`~ã Bovco Qoz q+¼

gxgvngv ge ~wqvgb` Q`dgv bcectov qv`yc~`vc`+

ee‛` Dwvovo gk ge gxgvncnc` dg ~w~ iwknc`kg~ ho~to eo

ck~toeoncþk dg wko owt`vcdod konc`koe+

?6‛` ^c eo gxqvg~odo owt`vcdod konc`koe k` g~twfcg~g

ck~toeodo ï e`~ `nh` bg~g~ dg nokjgod` g~to tvo"

tod`% eo~ Qv`ycknco~ n`ktvotoktg~ wgdok gk ecfgv"

tod dg ~w~qgkdgv þ n`ktckwov ge ~wqvgb` Q`dgv

dg +g hofeo ge ovtcnwe` qvcbgv`

?>‛` ^g gxngqtúo ge no~` dg wko mwgvvo gk +[ dgfgvï

qgvbokgngv dcnh` ~wqvgb` Q`dgv ho~to eo tgv"

+ bckonc`k dg geeo+

?4‛` Ge Mgig ~wqvgb` bcectov dgfgvï dov wgkto ï eo

owt`vcdod konc`koe dg eo ckygv~cþk dg e`~ i`k"

d`~ qwg~t`~ ï ~w dc~q`~cncþk q`v e`~ ovtânwe`~

~gxt` s ~ãqtcb`

?7‛` N`b` ge n`ktckmgktg +¬ ~g dg~cmko gk e`~ ov"

tânwe`~ nctod`~ dgfg ~gv ck~wicncgktg ï e`~ `fjgt`~

+g ~g dg~tcko% eo~ Qv`ycknco~ n`ktvotoktg~ ~g n`b"

qv`bgtgk ï t`d` mgkgv` dg ~onvcicnc`~ ~cgbqvg

+[ q`v ge Mgig ~wqvgb` ~g eg~ dgbokdgk q+¼ qv`"

yggv ï ~w ~gmwvcdod s dgigk~o+

?9‛` ^g dgneovok ~wqegt`vco~ oe Tg~`v` konc`koe eo~

gv`monc`kg~ g~tcqweodo~ gk e`~ ovtânwe`~ oktgvc`"vg~% s ~gvïk vgcktgmvodo~ q`v ge% gk ~w no~`% ï

eo~ Qv`ycknco~ n`ktvotoktg~+



— ?33 —?=‛& Ge qvg~gktg tvotod` ~gvï votcicnod` s nokjgod`

gk g~to Ncwdod gk ge tgvbck` dg ncknwgkto dco~

n`ktod`~ dg~dg eo ignho+

Ignh` gk eo Ncwdod dg Nþvd`fo ï e`~ tvgckto

s wk dco dge bg~ dg Om`~t` dge oÿ` dge ^gÿ`v

bce `nh`ncgkt`~ tvgckto+

J`~ã Mvgm`vc` Focm`vvc J+ Vwdgn+-& V`j`

J`~ã Bovco Fgd`so Bcmwge Noecxt` dge N`vv`

Gkvc Ovowj` Bokwge Fgvdco

Bokwge dg T Qckt` F+& Y @nobq`

Ivok+&& Dgemod`

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Xogcþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+— M`fcgvk`+— Nþvd`fo+—

?^"61"?^>1+—K+± >+— Novqgto: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jt

d`feodo 6^ x ?7 Y6 ngkt : egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo 8 bce+< n`k~gvnoncþk fwgko+

— D`nwBG^T@ ?+1 : `vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo 4?*?[x67 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 8 o ?1 bce: n`k~gvyoncþk

vgmweov% g~tï v`t` gk ge d`fegz+ — D`nnbg~t` 6+¼ : `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge

n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo â@-j X 07-j ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo%

cktgveckgo~ 3 o ?1 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

s+& F+& — N@BO^+


K+& ??8+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg eo

dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% qovtcncqo wg gk nwbqecbcgkt` dge tvotod` dg

>? dg om`~t` dg ?8>1 iwã qwg~t` gk q`~g~cþk dge ~wqvgb`bokd` bcectovR+

(66 dg @ntwfvg dg ?^>1#

7

N`vd+¼ N`tg 66 dg ?8>1+ \novqgtoR

Ge M+c Qoz+

On`bqoÿo ge Tvotod` ojw~tod` (ge >? dg Om-& # gktvg e`~

Omgktg~ dg eo~ Qv`y+~ s n`bwkcno +¬ ge ?9 dg @nt+¬ iwg ck~"

toeod` s qwg~t` gk ~w q`~gnc`k ge ~wqvgb` bokd` bcectov+

K`yg ?>8>1

Ovnhâyg~g —(ih`#



" 611 —

i+ ? K v N`vd+o @nt+g 66+ dg ?8>1

Fwgk`~ Os+K`y+g ?6‛8>Þ

Ovnhâyg~g

\vúfvcno dgOknh`vgkoR

i+ ? yto+

Ge mgkgvoe +¬ icvbo tcgkg ge h`k`v dg q`kgv gk bok`~ dge

Gxb` ^gÿ`v M`fgvkod dg Fwgk+~ Osv+[ ge Tvotod` ojw~"

tod` gk >?+ dg Om+*` gktvg e`~ omgktg~ dg eo~ Qv`y%[ +&[ gk ge

~g g~qvg~ok% s ãe dg n`bwkcnoveg +[ ge ?9% dge N`vv%tg wgdþ

ck~toeod` ge ^wqvgb` bokd` bcectov% s qwg~t` gk q`~gnc`k

ge +g ~wf~nvcfg+

E`~ Qwgfe`~ dg eo Vgqúfecno hok hgnh` ygv gk g~tg

ont`% +g k` ~g hï g~tckmwcd` gk gee`~ ge g~qâvctw dg Ecfgv"

tod ãckdgq+âc

+¬ tokt`~ ~onvcicnc`~ eg~ ho n`~tod`+ Ge o~`b`dg wk qgecmv` okwkncod` q+&& ge Gxÿc` M`f+&` dg Fwgk+~ Osv+[

n`b` gknovmod` dg ~w~ vgeonc`k+~ g~tvoÿo~ ho ckieobod` ~w

qotvc`tc~b`% s so +[ eo dg~mvonco k` eg~ ho qgvbctcd` qvg"

bwkcv~g dg wko n`k~tctwncþk% +± vgmeokd` e`~ q`dgvg~ qú"

fecn`~ movoktcg~g ï t`d`~ ~w ~gmwvcdod% hok vgn`kngktvod`

~w q`dgv s ge vg~t` dg ~w iwgvzo~ q+* hongv ivgktg ï e`~ +[

~g otvgfok l ck~wetov ~w h`k`v s dcmkcdod+ Gee`~ wc~o k`

hok ongvtod` gk eo gegnncþk dge Mgig +[ hok nè`nod` oe

ivgktg dg ~w~ iceo~% s ge +-[ e` g~% ~g h`kvovâo gk ~gv wk~èdod` bokdod` q+[ eo hofcecdod% tck`% s dg~tvg~o +[ ge

k` q`~gg< bo~ `fecmod` q+[ ge h`k`v s eo n`kicokzo dg e`~

Qwgfe`~% ~gvï ge qvcbgv` gk qgvgngv gk eo dgigk~o dg ~w~

dgvgnh`~+

Ge kwgf` dg~tck` +[ h`s `nwqo eg~ g~ wk ~gmwkd` tctwe`

dg obc~tod s oqvgnc` ï t`d`~ e`~ M`f%¬`> s ï t`d`~ e`~

Qwgfe`~ dg eo dg eo Vgqúfecno% s n`k ge ~g h`kvo gk vgs"

tgvov oe Gxb` ^gÿ`v M`y+±-- dg Fwgk+[ Osv+~ ~w~ qv`tg~to~

dg ~w bos`v g~tcboncþk+

J`~ã B+ Qoz

D+*&& Jwok Okti ôvonhomo

i+ ? \oe bovmgkR Gxb` ^gÿ`v M`y+`&& s Noq+& mvoe

dg eo Qv`y+âc dg Fwgk+~ Oyv+[

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+ — Nþvd`fo+ —â8^1"c8>1+—K+± >+—Novqgto: bokw~nvcto < qoqge n`k ieecmvotco% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo 6> x ][l ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo ~ bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov<

v`to gk e`~ f`vdg~< e` gk fo~tovdceeo s gktvg qovãktg~c~ yo gktvg eâkgo~ gk ge `vcmckoe+



" 61? —— D@NNBGKT@: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"

feodo 41 Yt X âj-c ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ cc s c¼ bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko #+

Y+& F+& — N`bo~+


- ??3+ — \ Ge mgkgvoe D+ J`~ã B+ Qoz vgbctg% oe M`fgvkod`v dg

N`vvcgktg~% ge tvotod` ojw~tod` ge >? dg om`~t` gktvg e`~ omgktg~

dg eo~ qv`ycknco~% s wg wgdþ ck~toeod` ge ~wqvgb` bokd`

bcectov s qwg~t`% ge wg ~w~nvcfg% gk q`~g~cþk dge bc~b`R+

(66 dg @ntwfvg dg ?[>1#

N`vd+¼ s @nt+ 66 dg ?8>1 i+ C

Ge Mvoe +± icvbo tcgkg ge h`k`v dg q`kgv gk bok`~ dge

Gxb` ^`v+ M`f+*&& dg N`vvcgktg~ ge Tvotod` ojw~tod` gk >?

dg Om`~t` gktvg e`~ Omgktg~ dg eo~ …Qv`ycknco~ +« gk ãe ~g

gxqvg~ok% s ge dg n`bwkcnoveg+*[

ge ?9 dge n`vv+-*[ wgdþck~toeod` ge ~wqvgb` bokd` bcectov% s qwg~t` gk q`~gnc`k

ge +g ~wf~nvcfg+

E`~ Qwgfe`~ dg eo Vgqúfecno hok hgnh` ygv gk g~tg

ont`% wg k` ~g ho gxtckmwcd` gk gee`~ ge g~qâvctw dg ecfgvtod

g ckdgqgkdgknco +± tokt`~ ~onvcicnc`~ eg~ ho n`~tod`+ Ge

o~`b` dg wk qgecmv` okwkncod` q`v ge Gxb` M`fk`+ dg

Fwgk`~ Osvg~ n`b` gknovmod` dg ~w~ vgeonc`kg~ gxtvoÿo~

ho ckieobod` ~w qotvc`tc~b`% s so +[ eo dg~mvonco k` eg~

ho qgvbctcd` qvgbwkcv~g dg wko n`k~tctwncþk% +¬ vgmeokdè`~ q`dgvg~ qúfecn`~ movoktcg~g o t`d`~ ~w ~gmwvcdod% hok

vgn`kngktvod` ~w q`dgv s ge vg~t` dg ~w~ iwgvzo~ qovo hongv

ivgktg o e`~ +*- ~g otvgyok o ck~wetov ~w h`k`v s dcmkcdod+

Gee`~ wc~o k` hok ongvtod` gk eo gegnncþk dge Mgig +[ hok

nè`nod` oe ivgktg dg ~w~ iceo~% s ge +5[ e` g~ ~g h`kvoveo

gk ~gv wk ~èdncd` bokdod` q+&[ eo hofcecdod% tck`% s dg~tvgzo

+g ãe k` q`~gg< bo~ `fecmod` q ge h`k`v s eo n`kicokzo

dg e`~ Qwgfe`~% ~gvï ge qvcbgv` gk qgvgngv gk eo dgigk~o dg

~w~ dgvgnh`~+

Ge kwgy` dg~tck` +« h`s `nwqo eg g~ wk ~gmwkd` tctwe`

dg obc~tod s oqvgnc` o t`d`~ e`~ M`f+&¼&[% s o t`d`~ e`~ i+ c yto



— 616 —

Qwgfe`~ dg eo Vgqúfecno% s n`k ãe ~g h`kvo gk vgctgvov oe

Gxb` ^v+ Mnf`v dg N`bgktg~ ~w~ qv`tg~to~ dg ~w bos`v

g~tcboncþk+

J`~ã B+ Ioz

D+ &-- Jwok Okt+ ôvonhomo+

Gxb` ^`v+ M`f+[&& s Noqctïk

Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+/* dg N`vvcgktg~+

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk: N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >9+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo d`feodo% 41 Yo x ^7 -o ngkt< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg e` s cc bce+<


Y+± F+& — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg Ro ¬ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe


K+& ?61+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% o e`~

omgktg~ dcqe`bïtcn`~ dg eo~ qv`ycknco~% vgwkcd`~ gk Nþvd`fo%

wg g~tï q`~gâd` dg e`~ bc~b`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ dg n`kn`vdco%

qgv` wg hoeeïkd`~g qgkdcgktg eo icvbo dg wk tvotod` gktvg eo~

qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~% ~w n`kdwnto dgfg gbokov dg dcnho kgm`"

nconcþk% ~ck wg q`v g~t` ~g gknwgktvg dc~toktg dg ongqtov eo

ckyctoncþkR+

( 69 dg @ntwfvg dg ?8>1 #

i+ ?> N`vvcgktg~ @ntwfvg 69 dg ?8-01+2

Ge M`f`v+ wg ~wf~nvcfg% nwbqecgkd` n`k ge bo~ omvodo"

feg dg ~w~ dgfgvg~% tcgkg ge ÿ`k`v dg dcvcmcv~g o e`~ ^vg~+

Omgktg~ Dcqe`bïtcn`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+[ dge cktgvc`v% vgwkcd`~

gk eo Noqctoe dg N`vd`yo qovo onw~oveg~ ge vgncf` dg ~w

cbq`vtoktg k`to iho ?> dg ^gqtcgbfvg wetcb`— Ge o~wkt`

n`ktgkcd` gk g~to% ho eegkod` oe wg ~wf~nvcfg dg eo bo~

oeto ~otc~ionncþk% qwg~ noyoebgktg eo bovnho n`k~toktg%

n`k wg ~g ho n`kdwncd` ho~to oh`vo eo Qv`y+[% wg tcgkg

ge h`k`v dg qvg~cdcv% k` ho tgkcd` `tvo tgkdgknco% kc bo~

`fjgt` qvgigvgktg% +*[ ge dg nwetcyov eo fwgko cktgecmgknco s

ovb`kco n`k t`do~ eo~ Qv`y+[ dg eo Vgqúfecno% qv`nwvokd`vg~tofegngv n`k geeo~ eo~ vgeonc`kg~ ivotgvkoeg~ s eo n`kn`v"

dco +± tok dg~mvoncodob+t± hï hgnh` dg~oqovgngv dg gktvg



" 61> —

k`~`tv`~ eo mwgvvo ncyce +*[ ï qg~ov dg ~w~ ~gktcbcgkt`~

iceoktvþqcn`~% ho yc~t` g~tg M`fcgvk` ckngkdcodo bo~ dg

cbo ygz% qovo dgy`vov Qwgfe`~ gktgv`~% eeobod`~ q`v eo

kotwvoegzo o i`vbov wko ~èo iobceco% s q e` tokt` dcmk`~

dg bgj`v ~wgving2 G~t`~ hok ~cd` ~cgbqvg e`~ y`t`~ dg i+ c~ yto+

eo Qv`y+o dg N`vvcgktg~% k` ~è` gk nwokt` qwgdg n`ktvcfwcv

o ~w ~`ncgm` qovtcnweov% ~ck` cmwoebgktg q`v e` wg n`k"

ncgvkg o t`do eo Vgqúfecno% o wcgk jobo~ eg ~gvï dod` ovvc"

fov o ~w N`k~tctwncþk qèâtcno% o k` ~gv q`v eo~ yco~ dg eo

vozþk% kc bgk`~ tgvbckov ~w~ dcigvgknco~ d`bg~tcno~ dg

wk b`d` icvbg s n`k~c~tgktg% ~ck` gk noebo dg eo~ qo~c`kg~%

s oe ckiewx` dg wko Qoz cktgvc`v% dg wg oh`vo bo~ wg

kwkno kgng~cto% qovo n`k~wetov e`~ ~omvod`~ cktgvg~g~ dg

wg tok dcmkobgktg ~g hoeeok oigntod`~ e`~ ^vg~ Omgktg~

Dcqe`bïtcn`~% o wcgkg~ ge ckivo~nvcqt` (~g dcvcmg# n`b` ~g

dgxo ygv ckdwdofegb+tg gk eo qvgckdcnodo k`to% o wg n`k"

tg~to 2 O~c qwg~% n`kygkncd` ge wg ~wf~nvcfg% dg eo of~`"

ewto kgng~cdod dg od`qtov t`do neo~g dg bgdc`~% wg qgv"

~wodo eo vozþk% s on`k~gjg eo qvwdgknco ï ick dg ovvcfov (o#

wk tgvbck`% wg q`kmo o (nwfcgvt`# eo~ Qv`y+~ dg wetgvc`vg~dc~ngknc`kg~ gktvg ~c bc~bo~% s bwnh` bo~ dg e`~ obom`~

gxtgvc`vg~ +[ ckdcno eo K`to dg e`~ ^gÿ`vg~ Dcqwtod`~% ge

ckivo~nvcqt`% dg~qwã~ dg hoygv n`k~wetod`% n`b` dgfco% eo

H+ E+ dg eo Qv`y+*% q eo noecdod dge o~wkt` +¬ ~cgkd` dg

eo bo~ oeto cbq`vtoknco% e` g~ tobfcãk% dg wko tvo~ngkdgk"

nco ckbgk~wvofeg% ho vg~wget` dcvcmcv~g o e`~ ^gÿ`vg~ Omgk"

tg~ Dcqe`bïtcn`~ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ dge cktgvc`v% bokcig~"

tïkdèg~ ivoknobgktg% hoeeov~g qgkgtvodo g~to Qv`y+[c dg

cmwoeg~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ q`v eo qo~cicnonc`k dg eo Vgqúfecno%k` bgk`~ wg dg e`~ q`dgv`~`~ iwkdobgkt`~ odwncd`~ i+ kqovo gee` q`v e`~ ^gÿ`vg~ Dcqwtod`~< qgv` wg hoeeïkd`~g

qgkdcgktg eo kgm`nconcþk dg wk Tvotod` dg k` bgk`v cbq`v"

toknco gktvg eo~ Qv`y+[ Ect`voeg~% ~cgkd` -wko dg g~to~ eo dg

N`vvcgktg~% eo vg~èwncþk dge qvg~gktg o~wkt`% dgfg gbokov

dge vg~wetod` (dgickctcy`# dg owgeeo< ~ck wg q`v g~t` ~g qvg"

tgkdo% g~tov dc~toktg ge wg ~wf~nvcfg% dg ongqtov eo ckycto"

ncþk hgnho q e`~ ^vg~ Dcqwtod`~% o wcgkg~ ~g dcvcmg% nwok"

d` oe n`ktvovc` hok yc~t`% +-- e`~ M`f+±±[ dg dcnho~ Qv`y+[ hok

bokcig~tod` n`k oktgvc`vcdod cmwoeg~ dg~g`~ s ~gktcbcgk"

t`~% oe cktgvg~oktg `fjgt`% wg vgn`bcgkdo eo n`bwkcnoncþk



— 614 —

dg e`~ gxqvg~od`~ ^gÿ`vg~ 2 N`k tok ec~`kmgvo `q`vtwkcdod%

tcgkg ge wg ~wf~nvcfg% ge qeongv dg +vgctgvov o e`~ ^vg~+ Omgk"

tg~ Dcqe`bïtcn`~% vgwkcd`~ gk eo Noqctoe dg Nþvd`fo ~wdc~tckmwcdo n`k~cdgvoncþk% s ge bo~ oet` oqvgnc` n`k wg

eg~ ~oewdo%

O e`~ ^vg~ Omgktg~ Dcqe`bïtcn`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+[ dge cktgvc`v

vgwkcd`~ gk eo Noqctoe dg Nþvd`fo+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk: Ecfv`~ n`qcod`vg~

dg M`fcgvk`+— Egmoj` 6+ — N`qcod`v bokw~nvct` < qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`v"

bot` dg eo h`jo >` Yo X 6? ngkt+: egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg = s 3 bce+< n`k~gv"

yoncþk vgmweov %" e` wg yo gktvg qovãktg~c~ ( # s fo~tovdceeo ~g hoeeo gktvg eâkgo~

gk ge `vcmckoe#+

S+& F+& — Mv`~~`+



K+± ?6?+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~% o/ dg ôkto Ig% wg D`k

Bokwge Egcyo k` ho wgvcd` ongqtov ge k`bfvobcgkt` qovo

n`knewcv ge tvotod` n`k eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~R+

( 69 dg @ntwfvg dg ?8>1

i+ ?4 N`vvcgktg~ @ntwfvg 69 dg ?8>1

Ge M`f+&&& wg ~wf~nvcfg% tcgkg eo ~otc~ionncþk dg dcvcmcv~g

oe Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg eo Qv`y+ dg ôkto Ig% qovo bokcig~"

i+ ?4 yto+ toveg +*[ ge ^gÿ`v D+ Bokwge Egcyo% o wcgk ~g n`kicvcþ

q`v g~tg M`fcgvk` eo N`bc~cþk gxtvo`vdckovco% qovo eegyov

odgeoktg eo kgm`nconcþk dge Tvotod` qgkdcgktg gktvg e`~

Gxb`~ M`f%c¼±[ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ Ect`voeg~% ~g ho gxnw~od`

o eo ongqtoncþk dge vgigvcd` gknovm` q`v voz`kg~ q`dgv`~o~%

+g ge ckivo~nvcqt` ho mvodwod` bws ~wicncgktg~% qovo qv`ng"

dgv% n`b` qv`ngdcþ o odbctcveg eo vgkwknco— S nwbqecgkd`

n`k ge dgfgv dg k`tcncov dg g~tg ckncdgktg oe Gxb` ^`v+

M`f+[â& dg eo Qv`ycknco dg ôktoiã% ~g oqvg~wvo o q`kgve`

gk ~w n`k`ncbcgkt`% cktgv t`bod`~ oemwk`~ cki`vbg~% ~g

dgecygvo~`fvg wg Qgv~`ko dgfo vgnogv

genctod` k`b"

fvob+5[± qovo eegkov ge yonc` ï wg dï ewmov eo vgkwknco

dge gxqvg~od` ^`v+ Egcyo 2 N`k g~tg b`tcy`% ~g n`bqeong



" 617 —

ge ckivo~nvcqt`% gk ~oewdov dgfcdokc+-*- oe Gxb` ^`v+ M`f`v+

s Noqctïk Mvoe% o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% vgqctcãkdèg e`~ ~gktc"

bcgkt`~ dg ~w bo~ qovtcnweov oqvgnc`+

Gxb` ^`v+ M`f`v+ s Noqctïk Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg ôktoiã%

`tv` cmwoe oe dge Gktvg Vc`~ s F+[ Os+[ n`k iho 3+ dg

@fvg+—

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ —^gnncþk: Ecfv`~ n`qcod`vg~

dg M`fcgvk`+— Egmoj` ^+ — N`qcod`v bokw~nvct`: qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`v"

bot` dg eo h`jo >1 -j x ~c ngkt< egtvo nïv~cno% cktgveckgo~ dg 3 s cc bce+: n`k~gv"

yoncþk vgmweov< e` wg to gktvg qovãktg~c~ ( # s fo~tovdceeo ~g hoeeo gktvg eâkgo~

gk ge `vcmckoe#+

Y+& F+& — Mv`~~`+

Hoj& wk ~gee` dg eo ¬ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe

dge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~" ¼

K+* ?66+ — \G/ M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o D+ Bokwge Egcyo% eg

ongqto eo vgkwknco foj` eo ~gmwvcdod wg gk `tvo `no~cþk k`

dgjovï dg qvg~tov ~w~ ~gvycnc`~ gk `f~gwc` dg eo qv`yckncoR+

(69 dg@ntwfvg dg ?8>1#

N`vvcgktg~ @ntwfvg 69 dg ?8>õ i+ ?4 yto+

Ho vgncfcd` ge wg ~wf~nvcfg eo k`to ignho 6= dg ^gq"

tcgbfvg wetcb`% dge ^gÿ`v D+ Bokwge Egcyo% q`v eo wg

odycgvtg g~tg M`fcgvk`% k` n`k q`n` ~gktcbcgkt`% eo vgkwknco

wg hong ge gxqvg~od` ^gÿ`v o odbctcv eo N`bc~cþk gxtvo`v"

dckovco% +g ~g eg n`kicvcþ ~gvno dg e`~ Gxb`~ M`f+[`[ °g eo~

Qv`y+[[ Ect`voeg~% oe cbq`vtoktg `fjgt` dg qv`~gmwcv s n`k" i+ c7

newcv eo kgm`nconcþk qgkdcgktg ~`fvg vgoeczov Qont`~ dg

oecokzo% wg q`kmok o nwfcgvt` o dho~ Qv`y+[ dg t`d` obom`

gxtgvc`v% s dgbï~ n`kygkcgktg% q+o hongveo~ oqovgngv n`k

vg~qgtofcecdod% dgyèycgkd` q`v e` tokt` oe ckivo~nvcqt`% eo~

Ck~tvwnnc`kg~% Dcqe`bo~% s `tv`~ D`nwbgkt`~% wg oe gignt`

~g eg vgbctcgv`k — + Qgkgtvod`% ge wg ~wf~nvcfg% dge Qo"

tvc`tc~b` ~wfecbg% s dgecnod`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~% +« hongk eo~

nwoecdodg~ dge ^gÿ`v Egcyo% n`k n`kngqt` o e`~ ~omvod`~

cktgvg~g~ dg eo Vgqúfecno% qwdcgvo ono~`% k` honcgkd` ewmov

o ~w (gxnw~o#nc`k% v`moveg kwgyobgktg wcgvo qgv~wodcv~g%

dg eo wvmgknco s kgng~cdod dg odbctcv ge vgigvcd` gknovm`+



— 619 —~ck bo~ n`k~cdgvoncþk% +*[+ eo wg dgbokdo eo ontwoe nvc~c~

dg e`~ kgm`nc`~ qèâtcn`~< qgv` oigntod` ~`fvg bokgvo q`v

`tvo qovtg dg eo~ q`dgv`~o~ voz`kg~% gk wg oq`so ge

^gÿ`vEgcyo ~w vgkwknco% ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~g yg qvgnc~od` o qvg~tov

o geeo ~w oygkcbcgkt`% foj` eo fwgko iã s ~gmwvcdod +[ gk

`tvo `no~cþk% gk wg g~tg M`f+&± eegmwg o gxcmcv dge ckdcnod`

^gÿ`v oemúk ~gvycnc`% +-- ~go odoqtofeg o ~w~ ncvnwk~toknco~%

k` dgxovï dg hongve` gk `f~gwc` dg g~to Qv`y+[ 2 N`k toeg~

~gktcbcgkt`~% ge wg ~wf~nvcfg ~oewdo dgfcdob+[± oe ^gÿ`v

D+ Bokwge Egcyo% vgqctcãkdèg eo ~ckngvcdod dg ~w bo~ qov"

tcnweov oqvgnc`+

Oe ^`v+ D+ Bokwge Egcyo%


dg M`fcgvk`+— Egmoj` 6+ — N`jÿod`v bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`v"

bot` dg eo h`jo >` -¯[ x ~c ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg = s 3 bce+< n`k~gv"

yoncþk fwgko< e` wg yï gktvg qovãktg~c~ ( # s fo~tovdceeo ~g hoeeo gktvg eâkgo~

9=? ge `vcmckoe#+

U-+± F+± " Mv`~~`%

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+

K+& ?6>+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~% oe Bckc~tv` dg Vgeonc`kg~

Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Nhceg% omvodgng eo bgdconcþk ìvgncdo q`v g~g m`"

fcgvk`% qgv` wg hoeeïkd`~g qgkdcgktg eo ngegfvoncþk dg wk tvo"

tod` gktvg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~% q`~tgvmo ge o~wkt`% q`v nwokt`

~w n`kdwnto dgfg gbokov dg g~to kgm`nconcþk R+


i J7 s[[ C N`vvcgktg~ @ntwfvg 69 dg ?881

Eo~ bcvo~ fgkãicno~% +[ ho dg~qegmod` ge Gxb` ^wqvgb`

M`fcgvk` dg eo Vgqúfecno dg Nhceg% n`k vgeoncþk o eo~ Qv`y+[

dge Vc` dg eo Qeoto% n`k~cmkodo~ gk eo bws cbq`vtoktg k`to%

i ?9 dotodo gk > dg Om`~t` ¯wetcb`% s dcvcmcdo oe wg ~wf~"

nvcfg% q`v n`kdwnt` dge ^gÿ`v Btv` dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`"

vg~ dg dcnho Vgqúfecno dgbwg~tvok ho~to eo gycdgknco e`~

~gktcbcgkt`~ iceoktvþqcn`~ wg okcbok o owge M`fcgvk`%

sge mvok cktgvã~ dg wg ~g hoeeo oigntod` q`v eo tgvbckoncþk

dg eo mwgvvo ncyce% +[ tok dg~mvoncodob+[-"- ~g ho ckngkdcod`



— 61= —

gktvg Qv`y+[ s Qwgfe`~ hgvbok`~% eeobod`~ q`v eo kotwvo"

egzo o i`vbov wko ~èo iobceco% s q`v e` tokt` dcmk`~ dg

bgj`v ~wgvtg — N`k~cdgvonc`kg~ tok ec~`kmgvo~% s wg q`v~c bc~bo~ eegyok ge novïntgv dg eo ~ckngvcdod s ge nokd`v%

n`b` ck~qcvodo~ g~qgncoeb+** q`v wk ~gktcbcgkt` mgkgv`~`

dg mvotctwd% qwdcgvok o eo ygz n`kdwncvk`~ oe ovvcy` dg wk

tgvbck`% +± vg~tofegncgkd` gktvg k`~`tv`~ eo~ vgeonc`kg~

ivotgvkoeg~% s dg~tgvvokd` qovo ~cgbqvg eo dc~n`vdco `bc"

k`~o% k`~ q`kmo o nwfcgvt` dg e`~ tvgbgkd`~ qgecmv`~ +¬

obgkozok o nodo qo~`% s nwso ckiewgknco dgfg ~gvk`~ tokt`

bo~ iwkg~to% nwokt` bo~ ycègkto ~go kwg~tvo q`~cncþk

qèctcno+ Qgv` ge Gxb` ^wqvgb` M`fcgvk` dg eo Vgqúfecnodg Nhceg% dgfg g~tov icvbgb+-[ qgv~wodcd` +« gk eo Eckgo dg

n`kdwnto% ~`fvg +¬ bovnho n`k~toktgb+-*[ eo Qv`ycknco dg

N`vvcgktg~% jobo~ ~g hok dg~otgkdcd` e`~ `fjgt`~ +[ qw"

dcgvok o eo ygz n`ktvcfwcv o eo tgvbckoncþk dg wko n`ktcgkdo

gxtgvbckod`vo% +« ygvdodgvob+*& n`k~wbg e`~ bo~ qvgnc`"

~`~ vgnwv~`~% +*- gk eo qvþxcbo nvc~c~ okwkncodo q`v ge i+ c9 yto+

^gÿ`v Bckc~tv`% o wcgk% ge ckivo~nvcqt`% ~g dcvcmg% ~g hovïk

~ck dwdo bo~ kgng~ovc`~ +*[ kwkno+ G~tg M`fcgvk` q`v e`

tokt` dg~govco% +5[ tgvbckodo~ kwg~tvo~ dcigvgknco~ d`bg~tc"

no~% s ~ì`nod` ge mgvbgk dg tokto~ noeobcdodg~% +¬ k`~

v`dgok% vgko~no gktvg k`~`tv`~ (eo n`kn`vdco#% q+* +¬ gk bg"

dc` dg eo ~gvgkcdod s dg eo noebo% n`k~wetgk eo~ Qv`ycknco~

~w~ ygvdodgv`~ cktgvg~g~% s e`~ bgdc`~ dg ~wf~tvogve`~ o eo

w~wvqoncþk dge gkgbcm` gxtgvc`v 2 K` hos dwdo% +& eo cktgv"

ygkncþk bgdcod`vo dge Gxb` ^wqvgb` M`fcgvk` dg Nhceg%

qwdcgvo ckiewcv n`k ~wng~` ~otc~iont`vc` gk eo mvokdg `fvo

dg eo `vmokczoncþk dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko< o nws` `fjgt`tcgkdgk n`k ckbgdconcþk e`~ Qwkt`~ on`vdod`~ gk eo qv`"

qwg~to hgnho o g~tg M`fcgvk` q ge ^gÿ`v Bckc~tv`% o wcgk

n`ktg~to< s qgv~wodcd`% +*[ o k` ~gv q`v eo~ yco~ dg eo vozþk%

k` qwgdg ovvcfov~g oe e`mv` dg tok vgn`bgkdofeg~ `fjgt`~%

k` ~g n`k~cdgvo dc~toktg o ongqtov eo vg~qgtofeg bgdconcþk

dge Gxb` ^wqvgb` M`fcgvk` dg eo Vgqúfecno dg Nhceg% kc

bgk`~ kgmov~g o qvg~tov ~w n`knwvvgknco o tok eowdofeg

gbqvg~o< qgv` hoeeïkd`~g qgkdcgktg eo kgm`nconcþk dg wk

tvotod`% dg k` bgk`v cbq`vtoknco% gktvg eo~ Qv`y+[ Ect`voeg~

dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko% ~cgkd` wko dg g~to~ eo dg N`"

vvcgktg~% ge wg ~wf~nvcfg% tcgkg o fcgk q`~tgvmov eo vg~èw"



" 618 — +

nc`k dge qvg~gktg o~wkt`% q`v dgfgv gbokov dge vg~wetod`

dgickctcy` dg owgeeo— Gk g~tg ~gktcd`% qwgdg ge ^gÿ`v Btv`

dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~% q`kgve` gk n`k`ncb+~` dg ^+ G+ ge

^gÿ`v Ycng"Qvg~cdgktg gknovmod` dge Q+ G+ dg owgeeo Vg"

i+ ?=+ qwfecno qovo ~w dgfc do cktgecmgknco s ~otc~ionncþk2 N`ktok omvodofeg `q`vtwkcdod% tcgkg ge wg ~wf~nvcfg eo bo~oeto n`bqeongknco% ìgvtokd` oe ^gÿ`v Bktv` dg Vgeonc`kg~

Gxtgvc`vg~% o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% ~w bo~ qovtcnweov oqvgnc`% seo dc~tckncþk n`k +*[ ~g h`kvo gk ~oewdoveg+

Gxb` ^`v+ Bcktv` dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno

dg Nhceg+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk < Ecfv`~ g`jccod`vg~

dg M`fcgvk`+— Egmoj` >% Ecfv` 6>+ — N`qcod`v bokw~nvct` < qoqge dg hce` n`k

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo ~` Yo x ~c ngkt< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg = s 8

bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< e` wg yo gktvg qovãktg~c~ ( # s fo~tovdceeo ~g hoeeo

gktvg eâkgo~ gk ge `vcmckoe#+

Y+± F+± — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬ Dcc"gnncþk Mgkgvoe


K+± ?64+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg

Nþvd`fo% gk vg~qwg~to o eo wg eg vgbctâo eo dg e`~ omgktg~ dc"

qe`bïtcn`~ vgwkcd`~ gk g~to úetcbo% eg gxqvg~o e`~ qv`qþ~ct`~ dg

N`vvcgktg~ s eg qovtcncqo wg so ho n`ktg~tod` o dcnh`~ omgktg~R+


i+ ?= N`vvcgktg~ @ntwfvg 6M-dg ?8>1

N`k eo bo~ oeto ~otc~ionncþk% ho vgncycd` ge +*- ~wf~nvcfg

eo cbq`vtoktg K`to dge Gxb` M`fk` dg eo Qv`y+[ dg N`vd`"

yo% iho ?4 dg ^gqt+*- wetcb`% o eo +*[ on`bqoÿo eo dg iho ?>

++ dge bc~b`% dg e`~ ^vg~+ Omgktg~ Dcqe`bïtcn`~% vgwkcd`~ gk

owgeeo Noqctoe% oe cktgvg~oktg `fjgt` +&[ gk wko s `tvo

n`bwkcnoncþk ~g dgtoeeo2 Ge Gxb` M`fk`+% o wcgk ge ck"

ivo~nvcqt` ~g dcvcmg% dgfg g~tov icvbgb+t` qgv~wodcd`% +¬ eo

eckgo dg n`kdwnto% ~`fvg +± ho bovnhod` n`k~toktgb+["g eo

Qv`y+[ dg N`vvcgktg~% jobo~ ho tgkcd` `tvo tgkdgknco +[ eo

dg n`h`qgvov q+&[ ~w qovtg o eo qo~cicnonc`k dg eo Vgqúfecno%

oe vg~tofegncb+[± dg ivotgvkoeg~ vgeonc`kg~% gktvg t`d`~ e`~



— 613 —Qwgfe`~% qv`nwvokd` ck~qcvov o g~t`~ eo bo~ ~gmwvo n`k"

icokzo% s qv`b`ygv t`d` owgee`% +*- qwg do n`ktvcfwcv o - [&[ [[…

eo `vmokc~on+&-¼ dge Qoc~ gk mgkgvoe g~t`~ hok ~cd` ~cgbqvg~w~ y`t`~ s t`do Ygz +** ho tgkcd` wko `q`vtwkcdod dg q`dgv

bokcig~tove`~ ivoknob+*« o t`d`~ e`~ M`f%±±* dg eo~ Qv`yck"

nco~ e` ho hgnh` n`k eo bos`v ~ckngvcdod+ G~ q`v e` tokt`

+g ge +5[ ~wf~nvcfg dg~qwã~ dg hoygv n`k~wetod`% n`b` dg"

fâo% o eo H+ E+ dg eo Qv`y+* ~`fvg ge n`ktgkcd` dg eo K`to

dg e`~ ^vg~+ Omgktg~ Dcqe`bïtcn`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+[ dge cktgvc`v

~g eg~ dcvcmg n`k g~to iho bokcig~tïkdèg~ ~w~ ~gktcb+-*¼ sdg~g`~ o g~tg vg~qgnt`% q`kcãkdèg~ oe bc~b` tcgbq` o eo

yc~to% eo dcicnwetod +*[ ~g qvg~gkto q oh`vo ~`fvg eo ck"

ycton+5&; on`vdodo q`v e`~ ^vg~+ Dcqwtod`~+ Ge ckivo~nvcqt`

on`bqoÿokd` (eo# K`to dg eo n`ktg~ton+¼& dcvcmcdo o e`~ ^vg~+

Omgktg~ Dcqe`bïtcn`~% vwgmo oe Gxb` M`f+&± dg eo Qv`y+¼

dg N`vd`yo wcgvo ongqtov ~w~ bo~ ~ckngv`~ oignt`~% s eo

oeto n`kncdgvonc`k% n`k +*- tcgkg ge qeongv dg ~oewdove`+

Oe Gxb` ^`v+ M`f+-&- s Noq+& Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+* dg N`vd`yo+


dg M`fcgvk`+— Egmoj` 6% Ecfv` ^>+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`: qoqge ~ck icecmvoko%

i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x ^c -j ngkt+ : egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg = s 3 bce+ : n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko < e` wg ~g hoeeo gktvg qovãktg~c~ ( # s fo~tovdceeo ~g hoeeo gktvg

eckgo~ gk ge `vcmckoe#+

Y+& F+& — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo … Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe


K+& ?67+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oc dgeo dg N`vvcgktg~% onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`tcnco dg eï vgkwknco dg

D+ Bokwge EgcyoR+

(> dg K`ycgbfvg dg ?8>1#

Mccoe[wos K`y+¼ 8 dg ?8>1

Ge M`y+&&[ dg eo Qv`y+* dg Gktvg Vâ`~ +« ~wf~nvcyg tcgkg

eo n`bqeo~gknco dg onw~ov vgncy` oe Gxb` dg eo dg N`vv+-¬

dotodo gk 69 dge qq+*[± vgigvgktg o hoygv odbctcd` eo vgkwk"nco hgnho q`v D& Bokwge Egcyo dg eo n`bcnc`k gxtvo`vdcko"

vco +g eg iwã n`kigvcdo q`v g~g M`y+&*[ q+* nwbqecb+-*- dg eo

QõFE+ ^gn+ Hc~t+ — T+ XYC ?4

i+ ?



— 6?1 —kgm`nconcþk dge tvotod` qgkdcgktg gktvg e`~ M`y+&±~ °g eo~

Qv`y+* ect`voeg~ q`v voz`kg~ q`dgv`~o~ +*[ ho mvodwod` ~w"

icncgktg qovo gee` : ~gegfvokd` oe bc~b` qo~` eo~ bgdcdo~+n eg okwknco t`bov~g q+o ge k`bfvob+*± -dg eo qgv~`ko +--

dgyg ~wf~tctwcveg gk eo gxqvg~odo n`bcnc`k+

G~to `no~cþk eg ìvg~g oe +-[ icvbo eo dg ~oewdov oe Gxb`M`y+&± o wcgk n`ktgxto n`k eo~ n`kncdgvonc`kg~ dg ~w dc~"

tckm+-[± oqvgnc`+

Egþk ^èo

Vobþk Qgvgsvo

Gxb` ^gÿ`v M`y+±[ dg

eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vv+[*[[


@icncoe+ —Egmoj` >9+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoq5ce dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo% >? x 6? -6< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 8 s 3 bce+< n`k~gvyo"

ncþk fwgko#+

Y+& F+± — Mv`~~`+



K+& ?69+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~% n`bwkcno oe dg Fwgk`~

Ocvg~% wg D+ Bokwge Egcyo k` ho wgvcd` ongqtov ge k`bfvo"

bcgkt` qovo n`knewcv ge tvotod` n`k eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~R+

(3 dg K`ycgbfvg dg ?8>1#

N`vvcgktg~

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ge k`bfvob+-[± +*[ ~g hcz` dg ge q+[ eo n`knew~cþk dge tvotod`

gktvg eo~ Qv`y+« Ect`voeg~

N`vvcgktg~ K`y+n 3+ ?8>1

Ge M`h+--& dg owgeeo Qv`y+&

\novqgto 6+1R Cki`vbo wg D+& Bok+c Egcfo k` ho wgvcd` ongqtov ge

k`bfvobcgkt` +[ ~g hcz` dg ãe q+[ n`knewcv ge tvotod` gktvg

eo~ Qv`y+[ Ect`voeg~+



— 6?? —

N`vv+tB K`y+¬ 3‛ dg ?8>1%% i+ ?

Ge M`fgvkod`v +*[ ~wf~nvcfg% tcgkg eo ~otc~ionncþk dg dc"

vcmcv~g oe Gxcec` M`fÿ` Dgegmod` dg eo Qv`kknco dg Fwgk`~"

Osvg~% qovo bokcig~toveg% +*- ge ^`v D+ Bok+- Egcyo% ï wcgk

~g n`kicvcþ q+&& g~tg M`fÿ` eo N`bc~cþk gxtvo`vdckovco% qovo

eegyov odgeoktg eo kgm`nconcþk dge tvotod` qgkdcgktg gktvg

e`~ Gxcec`~ M`fÿ`~ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ Ect`voeg~% ~g ho kgmod`

ï eo ongqtoncþk dge vgigvcd` gknovm` q+&& voz`kg~ q`dgv`~o~%

+g ge ckivo~nvcqt` ho mvodwod` bws ~wicncgktg~% qovo qv`"

ngdgv% n`b` qv`ngdcþ% ï odbctcveg eo vgkwknco—: S nwb"

qecgkd` n`k ge dgfgv dg k`tcncov dg g~tg ckncdgktg oe Gxb`^`v M`fþv Dgegmod` dg eo Qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~"Osvg~% ~g

oqvg~wvo ï q`kgve` gk ~w n`k`ncb+-&% cktgv t`bod`~ oemwk`~

cki`vbg~% ~g dgecyãvg ~`fvg wã qgv~`ko dgfo vgnogv ge

nctod` k`bfvobcgkt`% q+2[ eegkov ge yonâ`% ï +[ dï ewmov

eo vgkwknco dge gxqvg~od` ^`v Egcyo+

N`k g~tg b`tcy` ~g n`bqeo~g ge ckivo~nvcqt` gk ~oewdov

dgfcdobgktg oe Gxcec` ^`v M`f`v Dgegmod` ï wcgk ~g i c yto+

dcvcmg% vgqctcãkdèg e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ dg ~w bo~ qovtcnweov

oqvgnc`+ U

Qgdv` D+ Nïfvïe

Gk~gfc` O+ Tceeomvo

\oe bovmgkR Gxb` ^`v M`f`v Dgegmod` dg eo Qv`ycknco â+ c

dg F+~ O+~

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk% c— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+ — N`vvcgktg~+

— ?8?8"?87^+— Novqgto ?* : bokw~nvcto < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >? -j x 6? -¼

ngkt+% egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ 3 o ec bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+ — Nolqgto 6â*:

bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >? -j x 6? [-+¯ ngkt"< egtvo ckneckodo% ck"

tgveâkgo~ e` s ?? bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+ — D@NYHY+H-^@: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`%

qoqge n`bcck% i`vbot` 63 [-[ x 61 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo 3 bce+< n`k~gv"

yoncþk fwgko j+

Y+& F+¬ — FeGDBO+

Hoj& wk ~gee` dge 5Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+¼



\novqgto ?+*R

— 6?6 "

K+± ?6=+ — \D+ Ivoknc~n` Okt`kc` Cfovvo% oe M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`"

ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg dg~qwã~ dg hofgv ~cd` dgvv`nod`

ge n`v`kge Dghgzo iwã gegnt` M`fgvkod`v qv`yc~`vc` dg eo qv`"

ycknco dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv` R+

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M`f+`v dg eo Qv`y+¼

\ novqgto 6+* R

ôktcom` Dcn+g 4 dg ?8>1

D+k Ivoknc~n` Okt`kc` Cfovvo

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dg e`~ cktvw~`~ wg `qvcbâok owgeeo Qv`y+¼ ~g ho yc~t` qvg"

nc~od` odbctcv ge k`bfvobcgkt` wg eo egmc~eotwvo ho hgnh`

gk ~w qgv~`ko qovo gmgvngv ge M`f+¼¼ Qv`yc~`vc` ho~to +` e`~

on`ktgncb+t`~ dgk ewmov ï k`bfvov ge wg gk qv`qcgdod dgyo

dg~gbqgÿove`

Gk+` =

N`ktã~tg~g e` on`vdod`8>e

i+ ?

F%~ Os+~ Gk`=‛8>?

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fvcnoR

Oknh`vgko

G Xb ` ^`vM`y+`v s Noq+&Mvoe dg eoQv`y+o dg

Fwgk+~ Osv+~

ôkt+` dge G~t+` D+g 4 dg ?[>1

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e`~ cktvw~`~ +¬ `qvcbcok ï g~to Qv`y+*% ~w Egmc~eotwvo hï

qvg~c~od` oe ckivo~nvcqt` ï odbctcv ge M`f+k` Qv`yc~+& ho~to

+g e`~ on`ktgncb+-`~ dgk ewmov q+o dg~cmkov oe +¬ gk qv`qcg"

dod dgyo dg~gbqgÿov g~tg novm`+

Oe okwkncov ï Y+ G+ g~to ecfvg vg~èwncþk dg eo Vgqvg~gkto"

ncþk dg ôkt+` ge +` ~wf~nvcyg tcgkg eo me`vco dg q`kgv gk ~w

k`tcnco +n eo~ ovbo~ dg e`~ ecfvg~ hok tvcwkiod` dg~qwã~ dg

wko ~okmvcgkto fotoeeo gk eo n`~to dge ~oeod`% s e`~ w~wvqo"

d`vg~ +` k` hok qgvgncd` wgdok gk kwg~tv` q`dgv< gktvg

`tv`~ e`~ N`v`kgeg~ Mobo% s Igcj`þ% yovc`~ ìcncoeg~ ~wfoe"

tgvk`~%s

ge D+v

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qv`tgnt`v+ Ge N`v`kge Dghgzo iwm` ygvm`kz`~ob+tg ofokd`"

kokd` ~w bgj`v ovbob+t` ï e`~ ygkngd`vg~< s ontwoeb+tg ~g



" 6?> —

hoeeo dc~toktg tvgckto s ~gc~ egmwo~ dg g~to Noqctoe n`k wk

vg~t` dg Tv`qo~ qgvgncgkd` dg ~gd s hobfvg gk eo~ ~oecko~%

q g~qgvov oemúk vgiwgvz` dg N`vd`yo q+¼ vgn`kwc~tov wk

q`dgv +g w~wvqþ n`k g~nïkdoe`+

^g dcng +¬ eo~ Qv`y+o[ Ecbâtvìg~ novmok ~`fvg g~to q+¼ i+ c yto+

hongveo vgtv`mvodov o eo g~neoyctwd dg +¬ hï ~oecd` me`vc`"

~ob%¼n gk h`vo fwgko% ygkmok ï gxqgvcbgktov eo fvofwvo dg

wk Gxt`+ +¬ dg~dg ge Ngktv` dg ôeto hï bovnhod` ho~to

owc gk fvo~`~ dg eo ycnt`vco< s wczï vgncfcvïk egnnc`kg~

+¬ ~cvfok dg g~novb+-¼ ï e`~ tcvok`~ +¬ hok nvgcd` tgkgv wk

di`+ q+o `qvcbcv ï ~w Qotvco —Gktvg tokt` e`~ obcm`~ dg eo Ecygvtod k` dgygk qgvbokg"

ngv gxqgntod`vg~ gk wko ewnho gbqvghgkdcdo n`k ge mvokdg

`fjgt` dg ~oeyov oe qocz gk ge f`vdg bc~b` dge qvgncqcnc`

ï d`kdg e` hok n`kdwncd` eo~ qo~cþk+[ bo~ dg~gkivgkodo~+

Homob`~ ge wetcb` ~onvcicnc`% s woeg~+¼ +¬ ~gok e`~ vg~we"

tod`~ ~cgbqvg ~gvgb`~ onvggd`vg~ ï eo mvotctwd dg kwg~"

tv`~ n`bqotvc`to~ gk nwso dgigk~o qgvdgb`~ eo i`vtwko s

eo ycdo—N`k g~t`~ ~gktcb+t[~ wcgvo Y+ G+ ongqtov ge ~ckngv` oignt`

dg g~tg obcm` n`k eo~ qv`tg~to~ dg wko g~qgncoe n`k~cdg"

voncþk —

Ivokv OkN Cfovvo

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gk +± qwgdg dgq`~ctov dcmkob+-[ ~w n`kicokzo s gknovm` dg

qvg~cdcv ï ôkt+¼ gk g~to~ dciânceg~ ncvnwk~toknco~ g~ ge ^`v+

D+ Ivok+5[` Okt+¼ ¯fovvo% +& k` dgygvï vgw~ov eo odb+`¬ dg

eo Owt`vcdod+ ^wq+Ω* qv`yc~c`koeb+t[ q ~gv g~tg ge y`t` bo~

dgneovod` dg t`d`~ e`~ ôktcomwgÿ`~+ Gk ~w n`k~g+¼ ge

^`v D+ Ivok+*[& Okt+` Cfovvo ~ck gxnw~o kc vgqecno tgkdvï eo

y`kdod dg qgv~`kov~g ï qvg~tov ge jwvob+*[ dg g~tce`% dc~"

qgk~okd` g~tg ~onvcicnc` gk `f~gwc` dg ~w Qotvco ~wqec"

noktg



" 6?4 —

Dâmkg~g dh`+ ^`v+ odbctcv eo~ ~ckngvo~ qv`tg~to~ dg oqvg"

nc` s n`k~cdgvoncþk n`k +[ eg ~oewdo+ 2 Igecqg Igvvokd` 2

Qvg~cd+tn 2 T`bo~ J+ Tofòdo 2 Y`noe ~gn+& 2 ^7v+ Mvoe+ D+Ivok+n` Okt+¼ Cfovvo 2G~ N`qco

Cedgi`k~` Fvof`

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk` dg ^+ dge G~"

tgv`+— C8C8"C81^+— Nxlqfto ?[: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo

h`jo d`feodo 66 x â^ -o ngkt < egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 8 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwg"

ko+ "Nowigto 6+*: bobc~nvcto: qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` 6? x >? ngkt+: egtvo

ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 8 o ?1 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< g~tï qgmodo oe `vcmckoe

~cmwcgktg gk eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo+ — D`nybfââT@ : `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`<

qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 x 6? ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo%

cktgveâkgo ?1 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+ — N`qco: bokw~nvcto < qoqge n`k icecmvoko%

i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo 63 -j x 6? ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 3 o ??


y+& F+& " N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk —Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+

K+& ?68+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` dg ôk Ewc~% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~

Ocvg~% eg vgy`no eo owt`vczoncþk qovo mg~tc`kov e`~ kgm`nc`~ gx"

tgvc`vg~ bcgktvo~ k` ck~qcvg bos`v n`kicokzo o t`d`~ e`~ qwg"

fe`~ dge cktgvc`v ecmod`~ n`k eo bcvo dg n`k~tctwcv ge qoâ~R+

(7 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>1#

Dcncgbfvg ?8>1

\novqgto

?+oR

Vnf`nokdèo owt`vczoncþk n`kigvcdo oe M`f+&& dg F+[

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ôk Ewc~ 7 dg Dcncgbfvg dg8>1

Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ^+& Ewc~

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g~tg M`fcgvk` bokcig~tokd` e`~ b`tcy`~ wg eg o~c~tgk qovo

hongve`

Itâf+` ??8+>?

Ovnhâyg~g



— 6?7

^+* Ewc~ Dfvg 7 dg ?^31++ (+ ?

Ovnhâyg~g

\vúfvcno dg

Vgdwncdo eo Qv`y+¼ dg ^+& Ewc~ ï boktgkgv gk ge oc~eovo+*[

o eo iotoecdod hoyco vgdwncd` ï nodo wko dg eo~ wg n`b"ji dg[i°%[«--*

qw~cgv`k eo o~`ncozc`k Ovmgktcko% jobï~ dgjþ dg oygkcv~g%

n`b` t`do~ geeo~ q`v bc n`k~gktcb+-¼ to~ct`% o dwvoktg tok

tvc~tg qgvc`d`% ~wf~c~tcg~gk ge novm` dge M`f+¬ dg eo fgkg" Oknh`vgkoR

vogvcto Qv`y+* dg Fwgk+¼ Osvg~ ge nwv~` dg e`~ kgm`nc`~ svgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~< qgv` nwokd` h`s ~go q`v bc gignt` dge

~onwdcbcgkt` +g ho ~wivcd` t`d` ge Qoc~% ` ~go q`v e` wg

iwgvg% eo odbckc~tvoncþk wg eo vcmg ~g bwg~tvo gk ofcgvto

`q`~cncþk n`k t`do~ s nodo wko dg eo~ kwgyg +¬ qvg~cdgk

e`~ dg~tck`~ dg e`~ dge cktgvc`v% owgeeo dgigvgknco s mgkg"

v`~o n`kicokzo g~ bws jw~t` ~g ~w~qgkdo q`v qovtg dg eo

dg ^+k Ewc~: n`k tokto bo~ vozþk% nwokt` q`v wko n`kdwnto

ckn`kngfcfeg ge M`f+¼ ontwoe dg F+~ Os+~ ho dg~n`k`ncd` sdg~gnhod`% n`k jw~t` omvoyc` dg e`~ M`f[[ °ge cktgvc`v% gk

novïntgv s gknovm`~ dg wg hok vgyg~tcd` oe N`kmvg~` dg

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N`vd`yo ï ick dg wg qv`nwvo~gk eo g~toycecdod s n`kn`vdcomgkgvoe y e`~ bgdc`~ bo~ ~gmwv`~ dg n`k~tctwcv nwokt` oktg~ [

gΩt7 M`f+`± " [ dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg

ge Qoc~+ F~ Os+¼

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dg ^+k Ewc~ qv`tgxto oe Gxb`+ M`f+¼ dg F+[ Os+[ wg bcgk"

tvo~ ~w bovnho k` nobfcg ck~qcvokd` bgj`v n`kicokzo i" c yto+

o t`d`~ e`~ M`f+`~ dg e`~ Qwgfe`~ dge ckt3vc`v% h`c ecmod`~

n`k eo bcvo s gk ge gbqgÿ` dg n`k~tctwcv ge Qoc~: ` bcgk"

tvo~ n`ktckwã vg~c~tcgkd` tok k`feg n`b` dgncdcd` gbqgÿ`<

q`v ~w qovtg% jobo~ q`dvï qvg~tov~g ï n`ktckwov gk eo

onwcg~ngknco n`k wg ho~to h`s hofco dgigvcd` oe boktg"

kcb; dg e`~ kgm`nc`~ s vgeonc`kg~ g~tgvc`vg~% n`k +*[ ï k`b"

fvg dg eo Vgqúfecno ~g ho gktgkdcd` s ho nwetcyod` n`k eo~

Q`tgknco~ G~tvokmgvo~< qv`tg~tokd` oe bc~b` tcgbq` +[

woewcgv n`bfgkc`% ojw~tg% þ dgnc~cþk gk +« gktvo~g `

qwdcgvg on`vdov% o ycvtwd dg eo owt`vczoncþk gk " ~g ho

vgqwtod` hto% eo iho+ n`k e`~ Nþk~weg~ Omgktg~% s N`bcnc`"

kod`~ dg nwoe mgkgv` dg eo~ bgknc`kodo~ Q`tgknco~ G~tvok"

mgvo~% wg ~g hoeeovgk ` yckcgvgk ngvno dg ~c% dg~dg g~to iho

~gvïk dg kckmúk yoe`v qovo eo Qv`y+¼ dg ^+¼ Ewc~% s gk kck"

múk b`d` q`dvok dgjoveo `fecmodo+



— 6?9 "

N`k g~tg b`tcy` ge M`f+¼ dg ^+& Ewc~ e`mvo eo `no~cþk dg

~oewdov oe Gxb`+ dg F+[ Os+[ n`k eo~ bc~bo~ n`k~cdgvonc`"

kg~ +¬ ho on`~twbfvodÈwc~ B Ycdgeo

Ivok-& F N`vvgo~

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk` dg ôk Ewc~+

— Â8Â3"Â877+ — Novqgto ?+*: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

>6 X ^C Yo ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo cc bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< g~tï qg"

modo o eo novqgto wg eg ~cmwg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v g czwcgvdo+ — Novqgto 6+*:

bokw~nvcto < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >? *¼ x 6o ngkt+< egtvo cknec"

kodo% cktgveâkgo ?6 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< g~tï qgmodo oe `vcmckoe wg eg ~cmwg

q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v g czmwcgvdo+ — D`nwbgkt`: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >? x 6? -o ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~

= s 8 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

U+± _+& — N`bo~+


K+& ?63+ — \Ge Bckc~tv` dg eo Mwgvvo dge M`fcgvk` dg Bgkd`zo% oe

dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg

~g eg vgy`no eo owt`vczoncþk qovo n`kdwncv eo~ vgeonc`kg~ gxtg"

vc`vg~ R+

( 68 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>1

v ‛ c‛

%

Bgkd`zo Dcncgbfvg 68\novqgtoR s>_

Ge Bckc~tv` dg Mwgvvo dge M`fcgvk` dg Bgkd`zo

Bokcicg~to wg o\wRkwg k` ~g hok gkn`ktvod` gk eo ^g"

nvgtovâo dg owge M`f+¼[ oktgngdgktg~ wg onvgdctgk hofgv

~cd` owt`vczod` g~tg M`fcgvk` qovo n`kdwncv eo~ Vgeonc`kg~

G~tgvc`vg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno% q`dvco ~wngdgv wg hwfcg~gk tgkc"

d` ewmov toe owt`vczoncþk% s ho vg~wget` ~w M`f+[` vgf`nov

owgeeo owt`vczoncþk nwoewcgvo wg (geeo# ~go+

Ovnhâyg~g

Igf+` ??%%8>?

i+ ? ^gnvgt%oMvoe+

Igf+` ?? dg ?8>?

Ovnhâyg~g

\ vúfvcno dgOknh`vgko R

Bgkd+o Dfvg+ 68%% dg ?8>1%%

Owkwg gk eo ^gnvgtovco dg g~tg M`fcgvk` k` ~g hok

gkn`ktvod` oktgngdgktg~ +-- onvgdctgk hoygv ~cd` owt`vc~o"d` ge Gxb`+ ^`v+ M`f+¼-- s Noqctïk Mvïe+ dg eo Qv`y+-[ dg

F+~ Os+~ q+v eo oktgvc`v odbckc~tvoncþk q+[[ n`kdw~cv eo~ vg"



" 6?= —eonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~ dg eo Vgqwf+[o% q`dvâo toe ygz ~w~gdgv

+n hwfcg~g tgkcd` ewmov dcnho owt`vczoncþk< qwg~ ge q`n`

ovvgme` n`k +g hok ~cd` bokgjod`~ g~t`~ ovnhcy`~ qvg~to

iwkdod`~ b`tcy`~ dg dwdove`+ G~ q+&& g~t` +5; ge ^gnvgtovc`

Mvoe +-â ~wf~nvcyg% hï vg~cycd` `vdgk dg ^+ Gxï+ ge ^`v+

M`fgvkod`v s Noqctïk Mvoe dg g~to Qv`y+¼ qovo dcvcmcv~`

oe ^`v+ Bctv`% dg Vgeonc`+~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dge M`fcgvk` dg F+¼

Osvg~% n`k ge `fmgt` dg hongveg ~oygv +¬ gk ge no~` dg

hoygv ~cd` ionwetod` ge Gxb` dg F~+ Os+[ q+v eo oktgvc`v

odbckc~tvoncþk dg g~to Qv`y+¼ qovo n`kdw~cv eo~ vgeonc`kg~

gxtgvc`vg~ vgqvg~gktodèo% wgdo dg~dg g~to ihï vgf`nodo

owgeeo owt`vczoncþk dg nwoewcgvo kotwvoegzo +¬ ~go+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` g~qgvo +[ ge ^`v+ Bvti` dg Vgeo+-[ Gxt+* ~g

dcmkovï q`kgv g~to dgneovoncþk gk ge n`k`~cbcgkt` dg ^+ Gx+¼

ge ^`v+ M`f+`&& dg F+~ Os+~ s o~gqtov oe bc~b` tcgbq` eo~

~ckngvo~ qv`tg~to~ dg g~tcboncþk s dc~tckmwcd` oqvgnc` +¬

eg o~gmwvo+ —

Tb+[ M`ne`s Nvwz

^`v [eckc~tv` dg Vgeo+~

Gxt+~ dge M`f+k` dg eo Qv`y+*

dg F+~ Oyvg~

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+ — Bgkd`zo+— ?86="?8>4+ — K+& 4+ — Gkgv`"Dcncgbfvg+ — Novqgto : bokw~nvcto: qoqge n`k icec"

mvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo 66 x ?7 ¼% ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo e`bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk inââgko+ — D`nwbgkt`: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct` : qoqge n`k icecmvo"

ko s wk ~gee` gk vgeâgtg wg ~g egg & Bckc~t+` dg Mwgvt s Vgeonc`kg~ dge M`f+¼ dg

Bgkd+-[ &% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >= x 6c - j ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgvec"

kgo~ dg = o 8 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko #+

s+& F+& — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ₥ Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+




— 6?8 "

K+± ?>1+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôk Jwok% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dgFwgk`~ Ocvg~% eg vgtcvo eo owt`vczoncþk wg q`v ~w qovtg tgkâo

qovo bokgjov eo~ vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~R+

(4 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>?#

\novqgtoR ôk Jwok Gkgv` 4 dg ?8>?

Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ^+¼ Jwok

Cknewsg cbqvg~` wk dgnvgt` dg eo ôeo dg V+ V+ dg owg"

eeo Qv`ycknco q`v ge wg eg vgtcvo eo owt`vczoncþk wg q`v ~w

qovtg tgkco g~tg M`fcgvk` dg bokgjov eo~ vgeonc`kg~ G~tg"

vc`kg~ —Igf+` ??++

^â>?

Ovnhâyg~g

i+ ?

F+~ Os+~ Igf+`?? dg ?8>?—

Ovnhcyg~g

\vúfvcno dgOknh`vgkoR

ôk Jwok s Gk+` 4 dg ?8>?%%

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` gknovmod` dg eo gmgnwnc`k dg eo~ vg~èw"

nc`kg~ dg eo Egmc~eotwvo dg g~to Qv`y+ic% tcgkg ge h`k`v dg

tvo~bctcv oe n`k`ncb+ti¼ dg ^+ G+ ge ^+ M`f+*&" s Noq+& Mvïe

dg eo Qv`y+[ dg F+¼ os+¼ ge dgnvgt` wg cbqvg~` eg odjwktoq`v ge wg eg vgtcvo eo ionwetod dg vgqvg~gktov ï g~tg M`f+&¼

oktg eo~ q`tgknco~ gxtvokmgvo~ s ~`~tgkgv eo~ vgeonc`kg~

gxtgvc`vg~ wg eg g~tofo dgegmodo—Ge ckivo~nvcqt` oe nwbqecv n`k eo oktg dho% H+ Vg~èwncþk

gk eo qovtg wg eg n`vvg~q`kdg% ìvgng oe GxcTc` ï wcgk ~g

dcvcmg eo~ n`kncdgvonc`k+~ dge qovtcnweov oqvgnc` n`k wg eg

~oewdo+

Hcqþect` Qo~t`vczo

E+ G~tïk+& Tgee`

\oe bovmgkR Gxb` ^+ M`fv`-& s Noq+& Mvïe

dg eo Qv`y+o dg F+[ os+[

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+— M`fcgvk`+— ôk Jwok+

— ?8?="?876+ — Gkgv`"Dcncgbfvg+ — Novqgto : bobc~nvcto < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`v"

bot` dg eo h`jo >6 x 6? -~ ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo ec bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko< g~tï qgmodo oe `vcmckoe wg eg ~cmwg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v g czwcgvdo+ —D`nwbgkt`: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo

>1 ?¯% X 6? cj ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ dg 3 o cc bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y+± F+&

— N`bo~+Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+ ¼



" 6?3 "

K+& ?>?+ — \E`~ Dcqwtod`~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg

Vâ`~% gkyâok oe M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~ ge

tvotod` ~w~nvcqt` ge 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>? s gxqecnok e`~ b`tcy`~

q`vwg ~g ho ngegfvod` ~ck eo n`knwvvgknco dge dcqwtod` dg

N`vvcgktg~ J+

(9 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>?#

ôkto Iã Gk+¼ 9 dg ?8>? 2 E`~ +[ ~wf~nvcfgk Dcqwtod`~ i" ?

dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg Fwgk`~ Os+[% ôkto iã s Gktvg Vc`~ tcg"

kgk ge h`k`v dg vgbctcv oe Gxb` ^`v+ M`fgvkod`v dg eo

Qv`y+[ dg N`vvcgktg~ n`qco owt`vczodo dge tvotod` dg oecokzo

ìgk~cyo s dgigk~cyo% +« ho ~cd` n`knewcd` gk g~to Nc-+cdod

ge dco 4 dge qvg~gktg bg~ gktvg eo~ dho~+ Qv`yckg+[ Fwgk`~

Os+[% ôktoiã s Gktvg2Vc`~+ ^gvco g~nw~od` hongv ~w oq`"

e`mco% qwg~t` +-[ ge Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg[iwã wcgk

e` qv`b`ycþ n`kygkncd` dg eo wtcecdod% +¬ dgycok vgq`vtov

eo~ QvÙ-cknco~ ect`voeg~% s eo~ dgbï~% +[ n`bq`kgk eo Ko"

ncþk2 Q`v tokt` e`~ +« ~wf~nvcfgk ~è` ~g n`ktvohgvok o

dgb`~tvov eo kgng~cdod% +*[

hoktgkcd` dg n`knewcve`% ~ck

hoygveg~ ~cd` q`ncfeg% g~qgvov eo n`knwvvgknco dge Dcqwtod`

dg N`vvcgktg~ 2 Eo vgyèwncþk dge Gktvg Vc`~ ho dgb`~tvo"

d` +-[ eo oecokzo dg eo~ Qv`yckg+[ ect`voeg~ g~ tok kotwvoe%

+5[ eo~ vg~toktg~ ¯~g hok yc~t` `fecmodo~ o owxcecov o eo

Qv`y+[ otonodo% oktg~ +± dcnh` qont` hwfcg~g g~tofegncd` e`~

dgfgvg~ dg eo ecmo+ Qgv` hos bo~< eo vgyèwncþk dge Gktvg

Vc`~ ho ~cd` ivomwodo bws g~qgncoeb+-g qovo nvwzov eo

n`kigdgvoncþk< s e`~ gkgbcm`~ dge `vk+ ycgkd`% +« geeo ~gvco

wk bwv` ckn`k~tvo~tofeg o ~w~ o~qcvoncþk+[% k` ng~ok dg`fvov gk ge bc~b` ~gktcd`+ Q`v `tvo qovtg< ge o~qgnt` dg

e`~ kgm`nc`~ dge cktgvc`v% wvmg ck~toktokgob+-¬ q`v eo `vmo"

kczoncþk dg wko iwgvzo ovbodo q`v qovtg dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~

ect`voeg~ : e` +[ g~ cbq`~cfeg ho~gv~g n`b` n`vvg~q`kdg% ~ck

hoygv on`vdod` oktg~ eo gxtgknc`k s dgfgvg~ dg wk q`dgv

tok qgecmv`~` 2 E`~ +-- ~wf~nvc fgk nvggk hoygv dcnh` e` i" c yto+

yo~toktg qovo g~nw~ov ~w dgtgvbckoncþk% s g~qgvov% +*[ ge

Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~ ofvo~okd` t`do eo gxtgk~cþk

dg eo~ voz`kg~% +& `bctgk% ~g dcmkg oyc~ov ~w vg~èwncþk dg

ongqtov s votcicnov ge qvg~gktg tvotod` gk t`do~% s nodo wko

dg ~w~ qovtg~% n`b` ~c hwycg~g ~cd` g~tcqweod` q`v- bgdc`



" 661 —dg ~w vg~qgntcy` Dcqwtod`: e` nwoe ~gvï wk on`ktgncbcgkt`

dg eo bos`v ~otc~ionncþk o e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~

so ecmodo~ dgickctcyob+tg 2 Gktvg tokt` e`~ +g ~wf~nvcygk

tcgkgk ge h`k`v dg ìvgngv o ^+ Gx+&& ge ^`v+ M`fgvkod`v dg

N`vvcgktg~ ~w~ vg~qgt`~ s eo bo~ dc~tckmwcdo n`kncdgvon+& 2J`~n Bov °o F`xo~ 2 D`bckm` Nweegk 2[ Okt+& Nvg~q` 22

&Gxb` ^`v+ M`fgvkod`v s Noq+-[& Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+[ dg N`"

vvcgktg~ 2 G~ n`qco< J`~ã Geco~ MoW~tg`% ^gnvgt+& Ckt+¼+

G~tï n`ki`vbg

Egcyo

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk: N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >=+ — N`qco bokw~nvcto< qoqge dg hce` ~ck icecmvoko% i`vbot` dgeo h`jo d`feodo% >ex~`[e5°< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo dg = bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko#+

s+± F+` — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovgkcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+ ¼

K+± ?>6+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o e`~ m`fcgvk`~ dg Fwg"

k`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vâ`~% eg~ k`tcnco eo dg~cmkoncþk dgD+ Bokwge Egcyo gk novïntgv dg n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` o

`fjgt` dg eegyov odgeoktg ho~to ~w n`knew~cþk ge tvotod` qgk"

dcgktg% s wg so ~g eg hok gkycod` ge dcqe`bo s eo~ ck~tvwn"

nc`kg~R+

( ?> dg Gkgv` dg ?8>?#

i+ 63 yto+ N`vvcgktg~ Gkgv` ?> dg ?8>?+

Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vv+[-[~ c[[_ ~wf~nvcfg% tcgkg ge h`k`v dg

dcvcmcv~g oe Gxb` dg eo Qv`ycknco dg toe% qovo k`tcncoveg +[

gk g~to iho% ho ~cd` k`bfvod` ge ^`v+ D+ Bokwge Egcyo%

ygnck` dg ôktoiã% N`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vd+` q+&& g~tg M`f+&¼%

ngvno dg e`~ Gxb`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+¬< Ect`voeg~% oe cktgvg~oktg

`fjgt` dg eegyov odgeoktg hto ~w n`knew~cþk% ge tvotod`

qgkd+[ gktvg dho~ Qv`y+[ s wvmcgkd` o jwcnc` dge ckivo~nvcqt`

eo qv`kto tgvbckoncþk dg g~tg cbq`vtoktg kgm`nc`% g~qgvo

wg ^+ G+ ge ^`v+ M`f+[&[ o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% vgn`k`ncgkd` oe

gxqvg~od` ^`v+ Egcyo% gk ge novïntgv dg toe n`bcnc`kod`%

n`k +n ~g eg+ ckyc~tg% qv`ngdgvï o e`~ gignt`~ n`k~cmwcgktg~

o dho kgm`nconcþk< o nws` gignt` ~g odjwktok gk g~to bc~bo



— 66? "

iho% oe vgigvcd` N`b+**** ge Dcqe`bo ã ck~tvwnnc`kg~ vg~qgntc"

yo~ 2 N`k g~tg b`tcy` ge ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg ge h`k`v dg

~oewdov oe

Gxb`^`v+

M`f`v owcgk ~g dcvcmg n`k eo bo~

oeto n`k~cdgvoncþk s qovtcnweov oqvgnc`+

O e`~ Gxb`~ M`f&*¼ dg eo~ Qv`y+- dg F~+ O~% ^to ig s G+ V+

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+— ^gnncþk : Ecfv`¼ g`qcod`vg¼

dg M`fcgvk`+— Egmoj` 6% Ecfv` ^>+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`: qoqge dg hce` ~ck icec"

mvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >` x 6? Y~< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg ~ s = bce+:


s+& F+& — mv`~~`+



C

K+& ?>>+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o eo H+ V+ dg eo qv`ycknco%

n`bwkcno eo kwgyo dg~cmkoncþk dg D+ Bokwge Egcyo gk noec"

dod dg n`bc~c`kod` qovo wg eegyg o nof` eo kgm`nconcþk qgk"

dcgktg n`k eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ s eg qcdg dgecfgvg ~`fvg

geeoR+

( ?> dg Gkgv` dg ?8>?

C N`vg+- Gkgv` ?> dg ?8>?+ -" >?

^gÿ`vg~ Vgqvg~gktoktg~ : Wvmcd` q`v ge tcgbq`% ho vg"

~wget` g~tg M`f+±*-% k`bfvov kwgyob+*[ o D+& Bokwge Egcyo%

Ygnck` dg ôktoiã% q+o wg gk noecdod dg N`bc~c`kod` gx"

tvo`vdckovc` q`v qovtg dg g~to Qv`ycknco% ngvno dg e`~ M`"

fcgvk`~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocv+¼% ôktoiã% s G+ V+ qv`bwgyo% s eegyg

odgeoktg eo kgm`nconcþk dge tvotod` qgkdcgktg n`k eo~ gxqvg"

~odo~ Qv`y+** foj` eo~ Ck~tvwnnc`kg~% wg yok o vgbctcv~geg%

s n`ki`vbg o nws` tgk`v dgfg bokgjov~g% ho~to eo n`k"

new~cþk dgickctcyo dg dcnh` tvotod`— Dg g~tg qo~` ~g dc`

`q`vtwk` oyc~` o eo H+ ^+ nwokd` q`v jw~to gxnw~oncþk dge

Ckdcycdw`% +g q`v qvcbgvo ygz `ftwy`% g~to cbq`vtoktg N`bc"

~cþk% iwã k`bfvod` ge vgigvcd` D+[ Bokwge Egcyo< ~`fvg

nws` qovtcnweov `fvo gk g~to ^gnvgt+o eo dgfcdo n`k~toknco

dg eo ~wq+*[&& oqv`foncþk dg eo H+ ôeo% wcgk twy` o fcgk

on`vdov eo ~wbo dg bce qg~`~ dg h`k`vovc` oe N`bc~c`kod`~wqvodcnh` — Bo~% n`b` qwgdg on`ktgngv% +¬ eo H+ Vgqvg"

~gktoncþk% wcgvo vgn`k~cdgvov ge o~wkt`% q`v ge tcgbq` +«



— 666 —

i+ >? yto+ ho tvo~nwv~od`% ge ckivo~nvcqt`% oktg~ dg gxqgdcv ge Dc"

qe`bo g Ck~tvwnnc`kg~ vg~qgntcyo~% tcgkg ge h`k`v dg gegyove`

oe n`k`ncb+*± dg eo H+ ^+ qovo +± ~g ~cvyo dgecfgvov dg

kwgy` e` +&[ jw~mwg bo~ n`kygkcgktg 2 Ge M`fcgvk` n`k g~tg

b`tcy`% ~g h`kvo gk ~oewdov vg~qgtw`~obgktg o eo H+ Vg"

qvg~gktoncþk% o wcgk ~g dcvcmg 2 ^gÿ`vg~ Vgqvg~gktoktg~—

H`k`vofeg~ Vgqvg~gktoktg~ dg eo Qv`ycknco+


dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` ~% Ecfv` ^-J+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct` : qoqge dg hce` ~ck

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dãeo h`jo >1 x 6? -o< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg = s 8 bce+<


Y+± F+± — MV@^^@+



K+± ?>4+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% o D+

Bokwge Egcyo% eg n`bwkcno ge k`bfvobcgkt` dg N`bc~c`kod`

gxtvo`vdckovc` qovo eegyov odgeoktg eo~ kgm`nconc`kg~ qgkdcgktg~

n`k Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vâ`~< eg odjwkto ge dcqe`"

bo s eo~ ck~tvwnnc`kg~R+

( ?4 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>?#

i+ 63 yto+ N`vv+tg~ Gkgv` ?4 dg ?8>?+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` M`f+[&& dg eo Qv`y+[ dg N`vv%*¬« tcgkg eo ~otc~"

ionncþk dg dcvcmcv~g oe ^`v+ D+& Bok+- Egcyo% q+[ q`kgv gk ~w

n`k`ncb+t`% +[ wvmcd` q+&& ge tcgbq`% s eo kgng~cdod dg eegyov

odgeoktg eo kgm`ncon+&+&[

~g hoeeo qgkd+*« gktvg e`~ Gxb`~M`f+&±[ dg eo~ Qv`y+[[ dg Fwgk`~ Os+[% ^toiã s G+ V+% oe cktg"

vg~oktg `fjgt` dg ojw~tov s n`knewcv wk tvotod` dg oecokzo

ìgkncyo% s dgigkncyo% %-- eo~ q`kmo o nwfcgvt` dg t`do omvg"

dþk% s eo~ homo oqovgngv n`k vg~qgtofcecdod gk ge gxtgvc`v<

s n`kncdgvokd` eo~ vgegyoktg~ noecdodg~% vgwkcdo~ gk eo Qgv"

~`ko dge gxqvg~od` ^`v+ Egcyo% n`b` cmwoeb+t-" eo n`bqegto

i+ >1 n`kicokzo +[ bgvgng o g~tg M`f+k¼% ho tgkcd` o fcgk gegmcv

s k`bfvove`% n`b` gigntcyob+[g e` gecmg s k`bfvo N`b+[`

gxtvo`vdck+` q+[ qovtg dg g~to Qv`y+"-[ ngvno dg e`~ Gxb`~M`f+k`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+o~ ckdcnodo~< o nws` gignt`% dgfg ~gvycveg



— 66> —

g~tg dg ~wicncgktg nvgdgkncoe q+* +*[ vgn`k`ncd` gk ge novïntgv

qwfe+-[&% nò +*[ ~g eg ckyc~tg% gktvg o gxgvngv eo~ iwknc`kg~ dg

toe N`b+&[& gxevo`vd+±% n`k ovvgme` oe Dcqe`bo% Ck~tvwnnc`kg~

s dgbï~ D`nwb+-±[ +5* gk n`qco owt`vczodo ~g eg on`bqoÿok+

— Ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~g ec~`kmgo oktcncqodob+[ n`k eo g~q`kto"

kgo ongqtoncþk +*[ dge ckdcnod` novm`% g~qgvo q Qovtg dge

^`v+ D+ Bokwge Egcyo% o wcgk ~g dcvcmg< s n`k e`~ ~gktcb+*«[

dg ~w bos`v oqvgnc`% tcgkg ge qeongv dg ~oewdoveg n`k qovtc"

nweov dc~tckncþk s n`vdcoecdod+

Oe ^`v+ D+ Bok+- Egcyo N`b+"J` gxtvo`vd+¼ (dd# M`f+±[ dg~to

Qv`y+o—


dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` 6% Ecfv` 6>+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct` : qoqge dg hce` ~ck

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x 6? Yje egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg = s 3 bce+

<

n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< e` wg yo gktvg qovãktg~c~ s fo~tovdceeo ~`k n`vvgnnc`kg~ hg"

nho~ gktvg eâkgo~#+

Y+¼ F+± — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¼ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe *


K+± ?>7+ — \Dcqe`bo dge N`bc~c`kod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgk"

tg~ oktg eo~ qv`ycknco~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vâ`~R+

( ?4 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>? #

DCQE@BO i+ >?

Q`v nwokt`: wvmg eo kgng~cdod dg eegyov odgeoktg eo kg"

m`ncon+& +g ~g hoeeo qgkd+[ gktvg e`~ Gxb`~ M`fk`~ dg eo~

Qv`y+[ dg F+ Os+[% ôktoiã s G+ V+ oe cktgvg~oktg `fjgt` dg

n`knewcv wk tvotod` dg oecokzo ìgkncyo s dgigkncyo +g eo~

q`kmo o nwfcgvt` dg t`do omvgnc`k s eo~ homo oqovgngv n`k

vg~qgtofcecdod gk ge gxtgvc`v— Q`v tokt`% s tgkcgkd` gktgvo

~otc~iong+& s n`kicokzo gk eo Qgv~`ko dge ^v+ D+ Bok+[ Egcyo%

hg ygkcd` gk gegmcv s k`bfvove` n`b` gigntcyob+[ e` gecj` i" ~c yto+

s k`bfv` q`v N`b+*[± gxtvo`vd+± ngvno dg e`~ Gxb`~ M`fk`~

dg eo~ gxqvg~odo~(Iv`yiU#

q+* +[

qwgdotvotov%

n`kygkcv sojw~tov n`k e`~ ^`v+[[ D+ D+ dg e`~ vgigvcd`~ M`fk`~% eg"

moeb+[ owt`vczod`~% e`~ Qont`~ s n`kygkc`~% +[ jwzmwg n`k"



— 664 —ygkcgktg~ o e`~ cktgvg~g~ m[[-&&

s qovtcnweovg~ dg eo~ nwotv`Qv`y+[ s o e`~ dg t`do eo Vgq+[[ vg`gvyokd`bg eo ionwetoddg vgyggv s votcicnov nwokt` g~tcqweg o bãvct` dg eo cbq`v"

toktg N`bcn+k +g ~g eg n`kicgvg+ — Gk ig dg e` nwoe% eg gx"

qcd` ge qvg~gktg gk noecdod dg (Dcqe`bo#% icvbod` dg bcbok`% ~geeod` n`k ge mvokdg dg eo Qv`y+¼ s vgivgkdod` qj bc^gnvgt` (dg M`fcgvk` — Dod` gk eo Ncwdod NoqJ# dg eo

Qv`y+-[ dg N`vv+&[[ o e`~ ?4 dco~ dge bg~ dg Gk+` dg ?8>?oÿ`~+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk: Ecfv`~ n`qcod`vg~dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` ~% Ecfv` ^>+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`kicecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x oc ngkt+ < egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg 8 s 3

tkce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< e` wg yo gktvg qovãktg~c~ ( # s fo~tovdceeo ~`k n`vvgn"nc`kg~ hgnho~ gktvg eâkgo~#+

Y+± F+& — Mg`~~`+

+Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+ …

K+± ?>9+ — \Ck~tvwnnc`kg~ dge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~ o ~w N`bc"~c`kod` oktg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vâ`~% D+ Bokwge

Egeyo R+ …( ?4 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>?

i+>1 CK^TVWNN+@K^ Q+O GE N@B+&¼

N`kncdgvokd` eo kgngncdod dg eegyov odgeoktg eo kgm`"

ncon+±& +g ~g hoeeo qgkd+-[-- gktvg e`~ Gxb`~ M`f+&±2 dg eo~

Qv`y+[[ dg F+[ O+[% ^to iã s G+ V+ oe cktgvg~oktg `fjgt` dg

n`knewcv wk tvotod` dg oecokzo ìgkncyo s dgigkncyo +*[ (eo~#

q`kmo o nwfcgvt` dg t`do omvgn+±&% s eo~ homo oqovgngv n`kvg~qgtofcecdod gk ge gxtgvc`v< s hoycgkd` ~cd` k`bfvod`q+o tok cbq`vtoktg n`bcn+& q+&& qovtg dg g~to Qv`y+* ge ^`v+

D+ Bok+- Egcyo% ~g gxqgdcvï g~tg gk geeo% n`k qvgnc~o ~wmgnc`k

o eo~ ck~tvwnnc`kg~ ~cmwcgktg~ —?+o ^cgkd` ge Qv`sgnt`% +-- gk n`qco owt`vczodo ~g eg on`b"

qoÿo% ge dge tvotod`% ~`fvg wg dgfg n`ktckwov eo kgm`nco"

ncþk< s k` ~cgkd` n`ki`vbg o e`~ cktgvg~g~ dg wk Qoc~% +g

o~qcvo o ~w ecfgvtod s gkmvokdgncb+t` ge +[ kckmúk gxtvokmgv`%

nwoewcgvo +n ~go ~w qv`ngd+[ tvoknctg s dc~nwvvo ge cktgvc`v

dg ~w tgvvct+& q+&& qvgtg~t` oemwk`% oe ovt+¼ 8+¼ dg dh` Qv`sgnt`



" 667 —

gk ewmov dg e`~ hofctoktg~ dg eo~ nwotv` Qvy+[ Ect`voeg~

ck~c~tcvï ~g q`kmo e`~ Ncwdodok`~ dg eo Vgq+*[* (~cgkd`# i+ >` yto+

ckodbc~cfeg ge ovt+*- gk n`ktvovc` ~gktcd` 26+¼

K`tgkcgkd`

eo~ Qv`y+[% o gngqnc`k dg eo dg F+ Os+[% vgnwv~`~ fo~toktg~

q+* gwcqov s ovbov ~w~ n`ktckmgktg~% s o bo~ n`ktvcfwcv

nodo cbo n`k ncgvto ~wbo dg Dck+± gk e`~ no~`~ +[ qvgycgkg

ge ovt+± ?> dge Qv`sgnt` ckdcnod`% g~ b`voeb+-*[ ckygvcicnofeg

ge tgk`v dg dh` ovt+±% s k` dgfgvï odbctcv~g% o bgk`~ +¬ ~g

wcgvo% +¬ e`~ mo~t`~ kgng~ovc`~% q+[ eegkov g~`~ `fjgt`~

qv`ygkmok dg e`~ i`kd`~ Konc`koeg~% dg +[ h`s dc~q`kg ~è`

ge M`f+&± dg F%[ Os+[< ` +« g~tg homo dgneovov q bgdc` dg

wk ovt+± gk ge tvotod`% +-- eo~ gv`monc`kg~ hgnho~ gk ge dcoq+&& Qovtg dg owge G~tod`% ~`k qccvob; qv`yckncoeg~% gk

nws` no~` q`kdvï ge Tg~`v` Konc`koe o eo dc~q`~cncþk dg eo

N`bcn+& vgqvg~gktotcyo+ 2 >+* Gk vozþk dg +« eo 7+* otvcfw"

ncþk% +g q ge nctod` Qv`sgnt` ~g n`kicgvg o eo N`bcnc`k

vgqvg~gktotcyo dg eo~ nwotv` Qv`y+[ n`ktvotoktg~% k` ~g vg"

dwng% ~ck` o dg~eckdov eo~ otvcfwnc`kg~ m+vocg~ °g wk N+ K+%

nwoewcgvo +[- ~go eo i`vbo% ~`fvg nwso yong ~g vgúko%

dgxokd` iwgvo dg ~w þvfcto eo n`ktvonn+& o `fjgt`~ +¬ qvgig"

vgktgb+-g dgbokdo eo ontwoe wvmgknco dg e`~ G~tod`~ n`kig"

dgvod`~% ge ovt+` dg ~w vgigvgknco% vg~weto ck~cmkcicnoktg% s gk

ygz dg ~gv odbctcd`% ~g ~`~tctwcvï gk ~w ewmov% ~ck odcncþk

oemwko eo k`ko otvcfwncþk dodo o dho N`bcnc`k vgqvg~gkto"

tcyo% q ge Qv`sgnt` qvg~gktod` (\q`v ge Qv`sgnt`R# qj ge Dcqw"

tod` dg g~to Qv`y+¼ s b`dcicnod` q ge dg eo dg ôktoiã+

4+o O bo~ dg eo~ qvgngd+**&* ck~tvwnnc`kg~ vgeotcyo~ oe tvotod`

dgickctcy`% ~g owt`vczo obqecob+-g oe ^+-&- D+ D+% q+¼ +¬ gk eo

N`bcnc`k vgqvg~gktotcyo qgvbokgktg%qv`bwgyo

t`d` nwokt`

qwgdo n`ktvcfwcv oe fcgk g~tov s qv`~qgvcdod m+[c% k` ~è` dg

eo~ Qv`y+~ Ect`voeg~% ~ck` tobfcãk dg t`do~ eo~ +& n`bq`kgk

eo Vgq+no Ovmgktcko s e` wg qwgdo ngdgv gk ygkgicnc` qov" i+ ~c

tcnweov dg eo Qv`y+¼ +[ vgqvg~gkto% nws`~ `fjgt`~ g~qgncoeg~%

qv`b`ycd`~ +[ iwg~gk% q`dvï tvok~bctcve`~ oe n`k`ncb+--[ dg

g~tg M`f+k`% q+¼ n`k ~w oqv`yonc`k% n`ktckwov e`~ ont`~ dg ~w

dc~nw~cþk hto n`k~gmwcv ge e`mv` dg +« ~g vgoec~gk n`b`n`vvg~q`kdo2 7+o ^g eg ionweto g~qgncoeb+-g q+o +g onwgvdg%

e` bo~ fvgyg q`~cfeg n`k e`~ ^vg~ D+ D+ dg eo~ Qv`y+~ o +[ ~ghomo wko iwgvtg vgneoboncþk% q+&& qovtg dg e`~ nwotv` M`fk`~

ect`voeg~% oe dg eo Vgq+[ @vcgktoe dge Wvwmwos% ~`fvg eo n`k"

QWFE+ ^gn+ Hc^T+ — T+ XYC ?7



+P 66) "

dwnto ; `f~gvyo n`k vg~qgnt` o e`~ Gkgbcm`~ dg dho~

Qv`y+~% +g ~g hoeeok vgiwmcod`~ gk owge Qoâ~% s ~ck (qgvjwcnc`

dg dh` vgneob` gkycov# wko N`bcnc`k oe bc~b` `fjgt`% sdgbï~ +[ ~g nvgo kgng~ovc` g~neovgngv+ 2 9+¼ Ge tgk`v dg eo~

qvg~gktg~ Ck~tvwnnc`kg~% ~g `f~gvyovï n`ki`vbg o ~w ectgvoec"

dod% ~ck qgvjwcnc` dg eo~ vgi`vbo~% ` odcnc`kg~% +g ge tcgbq`

~wnngncyob+tg dgbwg~tvg ~gv n`kygkcgktg~ 2 N`vv+tg~ Gk+& ?4

dg ?8>?+


dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` ~% Ecfv` ^>+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`k

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x 6? ngkt+: egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 8 s 3

bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< e` wg yo gktvg qovãktg~c~ ( # s fo~tovdceeo ~`k n`vvgn"

nc`kg~ hgnho~ gktvg eâkgo~% e` ckdcnod` gktvg qovãktg~c~ \ ( # R ~g hoeeo tg~tod` gkge `vcmckoe#+

Y+± F+5- — Mg`~~`+



K+± ?>=+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% o ~w

n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc`% D+ Bokwge Egcyo% eg k`tcnco eo vg~`"

ewncþk dg eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ ~`fvg ge h`k`vovc` wg dgfg dc~"

ivwtovR+

( ?4 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>? #

N`vv+tn~ Gj[` ?4 °m ?8>? 2 Ge M`f+&&[ ckivo~nvcqt`% tcgkg o

fcgk dcvcmcv~g oe ^v+ D+ Bok+[ Egcyo% N`b+-[-[ gxtvo`vd+±% q+&&

qovtg dg g~to Qv`y+[% ngvno dg e`~ Gxb`~ M`f+&±[ dg eo~ Qv`y+*

dg F+[ O+' ^toiã s Gktvg Vc`~% q+* k`tcncoveg% +[ hofcgkd`

n`k~wetod` n`k eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ ~`fvg ge H`k`vovc` +5[ dgfg

dc~ivwtov% dwvoktg ~w N`bcn+&& gk g~o% ho vg~wetod` ge D+-¼

nws`~ ovt+`^j ~`k e`~ ~cm+t[[~ PP Owc e`~ ovt+[~ 2 E` +¬ ge ck"

ivo~nvcqt` tcgkg eo ~otc~iong+& dg tvok~nvcfcv oe ^+&&& D+ D+ Egc"

yo% ~oewdïkdèg n`k g~tg b`tcy`% n`k ~w bo~ qovtcnweov

dc~tckncþk+

Oe ^"@&& D+ Bok+- Egcyo N`b+[± Gxtvo`vd+& dg g~to Qv`y+*


dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` 6% Ecfv` 6>+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`k

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x 6? ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo dg 8 bce~+:

n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#

+

y+& F+& — Mv`~~`+

Hvcs wk ~gee` dg eo ¬ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe




— 66= "

K+± ?>8+ — CGe M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ dg ~w

qv`ycknco% qo~o n`qco dge tvotod` ngegfvod` gktvg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~%

ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vâ`~ s dgbï~ d`nwbgktoncþk qgvtckgktg qovo

wg vg~wgeyo ~`fvg dcnh` tvotod` R+

( ?7 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>?

N`vvcgktg~ Gkgv` ?7 dg ?8>?+ i+ >6+yio+

^vg~+ V+ V+2G? +-[ ~wf~nvcfg% tcgkg ge h`k`v dg dcvcmcv~g o

eo H+ ^+ dg Vgqvg~gktoktg~ dg eo Qv`y+¼% q+[ bokcig~toveg% +¬

hofcgkd` vgncycd` gk g~to iho% n`qco owt`vczodo dge tvotod`

ngegfvod` gktvg eo~ Qv`y+o~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocv+[% ôktoiã s G+ V+%

n`k K`to dcvcmcdo o g~tg M`f+&& q+- e`~ n`bc~c`kod`~ vg~qgn"

tcy`~ dg e`~ M`f+k`~ dg dho~ Qv`y+[% tcgkg o fcgk qo~ov ckbg"

dcotob+-g o bok`~ dg Y[+ H+ e`~ bc~b` d`nwbgkt`~ `vcmcko"

eg~% qovo +¬ gk ~w yc~to ~g ~cvyo vg~èygv e` +« hoeeg q`v

n`kygkcgktg ~`fvg ge vgigvcd` tvotod`% n`bwkcnokd` oe ck"

ivo~nvcqt` e` +g vg~wetg% n`k dgyèwncþk dg e`~ gxqvg~od`~

D`nwbgkt`~ 2 N`k g~tg b`tcy` ge M`f+±` ~oewdo dgfcdob+-[

oeo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ o +¼ ~g dc s-- vcmg n`k ~w on`~twbfvodo i+ >>

n`k~cdgvoncþk s vg~qgt`% 2 ^vg~+ Vgqvg~gktoktg~+

O eo H+ ^+ dg Vgqvg~gktoktg~ dg eo Qv`y+[


dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` 6 : Ecfv` ^6+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`: qoqge dg hce` ~ck

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x ~c … %+" egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg = s ~ bce+:


U-+± F+& — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¼ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe


K+± ?>3% — \Eo H+ ^+ dg V% V+ dg N`vvcgktg~% oe M`fgvkod`v dg

~w qv`ycknco% eg qovtcncqo e`~ vgqov`~ s omvgmod`~ wg g~tcbo

n`kygkcgktg~ oe tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>? R+

( ?8 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>?

Gxb` ^gÿ`v

:

Eo H+ ôeo dg V+ V+ tgkcgkd<¼ o eo yc~to ge tvotod` ~gegfvod`s n`knewcd` gk eo Ncwdod dg ^to Igg ge 4 dge n`vvcgktg% q`v

e`~ N`bc~c`kod`~ dg e`~ Gb`~ M`ycgvk`~ dg F+~ Osvg~% ^+*¼

i+ ?





" 663 —& wg eo bc~bo N`bc~cþk +[ ~g g~tofeg~no%+ovvgmeg qvþyc~`"

& vcobgktg ge N`bgvnc` g~tgvc`v s eo Koygmoncþk dg e`~ Vc`~%

&Qovokï% s Wvcâmkos< qv`b`ycgkd` oe bc~b` tcgbq` eo ck"

&dw~tvco Tgvvct`vcoe% s qv`nwvokd` oqovtov nwokt` qwgdo& doÿoveo & 2 G~to~ ~`k eo~ odcnc`kg~% wg eo H+ ^+ nvgg ck"

dc~qgk~ofeg~ q+¼ eo n`knew~cþk dge Tvotod` q`v qovtg dg g~to

Qv`ycknco% n`k n`kngqt` o e`~ jw~t`~ vgqov`~ ovvcfo ckdcno"

d`~: gk nwso i`vbo ~g dgfwgeyg ï Y+ G+ eo odjwkto n`qco

owt`vc~odo dge bc~b`% q+* ~w dgycdo cktgecmgknco% s gignt`~

n`k~cmwcgktg~% ~oewdïkdè` n`k g~tg b`tcy` n`k ~w on`~"

twbfvodo n`k~cdgvoncþk+

ôeo dg ^g~c`kg~ gk N`vvcgktg~% Gkgv` ?8 dg ?8>?

Dj Jwok Ivok+-& NncfvoeQvg~cd+tg

Jw~t` Ycyov^gnvgt+¼

Gxb` ^`v+ Md`v+ s Noqctïk Mvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco+

Y(&Ovnhcn` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk: N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >=+— @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` : qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo >? x ^C ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cno% cktgveckgo~ dge`ci ec bce+< n`k~gv"

yoncþk vgmweov#+

s+& F+& — mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+ …

K+± ?41+— \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% o e`~ Dc"

qwtod`~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vâ`~% eg~ qovtcncqo

e`~ vgqov`~ oe tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>?% e`~ wg wkoygz ~oeyod`~ ge Dcqwtod` qv`ngdgvï o eo n`knew~cþk dg dcnh`

tvotod`% ~wf~nvcfcãkdè` n`b` n`vvg~q`kdgR+

( ?3 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>?

N`vvcgktg~ Gkgv` ?3 dg ?8>?+ 2 Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo Qv`"

ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% tcgkg eo ~otc~ionncþk dg dcvcmcv~g o e`~

^+ ^+ D+ D+ dg e`~ Gxb`~ M`f+k`~ dg F+[ O+~% ôktoiã s G+ V+%

qovo onw~oveg~ ge vgncf` dg ~w oqvgncofeg K`to% dotodo gk 9dge n`vv+tg o eo +[[ ~g hok ~gvycd` odjwktov n`qco owt`vczodo

dge tvotod` dg oecokzo ìgkncyo s dgigkncyo% +[ ho ~cd`

i+ >6



— 6>1 —

n`knewcd` gk eo Ncwdod dg ôktoig ge dcï 4 dge qvgnctod`

bg~% gktvg eo~ gxqvg~odo~ Qv`ycknco~% bokcig~tïkdèg~ gk

n`k~gnwgknco +[ hofcgkd` tvo~bctcd` dh` tvotod` oe n`k`"

ncb+t` s dgecfgvoncþk dg eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ dg eo Qv`y+¼% ho

vg~wetod`% +[ geeo qw~cg~g ncgvt`~ vgqov`~ ~`fvg e`~ ovtânwe`~

8± s ?>% n`b` tobfcãk vg~qgnt` o eo 7+¼ otvcfwncþk% +[ q+v

ge ovt+` ?9 dge vgigvcd` tvotod`% ~g ~gÿoeo o eo N`bc~cþk

Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg eo~ Qv`y+[ igdgvodo~% nws`~ ckn`kygkcgk"

tg~% n`k~cdgvokd` ge ckivo~nvcqt` qwgdgk ~oeyov~g ~ck dcic"

nwetod% tcgkg o fcgk ck~tvwcv o eo iho oe ^`v+ Dcqwtod` dg

g~to Qv`y-c q+¼ +` oeeokod`~ `q`vtwkobgk+[g qv`ngdo o eo

n`knew~cþk dge tvotod`% icvbïkdè` n`b` n`vvg~q`kdg 2 Geckivo~nvcqt`% oe q`kgve` gk n`k`ncb+-& dg e`~ ^+ ^+ D+ D+% o

wcgkg~ ~g dcvcmg% tcgkg ge qeongv dg tvcfwtoveg~ e`~ ~gktc"

bcgkt`~ dg ~w oeto n`k~cdgnc`k% s oqvgnc` dc~tckmwcd` —

^+ ^+ D+ D+ dg eo~ Qv`y+[ dg F+[ Os+~% ^toiã s G+ V+


dg M`fcgvk`+ — Eãtjoj` 6 : Ecfv` 6>+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`tâ

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo ~` x 6? ngkt+ < egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo dg ~ bce+<

n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko #+

Y+± F+± " Mv`~~`+



K+± ?4?+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% o ~w n`"

bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc`% D+ Bokwge Egcyo% eg vgbctg eo d`nw"

bgktoncþk vgeotcyo oe tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>?% qovo wg

oeeokod`~ e`~ vgqov`~ g ckn`kygkcgktg~ qv`ngdo o icvbove` gk

e`~ tãvbck`~ wg n`vvg~q`kdgR+

( ?3 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>?

i+ >6 yto+ N`vv+~ Gk+` ?3 dg ?8>? 2 Ge M`fgvkod`v ckivo~nvcqt`% tcgkg

eo ~otc~ionncþk dg dcvcmcv~g oe ^`v+ D+¼ Bok+c Egcfo% Dcqw"

tod` q`v g~to Qv`y+[ ngvno dg e`~ Gxb`~ M`f+k`[ dg Fwgk`~

Ocv+~% ôkto Iã s G+ V+% on`bqoÿïkdèg n`qco owt`vczodo

dge tvotod`% +¬ gk cmwoe i`vbo eg ho ~cd` vgbctcd`% q`v e`~

^gÿ`vg~ N`bc~c`kod`~ dg dcnh`~ M`fcgvk`~% vgwkcd`~ gk eo

Ncwdod dg ôktoiã < n`b` tobfcãk dg eo K`to% wg eo H`k`"



" 6>? "

vofcg ôeo dg Vgq+¼ dg g~to Qv`y+*% ho tgkcd` o fcgk qo~ov

oe ckivo~nvcqt`% gk yc~to dg dcnh` tvotod`% qovo wg oeeokod`~

c`~ ckn`kygkcgktg~s

vgqov`~% wg oJec ~g gxqvg~ok% dg n`k"

i`vbcdod n`k e`~ ^gÿ`vg~ Dcqwtod`~ dg eo~ gxqvg~odo~

Qv`y+¼[% qv`ngdo o icvbov ge tvotod`% gk e`~ tãvbck`~% wg

n`vvg~q`kdg 2 N`k g~tg b`tcy`% ~g n`bqeong ge +¬ icvbo%

gk vgqv`dwncv oe ^`v+ Dcqwtod`% o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% e`~ ~gktc"

bcgkt`~ dge oqvgnc` s dc~tckncþk% n`k +¬ e` ~oewdo

^`v+ N`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vd+¼ dg eo Qv`y+[ dg N`vv+5[~ D+¼

Bok+- Egcfo+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg ¯o Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk : Ecfv`~ n`qcod`vg~dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` 6 < Ecfv` 6>+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`k

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >` x 6?: egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo dg = bce+: n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

s+& F+& — Ml`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo 5 Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe


K+± ?46+ — \Ge N`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ BokwgeEgcyo% oc M`fgvkod`v dg ~w qv`ycknco% wg ongqto ge novm` n`k

wg ~g eg ho ckyg~tcd`R+

( 66 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>?

ôkto Iã Gkv` 66 dg ?8+>?+ i+ ?

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` ho vgncycd` eo vg~qgtofeg k`to +[ n`k

ignho ?4 dge ontwoe ~g ho dcmkod` dcvcmcveg ge- Gxb` M`f+[&

dg eo Qv`y+â* dg N`vvcgktg~ qovo q`kgv gk ~w n`k`ncb+-¼ +[

wvmcd` ^+ G+ q`v ge tcgbq` s eo kgng~cdod dg eegyov odgeoktg eo

kgm`nconcþk +g ~g hoeeo qgkd+-[ gktvg e`~ Gxb`~ M`f+k±¬ dg

eo~ Qv`ycknco~ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% ôkto Iã s Gktvg Vc`~%

oe cktgvg~oktg `fjgt` dg ojw~tov s n`knewcv wk tvotod` dg

oecokzo ìgk~cyo s dgigk~cyo +[ eo~ q`kmo o nwfcgvt` dg

t`do omvgnc`k s eo~ homo oqovgngv n`k vg~qgtofcecdod gk ge

gxtgvc`v% ho tgkcd` o fcgk gegmcv s k`bfvov oe ckivo~nvcqt`

n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` q`v qovtg dg eo Qv`y+[ +g qvg"

~cdg ngvno dg e`~ Gxb`~ M`f+k[~ qvgckdcnod`~ qovo eegkov tok

fgkãicn` `fjgt`% s eg on`bqoÿo ge n`bqgtgktg Dcqe`bo%



— 6>6 —i+ ? yto+ ck~tvwnnc`kg~ kg~ s dgbï~ d`nwbgkt`~ q`v e`~ +[ vgmeovï

~w n`kdwnto ge n`bc~c`kod`+

Oqg~ov +[ ge ckivo~nvcqt` n`k`ng +[ k` hok ng~od` gk ge

t`d` eo~ q`dgv`~o~ vo~`kg~ +[ gk bg~g~ qo~od`~ eg `fecmo"

v`k o vgnc~tcv of~èwtob+-g g~to bc~bo n`bc~cþk% +¼ eg iwg

gknovmodo q`v ge oktgng~`v dg Y+ G+k` qwgdg ~gv ckdcigvgktg

o eo kgng~cdod% +[ ~g bokcicg~to dg ~w~ dgyceg~ ~gvycnc`~%

kc dgjov dg vgn`bqgk~ov n`k ~w dgigvgknco o eo h`kv`~o n`k"

icokzo n`k +g ~g eg dc~tckmwg kwgfob+[g% O~gqto qwg~ ge ck"

ivo~nvcqt` ge k`bfvob+t` n`k +& ~g eg h`kvo s qv`bgtg k`

`bctcv ~onvcicnc` oemwk` +[ qwgdo ckiewcv gk wk vg~wetod`

igecz+

N`k tok qeow~cfeg b`tcy` ge ckivo~nvcqt` ìvgng oe Gxb`M`f+&± o +& ~g dcvcmg ~w oet` vg~qgt` s dc~tckmwcdo~ n`kncdg"

vonc`k+~

Bokwge Egcyo+

Oe Gxb` ^`v+ M`f+[ì s Noq+tok _[oe dg eo Qv`y+-c dg N`"

vvcgktg~ N`v`k+c RUc`v+ D+ Qgdv` Igvvã+


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >=+ — @vcmckoe boktt~nvct` : qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo >? x ~` Yj ngkt+: egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg 8 s e` bce+:


s+± F+& — Mv`~~`+


dge Ovnhcy`+— N`vvcgktg~+ ¼

K+± ?4>+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig%oe M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% wg D+ Bokwge Egcyo ho ~cd` vgn`"

k`ncd` gk ge novïntgv dg N`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` ngvno dg

e`~ M`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~R+

( ? dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>?

ôkto Iã Igf+Ω ?± dg ?8>?+

Ge Dgegm+â-` +*[ icvbo tcgkg ge h`k`v dg dcvcmcv~g oe Gxb`^+`&& M`f+`&& s Noq+& Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg N`vvcgktg~% q+*

onw~oveg ge vgncf` dg ~w g~tcbofeg k`to dg ?> dg Gk+` wetcb`%

gk +g ^+ G+ o]~o hofgv k`bfvod` oe ^`v+ D+¼ Bok+- Egsfo%



— 6>> —ygnck` dg g~to% ~w N`bc~c`koxe` gxtvo`vdckovc` ngvno dg e`~

Gxb`~ M`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~% n`k ge eòfeg `fjgt` dg wg ~g

n`knewso ge cktgvg~oktg tvotod` gktvg eo~ gxqvg~odo~ Qv`yck"nco~ +g owk ~g hoeeo qgkdcgktg+ Ge ^+-[-[ Egsfo iwã vgn`k`ncd`

gk ge novïntgv dh`% s g~tï gxqgdct` q+¼ e`~ ickg~ n`kygkcgktg~+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` n`k g~tg b`tcf` ~ndwdo oe Gxb` ^+¼&[ M`f+5;-&

o +& ~g dcvcmg n`k eo bo~ otgkto s dc~tckmwcdo n`k~cdgvoncþk+

Qgdv` dg Eovvgnhgo

Gxb` ^+`v M`f+`&& s Noq+& Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg N`vvcgktg~+


@icncoe+ —Egmoj` >=+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`: qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 Yj x ~c ngkt+: egtvo bv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg = s 8 bce+< n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

F+& — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+ …

K+± ?44+ — \ Ge N`bc~c`kod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% o e`~

dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vâ`~% q`kg gk ~w~ bok`~ ge

k`bfvobcgkt` s qcdg eg ckdcwgk eo `q`vtwkcdod qovo n`bgk"zov eo tovgoR+

( 6 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>?

k+` ?+¼ i+ ?

ôkto Iã Igfv` 6‛ dg ?8>?

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg eo h`kvo dg dcvcmcv~g ï e`~ ^gÿ`vg~

N`bc~c`kod`~ gxtvo`vdckovc`~ dg e`~ Gxcÿ`~ M`f+±`~ dg eo~

Qv`y+~ dg Fwgk+~ Osv+~% ôkto Iã s Gktvg2Vc`~% qovo q`kgv

gk ~w~ bok`~ ge Dcqe`bo dge k`bfvob+t` dg cmwoe gbqeg`

hgnh` gk eo qgv~`ko dge +[ icvbo q`v qovtg dge Gxb` M`f+&¼

dg N`vvcgktg~< qovo +[ gk ~w yc~to s gkn`ktvïkdè` gk dg"fcdo i`vbo tgkmok ï fcgk e`~ ^gÿ`vg~ N`bc~c`kod`~ ckdc"

noveg eo `q`vtwkcdod dg dov qvckncqc` o ~w tovgo+



" 6>4 —

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` ìvgng ï e`~ ^gÿ`vg~ N`bc~c`kod`~ ~w

dc~tckmwcdo n`kncdgvonc`k s oqvgnc` qovtcnweov+

Bokwge Egcyo

^+ ^+ N`bc~c`kod`~ dg e`~ Gxb`~ M`f+k`~ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~

dg Fwg+~ xUsv+¬% ôkto Iã% s Gktvg2Vc`~

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo >1 Yo X 61 -+¯ ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ dg 8 o e` bce+< n`k~gvyo"

ncþk fwgko+ ^g hoeeo dgktv` dg wko novqgto wg dcng: - N`vvgq`kdgknco dg e`~ Dc"

qwtod`~ dg eo N`bc~cþk+ — Ovc`~ ?8>? s ?8>> &< eo novqgto g~ dg eo ãq`no : qoqge

n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >1 -o X 6> ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

G~ n`qco t`bodo dg g~tg Bw~g`+ — Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% Dcncgbfvg 6= dg ?361+

V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Bw~g` Bctvg+¼

qïm+ ? yto+ K+± ?47+ — Novto n`kicdgkncoe dg ^+ G+ ge ~gÿ`v M`fgvkod`v dg eo

nè+ >+oQv`ycknco \dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~R% oe ~gÿ`v mgkgvoe _wcv`mo% (gk wg

eg odjwkto ge tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>? s eg gxqvg~o ~w

`qckcþk ~`fvg eo vgwkcþk dg wk N`kmvg~`R+

…( > dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>?

^gÿ`v Mgkgvoe D+ Jwok Ionwkd` _wcv`mo+

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% Igfvgv` > dg+ ?8>?+

Bc dc~tckmwcd` obcm` : Bg g~ h`kv`~` on`bqoÿov ï Y+

n`qco dge tvotod` gktvg g~tg m`fcgvk` s e`~ ect`voeg~ dg ^to+

Qâcm+ 6 Iã s Gktvg Vc`~+ E`~ dg~g`~ dg e`~ oecod`~% ~w~ qgk~obcgk"[&[[[ ? t`~% ~w bovnho qèâtcno% gk ~wbo% eo ygvï tok g~qvg~odo gk

e`~ vg~qgntcy`~ ovtânwe`~% wg oe qvcbgv mèqg dg yc~to ho"

eeovï hofgv ~cd` kwg~tv` `fjgt` n`k~wetov eo ecfvg g~qvg~c`kdg eo yèwktod dg e`~ qwgfe`~% eo n`kygkcgknco dg ~w~ dgvg"

nh`~ s ge vg~qgnt` vgnâqv`n` ï ~w ckdgqgkdgknco+ G~% qwg~%

ge tvotod` gk n`qco ge ygvdodgv` d`nwbgkt` wg ck~tvwsg dg

eo n`kdwnto qèâtcno dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ s ~w~ oecod`~+ +

Qovtcnweovbgktg oh`vo wcgv` n`k bo~ g~tgk~c`k g~qecnoveg

- bc~ ~gktcbcgkt`~+ Y+ ~ofg wg ge ecfgvtove`~ dge swm` wg

e`~ `qvcbg% s wg eg~ ~gok vg~tctwcd`~ e`~ m`ng~ dg ~w~ mo"

voktâo~ ~`ncoeg~% g~ kwg~tv` qvckncqoe okhge`+ Eo qv`tgnncþk

bc~bo wg dc~qgk~ovï Y+ ï e`~ wg h`s `qvcbg ge dg~q`tc~b`

bcectov% eg~ hovï n`k`ngv wg yï ï n`bfotcv% ecfgvtov hgv"



" 6>7 —bok`~ s k` ï ~onove`~ dg wko g~neoyctwd qovo wg gktvgk

gk `tvo+

Eo n`k~cdgvoncþk vgecmc`~o o e`~ tgbqe`~ dge ^gÿ`v s ï~w~ bckc~tv`~% n`kycgkg onvgdctoveo+ Oktg~ dg ~gv igdgvoeg~

gvob`~ nvc~tcok`~% s g~ qvgnc~` wg k` èycdgb`~ kwg~tv`~

oktcmw`~ n`bqv`bc~`~ n`k Dc`~< o~c n`b` qv`tg~tob`~ vg~"

qgtov e`~ wg hgb`~ n`ktvocd` n`b` fwgk`~ ncwdodok`~+

Dc~cbweg Y+ ~c qovgncgvg bckwnc`~`+ N`k~gmwcd` ge `fjgt`

~`s dg ~gktcv wg k` n`kycgkg qvgncqctovk`~ gk qgk~ov gk

N`kmvg~`+ Qvcbgv` g~ ~ofgv n`k~gvyov eo qoz s oicokzov ge

vgq`~`< g~qgvov eo noebo g ck~qcvov vgncqv`no~ n`kicokzo~

oktg~ wg oygktwvov eo wcgtwd qúfecno+

Kgm`ncokd` q`v bgdc` dg tvotod`~ ge on`b`dobcgkt` ~`fvg

e` wg cbq`vtg oe cktgvã~ dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ t`do~% icjovco

mvodwoebgktg kwg~tvo ~wgvtg< e` wg k` ~wngdgvco q`v bg"

dc` dg wk n`kmvg~`% gk ge wg oe ick qvgyoegngvâo gk eo~

ncvnwk~toknco~ eo `fvo dg eo~ cktvcmo~ ï wg ~`k g~qwg~t`~+

Ge fcgk ~gvâo bo~ mvodwoe% g~ ygvdod<qgv` bo~ ~gmwv`+ Eo~

botgvco~ q`v ge ovfctvc` dg kgm`nconc`kg~% ~g dc~nwtcvâok n`k

~gvgkcdod< s ge vg~wetod` ~gvco ge bo~ okïe`m` oe y`t` dg

e`~ qwgfe`~ s k`~ qvgnoygveo dge tgvvcfeg oz`tg dg eo dcyc~cþk

s dg eo~ twvfwegknco~ wg ho~to oh`vo hok tvoâd` e`~ n`k"

mvg~`~% q`v hofgv ~cd` i`vbod`~ oktg~ dg tcgbq`+ Ge bc~"

b` qv`mvg~` dg e`~ kgm`nc`~ o~c bokgjod`~% gk~gÿoveo nwok"

d` iwg~g ge tcgbq` dg vgwkcv ge n`kmvg~`< s qovo gkt`kng~

so eo~ fo~g~ s e` qvckncqoe g~tovâo n`kygkcd`% s qonâicno"

bgktg k`~ ygvâob`~ n`k~tctwcd`~+

G~tg b`d` dg qgk~ov qv`ngdg dge bgj`v dg~g` q`v ge fcgk"

g~tov ~þecd`s fgkãicn` dg e`~ qwgfe`~+ Bg g~tvgbgng eo

~èo cdgo dg wg ~g qv`sgntg oemúk dco okdov ge qv`qc`

nobck` wg k`~ ho ~wbgvjcd` gk ~okmvg s dg~èoncþk+ Y+ ~g

qgv~wodcvï wg wk ~gbgjoktg qgk~obcgkt` k` g~ ge dge oc~"

eobcgkt`% s ~â g~ ge wg k`~ ho dg ~oeyov dg wg kckmwk`

eegmwg o d`bckob`~+

_wcgvo Y+% bc obcm`% qgv~wodcv~g dg eo ~ckngvcdod n`k

wg e` oqvgnco ~w oigntâ~cb` —

Jwok Bokwge dg V`~o~+

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — " Ge Ewngv`¼+ — Dcovc` Qèâtcn`% Ectgvovc` s Bgvnoktce+ — ÂK-câh+

73>% Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ewkg~ > dg `ntwfvg dg ?8+>?#+



— 6>9 —

K+± ?49+ — \ Eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~

qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ k`bfvo oe fvcmodcgv D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz

mgkgvoe gk jgig dge gjãvnct` oecod` R+

(?7 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>? #

qïm+ 6 Cktgvc`v — ôkto Ig+ D`nwbgkt`~ @icncoeg~nè+ ?+*

C+

Eo n`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ qv`"

ycknco~ ect`voeg~+

Q`v nwokt` eo obfcncþk s tcvokâo dge mgkgvoe Qoz hok

`fecmod` ï e`~ m`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~ oecod`~ ï t`bov eo~ ovbo~

qovo dgigkdgv~g s ecfgvtov ï e`~ qwgfe`~ dge cktgvc`v dge swm`

wg qg~o ~`fvg gee`~% s wg n`k g~t`~ `fjgt`~ hok egyoktod`

wk gjgvnct`< eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~

ect`voeg~ gk ycvtwd dg eo otvcfwncþk >+¼ wg ~g eg n`kicgvg

q`v ge tvotod` dg nwotv` dg Gkgv` dge qvg~gktg oÿ`% ignh`

gk eo ncwdod dg ôkto Iã% ho ygkcd` gk k`bfvov qovo mgkg"

voe gk mgig dg dcnh`gjãvnct`% oe Fvcmodcgv

D+G~tokc~eo`

Eþ"qgz% n`k ge ~wged` dg ~gc~ bce qg~`~ okwoeg~+

Q`v tokt`% `vdgko s bokdo ï k`bfvg dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~

wg vgqvg~gkto% ~g eg vgn`k`zno q`v toe mgkgvoe gk mgig dge

gjgvnct` oecod` dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~% s ~g eg mwovdgk

t`d`~ e`~ vg~qgt`~ s `fgdcgknco wg n`b` toe eg qgvtgkgngk+

Dod` gk eo ncwdod dg ôkto Iã% ï wckng dg Igfvgv` dg

bce `nh`ncgkt`~ tvgckto s wk`+

J`~ã Bovâo V`jo~+

D`bckm` Nweegk+

Okt`kc` Nvg~q`+

Eo n`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ qv`"

ycknco~ ect`voeg~% n`kicgvg oe Fvcmodcgv D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz

ge gbqeg` dg mgkgvoe gk mgig dge gjãvnct` oecod`+

J`~ã Ivoknc~n` Fgkctg~% ^gnvgtovc`+

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ —¬ Ge Ewngv` ¼+— Dcovc` Qèâtcn`% Ectgvovc` s Bgvnoktce+ — K& 4ã~%

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ewkg~ 6? dg bovz` dg c~~â#+



6>=

K+- ?4=+ " \ Ge M`fcgvk` Dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo

N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo ck~toeoncþk s gegnncþkdg owt`vcdodg~ dg g~o n`bc~cþk R+

( 61 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>?

k+` ?+& i+ ?

ôkto Iã Igf+¬; 61‛ dg ?8>?%+

Ge ofoj` icvbod` ho vgncfcd` eo n`bwkcnoncþk wg n`k iho

?8‛ dge n`vv+t¬ eg ho dcvcmcd` ge ^`v+ Qvg~cd+-g dg eo N`bc~cþk

Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg eo~ Qv`y+[~ ect`voeg~ Fwgk`~ Osvg~% Gktvg"Vc`~ s ôkto Iã gk wg ~g ~cvU"g ge ^+*&& Qvg~cd+tg °ov nwgkto

ï g~tg M`fcgvk` hofgv wgdod` owgeeo ck~toeodo ge wckng

dge qvg~gktg bg~% s dg hofgv ~cd` gegnt` Qvg~cd+-g q`v ge

tgvbck` dg ~gc~ bg~g~ ge h`k`vofeg Vgqvg~gktoktg dge ^wq+¼&&

M`f+&` dg F+~ Os+[% s dg ^gnvgt+¼ qgvbokgktg D+& J`~ã Ivok+[&¼

Fgkctg~+

Ge M`f+k` Dgegm+d` dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg ^+-* Iã oe vgn`k`ngv eo

N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ gkwkncod`~ M`fcgvk`~% sï ~w dcmk` Qvg~cd+tg ~g igecncto q`v wk on`ktgncbcgkt` wg g~

dg oeto cbq`vtoknco oe fcgk dg eo~ Qv`y+[~ n`kigdgvodo~+

N`k toeg~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ ge +¬ ~wf~nvcfg ~g h`kvo gk ~oew" i+ c yto+

dov oe ^+[[ Qvg~cd+t[ n`k ~w bos`v n`k~cdgvoncþk s oqvgnc`+

Qgdv` dg Eovvgnhgo

^+`- Qvg~cd-g

dgeo N`bc"

~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+±`~

dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~+

(Bw~g` Bctvg+— @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo ~~[j+R x ~c ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ dg T o e` bce+< n`k~gvnoncþk

fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hoy wk ~gee` dge … Bw~g` Bctvg+ ¼



6>8

K+± ?48+" \Ge M`fcgvk` dg eo Qv`ycknco dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe Qvg~c"

dgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo ck~to"

eoncþk s gegnncþk dg owt`vcdodg~ dg g~o n`bc~cþk R+

(6? dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>?#

i+ ?Bckc~t+` k+` >

dg M`f+&`Qovokï Igf+v` 6? dg ?8>?

Ge M`f+k` dg eo Qv`y+[ dg Gktvg Vc`~ +[ icvbo% ho vgnc"

fcd` eo k`to dg ?8 dge N`vv+[g g eg dcvcjg ge ^+[ Dcqwtod`

dge Gxcec` M`f+k` dg Fwgk`~ Osv+~ ï eo n`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gkto"

tcyo dg e`~ M`f+k`~ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~% oyc~okd` +[

g~tg owmw~t` Nwgvq` ho ~cd` ck~toeod` ge ?7 dge N`vv+[[[

nwbqecgkd` n`k ge ovt+` ?7 dge tvotod` ngegfvod` gk ôkto

Igã ge 4 dg Gk+¼ qq+*[&% s wg iwg k`bfvod` Qvg~cd+c` dg ge%

s ^gn+` qgvbokgktg ge ^+¼& D+& J`~ã Ivok+`` Fgkctg~+

Ge +g ~wf~nvcyg oe vgn`k`~gv ï wk` s `tv` ^+&& gk ge novïntgv

+n ckdcno eo gxqvg~odo k`to% ~g igecncto tokt` q`v tok ongvto"

d`~ kþbfvobg`~< nwokd` q`v fgv ck~toeod` so wk nwgvq` +*[

qv`bgtg tok mvokdg~ ygktojo~%s

fcgkg~ ~ck noenwe`% k` ~è`

o eo~ Qv`y+o~ dg eo ecmo% ~ck` ï t`do eo Vgq+[[o Ovmgktcko

C yto+ Ge ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg ge h`k`v dg ~o ~oewdov oe ^+[ Qvg~cd+tg

dg eo n`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+k[~ dg eo~ Qv`y+-[[

ect`voeg~ n`k ~w bo~ vg~qgtw`~o n`kncdgvonc`k s oet` oqvgnc`

Qgdv` Fovvgkgnhgo

Noec~t` dg Ygvo^gn+`

i+ ? \oe bovmgkR ^`v Qvg~cd+-` dg eo

N`bc~+`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg

e`~ M`f+k`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+[~

Ect`voeg~ —


d`feodo >1[[ x ~c ngkt < egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Bw~g` Bctvg+ ¼



— 6>3

K+± ?43% — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`"

bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% gxq`kg eo ~ctwoncþk dg ~w qv`ycknco n`kb`tcy` dg eo~ ~wfegyonc`kg~ vgncgktg~ s qcdg owxcec`~R+

(66 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>?#

k+` 4 i+ ? Bckc~t+¼dg Mvvï

Qovokï Igf+"` 66 dg ?8>?

Ge M`f+[i dg eo Qv`y+[ dg Gktvg Vc`~ ccg ~wf~nvcyg gk

bgdc` dg ~w~ n`kiect`~ s dg eo wvmgknco dg eo~ ncvnwk~toknco~

~g gknwgktvo gk eo ckdc~qgk~ofeg kg~gncdod dg dcvcjcv~g oe

^j Qvg~cd+tg dg eo N`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcy[o dg e`~ M`f+±`~dg eo~ Qv`y+o~ ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko% n`k ge

`fjgt` dg qgdcveg +[ cktgvq`kcgkd` ~w~ oet`~ vg~qgt`~ s ~w

ckbgdconcþk q`dgv`~o n`k ^+ G+ ge ^j M`f+-&- s Noq+± Mgk+-

Dgegm+5[` dg eo Qv`y+[ dg ôkto Igã% gxcjo dg ^+ G+ ge +[

qvg~tg ge owxcec`% nwokd` bgk`~% dg ncknwgkto tgvngvèo~ s`tv`~ tokt`~ ~ofeg~ n`k noecdod dg vgcktgmv` o eo eegmodo

dge Fwwg +[ dg eo Noq+- dg Fwgk`~ Osv+~ n`kdw~g g~t`~ ov"

tcnwe`~ dg mvvï q+[ ge Gktvg Vc`~% q+¼ n`k g~tg ovbob+c`

q`dgv q`kgv eo tv`qo Ygtgvoko `vmokc~odo gk g~to gk g~tod`

dg ~oecv ï dc~qgv~ov eo~ vgwkc`kg~ dg okovwc~to~ +[ gk dc~"

tckt`~ qwkt`~ ~g dgjok ~gktcv gk eo Qv`y+o g~qgvok g~qgvok" i+ c yto+

d` oe Nowdcee` Vcnovd` E`qg~ J`vdïk% wcgk ~gmúk k`tcnco~

q`~ctcyo~ cktgkto kwgyob+t[ vgqo~ov ge Wvwmwos% s now~okd`

boeg~ cknoenweofeg~ ï t`d` ge yg~ckdovc`% tokt` gk e`~ Qwg"

fe`~ n`b` gk eo Nobqoÿo gk d`kdg q`v dg~mvonco hok qvck"

ncqcod` so e`~ Nofg~ceeo~ dg g~`~ mvwq`~ ~wfegyod`~ ï n`"

bgtgv e`~ bos`vg~ otgktod`~% v`fokd` s iw~ceokd` h`bfvg~

o eo ~`bfvo dg eo cbqwkcdod gk +¬ ~g n`kncdgvok oe ofvcm`

dg e`~ b`ktg~% s dg eo ckonncþk gk +[ oe M`f+k5; eg g~ qvg"

~c~` qgvbokg~gv q`v ioeto dg gegbgkt`~

Ge Qwgfe` dg Mwoegmwos ~g gknwgktvo ncvnwkdod` q`v eo~

qovtcdo~ dg e`~ ^wfegyod`~% s obgko~od`~ e`~ dg Mwoegmwos"

nhú% s Wvwmwos q`v +[ t`d`~ ~g gknwgktvok ckdgigk~`~ q`v"

eo ioeto dg ovbo~+

Toe g~ eo nctwonc`k ontwoe dge Gktvg Vc`~ nctwonc`k +[ k`

egg~ dg~n`k`ncdo oe ^+&& Qvg~cd+tg n`b` k` eg ~`k e`~ mvok"

dg~ qgecmv`~ +g eg obgko~ok% s ge vcg~m` +g n`vvg ~w gxc~tgk"

nco qèctcno+ O~c g~ +[ ge ckivo~nvcqt` g~qgvo% +*0 ge ^+&& Qvg"



" 641 —~cd+tg cktgvg~od` n`b` ge +& bo~ gk eo ~wgvtg s igecncdod dg

g~to Qv`y+"-¼ oecodo% k` dg~nok~ovï ho~to n`kngmwcv ge owxc"

ec` +g tok jw~tob+-g ~g ~ècncto s +g cbqgvc`~ob+tn g~ vgneo"

â"6 bod` q`v ge `vdgk dg e`~ ~wng~`~+

Ge +g icvbo tcgkg ge h`k`v dg ~oewdov oe ^+&& Qvg~cd+tg dg

eo N`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+c[`~ °m Um[ Qt`y+[[

ect`voeg~ n`k ~w bo~ vg~qgtw`~o n`kncdgvonc`k s oet` oqvgnc`+

Qgdv` Fovvgkgnhgo

Noec~t` dg Ygvo^gn`

\oe bovmgkR ^`v Qvg~cd+t¬ dg eo

N`bc~+`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg

e`~ M`f+k`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+[~

ect`voeg~ —


d`feodo >1 x ~c ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%^gnvgtovc`+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Bw~g` Bctvg ¼

K+& ?71+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` Dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg

eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% odjwkto ge fègtâk dg ge tvcwki` dge

gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`R+


k+` 6

ôkto Iã% Igf+v` 66‛ dg ?8>?++

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg eo h`kv`~o ~otc~ionncþk dg odjwktov

oe ^+ì Qvg~cd+tn dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg eo~ Qv`y+o~

ect`voeg~ dge Qovokï% ge fègtâk dge Gjgvnct` Owxcecov N`kig"

dgvod`% q+v ge nwoe ~g cbq`kdvï ge ^+`&& Qvg~cd+t[ dge cbq`v"

toktg tvcwki` +g hok `ftgkcd` eo~ ovbo~ dg e`~ ecfvg~% ~`fvg

eo~ dg e`~ Tcvok`~+



— 64? —

Q`v tok qeow~cfeg on`ktgncb+¼¼ ge +¬ ~wf~nvcfg igecncto oe

^+ì Qvg~cd+*& o wcgk ~g dcvcmg< s eg ~oewdo otgkto s n`v"

dcoebgktg

Qgdv` dg Eovvgnhgo

^+¬¼ D+-¼ J`~ã Bovco V`jo~ sQotvþk Qvg~cd+-g dg eo N`bc"

~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg eo~

Qv`y+2*~ ect`voeg~ dge Qovo"

kï —

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`bcck% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo^C X >1[%-t ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

G~ n`qco t`bodo dg g~cg Bw~g`+ — Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% Dcncgbfvg 6= dg ?361+

V% Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Bw~g` Bctvg+ …

K+& ?7?+ — \ Ge N`bc~c`kod` Gxtvo`vdckovc` dg N`vvcgktg~% oe M`fgv"

kod`v dg ~w qv`ycknco% eg n`k~weto ~`fvg ~c dgfg ck~c~tcv gk e`~

vgqov`~ oe tvotod` dg 4- dg gkgv` dg ?8>?% ` dgfg ~wf~nvcfcve`

gk otgkncþk o wg so ~g hoeeo votcicnod` q`v e`~ `tv`~ M`fcgvk`~R+


ôkto Iã Igfvgv` 66 dg ?8>?% i+ c

Oe onw~ov vgncf` ge ckivo~nvcqt` dg eo vg~qgtofeg k`to dge

Gxb` ^`v+ M`fgvkod`v dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~ ignho

?3 dge qo~od` o +*[ eg on`bqoÿþ wko n`qco dge tvotod` vgbc"

tcd` q`v e`~ ^+ ^+ N`bc~c`kod`~ dg e`~ Gxb`~ M`fcgvk`~

dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vc`~% s `tvo dg eo

vg~èwncþk +[ gk yc~to dg dh` tvotod` twf` o fcgk gxqgdcv

eo H`k`vofeg ôeo dg Vgqvg~gktoktg~ dg g~o Qv`ycknco ge

?8 dge bc~b` bg~% tcgkg eo h`kvo dg q`kgv gk n`k`ncbcgkt`

dg ^+ G+ +g onofo dg vgncycv ge ckivo~nvcqt` eo odjwkto n`"

bwkcnoncþk dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgv"k`~ ect`voeg~ qvgckdcnod`~ qcdcãkdèg dcmo ~c ~w M`fcgvk`

~g n`ki`vbo n`k ge tvotod` \ R bc~b`~ tãvbck`~ +[

QNFE+ ^g`+ Hc~t+ — T+ XYC ?9



— 646 —g~qvã~o ge ovtcnwe` odcnc`koe ` ~c ~g ~ècnctok oemwko~ b`dc"

icnonc`kg~ qovo q`kgveo~ gk n`k`ncbcgkt` dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~

vg~qgntcy`~+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` n`kncdgvokd` +[ q`v hoeeov~g votcicnod`

s n`knewcd` ge qvg~ctod` tvotod` ho yovcod` eo ncvnwk~toknco

s g~ dc~tckt` no~` dge +g n`kncycþ ~w n`bctgktg oe ck~tvwcve`

úetcbobgktg% ho nvgcd` dg ~w dgfgv k` t`bov vg~èwncþk oe"

?+ ? yto+ oemwko s ~c n`k~wetov% n`vk` e` ho~g o ~w M`fcgvk` gvk`

on`bqoÿokd` eo k`to ìcncoe dg eo N`bc~cþk s n`qco dge

Tvotod`% ~`fvg eo n`ktg~toncþk +[[ dgfg dov o g~to% ~c ck~c~"

tcgkd` gk e`~ vgqov`~ qwg~t`~ q`v eo ôeo dg Vgqvg~gktok"

tg~ ` qvg~tïkd`~g oe Tvotod`+

Eg g~ fo~toktgbgktg ~gkncfeg oe ckivo~nvcqt` +& ge k`b"

fvobcgkt` o +g ~g qvg~tþ k` iwg~g gk eo `q`vtwkcdod dg

ho~gv ~gktcv gk ge nwv~` dge dgfotg e`~ dg~g`~ dg fgkgic"

ngknco qwfecno s eo jw~tcnco cdg eo~ `f~gvyonc`kg~ dg ~w

M`fcgvk` qovo vgi`vbov oemwk`~ dg e`~ ovtcnweg~ +[ n`k"

tcgkg q`v hoeeov~g kgm`ncod` s votcicnod` ge tvotod`% nwok"

d` ~g k`bfvþ oe ckivo~nvcqt`% q`v e`~ M`f+k`~ °g ôkto Ig s

Gktvg Vc`~% n`b` ~g n`k`ng ~c ~g gxobckok eo~ ãq`no~< sq`v +g g~tï n`kygkncd` +[ k` ~gvïk odbctcdo~ odcnc`kg~

+g yovcgk eo ~w~toknco dg owge < ~ck gbfovm` ge ckivo~nvcqt`

n`k`ng n`k ~otc~ionncþk +g kc g~ odg~tcgbql@ eo dgtgvbcko"

ncþk +g ~g qcdg q`v e`~ ^+ ^+ N`bc~c`kod`~% kc ngdg gk

bgkmwo dge bãvct` vgegyoktg dge Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg N`"

vvcgktg~ eo g~tcqweoncþk ~ck ~w n`knwvvgknco% +[ gk `tvo~

ncvnwk~toknco~ hofvco ~cd` eo bo~ qvgigvgktg q`v ~gv ge

qvcbgv kgm`ncod`v% q`v nwokt` gkge

bc~b`tvotod` ~g bo"

kcicg~to eo now~o +[ ~g twf` gk yc~to qovo ho~gv ge kgm`ncod`

~è` eo~ Qv`ycknco~ +[ e` i`vbok% s +[ qwgdg h`s qvg~tov~g

i+ 6 ï ge ~ck` dcng `q`~cncþk o ~w bovnho nho odbckc~tvotcyo

s gn`kþbcno cktgvc`v+

Ge ofoj` icvbod` g~qgvo +¬ ge Gxb` ^+[[& M`fgvkod`v dg

N`vvcgktg~ n`k~wetovï kwgfobgktg ge tvotod` s eo~ ygktojo~

` boeg~ +[ qwgdg qv`dwncv n`k otgkncþk o eo nctwonc`k dg eo

Vgqúfecno s qovtcnweov dg eo Qv`ycknco +g dcmkobgktg qvg"

~cdg% s +« eg tvo~bctcvï ~w ickoe vg~èwncþk qovo ~w n`k`nc"

bcgkt` s ickg~ n`k~cmwcgktg~



" 64> —

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` vgctgvo oe Gxb` ^+¼&& M`fgvkod`v dg eo Qv`"

ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~ ~w oet` vg~qgt` s dc~tckmwcdo n`k~cdg"

voncþk+

Bokwge Egcyo

Gxb` ^+ì M`fgvkod`v s Noqctïk Mvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg

N`vvcgktg~ N`v`k+c jsc`v+ D+ Qgdv` Igvvã


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >=+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo >? x 61 ngkt+: egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 9 s = bce+: n`k"

~gvyoncþk vgmweov% e` qwktgod` gktvg qovãktg~c~ vgntokmweovg~ g~tï dg~tvwcd` #+

Y+& F+± — Mv`~~`+



K+± ?76+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`"

bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% eg qcdg owxcec` dg tv`qo~ gk otgkncþk o

e`~ b`ycbcgkt`~ dg Vcnovd` Eþqgz J`vdïk R+

( 6"> dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>?

Qovokï Ifv`+ 6> dg ?8>?‛

Gk g~tg b`b+*¼ ho vgncfcd` Ge M`y+*&& dg Gktvg Vc`~ +g

icvbo oyc~` +g D+± Vcnovd` dg~qwã~ dg hoygv vgqo~od` ge

Wvwmwos ho bovnhod` otonov oe ^`v+ Mvïe+ G~qck`% s ge Noq+&

Hgvgÿw wk` dg e`~ +[ n`k ge vgqo~ov`k ge Wvwmwos ~g hoeeo

n`k wko Qovtcdo iwgvtg gk eo~ ckbgdconc`kg~ dg K`m`sï%

n`b` e` onvgdcto ge odjwkt` qovtg gk toeg~ ncvnwk~toknco~% geM`y+`&& g ~wf~nvcyg% gvg dg wvmgktâ~cbo kgngncdod +[ eo

n`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+k`~ °g eo~ Qv`y+o~ Ect`"

voeg~ gxcjok dg ^+ G+ ge owxcec` dg ncgk h`bfvg~% ~wicncgktg~

q+o gk wkcþk dg eo mgktg +[ hoc gk g~to% s gk +[ k` qwgdg

tgkgv~g b`v n`kicokzo ~oecv o fotcv oe gkgbcm` n`k ge ick

dg k` doveg tcgbq` ï n`kb`ygv kwgyob+c[ eo Qv`y+' s q`kgv"

k`~ gk e`~ n`kiect`~ +[ oktgvc`vb+tg—^ck g~to bgdcdo% qgecmvo ncgvtob+tg eo gxc~t+¼ qèâtcno dg

eo Qv`y+o

Ge +g icvbo g~qgvo +[ eo n`b+[k Vgqvg~gktotcyo hovï +*

~g qvg~gktg ï g~to Qv`y+o oecodo ge owxcec` +[ qcdg% n`b` +[

K+` 7 i+ ? Bckc~t+5dg Mvvï+



" 644 "

g~ q+o ~`~tgkgv e`~ dgvgnh`~ dg eo ecmo% s eo now~o ~omvodo

dg e`~ Qwgfe`~ —Ge +g icvbo

~oewdo n`k ~w bo~ oeto n`kncdgvon+`k s vg~"qgt` oe ^`v Qvg~; dg eo n`b+`& Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`y+~

dg eo~ Qv`y+¼~ Ect`voeg~ —

Qgdv` Fovvgkgnhgo


^`v Qvg~cd+tg dg eo N`b+¼&

Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`y+~

dg eo~ Qv`y+~ Ect`voeg~+

( Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`% qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo 63 cj x 6` Y6 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo ?1 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko #+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+± ?7>+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe Qvg"

~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% on`bqoÿo d`nwbgkt`~ s

qcdg owxcec`~ n`k b`tcy` dg eo ckyo~cþk dg Eþqgz J`vdïk% Wv"

wczo s `tv`~ R+

(64 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>? #

i+ t K+` 9

Qovokï Igf+& 64 dg ?8>?+

Q`v e`~ d`nwb+t`~ +g ge M`f+*&& dg Gktvg Vc`~ on`bqoÿo oe

^+`&& Qvg~cd+tg dg eo N`b+& Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~

dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ ~g cbq`kdvï% +g D+& Vcnovd` Eþ"

qgz J`vdïk% Wvwczo% s `tv`~ +[ oeec ~g gxqvg~ok% hok vgqo"

~od` ge Wvwmwos n`k iwgvzo ovbodo% s ~g hoeeok gk eo Qv`y+¼

— G~t` bc~b` ~g ~ofg n`k bo~ g~tgk~c`k q+¼& e`~ cki`vbg~

ygvfoeg~ +g ge ^+¼&[ Mvïe G~qck` ho gknovmod` ~g dgk oe

ckivo~nvcqt` q+i e`~ @icncoeg~ +g n`kdwngk eo~ n`bwkcnon+~

Gk n`k~gnwgknco% ok~c`~` ge +g icvbo dg ~oeyov eo Qv`y+* dg



— 647 —e`~ qgecmv`~ +¬ eo obgkozok% s dg ~`~tgkgv ï t`do n`~to i+ c y<o+

eo now~o ~omvodo dg e`~ Qwgfe`~% ho vg~wget` owt`vczov^+`v Qvg~cd+t¼

n`b` e` hong oe ^+5;i Dcqwtod` dg g~to Qv`y+* q+* +¬ gxq`" dg eo n`bc~`+?

%[+% %% + %%T[+ Vgqvg~gktotc"kcgkd` oktg eo N`bc~+«-¼ eo ygvdodgvo ~ctwon+¼&¼ dge Qoâ~% s yo dg c`~

M`f+¼& dg eo~

eo ioeto dg iwgvzo q+[ ~`~tgkgve`% ~g dcmkg vgnofov g~to dg Qv`y+¼¼ Ect`vo"

e`~ Gxcec`~ M`f+k`~ dg ôkto Iã s Fwgk`~ Ocv+~ ~w~ oecod`~%

q+* +g ~ck qgvdcdo dg b`b+-5[ eo gkycgk< qwg~ ge gkgbcm`

dgfg `fvov n`k ckiotcmofeg ontcycdod q+¼ ckwtcec~ov e`~ owxc"

ec`~ —Ge +g ~wf~nvcyg g~qgvo +« ge 8+±[ Qvg~cd+-¬ ~g qgkgtvovï

dg eo cbq`vtoknco dg g~to bgdcdo% s qgdcvï e`~ owxcec`~ i" 6

+¬ ~g ~ècnctok—Ge M`f+k` ~oewdo vg~qgtw`~ob+-g oe ^ Qvg~cd+-g dg eo

N`b+`± Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f"[[`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+o~ ect`voeg~

Qgdv` Fovvgkgnhgo

Noec~t` dg Ygvo^gn+¼

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` : qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"

feodo ~`[i X ~` -¯6 ngkt+:[egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo e`bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+± ?74+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% oe Qvg"

~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% ~`fvg e`~ owxcec`~ qovo

Gktvg Vâ`~ R+

(6= dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>?#

K-+` e+` i+ ?

Fwgk`~ Osvg~% Igf+¼ 6= dg ?8>?%%

Ge M`fgvkod`v s Noqctïk Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`y+* ~g ho cb"

qwg~t` n`k ~gktcbcgkt` dg e`~ dc~twvfc`~ wg kwgyob+tg

oiecmgk o eo Qv`ycknco dg Gktvg Vc`~% dg wg ck~tvwsgk eo~

n`qco~wg

ge

^`vQvg~cd+-[

dgeo

N`bc~cþk on`bqoÿo ï ~wk`to ihï+ 61‛ dge n`vvcgktg+ Gee`~ k` qwgdgk ho~to ge qvg"

~gktg noecicnovng n`k `tv` novïntgv wg ge dg d`bã~tcn`~+



— 649 "

S o~c q`v g~t`% n`b` q`v wg ge gkyâ` dg 411‛ ï 711‛ h`b"

fvg~ dg nofoeegvâo ï g~o dg ôktoiã n`k ge `fjgt` dg owxcecov

o eo dg Gktvg2Vc`~ gk no~` kgng~ovc`% qvg~gkto gk eo~

ncvnwk~toknco~ dcicnwetodg~% wg ~èobgktg q`dvï oeeokov eo

qvg~gknco dge wg icvbo gk ge gjgvnct` dg vg~gvyo% s ~w qv`"

xcbcdod n`k g~tg b`tcy` oe tgotv` dg e`~ ~wng~`~ gk n`búk%

~èobgktg n`ktg~to wg ~g hoeeo gk yâ~qgvo~ dg qovtcv% swg gkt`kng~ q`dvï vg~èygv~g e` wg ~go bo~ n`kygkcgktg

i+ ? yto+ n`k vgigvgknco oe owxcec` w ~g qcdg% oe wg ~g qvg~tovï

ge wg icvbo% ~c ge dgfgv% eo~ otgknc`kg~% s eo `q`vtwkcdod

g~twfcg~gk dg onwgvd`+

_wcgvo ge ^`v+ Qvg~cdgktg tvok~bctcve` o eo N`bc~cþksodbctcv eo~ gxqvgnc`kg~ dge qgv~`koe oignt` n`k wg e`

ôewdo%

Jwok B+ dg V`~o~

^`v+ Qvg~cd+tg dg eo N`bc~cþk

D+& J`~ã Bovâo V`jo~+


d`feodo >? x 6â ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo 8 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+± ?77+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod`

dgeo qv`ycknco% qovo

wggegyg o eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ eo novto

dge n`bc~c`kod` Egcyo% o e`~ ickg~ dg vg~èygv ~`fvg geeoR+

(? dg Bovz` dg ?8>?

Nobqojk+t` Mvoe gk Ofoe`~ Bz` ?¼ dg ?8>?

On`bqoÿ` o Y+ G+ eo~ tvg~ K`to~ s n`qco dg eo novto dge

Dcqwtod` q`v g~tg M`fcgvk` gk eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo

dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ Ect`voeg~ dge Qovokï% q+-[

+` homo gegyov oe n`k`ncbcgkt` dg eo H+ ^+ dg Vgqvg~gktok"

tg~ s gxcmcv dg geeo eo vg~èwncþk ~`fvg e`~ qwkt`~ gk n`k"



— 64= "

~weto: n`k~gmwcdo wg ~go% Y+ G+ n`ktg~tovï dcvgntob+c¬ vâg

g~o tvok~bctcgkd` eo vg~èwn+¼ dg eo H+ ^+% o dh` ^+-[- Dc"

qwtod`%K` dg~nwcdg vgn`bgkdov o e`~ ^gÿ`vg~ bcgbfv`~ dg eo

H+ N`vq`von+& bws qovtcnweovb+tg eo vg~gvyo wg ~g vgwcgvg%

q+â[ +-- eo n`kicokzo k` ~g gxq`kmo o wk ckodygvtcd` ofw~`+

Qgdv` Igvvã+

Oe M`fcgvk` Dgegmod` dg eo Qv`ycknco+


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >=+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`: qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 --% x 6? -j ngkt+< egtvo ntcv~cno% cktgveckgo = ttcce+< n`k~gvqo"

ncþk fwgko#+

F+& MF@^^@c



U

i+e Bckc~t+`dg Mwgvvo

K+± ?79+

—\Ge M`fcgvk` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc"

~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% wg ~oedvï ge ~gnvgtovc` dge mgkgvoe G~qck`

qovo dov gxqecnonc`kg~ dg oeto cbq`vtoknco s `ftgkgv wk owxcec`

~wicncgktgR+

( ? dg Bovz` dg ?8>?

K+` =

Qovokï Bovz` C+¼ dg ?8>?

Ge M`f+k` °g Gktvg Vc`~ +¬ icvbo ~g dcvcjg oe ^+*&[ Qvg~cd+-¬

+ dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+[[`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+~

Ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqwf+52o Ovmgktcko% q+¼ okwkncoveg +¬ ge

^+ì D+k T`vcfc` @vtcz ^gnvgt+¼ dge ^+[i Mvïe G~qck`% ho eeg"

mod` ï g~to% s qo~o ï g~o% owt`vczod`% q+¼ hongv oeo n`bc~cþk

gxqecnonc`kg~ dg oeto cbq`vtoknco% tokt` n`k vg~qgnt` ï eo

n`kdwnto dge Gxck` M`f+k¼ dg N`vvcgktg~% nwokt` ï eo q`~c"

ncþk +g h`s `nwqo dcnh` Mvïe G~qck`% s qgecmv`~ mvokdg~ ï

+¬ g~tï gxqwg~t`% q+¼ +g gk yc~to dg t`d` ge ^+&&& Qvg~cd+-[

cktgvq`kmo bo~ +[ kwkno ~w ckiewj` ï ick dg +*[ ~gob`~

owxcecod`~ ï eo bos`v fvgfgdod q+2[ ~oeyov owgeeo iwgvzo% s dg eo~ Qv`y+"

dg~tv`zov oe gkgbcm`% +g h`s owk k` ~g hoeeo gk wk g~tod` Vgq+¬ Ovmgk"

dgbo~codþ iwgvtg*&[*&

^+`v Qvg~cd+tg

dg eo N`bc~"`kVgqvg~gktotc"yo i+ ? yto+



" 648 "

Ge M`f+`v +n ~wf~nvcyg g~qgvo +[ ï g~tg vg~qgnt`% ~g t`bg

eo N`bc~+`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo ge cktgvã~ %¬ eo now~o dg e`~

Qwgfe`~ dgbokdo% eo nwoe qgecmvo ~ck ge owxcec` qgdc\dR`+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~oewdo vg~qgtw`~ob+tg oe ^+ì Qvg~cd+n ï+k ~g dcvcjg —

Qgdv` Fovvgkgnhgo

Noec~t` dg Ygvo^gn`

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bobc~gvct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"

feodo 63 X 61 Yo ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ ?? o ?> bce+ ¯n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

G~ n`qco t`bodo dg g~tgBw~g`% — Fwgk`~

Ocvg~%Dcncgbfvg

6=dg

?361+

V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+± ?7=+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` Dgegmod` dg N`vvcgktg~% o eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+

dg eo qv`ycknco% vgbctg eo d`nwbgktoncþk dge n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo"

`vdckovc`% D+ Bokwge Egcyo% qovo wg ~g ~cvyo dgecfgvov ~`fvg

ge o~wkt`R+

(4 dg Bovz` dg ?8>?#

i+ >8 yto+ N`vv+~ Bovz` 4 dg ?8>?

^gÿ`vg~ Vgqvg~gktoktg~ 2 Ge M`f+k` dgegmod` onofo dg

vgncfcv wk gxqvg~` dge ^v+ Noq+& Mvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco% q`v

nws` n`kdwnt` eg vgbctg tvg~ k`to~ `vcmckoeg~% s n`qco dg wko

novto% +[ eg hok ~cd` dcvcmcdo~ q`v ge ^`v+ D+ Bokwge Egcfo%N`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` q`v qovtg dg g~to Qv`y+[ ngvno

dg e`~ M`f+k`~ Ect`voeg~ dg F+[ Ocv+~% ôktoiã% s Gktvg Vc`~%

i+ >3 n`k gknovm` dg tvo~bctcv eo~ ckbgdcotob+t` o eo oeto n`k"

~cdgvoncþk dg eo H+ ôeo dg V+ V+% foj` eo vg~gvyo% wg dg"

bokdo eo dgecnodgzo dge o~wkt`% ~`fvg wg ~g ygv~ok% qovo

wg gk ~w ycvtwd% ~g ~cvyo eo H+ Vgqvg~gkton+& dgecfgvov e`

wg hoeeg q`v n`kygkcgktg% n`bwkcnokd` oe Dgegmod` ~w

~wqgvc`v vg~èwncþk gk ge qovtcnweov% qovo e` dgbï~% wg n`k

vgeoncþk oe `fjgt`% ~g eg qvgycgkg q`v ge gxqvg~od` ^`v+ Noq+&

Me+ dg eo Qv`ycknco 2 Ge Dgegmod` +[ icvbo (oe nw0kqecv n`k



— 643 "

eo ckdcnodo dc~q`~cncþk# oqv`ygnho eo `q`vtwkcdod% qovo vg"

qgtcv o eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+% o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% ~w dc~tckmwcdo

n`k~cdgvoncþk s on`~twbfvod` vg~qgt`+

H`k`vofeg~ V+ V+ dg eo Qv`ycknco+


dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` 6< Ecfv` 66+ —F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`: qoqge dg hce` ~ck icec"

mvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo% >1 x 6? [¯[ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg ~s 3 bce+:

n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< e` wg yd gktvg qovãktg~c~ s gk fo~tovdceeo ~g hoeeo gktvg

eckgo~#+

y+± F+± — Mv`~~`+

Hoj" wk ~gee` dg eo … Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe


K+± ?78+ [ \ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg"

~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` s ongqto ge k`bfvobcgkt` dg mgkgvoe gk

jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`R+

( 9 dg Bovz` dg ?8>?

CC+

Nwovtge Mgkgvoe gk eo Qwkto dge Omwo%9 dg Bovz` dg ?8>?+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt`% mgkgvoe gk mgig dge Gjãvnct` owxcecov n`k"

igdgvod`% ho vgncfcdo ge dg~qonh` dg ~w k`bfvobcgkt` gx"

qgdcd` q`v eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~

dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ dge Qovokï% wg ~w dcmk` qvg"

~cdgktg ~g ho ~gvycd` odjwktoveg ï eo k`to dge 61 dge qo~od`

s hgnh` novm` dge `fjgt` dg ~w vgigvgknco o~gmwvo ge wg

~wf~nvcfg wg qv`nwvovï n`vvg~q`kdgv n`k t`d` g~iwgvz` ï

eo h`k`vofeg n`kicokzo n`k wg eg hok dc~tckmwcd` e`~ m`"

fcgvk`~ oecod`~+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~oewdo oe ~gÿ`v qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk

Vgqvg~gktotcyo n`k eo bo~ otgkto n`k~cdgvoncþk+

G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz+

^gÿ`v qvg~cdgktg dg eo n`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ m`"

fcgvk` ect`voeg~ D+ J`~ã Bovco V`jo~+

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — -Ge Ewngv`¼+ — Dcovc` Qèâtcn`+ Ectgvovc` s Bgvnoktce+ —Lt-tb+

446% Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ewkg~ 6? dg bovz` dg ?8>?#+

qïm+ 6

nè+ 6+¼



— 671 "

& ?73+ — \Eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ dg N`vvcgktg~% oe M`fgvkod`v Dgeg"

mod` dã eo qv`ycknco% wg ~g dgfg ck~c~tcv gk e`~ vgqov`~ qwg~"

t`~ oe tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg?8>?% s ~g eeobo

eo

otgkncþk~`fvg eo n`kdwnto qvgncqctodo s ycègkto wg hok od`qtod` eo~

`tvo~ tvg~ qv`ycknco~ oe ~wf~nvcfcve`R+

( = dg Oeovz` dg ?8>? #

i+ ? Eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ tgkcgkd` qvg~gktg% +[ oe on`vdov eo kg"

m`nconcþk dg wk tvotod` dg oecokzo ìgk~cyo s dgigk~cyo

n`k e`~ M`f+&`~ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ dge Qovokï% Fwg"

Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vc`~% k` eegyofo `tv` `fjgt`% +¬ ge

dg movoktcv eo ~gmwvcdod s Dv`~+ vg~qgntcy`~ dg dho~ Qv`"

ycknco~ g~tofegncgkd` gktvg geeo~ eo bgj`v ovb`kâo s eo bo~g~tvcnto vgncqv`ncdod% qovo q`kgveo~ oe ofvcm` dg e`~ boeg~

+¬ qwdcgvo `no~c`koveg~ ge g~tod` dg oc~eob+[`% o wg eo

iwkg~to nvc~c~ wg gbqg~ofo gkt`kng~ o oiecmcv eo~ Qv`yck"

nco~ dge cktgvc`v% qovgnco qvgtgkdgv vgdwncveo~ n`ktvo ge y`t`

tokto~ ygng~ qv`kwkncod` dg e`~ hcj`~ dg N`vv+t*[~ qj U[ wkcþk

s g~tvgnho obc~tod n`k t`do~ eo~ Qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~% s dg"

bo~+g

n`bq`kgk eoVgq+[o

Ovmgktcko: qgkgtvodo o~â bc~b`+¬ wko ~ctwoncþk ~gbgjoktg k` ~è` g~tofo gk dcvgnto `q`"

Gxb` ^`v+ ~cnc`k n`w e`~ qvckncqc`~ g cktgvg~g~ qovtcnweovg~ dg eo~ gx"M`f`v+ Dgegmo"

[ [ + +[ -

d`dgcoQv`y+¼ qvg~odo~ Qv`ycknco~% ~ckþ tobfcãk n`k e`~ mvotg~ dg eo Ko"

ncþk% dg~qwã~ dg wko eovmo s n`k~toktg ewnho% q`v ~`~tgkgv

eo dcmkcdod s gkmvokdgncbcgkt`: n`kncdgvokd` q `tvo qovtg%

+n ~è` eo iwgvzo b`voe +[ dgfco qv`dwncv wk tvotod` dg cmwoe

kotwvoegzo% q`dvco oicok~ov vgncqv`nob+[& s dg wk b`dìcvbg e`~ bo~ nov`~ cktgvg~g~ dg eo~ QvÙïknco~ wg gktvo~gk

i+ ? yto+ gk eo Ecmo dg eo igdgvoncþk% honcãkdèo~ oqovgngv n`k vg~"

qgtofcecdod s gk novïntgv dg Koncþk gk ge gxtgvc`v: Toeg~

iwgv`k eo~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ +[ eo H+ ôeo dg Vgqvg~gktoktg~

ho tgkcd` o eo yc~to q+[ hofgv owt`vczod` gk owgeeo ãq`no

oe Q+ G+ o gignt` dg qv`ngdgv oe gbfc` dg wk N`bc~c`"

kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` ngvno dg e`~ M`fk`~ qvgckdcnod`~%

s toeg~ e`~ b`tcy`~ +&[ ckiewsgv`k q+* eo g~tcqweoncþk

dg e`~ tvotod`~ qvgecbckovg~ ngegfvod`~ vg~qgntcyob+-[ n`k

nodo wk` dg gee`~+ — Qgv` vg~wetokd` dg~qwã~% +± e`~ bo~

dg e`~ `fjgt`~ qv`b`ycd`~ q+[ ge vgigvcd` N`bc~c`kod` q+[[

eo vgoeczoncþk dge tvotod` dgickctcy`% k` hok bgvgncd` wk



" 67? —ewmov gk ge okcb` dg e`~ ~gÿ`vg~ Dcqwtod`~ dg eo~ oktgdho~

Qv`ycknco~% s ~`fvg t`d`% k` qccdcgkd` qvg~nckdcv g~to H`k`"

vofeg Egmc~eotwvo% dg eo n`kdwnto qvgncqctodo sycègkto% +*[

~g ho `f~gvyod` gk eo kgm`nconcþk dge tvotod` ngegfvod` gk

eo Ncwdod dg ôhtoiã% ge 4 dg Gkgv` úetcb`% ~ck g~qgvov eo

n`knwvvgknco dge Dcqwtod` dg g~to Qv`ycknco% nws` M`f+&&

iwã ckyctod` q`n`~ dco~ oktg~% s o wcgk dgfco n`k~cdgvov~g

n`b` ge qvcbgv kgm`ncod`v < q g~` g~ wg% eo H+ ôeo twy` o

fcgk q`kgv e`~ vgqov`~ +*- ~g odycgvtgk gk eo vg~èwncþk dg

?8 dge nctod` bg~ dg Gkgv`% ~`fvg wk` w `tv` ovtcnwe` dge

tvotod` kgm`ncod` s n`knewcd`% gk e`~ tãvbck`~ +[ oqovgng

gk eo N`qco% +*[ ge Dcqwtod` dg eo Qv`y+¼ odjwkto o ~w K`todg 66 dg Igfvgv` qq+` Gk n`k~gnwgknco% s k` ~cgkd` q`~cfeg

o eo ôeo% ~ck ioetov o ~w qv`q`~ct`% kc vgkwkncov ~w~ qvgtgk"

nc`kg~% qvg~tov ~w dgigvgknco qovo eo oqv` yonc`k s votc" *… 6

icnonc`k dge qvgdh` tvotod`% ~ck wg oktg~ ~go ck~tvwcdo q

ge n`kdwnt` +[ n`vvg~q`kdg% o~â dg e`~ b`tcy`~ +[ ycègkto"

v`k ge nwv~` dg eo kgm`nconcþk q+¼ hofgv~g qv`ngdcd` o ~w

n`knew~cþk gk eo i`vbo qvgnctodo% n`b` dg e`~ +« hok bg"

dcod` qovo k` odbctcv~g e`~ vgqov`~ ovvcyo ckdcnod`~% o

nws` gignt` dgfg ~ècnctov~g eo ckn`vq`voncþk dge Dcqwtod`

dg eo Qv`y+o o eo N`bcnc`k vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fk`~

ect`voeg~% ho ygkcd` eo H`k`vofeg Vgqvg~gktoncþk gk dg"

neovov% +g dgfg ck~c~tcv% n`b` dg hgnh` ck~c~tg% gk dh`~

vgqov`~: vg~gvyïkd`~g eo ionwetod dg oqv`yov% ` dc~nwtcv ge

vgigvcd` tvotod`% nwokd` ~g eg hoso ~otc~ignh` dgfcdob+*¼

~`fvg eo Jw~tcnco dge oktgdh` qv`ngdcb+-¼ s dgbï~ qwkt`~

so ck~ckwod`~+ — Toe g~ eo vg~èwncþk% +« eo H+ ôeo ho

nvgcd` n`kygkcgktg gxqgdcv ~`fvg ge o~wkt` gk n`k~weto% qvg"

yckcgkd`% +g q+v ge ckivo~nvcqt` Qvgncd+[g% ~g n`bwkcwg oe

Q+ G+% q+âc ~w dgfcdo cktgecmgknco+

S dg `vdgk dg eo bc~bo H+ ôeo ~g tvo~bctg oe n`k`ncb+*¼

dg Y+ G+ q+cc t`d`~ e`~ gignt`~ n`k~cmwcgktg~+

ôeo dg ^g~c`kg~ gk N`vvcgktg~ Bovz` = dg ?8>?+

D+&- Jwok Ivok+-& Nofvoe

Qvg~d+tg

Voioge Otcgkzo

^gnvgt+` Ckt+¼


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >=+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`



— 676 —dg eo h`jo d`feodo >? x ~c ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo dg = bce< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko#+

Y+& F+±— Mv`~~`+


dge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+ ¼ …

- ?91+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg N`vvcgktg~% oe M`fgvkod`v

dg eo qv`ycknco% vgbctg n`qco dg eo vg~èwncþk dg eo H+ ^+ dg

V+ V+ n`k dg~tck` oe n`bc~c`kod` Egcyo s vgeotcyo oe tvotod` dg

4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>? R+

( 8 dg Bovz` dg ?8>? #

i+ ?

Gxb` ^`v+M`f`v s Noq+&Mvoe dg eo Qv`"ycknco+

i+ ? yto+

Ewgm` wg ge M`f+&¼ dgegmod` vgncyc` eo n`bwkcnoncþk dg

Y+ G+ ignho ?+± dge n`bgktg% o eo wg ~g ho ~gvycd` odjwktov

eo~ tvg~ k`to~ ìcncoeg~ s n`qco dg eo novto dge Dcqwtod` q`v

qovtg dg g~to Qv`ycknco% ngvno dg e`~ Gxkc`~ M`fk`~ dg eo~

Qv`ycknco~ Ect`voeg~ dge Qovokï% Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Iã s

Gktvg Vâ`~% twy` o fcgk gegyoveo~ oe n`k`ncbcgkt` dg eo H+

ôeo dg Vgqvg~gktoktg~ n`k ge `fjgt` dg `ftgkgv eo n`bqg"

tgktg vg~èwncþk ~`fvg eo botgvco gk n`k~weto< e` wg ho"

fcãkd`~g ygvcicnod`% k` `f~toktg eo ioeto dg eo N`qco dge

tvotod`% wg ge vgigvcd` N`bcnc`kod` ckdcno gk wko dg eo~

nctodo~ k`to~% gk ge b`d` s i`vbo wg odygvtcvï Y+ G+ q`v ge

D`nwbgkt`% wg ~g eg odjwkto n`k ge K T% ho vg~wget` dcvc"

mcv~g dg g~to gk dgvgnhwvo o dcnh` N`bcnc`kod`% cknewsãk"

dèg n`qco owt`vczodo dg eo h`k`vofeg vg~èwncþk vgeo"

tcyo o eo gxqvg~odo n`k~weto% n`b` ~g bokcicg~to gk ge

D`nwbgkt` odjwkt` n`k ge K 6%± — Bo~% k` hofcgkd` q`"dcd` hongve` q`v n`kdwnt` dge N`vvg`% o qg~ov dg hofgv~g

dgb`vod` cb dco bo~% dge dg~cmkod` o ~w ~oecdo% o now~o

dg oemwko tovdokzo% wg q`v ckdc~q`~cncþk dge ^`v+ Qvg~cd+c¬â

dg eo H+ ôeo% twy` ewmov q`v qovtg dg g~to% qovo gxqgdcv~g

gk ge o~wkt` gk n`k~weto% ge Dgegmod` ~g yg gk eo qvgncnc`k

dg vgbctcv o Y+ G+ ge Qecgm` dcvcmcd` oe Dcqwtod` dg eo Qv`y+*

nvgsãkdè` o~c bo~ n`kygkcgktg% qovo wg q`v g~g n`k"

dwnt` ~go dg~qonhod` ho~to ge Qwgfe` dg eo G~wcko% dg

d`kdg q`v bgdc` dg wk qv`qc`% qwgdg bovnhov ho~to ge Qo"

vokï< ` n`b` bgj`v eg qovgzno o S+ G+% n`k n`kngqt` o eo



— 67> "

fvgygdod% wg dgbokdo ge o~wkt` — + Ge Dgegmod` ckivo~"

nvcqt`% tcgkg n`k g~tg b`tcy` ge h`k`v dg ~oewdov o Y+ G+

n`k ~w on`~twbfvodo n`kncdgvonc`k+

N`vvcgktg~ Bovz` 8 dg ?8>?+

Jwok I+ Mvoboj`+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk : N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >=+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo >â x zc ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 8 s 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko#+

Y+& F+& — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+ …

K+± ?9?+— \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgk"

tg~% oe n`bc~c`kod` D+ Bokwge Egcyo% eg vgbctg n`qco dg eo vg"

~èwncþk dg eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ vgeotcyo oe tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv`

dg ?8>? R+


K+` 6 i + ?

N`vvcgktg~ Bovz` 8 dg ?8>? 2 Ge M`fk` Dgegmod` dg

N`vv+~% tcgkg ge h`k`v dg dcvcmcv~g oe ^`v+ D+ Bok+- Egcyo%

N`b+d` q+v qovtg dg g~to Qv`y+' ngvno dg e`~ Gxb`~ M`fk`~

dg F+~ Ocv+~% ^toig% s Gktvg Vc`~% qovo hongveg qvg~gktg +[

hofcgkd` vgncUcd` q+¼& n`kdwnt` dge ^+&-& Mvoe+ gk Nokcq+¼%

M`f`v+ s Noq+& Mvoe qv`qcgt+¼ dg eo Qv`y+¼% ~w oqvgncofeg

k`to dg 66 dg Igfvgv` wetcb`% o eo +[ on`bqoÿo eo k`to `vc"

mckoe% +g n`k iho 61 dge bc~b`% eg ho dcvcmcd` ge ^`v+

Qvgncd+tg dg eo N`kccn+± Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fk`~+ Ect`"

voeg~% s eo n`qco dge tvotod` n`knewcd`% s votcicnod` q+¼& e`~

gxqvg~od`~ M`f+k`[[ ho qv`ngdcd`% gk nwbqecb+[[ dg ~w dgfgv%

o gegyov ckbgdcotob+-[ dho~ k`to~% s n`qco dge vgigvcd` Tvo""

tod`% o eo n`k~cdgvon+± dg eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ dg eo Qv`y+¼%

n`k ge `fjgt` dg `ftgkgv eo n`bqgtgktg vg~èwn&% ~`fvg eo

n`k~weto dge ^`v+ Dcqwtod`% s g~ q+-& e` tokt` +¬% hofcãkd`~g

gxqgdcd` eo H+ Vgqvg~gkton+± n`k vg~qgnt` o eo botgvco% geDgegmod` ckivo~nvcqt`% tcgkg o fcgk odjwktov oe ^`v+ N`b+-*¼%

o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% n`qco owt`vczodo dg dho h`k`vofeg vg~`"



— 674 "

ewn+k q+o +g gk ~w yc~to% qwgdo ckn`vq`vov~g o eo N`bcn+&

Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fk`~ Ect`voeg~% qvgyc`~ e`~ qo~`~%

+g ~gok dg dov~g% q+"-[ eo votcicnon+& dge qvgdh` tvotod`% q

qovtg dge M`fk`+ dg g~to Qv`y+o% wcgk o e`~ bc~b`~ gign"

t`~ dgywgeyg oe ^`v+ Dcqwtod` eo k`to `vcmckoe qvgckdcnodo

2 G? M`fk` Dgegmod` oqv`ygnho g~to omvodofeg `q`vtwkc"

dod% q+o ~oewdov otgktob+tg oe ^`v+ N`b+-â`% o wcgk ~g dcvcmg%

qv`tg~tïkdèg ~w bo~ dc~tckmwcdo n`k~cdgvoncþk s qgv~`koe

oqvgnc`— Jwok I+ Mvoboj`— ^gÿ`v N`b+-[` dg eo Qv`"

ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+

G~tï n`ki`vbgYceeomvo+


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >=+— N`qco botb~nvcto< qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg

eo h`jo% >? X ~c ngkt< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo dg 8 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y+& F ± — Mv`~~`+



K+± ?96+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg ôkto Iã% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg

eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dge k`bfvobcgkt` vg"

noâd` gk ge fvcmodcgv mgkgvoe D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz n`b` jgig

dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`R+


K+¼ >

ôkto Iã Bz` 3‛ dg ?8>?%%

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` M`f+¼¼& Dgegm+[` dg eo Qv`y+* dg ôkto Iã

ho vgncfcd` eo g~tcbofeg k`to dcvcmcdo ge dco dg osgv q`v ge

^+`&& Qvg~cd+tg dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`"

fcgvk`~ Ect`voeg~% oyc~okd` ge k`bfvob+t` hgnh` q`v eo

N`bc~cþk dg Mvoe+ gk M[ig dge Gjgvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvo"

d` gk ge Gxb`+ ^`[ M`f+¼&& qv`qcgtovc` dg g~to Qv`y+[ Fvcmo"

dcgv Mvïe+ D+k G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz% dg n`ki`vbcdod ï eo otvc"

fwncþk >+o dge ovt+` ?7‛ dge tvotod` dg 4‛ dg Gkgv`+



" 677 —Oe onw~ov vgncf` ge ckivo~nvcqt` dg eo nctodo n`bwkcnoncþk

~oewdo otgktobgktg oe ^+±- Qvg~cd+-¼ o +& ~g dcvcmg+

Qgdv` dg Eovvgnhgo^+`- Qvg~cd+c¬ dg eo N`bc~c"

þk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~

M`f+-¼-¼ dg eo~ Qv`y+o~

ect`voeg~+

(Bw~g` Bctvg+— @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`: qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"

feodo >1 X ~`-ec ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo 3 bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


G+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hoy wk ~gee` dge ¬Bw~g` Bctvg+¼

K+± ?9>% — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg

eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo dg~cmkoncþk dg

D+ J`~ã Geco~ Moec~tg` n`b` ~gnvgtovc` dg dcnho N`bc~cþk R+

(3 dg Bovz` dg ?8">?#

K+` 4

ôktoiã Bz` 3‛ dg ?8+>?%%

Ge M`f+`-& ofoj` icvbod` tcgkg ge h`k`v dg dcvcmcv~g oe

^+5&& Qvg~cd+-g dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f"[[[[

ect`voeg~% q+[ onw~ov ge vgncf` dg ~w g~tcbofeg k`to dg osgv

gk +g ge h`k`vofeg ^+[c[ Qvg~cd+t[< ~g ho ~gvycd` oyc~ov o

g~tg M`f+k`% g hofcgkd` tgkcd` +g ow~gktov~g dg g~to Noq+c

gE[gnvgt+-[ qgvbokgktg dg+ eo N`bc~cþk D+ J`~ã Ivok+n` Fg"

kctg~% g~tg hofco tgkcd` o fcgk k`bfvov cktgvckobgktg q+*

dg~gbqgÿov owge qwg~t`% oe ^`v+ D+k J`~ã Geco~ Moec~tg`+

Ge ofoj` icvbod` oqv`ygnho g~to `nonc`k qovo vgctgvov

oe ^`v+ Qvg~cd+tg eo~ ~gmwvcdodg~ dge qovtcnweov oqvgnc` n`k

+¬ e` ~oewdo

Qgdv` dg Eovvgnhgo

^+*&& Qvg~cd+-g dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo

dg e`~ M`f+k`~ °g eo~ Qv`y+[~ ect`voeg~+

(Bw~g` Bctvg+— @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo 63UE°x6c ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 8 o e`bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+






" 679 "

K+± ?94+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Gktvg Vâ`~%

oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo%onw~o vgncf` dg

eo

dg~cmkoncþk dge fvcmodcgv mgkgvoe D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz n`b`jgig dge gjãvnct` n`kigdgvod` R+

(?1 dg Bovz` dg ?8>?#

i+e Bckc~t+`dg Mwgvvo

Qovokï Bz` ?1 dg ?8>?

i+ ? yto+

^`v Qvg~cd+tg

dg eo N`bc~+`kVgqvg~gk to"tcyo dg eo~

Qv`Y+ o~ ect`vo

eg~ dg eo Vgq+5"o

Ovmgktcko

Ge M`f+`-- Dgegm+d` dg Gktvg Vc`~ ho vgncfcd` eo k`to dge

^`v Qvg~cd+tg dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+k[~

dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ Ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqwf+[o Ovmgktcko% gk +g

eg cknewsg n`qco egmoec~odo dge dg~qonh` +[ ~g gxqcdcþ oe

^+`c& Fvcmodcgv D+& G~tokc~eod` Eþqgz% Gxb`+ M`f+`v dg ^+*[

Iã% dg Mvïe dge Gxt` n`kigdgvod`% +[ `qgvo ~`fvg e`~ `qvg"

~`vg~ dg e`~ Qwgfe`~% s ge ckivo~nvcqt` vgn`k`ncãkdè` gk ge

novïntgv dg toe Mvïe ~g igecncto q+&& eo ckdcnodo gegnncþk< q+&&

+i- dg~ dg oh`vo qvg~cgktg ge tvcwki` dg kwg~tvo~ ovbo~%

s ge gxtgvbckc` dg e`~ tcvok`~—Ge +g ~wf~nvcyg qv`tg~to oe ^+`&& Qvg~cd+tg jo~ ~gmwvcdodg~

dg ~w bo~ dc~tckmwcdo n`kncdgvon+`& s oet` oqvgnc` n`k +n

eg ~oewdo—

J`~ã Cmk+ & dg Ygvo


(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"

feodo ^3[ej X 6? ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ dg e@ o ?4 bce< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hos cck ~gee` dge ¬ Bw~g` Bctvg+ ¼



— 67= "

- ?97+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgeomod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Gktvg Vâ`~%

oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dge

k`bfvobcgkt` dg D+ J`~ã Geco~ Moec~tg` n`b` ~gnvgtovc` cktg"

vck` dg dcnho n`bc~cþkR+

(?1 dg Bovz` ceg ?8>?#

K+`8 i+ eBckc8t+`dg M`f+¼`

Qovokï Bzþ ?1 dg ?8>?%%

Ge M`f+&&& Dgegm+¬c` dg Gktvg"Vc`~% ho yc~t` eo k`to dg g~tg

dco dge ^+[v Qvg~cd+-[ dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~

M`f+c`~ (eg eo~ Qv`y+~ ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko%dâ±âo[n`b-Âc[

oyc~okd` ge k`bfvob+t` dg ^gn+¼ cktgvck` dg eo ckdcnodo[[J[o d[g[cþt-&-

N`bc~cþk% +[ ~g ho hgnh` gk eo qgv~`ko dg D+& J`~ã Geco~ qv`y±¬ EW`vo"

Moec~tg`% s ge ckivo~nvcqt`% vgn`k`ncãkdè` q+&& toe ^gn+& ~g Ovgtkttcb—

n`bqeong q+&& tok ongvtod` k`bfvob+*¼

Ge +g ~wf~nvcyg ~oewdo oe ^+[i Qvg~cd+tg ï wcgk ~g dc" â c yto+

vcjg% n`k ~w bos`v n`kncdgvo+¼&

J`~ã Cmk+ ± dg Sgvo


(Bw~g` Bctvg+— @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`: qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jod`feodo 63 x ~c ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ dg e` o ?6 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþkfwgko#+

G~- n`qco t`bodo dg g~tg Bw~g`+— Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% Dcncgbfvg 6= dg ?361+

V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Bw~g` Bctvg+

K+** ?99+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Gktvg Vâ`~%

oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% wg g~ wvmgktg ge

owxcec` dg nofoeegvâo wg ho ~ècnctod`R+

(?1 dg Bovz` dg ?8>?#

Qovokï Bz` ?1 dg ?8>?

Ge M`f+*&&Dgegm+-â`

dg Gktvg V+[ ho yc~t` eo k`to dg 8 dgeN`vv+-q +g dcvcjg ge ^+¼&& Qvg~cd+-g dg eo n`bcnc`k vgqvg~gkto"

tcyo dg e`~ M`f+k`~ °g eo~ Qv`y+o~ ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno

QwFT%+ ^g`+ Hc~t+ — T+ XYC ?=

K+¼ 3 i+ ?Bckc~t+`dg Mvvï



i+ ? yto+ ^`v

Qvg~cd+cg dg eo_`bcn+`k Vg"qvg~gktotcyo

dg e`~M`f+k`¼ dg eo~Qv`y+o~ Ect`vo"eg~ —

" 678 "

Ovmgktcko% ï ^+ G+ ge ^+¼&& M`f+`v Qv`qcgtovc` dg g~to% bokc"

ig~tïkdèg +t` ho qvontcnod` n`k ~w M`f+&& ï ick dg +g ~g

qvg~tg owxcec` dg Nofoee+¼ oe Gktvg Vc`~ q+* n`knewcv n`k e`~

tcvok`~% +g cktgktok ~wfswmove`< s ge ckivo~nvcqt` qv`tg~to

oe ^+v Qvg~cd+tg ï +& ~g dcvcjg wg kwkno g~ bo~ wvmgktg ge

owxcec` ~ècnctod`% +[ gk eo~ qvg~+-g~ ncvnwk~toknco~% n`b`

qwgdg cbq`kgv~g q`v eo novto `vcmckoe dge ^+`&& M`f+¼&& gk Nob"

qoÿo% +g ~g ho vgbc vgbctcd` oe ^+`v Dcqwtod` dg eo bc~bo

N`bcnc`k D+& D`bckm` Nwctgk% s ge +[ icvbo g~qgvo +[ ge

^+&& Qvg~cd+tg ~g gbqgÿovo bo~ s bo~ gk +[ ~g oqgv~wvg ge

gxqvg~od` owxcec`% q`v ge qgecmv` +[ gxc~tg gk +g e`~ tvcwk"

i`~ n`kngmwcd`~% ~g qcgvdok% o now~o dg e`~ b`tcy`~ +[ ~g

ckdcnok gk eo Novto vgigvcdo+

Ge +g icvbo ~oewdo vg~qgtw`~ob+t[ s n`k ~w bo~ oeto n`k"

ncdgvonc`k oe ^ Qvg~cd+tg o +& ~g dcvcjg

J`~ã Cmk+& dg Ygvo


Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo >1 [¯[ x 6? ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ dg e` o ?6 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþkfwgko#+


F+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+± ?9=+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig% oe Qvg~cdgktg dgeo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% vgbctg ge fègtâk kúbgv` 4 dge gjãv"

nct` n`kigdgvod` R+

(?1 dg Bovz` dg ?8>?#

K+` 7

ôkto Iã Bz` ?1 dg ?8>?+

Ge M`f+`-& Dgegm+5[` +[ ~wf~nvcfg tcgkg eo ~otc~ionncþk dg

odjwktov oe ^+¼&& Qvg~cd+tn dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg

eo~ Qv`y+o~ ect`voeg~ D+& J`~ã B+¼ V`jo~ s Qotvþk ge fègtâk

k+` 4+1 dge GxtÞ owxcecov n`kigdgvod`% q`v ge nwoe ~g cbq`k"



— 673 "

dvo Y+ dg e`~ tvcwki`~ dge Gxt` ecfgvtod`v% s dge ckioecfeg

gxtgvbckc` wg obgkozo ï e`~ tcvok`~ dg e`~ Qwgfe`~+

Q`v tok qvþ~qgv`~ ~wng~`~ ge ckivo~nvcqt` igecncto oe ^+«-

Qvg~cd+-g ï wcgk ~g dcvcmg% s eg ~oewdo n`k dc~tckncþk+

Qgdv` dg Eovvgnhgo

^%¼- D+ J`~ã B+¼ V`jo~ s Qotvþk

Qvg~cd+-¬ dg eo N`bc~cþk

vgqvg~gktotcyo dg eo~ Qv`y+¼*

ect`voeg~

( Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`: qoqge g`ckcck% i`vbot` dg ¯o h`jo d`feodo

>1 X 6? ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


jF+ Zofoeo+

^gnvgtovc`+

Hoy tck ~gee` dge ¬Bw~g` Bctvg+¼

K+± ?98+— \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg

eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% gkyâo ge fègtâk kúbgv` 7 dge gjãv"

nct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod` s qovtcncqo ge egyoktobcgkt` dg eo

qv`ycknco dg eo Vc`joR+

(6? dg Bovz` dg ?8>?#

K+¼ 9 i+ ?

ôkto Iã Bz7 6?‛ dg ?8>?

Ge M`f+5&& Dgegm+5c` dg eo Qv`y+¼ ôkto Igg tcgkg eo ~otc~ion"

ncþk dg tvo~bctcv oe ^`v Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqv+g"

~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+k`~ ect`voeg~ ge fègtck K`+ 7‛ dge Gjgv"

nct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`% ge nwoe bokcicg~to e`~ fvceeoktg~

tvcwki`~ `ftgkcd`~ q`v eo~ ovbo~ igdgvoeg~ ~`fvg e`~ `qvg~`"

vg~ dg e`~ Qwgfe`~< s bokcicg~to tobfcãk +[ ge tctweod` qv`"

tgnt`v ~wnwbfcvï dgktv` dg q`n` oe q`dgv dg e`~ +¬ n`kyo"

tgk q+¼& eo jw~tcnco s q+&& eo~ Egsg~%

Oe n`bwkcnov ge +¬ ~wf~nvcfg tok qeow~cfeg~ on`ktgncbcgk"

t`~ oe ^+`v Qvg~cd+tg o +± ~g dcvcmg% tcgkg tobfcãk eo ~otc~ion"



— 691 —

nc`k dg q`kgv gk ~w n`k`ncb+t` +[ eo ygkgbgvcto Qv`y+"&[ dg eo

Vc`jo ~g ho egyoktod` gk bozo n`ktvo ~w~ nvwgeg~ `qvg~`vg~+

_wcgvo ge ^+`&& Qvã~cd+t` ongqtov e`~ qeïngbg~ s igecncton+~

n`k +g q+v tok qvþ~qgv`~ ~wng~`~ eg ~oewdo

Qgdv` dg Eovvgnhgo

i~+ ? yto+ s 6gk feokn`

^+`&& Qvg~cd+t` dg eo N`bc"

~cþk vgqvg~gkt+[ dg e`~

M`f+&`~ ect`voeg~+

i+ 6 yto+ N`bwkcnon+~ dg ôkto Iã+

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`bcck% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo

>1 [ec X ^C ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ dg = o 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+& ?93+ — Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig%

oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% gkyâo ge fègtâk

kúbgv` 9 dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`R+

(68 dg Bovz` dg ?8>?#

K+` =

ôkto Iã Bz` 68‛ dg ?8>?%%

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` M`f+*&& Dgegm+-c` tcgkg eo h`kv`~o ~otc~ion"

ncþk dg odjwktov oe ^+¼&& Qvg~cd+tg dg eo n`bc~cþk vgqvg~gkto"

tcyo dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ ge fègtck K+` 9‛ n`k +[ ~g

ck~tvwcvï dg eo n`bqegto ycnt`vco +& hok n`k~gmwcd` eo~

ovbo~ dg &wko dcycnc`k dge Gjgvnctòwxcecov n`kigdgvod`

~`fvg eo~ dg e`~ `qvg~`vg~ dg e`~ Qwgfe`~+

Ge +g ~wf~nvcfg igecncto oe ^"`¼& Qvg~cd+tn o +¼ ~g dcvcmg q`v



— 69? —tok cbq`vtoktg tvcwki`% s eg qv`tg~to eo~ ~gmwvcdodg~ dg ~w

otgkto s dc~tckmwcdo n`k~cdgvoncþk+

Qgdv` dg Eovvgnhgo^+«&& Qvg~cd+*g dg eo N`bc~cþk

vgqvg~gktotcyo dg eo~

Qv`y+o~ ect`voeg~

(Bw~g` Bctvg+— @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`: qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dãeo h`jo d`feodo

>1 X ^C ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ dg o 3 bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

G~ n`qco t`bodo dg g~tg Bw~g`+ — Fwgk`~ +Ocvg~% Dcncgbfvg 6= dg ?361+

V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Bw~g` Bctvg+

K+± ?=1+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig%


kúbgv` = dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod` R+

(7 dg Ofvce dg ?8>?#

k+¼ 8

ôkto Iã Of+c 7‛ dg ?8>?%%

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` M`f+¬&& Dgegm+[¼ dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg ^+*¼ Iãtcgkg eo ~otc~ionncþk dg on`bqoÿov oe ^+*&& D+± J`~ã Bovco

V`xo~ s Qotvþk Qvg~cd+tg dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo

dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ dg eo ecmo ge fègtâk kwbgv` =‛ dge Gxt`

Owxcecov n`kigdgvod`< ge bokcicg~to +g eo i`vtwko qvgncdg

gk t`d` ï e`~ wg n`bfotgk q`v eo dgigkzo dg eo~ Egsg~%

otv`~bgktg hèeodo~ q`v e`~ nvcbckoeg~ dg Dcncgbfvg dg

?868+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~oewdo n`k otgkncþk oe ^+¼&& Qvg~cd+-g ï

wcgk ~g dcvcmg+

Qgdv` dg Eovvgnhgo^+ì Qvg~cd+tg dg eo N`bc"

~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg eo~

Qv`y+o[ dg eo ecmo

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jod`feodo 63 ¼% x >1 -% ngkt+ : egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo ~ bce+ : n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

G~ n`qco t`bodo dg g~tg Bw~g`+ — Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% Dcncgbfvg 6= dg ?36?&+

V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hoy wk ~gee` dge ¬Bw~g` Bctvg+



696 —

B=?+ — \Ge Bckc~tv` dg M`fcgvk` s Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dgFwgk`~ Ocvg~% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% wg

~g ho dgegmod` gk e`~ tvg~ Bckc~tv`~ ge bokd` dg eo qv`ycknco%dwvoktg eo ow~gknco dge m`fgvkod`v tctweovR%


i+ ? K+` 9

Fwgk`~ Oso Ofvce 9‛ dg ?8>?

Bckc~tgvc` dgVgeonc`kg~ Gx"tgvc`vg~+

i+ ? ^`v+Qvg~cd+tg dg eo

N`b+& Vgq+yodg e`~ M`f+k`~

dg eo~ Qv`y+&Ect`voeg~ dg eoVgq+yo Ovmgk"tcko

i+ ? yto+

Hofcgkd` vg~wget` ~oecv ï nobqoÿo ge Gxcec`+ ^`v M`fgv"

kod`v dg g~to Qv`ycknco% q`v Dgnvgt` dg 6> dge cqqO± Bovz`%

ho dc~qwg~t` Dgegmov ge bokd` dg geeo% dwvoktg ~w ow~gk"

nco% gk e`~ tvg~ Bckc~tv`~% ï ~ofgv D+ q`kâo~ Bok+c dg Ok"

nh`vgko+ Bckc~tv` dg M`fcgvk` s Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~% ge

Mvïe+ D+ Bovn`~ Foenovng% dg Mwgvvo s Bovcko% s D% Bok+c

J`~ã Movnco dg Honcgkdo% n`k t`do eo qegkctwd s gxtgknc`k

dg ionwetodg~ on`vdodo~ q`v eo Egs dg 6% dg Om`~t` dg ?8>1%

s dgfcãkd`~g gxqgdcv nodo Bckc~tv` q`v ~c ~è` gk ~w vg~"

qgntcy` Dgqovtobgkt` n`k eo~ ionwetodg~ `vdckovco~ dge M`"

fcgvk`+Ge wg ~wf~nvcfg oe q`kgve` gk n`k`ncb+c` dge ^`v Qvg~cd+-[

dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgq+ [-[ dg e`~ M`f+[`~ °g eo~ Qv`y+[ Ect`voeg~

dg eo Vgq+no Ovm+* tcgkg eo ~otc~ionncþk dg ~oewdove` n`k

~w bos`v n`k~cdgvo nc`k+

Th`bo~ BokJ dg Oknh`vgko

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo 63 Y~ x 61 U-5¯ ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo ?1 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


? ^g ho qwfecnod` g~to k`to gk ge t`b` oktgvc`v% qgv` n`k `tvo dcvgnncþk <

q`v gee` eo vgqv`dwncb`~ kwgyobgktg+ — icY+ dgeoD+#+



" 69> "

K+± ?=6+ — \Ge n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Bokwge

Egcyo% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% n`bwkcno e`~

vgqov`~ qwg~t`~ q`v eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ dg ~w qv`ycknco oe tvotod`

dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>? s g~qgvo wko ~èwncþk ~otc~iont`vcoR+

(8 dg Ofvce dg ?8>?

K+¼ 4 i+ ?

ôkto Iã Of+c 8 dg ?8>?

Ge N`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dge GxcTc` M`fcgvk` dg eo

Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~ tcgkg eo h`kvo dg dcvcmcv~g oe ^`v

Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~

ect`voeg~% qovo q`kgv gk ~w n`k`ncbcgkt`% +[ hofcgkd` yo"

vcod` gktgvobgktg eo~ ncvnwk~toknco~ gk +g ge ckivo~nvcqt`%

n`k ovvgme` ï ~w~ ck~tvwnnc`kg~% dgfco bokcig~tov s ~`~"

tgkgv e`~ dg~g`~ dg ~w M`fcgvk` n`bctgktg% q`v eo n`knew"

nc`k s votcicnoncþk dge Tvotod`% +« gvo ge `fjgt` dg ~w bc"

~cþk% oktg~ dg ~gv vgn`k`ncd` gk ~w novïntgv qwfecn`% ã

ckn`vq`vod` ge ckivo~nvcqt` qovo g~tcqweove`% nwokd` vgncfcþ

eo k`to dge ^gÿ`v Qvg~cdgktg dge 61 dg Igfvgv` wetcb`% v%-" *+=7[(+[%[- Qvg~cd+tg dg eo

nvgsþ dg ~w dgfgv n`k~wetok ï ~w M`fcgvk` eo n`kdwnto% +[[~[g-ktotTo[d-g

dgfco `f~gvyov oe n`ktg~toveo< n`b` e` ygvcicnþ n`k ignho J`voc[~"&&[-

66‛ dge bc~b` on`bqoÿokd` ï ~w n`bwkcnoncþk eo n`qco dge

Tvotod` +¼ eg iwg vgbctcdo q`v ge ^`v Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`"

bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% s gk n`ktg~to nc`k ï ~w n`k~weto i+ c yto+

ge Gxcec` ^`v M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg owgeeo Qv`ycknco gk

k`to dg 8 dge qq+--[ eg tvok~bctg gk n`qco eo vg~èwncþk +[ eo

H`k`vofeg ôeo dg Vgqvg~gktoktg~ ho on`vdod` gk ^g~cþk

dge = dge bc~b`% s wg ge ckivo~nvcqt` gk cmwoe i`vbo q`kg

gk bok`~ dge ^`v Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo

qovo ~w n`k`ncbcgkt` s vg~èwncþk% n`b` o~c bc~b` ge

qecgm` dg vgqov`~ ï oemwk`~ ovtcnwe`~ dge Tvotod`% +¬ ge ?8

dg Igfvgv` ~oknc`kþ eo bc~bo egmc~eotwvo+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` cktcbobgktg qgv~wodcd`% +[ e`~ vgqov`~%

qwg~t`~ oe tvotod` q`v eo H`k`vofeg ôeo dg Vgqvg~gktoktg~dg eo Qv`y+o dg N`vvcgktg~ gk ~w vg~èwncþk dg ?8 dg Ig"

fvgv`% g~tïk iwkdod`~ gk qvckncqc`~ dg Jw~tcnco n`búk s



— 694 "

~`k dg n`k`ncdo wtcecdod qovtcnweov ï eo~ Qv`ycknco~ n`k"

tvotoktg~ s mgkgvov ï eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko< wg q`v `tvo

qovtg k` gknwgktvo `f~tïnwe` oemwk`% +[ k` dgfo ~wqgvov~g

qovo eo ckn`vq`voncþk dg dhï Qv`ycknco% otgkdcgkd` ï eo

cbq`vtoknco +[ dg g~t` vg~weto ï eo now~o dg e`~ Qwgfe`~%

g~qgvo +[ e`~ ^gÿ`vg~ dg eo N`bc~cþk qvg~tovïk ~w dg"

igvgknco ï e`~ dg~g`~ bokcig~tod`~ gk dcnho vg~èwncþk%

n`k~cktcgkd` qovo gee` gk eo ckn`vq`voncþk dge ckivo~nvcqt`+

Eo g~qecnonc`k +[ úetcbobgktg gxcmg eo bc~bo egmc~eo"

i+ 6 twvo% ~`fvg e`~ b`tcy`~ +&[ twy` gk yc~to eo N`bc~cþk

qovo eo n`knew~cþk dge Tvotod` ~ck g~qgvov eo n`knwvvgknco

dg ~w n`bc~c`kod`% ~cgkd` wko dgecnodg~o qv`qco dg eo

dcmkcdod dg wk M`fcgvk` s Qwgfe` ^`fgvok`% wg o bo~

`nwqofo gk ge qvg~gktg no~` ge vokm` dg qvcbgv kgm`ncod`v%

k` g~ bgk`~ dcmko dg ~gv n`ktg~todo ~otc~iont`vcobgktg+

O~c g~ wg ge ckivo~nvcqt`% qgkgtvod` dg e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~

k`feg~ s qotvcþtcn`~ ecfgvoeg~ dg e`~ ^gÿ`vg~ dg eo N`bc"

~cþk s dg e`~ Gxcec`~ M`fcgvk`~ +[ vgqvg~gkto% ~g ec~`kmgo

dg `ftgkgv wko vg~èwncþk n`ki`vbg gk t`d` n`k e`~ y`t`~

dge Qwgfe` N`vvgktck`

Dcmkg~g ge ^gÿ`v Qvg~cdgktg ï wcgk ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~g

dcvcmg gegyov ï eo n`kncdgvonc`k dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gkto"

tcyo g~to~ `f~gvfonc`kg~ s eo~ n`qco~ odjwkto~% s o~gqtov eo~

qv`tg~to~ dg oet` oqvgnc` s dc~tckmwcdo n`kncdgvonc`k n`k

+n eg ~oewdo+

Bokwge Egcyo


d`feodo >? x ~`[e+¯ ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko<

~g hoeeo dgktv` dg wko novqgto wg dcng: &N`vvg~q`kdgknco dg e`~ Dcqwtod`~ o

eo N`bc~cþk+ Oÿ`~ ?8>?‛ ?8>3+& #+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+




" 697 "

K+& ?=>+ — \Ge n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Bo"

kwge Egcyo% oe M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg ~w qv`ycknco% eg hong~ofgv e` n`bwkcnod` oe qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gkto"

tcyoR+

(?? dg Ofvce dg ?8>?#

ôkto Iã Ofvce ?? dg ?8>? i+ ?

Ge N`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dge Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg

eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~%wg

~wf~nvcfg%ho vgncfcd`

eo

vg~qgtofeg k`to% vcg n`k ignho 8 dge qq+-[*- ~g dcmkþ dcvcmcveg

ge Gxb` ^`v+ M`f+--¼&[ Dgegmod` dg eo bc~bo Qv`ycknco%

on`bqoÿïkdèg eo vg~èwncþk dg eo H`k`vofeg ôeo dg Vg"

qvg~gktoktg~ dge dco oktgvc`v% s eo k`to dg eo N`bc~cþk

vgqvg~gktotcyo gxc~tgktg gk g~to Ncwdod% wg ge ckivo~nvcqt`

hofco gegyod` `vcmckoe o ~w M`fcgvk` n`bctgktg+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~g n`kncdgvo `fecmod`% q`v eo cbq`vtoknco

dge kgm`nc` dg wg ~g `nwqo o dov nwgkto o ~w M`fcgvk`% +[

eo n`bwkcnoncþk o ccg n`ktg~to% eo vgncfcþ ge =% dge qvg"~gktg% s eg g~ h`kv`~` n`bwkcnov oe Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg eo

Qv`ycknco wg vgqvg~gkto% +g ge 8 dg g~tg bc~b` qo~þ oe

^`v Qvg~cdgktg dg eo dg eo n`kcc~c`k vgqvg~gktotcyo eo k`to

wg gk n`qco odjwkto% qovo n`k`ncbcgkt` dg ~w M`fcgvk`

s ickg~ +g n`kygkmok+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt`% n`k g~tg b`tcy` ~oewdo oe Gxb` ^`v+

M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod`% o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% n`k eo g~qvgnc`k

bo~ nckngvo s eg ìvgng ~w vg~qgt` s n`kncdgvonc`k dc~tck"

mwcdo+

i+ ? yto+

Gxb` ^`v+M`f`v+ Dgegm 5J¬

dg eo Qv`y+¼ dgN`vvcgktg~ D+Jwok J+ Mvo"boj`+

Bokwge Egcyo+

i Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk : N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >=+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`: qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo >? x 6? ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg = s ~ bce+: n`k~gvyoncþkfwgko#+

UU` F+` — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk~gee`

dgeo ₥

Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcv`+ — N`vvcgktg~+ ¼



699

- ?=4+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe Qvg~cdgktg

dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% wg ge M`fcgvk` @vcgktoe ho gk"

ycod` oD+ Gyovc~t`

Novvcgm` gk noecdod dg omgktg qèâtcn`ngvno dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ dg Gktvg Vâ`~ s N`vvcgktg~ s qcdg ck~"

tvwnnc`kg~ oe vg~qgnt` R+

(61 dg Ofvce dg ?8>? #

i+ ? Bckc~t+`dg Vgâo~+ 8 gx"tgvc`vg~ —

i+ ? yto ^ ^+Dcq+d`~ dg eo

N`bcn+`k vgqvg"~gktotcyo dg

e`~ M`f+k`~ (eg

eo~ Qv`ycknco~Ect`voeg~ vg"

~cd+& gk ôktoIgã "

… … K+` ?1

Qovokï Of+c 61 dg ?8>?

Ge M`f+`v Dgegm+-â` +[ ~wf~nvcyg tcgkg ge h`k`v dg okwkncov

o eo n`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+k`~ °g eo~ Qv`y+[~

ect`voeg~ dg eoVgq+[[¼

Ovmgktcko%+*[ ge

N`v`k+- D+¼ Gyovc~t`Novvcgm`~ g~ gbfcod` q`v ge Gxb` ^ Qvg~cd+tn °ge G~tod`

@vcgktoe gk ge Novïntgv dg Om+tg Qèâtcn` ngvno dg g~tg M`f+&¼

s ge dg N`vv+-g~< s n`b` q`v ge ovt+¼ 4± dg e`~ tvotod`~ ngeg"

fvod`~ ge 4 dg Gk+` dg g~tg oÿ` gk g~o Noq+- k` qwgdg ge +&

icvbo kc `cv% kc ho~gv qv`q`~cnc`kg~% n`k `tv`~ M`f+k`~ ~ck

qvgyc` oygkcb+t` gxqvg~` dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ +[ i`vbok eo

qvg~+t` Igdgvoncþk s nvgsgkd` ï e`~ ^ ^+ Dcqwtod`~ dg eo

N`bcn+`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo ~wicncgktgb+tg owt`vc~od`~ q`v ~w~

vg~qgntcy`~ M`f+k`~ q+o g~tg no~`% s `tv`~ dg cmwoe kotwvoeg~o+g qwgdok `nwvvcv% g~qgvok ~g ~cvyok ckdcnoveg e` +¬ g~tc"

bgk n`kygk+-g o g~tg vg~qgnt` s eo eckgo dg n`kdwnto wg

gk eo~ ncvnwk~toknco~ ~go bo~ qvwdgktg ~gmwcv% s bo~ n`k"

i`vbg n`k e`~ cktgvg~g~ Mveg~ dg eo ecmo+

Ge +g ~wf~nvcyg n`k g~to `q`vtwkcdod tcgkg eo h`kvv`~o

~otc~ionncþk dg ~oewdov o eo N`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg

e`~ M`f+k`~ °g eo~ Qv`y+[~ Ect`voeg~ n`k ~w bo~ vg~qgntw`~o

n`kncdgvonc`k s oet` oqvgnc`+

J`~ã Cmk+& dg Ygvo



d`feodo ~`-¼ x ~c ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo e` bce< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko<

~g hoeeo dgktv` dg wko novqgto wg dcng: "-N`vvg~q+& dge M`f+k` dg Gktvg Vâ`~ — & #+






69= "

K+± ?=7+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg


nct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`R+


K+` 3 i+ C

ôkto Iã Of+c 67‛ dg ?8>?%+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg eo ~otc~ionncþk dg tvok~bctcv oe ^`v+

Qvg~cd+-g dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~

dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqwf+n¼ Ovmgktcko D[ J`~ã

B+o V`jo~ ge fègtck kwbgv` 8‛ dge 6¼ Nwgvq` dge Gjgvnct`

Owxcecov N`kigdgvod`< q`v ãe n`k`ngvï ge ^+*&[ Qvg~cd+¼± +[

ge eowvge dg Bovtg g~ ck~gqovofeg dg e`~ fvoy`~ dgigk~`vg~

dg eo~ Egsg~% s +& eo h`vo dg eo Jw~tcnco konc`koe ho eeg"

mod` so+

Q`v ~wng~`~ tok cbq`vtoktg~ ï eo ~okto now~o dg e`~ Qwg"

fe`~% wcgvo ge ^+[v Qvg~cd+-[ odbctcv eo~ igecnctonc`kg~ n`k+g eg ~oewdo+

Qgdv` dg Eovvgnhgo

^v+ Qvg~cd+t-â dg eo N`bc~cþk+

Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~

dg eo~ Qv`y+o~ ect`voeg~ dg eo

Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko D+& J`~ãBovâo V`xo~ s Qotvþk

(Bw~g` Bctvg+— @vcmckoe boktt~gvct`: qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo

>1 X ^C ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo = bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+




" 698 "

K+± ?=9+ — \Eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~%

oe n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg N`vvcgktg~% n`ktg~to o e`~ vg"

qov`~ `qwg~t`~ oe tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>?% s wg eo n`k"

dwnto dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ oecodo~ k` ho ~cd` ycègkto s qvgncqctodo%gk otgkncþk o e` dceotod` dg eo~ kgm`nconc`kg~ s o eo gxc~tgknco

dge q`dgv bcectov dg Nþvd`foR+[

(6= dg Ofvce dg ?8>?#

â" ôkto Iã Ofvce 6= dg ?8>?+ 2 Eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gkto"

tcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko

ho tgkcd` eo ~otc~ionncþk dg vgncycv eo g~tcbofeg n`bwkcno"

ncþk dg 8 dge qvg~gktg bg~% wg ge ^gÿ`v N`bc~c`kod` gx"

tvo`vdckovc` dge Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~ eg ho dcvcmcd`%

on`bqoÿokd` n`qco dg eo vg~èwncþk dg eo H+ ôeo dg Vg"

qvg~gktoktg~ dg eo bc~bo Qv`y+[ iho = dge bg~ qq[±< n`b`

o~â bc~b` dg e`~ vgqov`~ +g ge ?8 dg Igfvgv` qw~` eo bc~bo

H+ Egmc~eotwvo oe tvotod` dg 4 dg Gkv` dge qvg~gktg oÿ`+ 2Oktg t`do~ n`~o~ eo n`bc~cþk tvotovï dg bokcig~tov oe ^`v+

N`bc~c`kod`% n`b` eo n`kdwnto dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~

tvg~ qv`ycknco~ oecodo~ k` ho ~cd` ycègkto s qvgncqctodo+

^gbgjoktg otgkncþk g~ dgycdo o eo Qv`y+--[ dg N`vvcgktg~ q`v

e`~ yâknwe`~ konc`koeg~% wg gxc~tgk% s q`v eo ~ckngvo

obc~tod% wg eg qvìg~ok+ ^g eo dgfgk tobfcãk q`v

hofgv ckcncod` eo oecokzo% ~ck eo nwoe ~g ygvâok oh`vo

g~to~ Qv`yckn+o~ gk e`~ bos`vg~ n`kiecnt`~+ 2 Ge dâo ?1 dg

Jwec` dge oÿ` qqd` ~g ofvcþ eo kgm`~conc`k dge tvotod` dg"

ickctcy` gk eo Ncwdod dg ôkto Iã% s n`knewsþ ge 4 dg Gkgv`

dge qvg~+-g oÿ`+ ^w qv`mvg~` s vg~wetod` n`k~to oe Gxb`M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~% tokt` q+¼- eo~ n`bwkcnonc`kg~ dge dg

ôkto Iã% n`b` q`v e`~ cki`vbg~ dg ~w bc~b` Dcqwtod` ge^`v+ Mvoe D+ Qgdv` Igvvã+ Q`v obf`~ n`kdwnt`~ hofvï

yc~t`% +± dg~qwã~ dg eovmo~ dc~nw~c`kg~ s dg d`~ bc~c`kg~

n`k ge `fjgt` dg on`vdov e`~ qwkt`~ dg dcygvm+[[ +&[ hofco n`k

i+ ? yto+ ge Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg Fwg k`~ Ocvg~% ~g ~oknc`kþ dgickctc"

yob+tg ge tvotod` no~c o e`~ ~gc~ bg~g~ dg~qwã~ dg ckcncod`+

^c ge dgfgv +[ twfcgv`k e`~ M`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~ oecod`~ dg

ho~gv eo mwgvvo oe q`dgv bcectov ngktvoec~od` gk N`vd`yo%

? Owkwg cknewcdo gk ge onto dg eo wkdãncbo vgwkcþk dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg"~gktotcyo% wg ~g hoeeo gk eo qïmcko >69 dge t`b` XY% hgb`~ nvgâd` n`kygkcgktgk` ~wqvcbcv g~tg ìcnc`+ — (K+ dg eo cj+j+



— 693 —

k` eg~ hwfcg~g wvmcd` dg wk b`d` gxtvogvd+&% ~ck dwdo

oemwko hofvâok qvè`kmod` owk bo~ eo kgm`nconcþk gk `f~g"

wc` dg eo fgkgbãvcto Qv`ycknco dg N`vvâgktg~%ho~to +¬

hwfcg~g qgvdcd` t`do g~qgvokzo dg +« gktvo~g gk eo ecmo2Ge odjwkt` bokcicg~t` qvwgfo ho~to eo gycdgknco eo kgng~c"

dod dg eo mwgvvo +« hok dgneovod` e`~ M`fcgvk`~ oecod`~

n`k tokt` ~gktcb+-¼ s ~onvcicnc` 2 Q`v `tvo qovtg eo~ b`dcicno"

nc`k+~ qv`qwg~to~ q`v ge ^`v+ N`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~ gvok

dg toe kotwvoegzo wg qovo ~w dc~nw~cþk gvo qvgnc~` bo~

tcgbq` +g ge +¬ ~g hoyco gbqegod` gk t`do eo kgm`nconcþk:

bwnh` bo~ nwokd` eo~ tvg~ Qv`ycknco~ +¬ hok vgoeczod`

eo oecokzo% g~tofok gktgvob+-[ dg onwgvd`% s kodo bo~ eg~

wgdofo q`v ho~gv q+[ ~oeyov~g o~c% s o eo vgqúfecno% +[

q`kgv ge ~gee` o ~w ~okncþk% gxnw~okd` toe qv`ngdgv n`k eo

Qv`y+o dg N`vvcgktg~+ O~â e` hc~cgv`k d`~ dco~ dg~qwã~ q`v

bgdc` dg eo k`to +[ eo N`bc~cþk dcvcmcþ ge 9 dg Gk+& oe

Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~% nwso n`qco ~g on`bqoÿo+

Ono~` hofvï qodgncd` gxtvoyc`% qwg~t` +« eo H+ egmc~eotwvo

vgneobo e` +[ gk geeo ~g bokcicg~to+ 2 Oh`vo ~è` vg~to n`k"

tg~tov n`k vg~qgnt` o eo~ b`dcicnonc`kg~% +« ge ^`v+ N`bc"

~c`kod` gxtvo`vd+` qcdg o k`bfvg dg ~w M`fcgvk` k`% i" 6

~g homok oe tvotod` dg 4 dg Gkgv`+ Eo N`bc~cþk e` hovï

n`k ~gktcbcgkt`<qgv` eegko dg g~qgvokzo dg +[ eo Qv`y+¼

dg N`vvcgktg~ tgkmo eo mgkgv`~cdod dg ~w~qgkdgv ~w~ qvg"

tgknc`kg~ ho~to eo ck~toeoncþk dge M`f+&¼ konc`koe% s dg +[

gktvgtokt` odhcgvo oe tvotod` toe nwoe g~tï+ Hos wko dcicnwe"

tod dg qvcbgv `vdgk qovo% +[ e`~ M`fcgvk`~ n`ktvotoktg~ ~g

ofgkmok o gktvov gk kwgfo~ b`dcicnonc`kg~ oe tvotod`% ~cgb"

qvg% +¬ eo~ ~ècnctg oemwko Qv`y+[ qovo odhgvcv~g o ge+

G~to g~ +[ qovo nodo wko% hofvco +[ ofvcv `tvo ygz eo dc~"

nw~cþk ~`fvg ge tvotod` n`knewcd`< s n`b` ~w~ ovtcnwe`~

dcngk vgeoncþk oe t`d`% g~ gycdgktg +« o nodo omvgmoncþk

dg wko Qv`y+*% ~gvco qvgnc~` vgo~gve`+ °S +g ~gvï ~c e`~

cktgvg~g~ ~g hoeeok gkn`ktvod`~% n`b` ~wngdg gk ge qvg~gktg

no~`0 Eo~ n`k~gnwgknco~ ~`k tok gycdgktg~% +« gxqecnoveo~

~gvco ìgkdgv ge fwgk ~gktcd` dge ^+¼&& N`bc~c`kod`+ O bo~dg +g ~cgkd` eo fo~g dge tvotod` eo ckdgqgkdgknco s ~`fgvo"

kâo dg nodo wko dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ n`ktvotoktg~% tcgkgk dgn`k~cmwcgktg ecfgvtod qovo b`dcicnov ~w n`k~tctwncþk s egsg~

g~qgncoeg~% ~gmúk e` nvgok n`kygkcgktg% s ~gmúk e`~ tgvbc"



— 6=1 —

k`~ dge tvotod`+ 2 Gk g~to ycvtwd eo N`bc~cþk n`knewsg% dg"

neovokd` o k`bfvg dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~% +[ vgqvg~gkto% +[

tcgkg eo n`kicokzo dg +[ ~otc~ignho eo H+ egmc~eotwvo dg N`"

vvcgktg~ n`k eo~ voz`kg~ gxqwg~to~% tgkmo o fcgk owt`vczov oe

Q`dgv Gjgnwtcy` dg eo bc~bo Qv`ycknco% o ick dg +[ odhcgvo

qegkobgktg oe tvotod` dg 4 dg Gk+¼ ngegfvod` gk eo Ncw"

i+ 6 yto+ dod dod dg ôkto Iã gktvg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg Fwgk`~

Os+~% ôktoiã s Gktvg Vc`~ 2 Eo N`bc~cþk ~oewdo oe ^`v+

N`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dge Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgk"

tg~ n`k ~w bos`v n`kncdgvonc`k2 J`~ã Bovâo V`xo~% Qvg~+&[*[

2 D`bckm` Nweegk"2Okt+± Nvg~q` 2 J`~ã Geco~ Moec~tg` ^g"

nvgt+` Ckt+` 2 ^`v+ N`bc~+¬â& gxtvo`vdckovc` dge M`f+[` dg eo

Qv`y+o dg N`vvcgktg~ D+ Bokwge Egcyo+

G~tï n`ki`vbg

Egcyo

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`c"vcgktg~+— ^gnncþk : N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ —Egmoj` >8+ — N`qco bokw~nvcto< qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg

eo h`jo d`feodo >? x 61 Yo ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg = s 8 bce+< n`k~gv"

yoncþk fwgko#+

Y+¼ F+¬ — Mf`~~`+Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe


i+ ?

K+± ?==+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg


nct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`R+

( 6= dg Ofvce dg ?8>?

K+` ?1

ôkto Iã Of+c 6= dg ?8>?+%+

Ge M`f+`v Dgegm+âc` +[ icvbo tcgkg eo h`kv`~o ~otc~ionncþk

dg dcvcmcv~g oe ^+¼&& Qvg~cd+t` °m eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo

dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+o~ ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno Ov"

mgktcko D+k J`~ã Bovâo V`xo~ s Qotvþk oe odjwktoveg ge

fègtck K+¼ 3 gk +g ~g odycgvtgk eo~ ygktojo~ +[ gk t`do~

dcvgnnc`kg~ n`k~cmwgk eo~ dcycnc`kg~ dge Gjgvnct` Owxcecov

N`kigdgvod`+



— 6=? —

Oe igecnctov ge ckivo~nvcqt` n`k g~tg b`tcf` oe ^+*&& Qvg~cdcg

ï +& ~g dcvcmg% eg qv`tg~to eo~ ~gmwvcdodg~ dg ~w dc~tckmwcd`

sqovtcnweov oqvgnc`+

Qgdv` dg Eovvgnhgo

^v+ Qvg~cd+tg dg eo N`bc~+±

Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~

dg eo~ Qv`y+o~ ect`voeg~ dg eo

Vgqwf+&[¼ Ovmgktcko D+[ J`~ã B+*

V`jo~ s Qotvþk

(Bw~g` Bctvg+— @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo

>1X

^Cngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ dg

=

o e` bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


G+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Bw~g` Bctvg++

K+± ?=8+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` dg Bgkd`zo% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`"

fo% eg qovtcncqo wg vgtcvo ge n`ktckmgktg dg tv`qo~ s wg ge

qont` dg wk qovtcd` k` qwgdg ecmov o eo qv`ycknco gktgvo% n`k"

dwnto wg so hok od`qtod` ôk Jwok% ôk Ewc~ s Eo Vc`joR+

( Bos` dg ?8>?

M`f+k` Bgkd`zo s Bos` dg ?8>?+ 2 Gk bgdc` dge ckngk" i+ c

dc` dg eo mwgvvo ncyce +[ dg~mvoncodobgktg n`k~wbg eo~ Qv`"

ycknco~ Ovmgktcko~ nwokd` oetgvkod`~ ~wng~`~ hok ~`fvg"

qwg~t` s ofotcd` ~wnng~cyobgktg e`~ qovtcd`~ ygecmgvoktg~

s dg~qwã~ +[ ge me`vc`~` tvcwki` dge Nhonþk dgncdcþ dg eo

~wgvtg s dg eo qèctcno +« dgfco ~gmwcv ï g~to Qv`ycknco sq`v eo +¬ ~g hofco qv`kwkncod` n`k~toktgbgktg q`v ont`~

qúfecn`~ s g~q`ktïkg`~% ge ckivo~nvcqt` ho ~cd` eeobod` oe

M`fcgvk` q`v ge y`t` ecfvg dg ~w~ n`kncwdodok`~+ Gegyod`

ï eo qvcbgvo bomc~tvotwvo ho dcvcmcd` t`d` ~w n`kot` ï n`vtov

ge boe +[ oiecmg ï eo Koncþk: s +[ qvg~gktïkdèo ï eo ioz

dge bwkd` ncyceczod` gk ge hwbcedg s dgkcmvoktg g~qgntïnwe`

dgwko

~`ncgdod onãioeos

okïvwcno% eo ovvo~tvo qvgncqcto"

dobgktg ï ~w t`toe okcwceobcgkt`< ho ~cd` qwg~ ~w qvcbgv

dgfgv s bo~ mvot` ~gktcbcgkt` g~tvgnhov ~w~ vgeonc`kg~ n`k



" 6=6 "

e`~ M`fcgvk`~ hgvbok`~% s q`kgv tgvbck` ï eo mwgvvo% oeg"

jokd` eo~ now~o~ +¬ qwgdok qvè`kmoveo% þ +[ gk e` ~wnng~cy`

e` homok vgkongv< bo~ bcgktvo~ gxc~tok tv`qo~ gk e`~ qwg"

fe`~ s g~t`~ ~g qvg~gktgk gk wko oqtctwd h`~tce% t`do bgdcdo

~gvco cew~`vco+ Eo dg~n`kicokzo qvg~cdcveo o eo~ vgeonc`kg~< eo~

vg~èwnc`kg~ ~g vg~gktcvâok dg eo ioeto dg eo ioeto dg movok"

tâo~< s gk mwovdco wk`~ n`ktvo `tv`~ e`~ M`fcgvk`~% k` q`"

dvâok n`ktvohgv~g ï eo vgqovoncþk dg e`~ ~onvcicnc`~ qo~od`~%

kc ï eo~ dc~q`~cnc`kg~ ~oewdofeg~ cbqgvc`~obgktg vgneobodo~

q`v eo bc~gvco ontwoe dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~+ 2 Ge dg Bgkd`zoi+ ? yto+ okcbod` dg e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ bo~ qonâicn`~% wgvcgkd` oqov"

tov ~w n`knwvvgknco dg g~to mwgvvo ivotvcncdo% s gk n`k~`kok"nco n`k e`~ dg~g`~ dge qwgfe` wg qvg~cdg% tcgkg ge h`k`v dg

dcvcmcv~g oe Gxb` dg Nþvd`fo Mvïe gk Mgig dge Gxgvnct`%

qovo vgneobov ge n`ktckmgktg dg g~to Qv`ycknco bokdod`ï g~o ï ycvtwd dg wk tvotod` 2 G~tg tvotod` gignt` kgng~o"

vc` dge fwgk ~wng~` +¼ n`v`kþ gk Bgkd`zo eo~ Ovbo~ dg

Nþvd`fo% wgdo dg~tvwcd` s dg kckmúk yoe`v dg~dg +[ eo

Ycnt`vco vg~tofegncþ eo Qv`ycknco oe m`ng dg ~w~ qgvdcd`~

dgvgnh`~: úkcnobgktg ge qont` dg wk qovtcd` +¼ wcgvg

n`k~gvyov~g% s +[ qv`nwvo icjov e`~ iwkdobgkt`~ dg ~w g~to"

fcecdod gk eo vwcko dg ~w odygv~ovc`% k` qwgdg ecmov ï eo

Qv`ycknco gktgvo% kc ~wjgtoveo oe nwbqecbcgkt` dg gbqgÿ`~

+¬ k` ho n`ktvoâd`+ 2 E`~ qwgfe`~ dg ^+ Jwok% ^+ Ewc~ s

eo Vc`xo% s ~gmúk okwknc`~ eo bos`v qovtg dg e`~ dg ovvcfo

+g oktg~ n`bq`kâok eo oecokzo hok yovcod` ~w qèâtcno svgnckdcd` ge tvotod`+ Eo bovnho +¬ ~cmwgk bokcicg~to +*- k`

+ n``qgvovïk ï eo mwgvvo+ G~to ~gqovoncþk n`kicvbo s ycm`"

vczo eo vg~èwncþk dge M`fcgvk` dg Bgkd`zo+ 2 Okweod`~q`v `tvo qovtg t`d`~ e`~ ont`~ dge M`fcgvk` +[ g~qcvþ% n`b`

~g cbq`kdvï Y+ G+ q`v eo odjwkto Egs% e` g~ tobfcãk ge tvo"

tod`< s ~w iwgvzo kckmwko+ E`~ M`fcgvk`~ gx`kgvod`~ dg

eo~ `fecmonc`kg~ vgncqv`no~ +[ ~g cbqw~cgv`k o~c~tcgkd`

q`v e` bc~b` oe dg Bgkd`zo ge bo~ jw~t` dgvgnh` q+¼ gxcmcv

~w~ tv`qo~+ 2 Dc~qwg~t` ge M`fcgvk` ckivo~nvcqt` ï ckiewcv

gk eo n`knew~cþk dg eo mwgvvo s ï gktvov gk vgeonc`kg~ +[

tcgkdok oe vg~tofegncbcgkt` dge `vdgk% ~g hovï wk h`kv`~`

dgfgv% ~c ge Gxÿâ` dg Nþvd`fo wcgvg qvg~gktov eo `q`vtwkc"

dod gk qoktgktczoveg ~w~ ~ckngvo~ s obc~tq~o~ dc~q`~cnc`"



— 6=> "

kg~% ~oewdïkdè` n`k ~w bo~ oeto n`k~cdgvoncþk s oqvgnc` 2

Bokwge Egb`~ 2 Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg eo Qv`ycknco dg Nþv"

d`fo —G~to n`ki`vbg

Dc`kc~c` ^gktgk`

^gn+¼ Ckt+k`

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+ — Bgkd`zo+ —cH:â="c8>4+ — K+& 4+ — Gkgv`"Dcncgkcfvg+ —N`qco: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko%

i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >= x ?4 …-% ngkt+ < egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 8 o e`

tkce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y+` F+` — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+

K+* ?=3+ — \ Ge n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Bokwge

Egcyo% oe M`fcgvk` dg ~w qv`ycknco% eg vgbctg eo n`ktg~toncþk

dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg 6= dg ofvce qqd`+ s g~qgvo

wko vg~èwncþk icko/ dg ~w qovtg R+

( 4 dg Bos` dg ?8>?

i+ ?ôkto Ig Bos` 4 dg ?8>?+

Ge N`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dge Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg eo

Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~ ho vgncfcd` osgv% n`k ignho 6= dge

qq+"[`% eo n`ktg~toncþk o eo k`to +[ ge 8 dge bc~b` dcvcmcþ

o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~% o

ycvtwd dg eo H`k`vofeg vg~èwncþk dge = dg Bovz` dg eo

egmc~eotwvo dg eo Qv`]knco% +[ tcgkg eo h`kvo dg vgqvg~gktov<

s oe gegyoveo o bok`~ dg ~w M`fcgvk` n`bctgktg% gk n`qco

owt`vczodo% qovo ~w n`k`ncbcgkt` s dgecygvonc`k% on`bqo"

ÿo gk cmwoe i`vbo `tvo dge 9 dg Gkgv` wetcb`% dcvcmcdo oe

Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~% +[ gk e`~ bc~b`~ tãvbck`~

~g eg ho odjwktod`% s wk gjgbqeov dge [eokcicg~t` dg dho [m-J[

d[*0&-N`bcnc`k vgqvg~gktotcyo% +¬ tobfcãk ~g eg ho vgbctcd` gk Qv`y+¼ dg n`"

* bgktg~ D+ge bc~b` qecgm`+ Qgdv` Igvvã+

G~t`~ ~`k e`~ d`nwbgkt`~ +[ i`vbok bok eo n`ktg~" i+ c yto+

tonc`k o eo k`to dge ckivo~nvcqt` s vg~èwnc`kg~ dg eo H`k`"

vofeg ôeo dg Vgqvg~gktoktg~ dg ?8 dg Igfvgv` s = dg Bovz`%

Gxb` ^`v+ M`"

Qv+FE+ ^gn+ Hc~t+ — T+ XUe ?8



" 6=4 —`fjgnc`kokd` ge tvotod` dg oecokzo dg "? dg Gkgv` s vgqv`"

fokd` eo n`kdwnto dg e`~ +[ e` n`knewsgv`k ~ck eo n`knw"

vvgknco dg N`vvcgktg~+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt`% +g k` dgfg odgeoktov ~w `qckcþk gk wko

botgvco tok dgecnodo% ~è` g~qgvo eo ickoe vg~èwncþk dg ~w

Qwgfe` s M`fcgvk` n`bctgktg qovo doveg ge dgfcd` nwbqec"

bcgkt`% s gktvg tokt` ìvgng oe Gxb` ^`v+ M`fgvkod`v o

wcgk ~g dcvcmg ~w oet` vg~qgt` s n`kncdgvonc`k dc~tckmwcdo+

Bokwge Egcyo


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >8+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` : qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo d`feodo >â x ~` -o ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo dg = bce+< n`k~gvyo"

ncþk fwgko#+

Y+` F+` — Mv`~~`+



K+± ?81+ — i Ge dcqwtod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ o eo N`bc"

~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% D+ J`~ã Bovâo V`jo~% o e`~ `tv`~ dcqwtod`~%

wg dgfg ow~gktov~g q`v wk bg~ ` d`~ q`v voz`kg~ dg ~oewd R+

( 9 dg Bos` dg ?8>?

i+ ? ôkto iã 9 dg Bos` dg ?8>?

Tgkm` ge ~gktcbcgkt` dg okwkncov ï e`~ ^^+ Dcqwtod`~

D+& D`bckm` Nwctgk s D+& Okt`kc` Nvg~q` bcgbfv`~ dg eo

N`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+&¼[ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~

ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko% +[ hoeeïkd`bg gk boe

g~tod` dg ~oewd% bg yg` gk eo kgng~cdod dg bwdov dg

tgbqgvob+t`< s +&[ bovnh` q+&& wk bg~ þ d`~ ï ^+& Kcnèï~

dg e`~ Ovv`s`~ gk eo Qv`y+[ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~+

Gktvgtokt`% dgj` q+[ bc qovtg gknovmod` oe ^+[[ D+& D`"

bckm` Nweegk n`b` vg~cdgktg gk eo Noqctoe dg ôkto iã% q+*

ofvcv eo~ n`bwkcnonc`kg~ ìcncoeg~ dcvcjcdo~ ï eo N`bcnc`k%

s eg vwgm` tgkmo ï fcgk oyc~ovbg dg t`d` e` +[ `nwvvo q+[[

t`bov eo~ ck~tvwnnc`kg~ n`kygkcgktg~ dg bc M`f+k` s vgmvg~ov

n`k geeo~ ckbgdcotob+t5[



— 6=7 —^è` bg vg~to ìvgngv bc~ ~gvycnc`~ ï e`~ ^^+ dg eo N`bc"

nc`k% qwg~ dgfgk n`ktov n`k eo gxqvg~cþk dg bc qovtcnweov

oignt` s g~tcboncþk+

J`~ã Bovco F`xo~

^^+ Dcq+[c`~ dg eo N`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+±`¬ dg

eo~ Qv`y+o~ ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgq+[[ Ovmgktcko+

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bwkw~nvct`< qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo

>1 X ~` *ec ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ dg 9 o 3 bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko<

~g hoeeo dgktv` dg wko novqgto wg dcng: &N`vvg~q`kdgknco dg e`~ Dcqwtod`~ o

eo N`tkc~c`k+ ?^>?%% c~o~+ &J


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hoy wk ~gee` dge ¬Bw~g` Bctvg+¼

K+± ?8?+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~% o ~w n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdc"

kovc`% D+ Bokwge Egcyo% ~`fvg ~w~ gbèwbgkt`~ R+

( = dg Bos` dg ?8>? ;

N`vv+-g~ Bos` = dg ?8>?+ "2 Ge M`f+&- dg N`vv+tg~ tcgkg o i+ 4>

fcgk dcvcmcv~g oe ^`v+ N`bcnc`kod` dg g~to Qv`y+¼ D+ Bok+c

Egcyo qovo q`kgv gk ~w n`k`ncb+*¼ ccg o bãvct` dg ~w oqvg"

ncofeg K`to iho 7 dge qq+*[&% wgdo vgn`k`ncd` D+ Qgdv` Qofe`

^gmwâ gk noecdod dg oq`dgvod` qovo qgvncfcv ge h`k`vovc`

o~cmkod` o dh` N`bcnc`kod` q+[ Dgnvgt` dg eo H+ Vgqvg~gk"

toncþk dg g~to Qv`y+¼ s wgdokd` oe gignt` ecfvodo~ o wcgk

n`vvg~q`kdg eo~ n`bqgtgktg~ `vdgkg~ qovo eo gktvgmo% ~g

n`bwkcno cmwoebgktg oe Dcqwtod` vgigvcd` qovo ~w dgfcdo

cktgecmgknco% ~oewdïkdèg n`k g~tg b`tcy` ge ckivo~nvcqt`

n`k ~w on`~twbfvod` oqvgnc` s dc~tckncþk+

Oe ^`v+ N`b+5c` dg eo Qv`y+* D+ [eok+c Egcyo+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk : Ecfv`~ n`qcod`vg~"

dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` 6 < Ecfv` 6>+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`: qoqge dg hce` n`k

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >` x 6? ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ dg 8 s 3

bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y+` F+` — mf`~~`+





— 6=9 "

K+- ?86+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o ~w n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`v"

dckovc`% D+ Bokwge Egcyo% oqvwgfo ~w~ mg~tc`kg~ oktg eo N`bc"~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~R+

( = dg Bos` dg ?8>? #

i" N`vv+tg~ Bos` = dg ?8>? 2 Ho vgncycd` ge M`f`v+ ckivo~"

nvcqt` eo cbq`vtoktg K`to iho ?? dge qq+5c` dge ^`v+ N`bcnc`"

kod` D+ Bokwge Egcyo% q`v eo wg onw~okd` ge vgncy` dg eo

+g n`k iho 8 dg Bovz` wetcb` eg ho dcvcmcd` ge M`f+&¼ Dg"

egmod` dg g~to Qv`y+[% on`bqoÿïkdèg eo vg~èwncþk dg eo

H`k`vofeg ôeo dg Vgqvg~gktoktg~ dge dco oktgvc`v% bokc"

icg~to hofgv~g gxqgdcd` o n`k~gnwgknco dg geeo ge dco 3 dge

nctod` bg~ dg Ofvce q-+v bgdc` dg eo k`to +& ho qo~od` oe

^`v Qvgncd+tg dg eo N`bcnc`k vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fk`~

ect`voeg~% nwso n`qco odjwkto o ~w qvgnctodo n`bwkcnoncþk%

qovo n`k`ncb+*` dg g~tg M`f+&¼+ — Ge M`f"`v g ickko% ck~"

tvwcd` dge tgk`v s g~qâvctw dg dho n`qco% k` qwgdg bgk`~+g o~gmwvov oe ^`v+ N`b+5[`% o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% wg ãe ho

eegkod` e`~ dg~g`~ dg ~w N`bctgktg% s ~otc~ignh` e`~ y`t`~

dg wk Qwgfe`% wg jobï~ ~g ovvgqgktcvï dg hofgv ~`~tgkcd`

n`k icvbg~o ~w dgn`v` s ~w dcmkcdod : g~to gxqvg~cþk ~ckngvo

dgfg ~gvycveg dg ~otc~ionncþk fo~toktg oe ^+[[ Dcqwtod`% qovo

wg n`k cmwoe novïntgv n`ktckwã% gk eo kgm`nconcþk% dg wg

~g eg tcgkg gknovmod`% dokd` nwgkto dg ~w~ vg~wetod`~ n`k

eo `q`vtwkcdod +[ ho~to owâ+ 2 N`k g~tg b`tcy` tcgkg ge

wg icvbo ge qeongv dg vgctgvov oe ^+`&& N`b+[` o wcgk ~g

dcvcmg ~w bo~ qovtcnweov oignncþk% g cmwoe oqvgnc`+

Oe ^+`v N`b+-c` dg eo Qv`y+[ dg N`vv+tg~ D+ Bok+- Egcyo+


dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` ^: Ecfv` ^>+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`k

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x ïc ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo dg 8 bce+<


Y+` V+` P ÕV@^^@+





— 6== —

-

?8>+ — (Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig%oc qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% gkyâo ge fègtâk

kúbgv` ?1 dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod` vgeotcy` oeo qvc~cþk

dge Mgkgvoe QozJ+

( ?7 dg Bos` dg ?8>?

X+` ??

ôkto Iã Bos` ?7‛ dg ?8>?+%

i+ C

Ge M`f+¼&& ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg eo ~otc~ionncþk dg odjwktov oe`~ ^^+ dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg

eo~ Qv`y+o~ ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqwf+[¼ Ovmgktcko% ge fègtck

k+` ?1‛ dge Gx+t` owxcecov n`kigdgvod` q`v ge nwoe ~g cbq`k"

dvïk e`~ ^^+ dg eo N`bc~cþk hoeeov~g gk q`dgv dg eo Jw~tcnco

ovbodo ge tctweod` Qv`tgnt`v dg e`~ Qwgfe`~ dge cktgvc`v%

ovvoknod` q`v kwg~tv`~ fvoy`~ no~c dge ngktv` dge bc~b`

Gjgvnct` dge bokd` dg Owge+

Q`v tok qv`~qgv` on`ktgncbcgkt` wcgvoke`~

^^+ owcgkg~

~g dcvcmgk ongqtov eo~ igecnctonc`kg~ n`k +¬ tcgkg ge h`k`v

dg ~oewdove`~+

Qgdv` dg Eovvgnhgo

^vg~+ dg eo N`bc~+±

Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~

M`f+k`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+o~

ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqwf+5*

Ovmgktcko+ —


d`feodo 63 Yo X 6? ngkt+ < egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo = bce+ < n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko #+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hos wk ~gW` dge ¬Bw~g` Bctvg+¼



— 6=8 —

K+± ?84+ — \Ge fvcmodcgv mgkgvoe G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz% oe M`fgvkod`vdg Nþvd`fo% wg owk k` ~g ho `ftgkcd` wk vg~wetod` dgnc~cy`%

~ck dg~g~qgvov q`v gee` dg eegmov o wko tvok~onncþkR+

(66 dg Bos` dg ?8>?#

i+ ? N`qco K+` 8

Nwovtge Mvïe gk Noenhck 66 dg Bos` dg ?8>?%%2 Ho vg~cycd`

ge Mvïe +[ ~wf~nvcyg eo n`bwkcnoncþk ìc~coe% dg ?8 dge

n`TcB gk +g ^+ G+ ge ^`v M`y[`&& dg Nþvd`fo eg ho~g ~ofgv+g ~w~ d`~ Gkycod`~ ge ^`v Mvïe D+& J`~ã Y[cdgeo No~tcee`%

s ge Btv`+ dg M`y+&¼ D+ D+& Gk~gfc` Omõgv`% ygkcok qeg"

kob%*& owt`vc~od`~ q+[ tvotov dg e`~ bgdc`~ dg ovvcfov ï wko

qoz ~ècdo s h`kv`~o+ S owkwg eo~ qvcbgvo~ n`kigvgknco~

kþ hok tgkcd` wk vg~wetod` dg~cncy` n`b` cbq`kdvïk ï

^+ G+ e`~ ^+ ^+ N`bc~c`kod`~% ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~g qgv~wodg+g ~qig+ ~gvï ongwcfeg eo tvok~onc`k% ~wqwg~t`~ e`~ fwgk`~

dg~g`~ +[ k`~ okcbok 2 Ge ofoj` icvbod` qvg~gkto ï ^+ G+

ge ^`v M`y+`-- dg Nþvd`fo ~w~ vg~qgt`~% s n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ 2G~tïk+ ± Eþqgz 2 GxSk` ^7v M`y+¼-& dg Nþvd`fo D+& Bovcok`

Ivomwgcv`2

G~to n`ki`vbg

Fgkctgz

Bw~g` Bctvg+— N`qco bokw~nvcto < 6roqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >c x ~c -j ngkt+<

egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ dg e` o ?> bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+& ?87+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg N`vvcgktg~% oe n`bc~c`kod`

gxtvo`vdckovc` dg eo qv`ycknco% D+ Bokwge Egcyo% wg ho qo~od`

o eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ t`d`~ e`~ gegbgkt`~ dg eo kgm`nconcþk n`k

eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyoR+

( 69 dg Bos` dg ?8>? #

i+ 4+7 yto+ N`vvcgktg~ Bos` 69 dg ?8>? 2 Ge M`fcgvk` Dgegmod` dg eo

Qv`y+o dg N`vv+~ ho vgncycd` eo oqvgncofeg k`to iho 4 dge

n`vvcgktg dge ^`v N`b+[` Gxtvo`vdckovc` dg geeo D+ jBokwge



— 6=3 "

Egsfo% o wg odjwkto n`qco owt`vczodo dg eo n`ktg~ton+&

wg n`k iho+ 6= dge qq+J¼ eg ho dcvcmcd` eo N`bcnc`k vgqvg"

~gktotcyo dg e`~M`f+kþ~

ect`voeg~% o ycvtwd dg ~w k`to dge8 dge bc~b` mcvodo o n`k~gnwgknco dg eo H`k`vofeg vg~`"

ewncþk dge = dg Bos` gk eo Egmc~eotwvo dg g~to Qv`y+¼— Oe

qv`qc` tcgbq` s gk cmwoe i`vbo ho vgncycd` n`qco dg eo K`to

dg dho N`bcnc`k vgqvg~gktotcyo% dcvcmcdo o g~tg M`fcgvk`

n`k iho 9 dg Gkgv` wetcb`% s wk gjgbqeov dge bokcicg~t`

dg eo bc~bo n`bcnc`k% vgkvctcd` oe ^`v Dcqwtod` gk ge bc~b`

gkwkncod` Qecgm`% ~gmúk e` ckdcno— Ge Dgegmod` ckivo~"

nvcqt`% dg~qwã~ dg hofgv~g cbqwg~t` dg e`~ gxqvg~od`~

D`nwbgkt`~% qovtcnweovbgktg dg eo K`to dge 6= dg Ofvce% â+ 49

ho tgkcd` o fcgk qo~ove`~ oe n`k`ncb+*¼ dg eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+

qovo ~w ~wqgvc`v dgecfgvon&% dg nws` vg~wetod` oyc~ovï

`q`vtwkob+-g oe 8+±-& N`b+[[` o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% oe bc~b` +-2

n`k g~tg b`tcy` tcgkg ge qeongv dg ~oewdove` n`k ~w bo~

qovtcnweov oqvgnc` s N`kncdgvïnc`k+

^`v+ N`b+5[` Gxtvo`vdckovc` dge M`f+k` °g N`vv+~ D+[ Bok+c

Egsfo+


dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` >: Ecfv` 6>+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`: qoqge dg hce` n`k

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x 6? ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo dg 3 bce+<

n`k~gvyoncþk Ckcgko#+

Y+& F+± — Mv`~~`+



K+± ?89+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg N`vvcgktg~% o eo H+ ^+ dgV+ V+ dg eo qv`ycknco% gegyo e`~ oktgngdgktg~ dg eo kgm`nconcþk

dge n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc`% @+ Bokwge EgcyoR+

( 69 dg Bos` dg ?8>?

N`vvcgktg~ Bos` 69 dg ?8>?+ i+ ?

^+ ^+ V+ V+ 2 Ge M`fcgvk` Dgegmod` dg eo Qv`y+[ hofcgkd`

vgncycd` dge Dcqwtod` dg geeo ngvno dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg"~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fk`~ ect`voeg~% N`bwkcnonc`kg~ vgeotcyo~

oe gxgvncnc` dg ~w cktgvg~oktg gknovm`% s wg q`kgk o eo yc~to



" 681 —eo n`ktg~toncþk wg ho dod` dho n`bcnc`k vgqvg~gktotcyo

~`fvg eo vg~èwncþk qj eo H+ Egmc~eotwvo dg g~to Qv`y+[ n`k

iho = dg Bovz` wetcb`% tcgkg o fcgk tvo~bctcveo~ oe n`k`"

ncb+t` dg eo bc~bo% qovo ~w ~wqgvc`v dgecfgvon[ s dgbï~gignt`~ n`k~cmwcgktg~ 2 N`k g~tg b`tcy` ge Dgegmod` ckivo~"

nvcqt` tcgkg ge h`k`v dg ~oewdov o eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ o wcgk

~g dcvcmg% n`k ~w bo~ qovtcnweov dc~tckncþk+

H`k`vofeg~ Vgqvg~gktoktg~ dg eo Qv`y+*


dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` ~ < Ecfv` 66+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` ~ck

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >` x ~c- Yo ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg = s 8

bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y+` F+& — MG@^^@+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+

K+± ?8=+ — \Ge fvcmodcgv mgkgvoe D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz% oe qvg~cdgktg

dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% cki`vbo ~`fvg e`~ vg~wetod`~ dg

eo~ kgm`nconc`kg~ qonâicno~ gktofeodo~ n`k ge M`fcgvk` dg Nþv"

d`fo% owkwg gk geeo~ owk k` ~g ho n`bqvgkdcd` oe gjãvnct`

konc`koe ~wfegyod` R+

( >1 dg Bos` dg ?8>?

i+ ? K+` ?6

Nwovtge Mvïe gk eo~ Noygngvo~ dg Noenhck Bos` >1 dg ?8>?

E`~ d`nwbgkt`~ s n`qco~ wg ~g odjwktok o eo qvg~gktg

n`bwkcnoncþk ck~tvwcvïk oe ^gÿ`v Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc"nc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+&`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+o[ Ect`voeg~

dge vg~wetod` wg hï tgkcd` eo kgm`nconcþk qoncicno gktofeo"

do q`v ge M`f+` °[ Nþvd`yo+ S owk wg gk geeo k` wgdo

n`bqvgkdcd` ge Gxt`+ Konc`koe ~wfegyod`% ã~ ~otc~iont`vc`

~ofgv wg g~to Qv`y+[ ~è` qv`kwknco y`t`~ dg n`kn`vdco s

ivotgvkcdod+

G~ dg g~qgvov wg eo h`k`vofeg N`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo

t`bovï gk n`kncdgvonc`k ge n`bfgkc` ngegfvod` s ~g gxqg"

dcvï vg~qgnt` dg eo votcicnoncþk n`k eo gxcmgknco wg dgbok"

dok eo~ ncvnwk~toknco~+



" 68? "

Odbcto ge ^gÿ`v Qvg~cdgktg e`~ vg~qgnt`~ s otgknc`kg~ n`k

wg ge ckivo~nvct` Mvïe gk Mgig dge Gxt` owxcecov n`kigdgvo"

d` tcgkg ge qeongv dg ~oewdoveg

G~tïk& Eþqgz

^gÿ`v Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~

M`f+¼`~ °g eo~ Qv`y+[~ Ect`voeg~ —(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo ^3 Y¼ x ^@ ¼%-% ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo = bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+Hos wk ~gee` dge n Bw~g` Bctvg+¼

K%± ?88+ — \N`kygkc` ngegfvod` gktvg ge M`fgvkod`v Cktgvck` dg

Nþvd`fo s ge Mgkgvoe gk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`%

bgdcoktg ge nwoe ~g q`kg gk qgvignto ovb`kâo n`k eo~ qv`yck"

nco~ ect`voeg~R+

(>1 dg Bos` dg ?8>?#

N`kygkc` ngegfvod` gktvg e`~ Gxb`~+ ^+ ^+ M`fgvkod`v qïs"

cktgvck` dg eo Qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo D+ Bovcok` Ivomwgcv`% [±-" [

s Mgkgvoe gk Mgig dge Gjãvnct` Owxcecov N`kigdgvod` D+ G~"

tokc~eo` Eþqgz% q`v bgdc` dg n`bc~c`kod`~ oe gignt`+

Ovt+ ?+ Eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo ecfvg ã ckdgqgkdcgktg

n`b` t`do~ eo~ dgbï~ dg eo Vgqúfecno% ~g q`kg gk qgvignto

ovb`kco s obc~tod n`k eo~ Qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ oecodo~+

6+ E`~ m`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~% s ge dg eo

dg Nþvd`fo kgm`ncovïk wk tvotod` dg oecokzo ìgk~cyo sdgigk~cyo n`ktvo t`do ckyo~cþk g~tvokmgvo% s n`ktvo nwoe"

wcgv q`dgv þ m`fcgvk` wg eo~ ckyodcgvg+

>+ Dcnho~ qv`ycknco~ ~g n`bqv`bgtgk ï gbqegov t`d`~

e`~ bgdc`~ wg g~tãk ï ~w oenokng qovo `ftgkgv wko qv`kto

`vmokczoncþk konc`koe% ~gmúk eo g~qvg~c`k g~q`ktokgo dg eo

bos`vâo dg e`~ qwgfe`~+

4+ Qovo n`k~wetov eo tvokwcecdod s ~gmwvcdod dg eo qv`yck"

nco dg Nþvd`fo% ^+ G+ ge ^v+ Mgkgvoe gk Mgig dge Gjãvnct`

Owxcecov N`kigdgvod` ~g n`bqv`bgtg ï movoktcveo dg t`dockyo~cþk dg iwgvzo~ g~tvoÿo~% s ï gbqgÿov t`d` ~w ckiewj`

s q`dgv ho~to noebov eo ontwoe omctoncþk cktgvc`v+



— 686 —

7+ Ge m`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo k` qgvbctcvï wg kckmúk ckdc"

ycdw` bcectov þ ncwdodok` ~go bèg~tod` q`v ~w~ `qckc`kg~

þ n`kdwnto qèâtcno oktgvc`v+

9+ Kckmúk ckdcycdw` dg nwoewcgv neo~g wg ~go% ~wivcvï

dg~tcgvv`% n`kic~noncþk dg fcgkg~% þ ovvg~t` q`v bo~ dg

`nh` dco~% q`v now~o~ q`~tgvc`vg~ ï g~tg n`kygkc`% ~ck` ï

ycvtwd dg wk qv`ng~` i`vboe wg q`kmo gk neov` ~o dgect`+

=+ T`d` q`dgv þ iwgvzo wg dcvgnto þ ckdcvgntobgktg ck"

tgktg dg~tvwcv g~tg n`kygkc`% þ ivw~tvov ~w~ vg~wetod`~% ~gvï

n`k~cdgvod` n`b` gkgbcm` dg e`~ bo~ nov`~ cktgvg~g~ dg

eo~ qv`ycknco~% gk nws` ioy`v ~g g~tcqweo: n`b` toe dgfgvï

~gv ~ì`nod` q`v eo~ iwgvzo~ dg geeo~+

8+ Ewgm` dg votcicnod` ge qvg~gktg n`kygkc`% ~g q`kdvï

ivokno eo n`bwkcnoncþk% hofcectokd` eo~ q`~to~% s qv`yg"

sgkd` ï eo ~gmwvcdod dge tvok~ct`+

3+ Dgfgvï gkycov~g e`% bo~ qv`kt` q`~cfeg g~tg n`kygkc` oe

gxobgk dg e`~ dgbï~ m`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ qv`ycknco~% s ~gvï

dg novm` dg eo~ qovtg~ n`ktvotoktg~ kgm`ncov ~w mgkgvoe

od`qncþk+

?1+ Eo votcicnoncþk q`v qovtg dge m`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo

~gvï dgktv` dg ~gc~ dco~ n`ktod`~ dg~dg eo ignho% s ï e`~ygcktg q`v eo n`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ dg

eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~+

Gk tg~tcb`kc` dg e` nwoe e`~ Gxb`~+ ^+ ^+ M`fgvkod`v

dg Nþvd`fo s Mgkgvoe gk Mgig dge Gjãvnct` Owxcecov N`kig"

dgvod`% e` ~wf~nvcfcb`~ gk eo~ nofgngvo~ dg Noenhck ï

tvgckto dco~ dge bg~ dg Bos`% dge oÿ` dge ^gÿ`v bce `nh`"

ncgkt`~ tvgckto s wk`+

N`bc~c`kod`~ dge Gxb`+ ^v+ M`fgvkod`v cktgvck` dg

Nþvd`fo+

Gk~gfc` Omõgv` <

Doebo~c` Ygegz+

N`bc~c`kod`~ dge Gxb`+ ^v+ M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Iã%

Mgkgvoe gk Mgig dge Gjãvnct` Owxcecov N`kigdgvod`+

Qgdv` Vob`~+

J`~ã Ivoknc~n` Fgkctg~

(Bw~g` Bctvg+—¬Ge Ewngv`¼—Dcovc`¯Qèttcn`% Ectgvovc` s Bgvnoktce+—Kúb+ 7^7+

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ~ïfod` 3 dg jtcec` dg ?8>? #+



v

" 68>

K+& ?83+ — â Ncvnweov dge Dv+ J`~ã V`wg Iwkg~% o e`~ m`fcgvk`~

dg Bgkd`zo% ôk Jwok% ôk Ewc~ s EoVc`jo%

wg ho ~cd`ck"

yg~tcd` dge novm` cktgvck` dg M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo |+

( = dg Jwkc` dg ?8>? #

Cktgvc`v qïm" ?¼

nÈ6Nþvd`fo

-Ncvnweov ï e`~ Gxb`~+ M`fcgvk`~ dg Bgkd`zo% ôk Jwok%

ôkEwc~

s Eo Vc`jo+

Nþvd`fo% = dg Jwkc` dg e^>t

Ge ofoj` icvbod` oe dcvcmcv~g oe Gxb`+ ^v+ M`fgvkod`v

dg eo qv`ycknco dg q`kg gk ~w n`k`ncbcgkt` wg q`v vg"

kwknco dge ^v+ D+ Bovcok` Ivomwgcv` dge novm` dg m`fgvko"

d`v cktgvck` dg g~to qv`ycknco% eo egmc~eotwvo dg geeo ho

tgkcd` ï fcgk gk d`~ dge n`vvcgktg% k`bfvov oe ckivo~nvcqt`

gk ewmov dg owge% n`k eo bc~bo noecdod dg cktgvck`% s ho~to

~w qvþxcbo vgk`yoncþk : tcgkg ï dgbï~ gk bcvo eo dg qovtcnc"

qov oe ^v+ M`fgvkod`v ï wcgk ~g dcvcmg hofgv ng~od` gktgvo"

bgktg eo mwgvvo% wg ï qvckncqc`~ dge qvg~gktg oÿ` twy`

ewmov gktvg g~to+qv`ycknco s eo~ ect`voeg~% ï ycvtwd dge tvo"

tod` wg ~g on`bqoÿo gk n`qco owt`vczodo% ngegfvod` ge

>1 dge qo~od` Bos` q`v e`~ n`bc~c`kod`~ dg g~tg m`fcgvk`

s e`~ dg ^+ G+ ge ^v+ Fvcmodcgv D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz% m`fgv"

kod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto"Iã% s mgkgvoe gk mgig dge

Gjãvnct` Owxcecov N`kigdgvod`+Ge ckg~qgvod` igecz dg~gkeong dg wko mwgvvo dg~èod`vo

gktvg qv`ycknco~ wg o ~w ygz dgfgk i`vbov wko bc~bo

iobceco% q`v ge gbqgÿod` noe`v dg e`~ qovtcd`~% tvoâo gk

~w vâmcd` ~gbfeoktg ge qv`k`\~Rtcn` h`vvcfeg dg gkyèygv ï

t`do[ eo~ qv`ycknco~ gk ~w úetcbo vwcko+ Ckivckmcvâo ge ck"

ivo~nvcqt` ~w dgfgv ~ck` cktgvqw~cg~g n`k ge ^v+ m`fgvkod`v

dg+++ ï wcgk ~g dcvcmg% e`~ vg~qgt`~ dg bwtwo n`vdcoecdod þ

cktgvã~ dgncdcd` wg k`~ wkgk s wg oi`vtwkodobgktg gxc~tg

gk eo ontwoecdod n`k obf`~ m`fcgvk`~< ï ick dg wg qgkg"tvod` Y+ G+ dge neob`v dg kwg~tvo dg~mvoncodo Qotvco q`v

e`~ boeg~ s h`vv`vg~ dg t`d` mãkgv` gk wg ~g hofâok



" 684 —gkywget` ~w~ hcj`~% wcgvo ^+ G+ gbqgÿov t`d` ~w ckiewj`

s ge q`dgv dg eo owt`vcdod wg gmgvng gk g~o qv`ycknco qovo

eo of~èwto s `bkâb`do owcgngknco oe tvotod` on`bqo"

ÿod` gk ~w mgkgvoecdod% þ gk eo qovtg wg fo~tg qovo ovvc"

fov nwokt` oktg~ oe tãvbck` dg kwg~tv`~ boeg~ q`v bgdc`

dg wko `vmokczoncþk konc`koe gk eo i`vbo wg od`qtovg eo

bos`vâo dg e`~ qwgfe`~+

Ge wg ~wf~nvcfg k` dwdo q`v wk b`bgkt` wg eo~ bgdc"

do~ vgnâqv`no~ n`kygkcdo~ s votcicnodo~ q`v g~to qv`ycknco

n`k ge ^v+ Mgkgvoe gk Mgig Fvcmodcgv D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz%

oh`vvovïk kwgyo~ yântcbo~% s oemwk`~ oÿ`~ bo~ dg ewt`

ï eo Qotvco< tgkdvï gk eo cew~tvoncþk s qotvc`tc~b` dgeGxb`+ ^v+ m`fgvkod`v dg+++ eo obofeg on`mcdo wg owge

tvotod` dg obc~tod n`kigdgvodo ~g bgvgng < s n`k g~to ~gmw"

vcdod ge ckivo~nvcqt` ncgvvo eo qvg~gktg k`to% v`mokd` ï ^+ G+

ongqtov eo icvbgzo dg ~w obc~tod% s eo bo~ qovtcnweov n`k"

~cdgvoncþk n`k wg tcgkg ge h`k`v dg ~oewdoveg+

Dv+ J`~ã V`wg Iwkg~+

Dc`k`~c` Ngktgk`%

^gnvgtovc` Cktgvck`+

(Bw~g` Bctvg+— -…Ge Ewngv`¼ — Dcovc` Qèâtcn`% Ectgvovc` s Bgvnoktce+ — Kt-kk+

7^+7% Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ~ïfod` 3 dg jwec` dg ?8>? j+

K+& ?31+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig%


kúbgv` ?6 dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`R+

( ?? dg Jwkc` dg ?8>?

i + ? K+` ?6

C

ôktoiã Jwkc` ??‛ dg ?8>?+

Ge M`ygbod+&& Dgegmod` + icvbo tcgkg ge h`k`v dg" dcvc"

mcv~g oe ^`v+ Qvg~cd+tg dg eo N`bc~+& Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~

M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno Ov"

mgktcko D+& D`bckm` Nweegk% odjwktïkdèg ge fègtâk kw"

bgv` ?6‛ dge Gxt` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`% q+&& ge +` ~g ck~"

tvwcvï ~gv so tgvbckodo oi`vtwkodob+t[ eo nobqoÿo gk eo

Qv`y+âc dg N`vd`yo+



— 687 —

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` q tok cbq`vtoktg ~wng~` igecncto oe ^`v+

Qvg~cd+-*[ dg eo N`bc~+& Vgqvg~gktotcyo% o +& ~g dcvcmg% s eþ

~oewdo n`keo

bo~ dc~tckmwcdo n`k~cdgvon+& s vg~qgt`+

Qgdv` dg Eovvgnhgo

^¼&& Qvg~cd+t-â dg eo N`bc~+¼¼

Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~

M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+¼¼

ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqwf+i*

Ovmgktcko

(Bw~g` Bctvg+— @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`: qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo ^3 …-¼ x ~c ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo e@ bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hos wk ~gee dge ¬Bw~g` Bctvg+¼

± ?3?+ — N`bwkcnon+k ìcncoe ï e`~ ^+ ^+ Gxngegktc~cb`~ M`" i+ c

fcgvk`~ dg ôkt+` dge G~tgv`% Notobovno% Twnwbok% s ôeto% \gk

wg qovtcncqo eo n`kygkncþk ngegfvodo n`k ge mgkgvoe gk jgig dge

gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod` ge >1 dg bos` dg ?8>? R+[

( ?7 dg Jwkc` dg ?8>? #

Nþvd`fo s Jwkc` wckng dg bce `nh`ncgkt`~ tvgckto s wk`2 G? ofoj` icvbod` oe dcvcmcv~g oe Gxcec` ^`v+ M`f+[ dg eo

Qv`y+* dg+++ q`kcgkd` gk ~w n`k`ncb+-¼% + q`v vgkwknco dge^v+ D+ [eovcok` Ivomwgsv` dge novm` dg M`fgvkod+[[ Ckt+&¼

dg ã~to Qv`y+*< eo Egmc~eït+¼ dg geeo hï tgkcd` ï fcgk gk

d`~ dge n`vv+*g k`bfvov oe ckivo~nvcqt` gk ewmov dg o+- n`k

eo bc~bo noecdod dg Ckt±`% s ho~to ~w qvþxcbo vgk`yoncþk

tcgkg odgbo~ gk bcvo eo dg qovtcncqov oe ^v+ M`f+¼&& ï +& ~g

dcvcjg hofgv ng~od` gktgvobgktg eo mvvï% + ï qvckncqc`~

dge qvg~gktg oÿ` twf` ewmov gk ã~to Qv`y+[ ï ycvt+-[ dge n`k"

ygkc` +g ~g on`bqoÿo gk n`qco owt`vczodo ngegfvod` ãe

? G~to n`kygkncþk ~g qwfecno gk eo qïmcko 6>? dg g~tg yèwbgk+ — i+Y+ dg eo D+#



" 689 "

tvgckto dge qo~od` Bos` q`v e`~ n`bc~c`kod`~ dg ã~tg M`f&[

s e`~ dg ^+ G+ ãe ^v+ Mgk+c gk Mnig dge Gxt`+ owxcecov

n`kigdgvod` Fvcmodcgv D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz M`f dg eo Qv`y+¼

dg ôkto Igã 2 G~tg on`ktgncb+t` + hï hgnh` ng~ov gk eo

bos`v qovtg e`~ dg~o~tvg~ h`vv`v`~`~ dg wko mwgvvo ck"

iow~to hï qwg~t` tobf+k oe M`fÿ`+ dg N`vd+[[ gk ãe mvot`

dgfgv dg qv`nwvov% + e`~ ygkgicnc`~ dg eo qoz ~gok gxtgk~c"

y`~ ï t`do~ eo~ Qv`y+[ Hgvboko~+ N`k toe `fjgt`% ãe ck"

ivo~nvcqt` tcgkg eo n`bqeongknco dg ck~ckwov oe Gxb`+ ^v+

M`f+&& dg+++ e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ dg +[ ~g hoeeo okcbod` gk eo

n`kicokzo dg + gee`~ n`ckncdcvïk gxontob+[g n`k e`~ dg ^+ G2 ^gok nwoeg~ iwgvgk eo~ now~o~%

+ hosokckiewcd`

gkeo~

dg~mvonco~ dg kwg~tvo Qotvco< g~ qvgnc~` n`kygkcv gk + ãe

i+ ? yâo+ tgvvcfeg bgdc` dg eo~ ovbo~ k` hovï ~ck` owbgktov eo~

vwcko~ dg wko noeobcdod g~qokt`~o+ S e`~ Ovmgktck`~% e`~

Ncwdodok`~ dg wko bc~bo Qotvco °hofvïk dg n`ktckwov dg~"

qgdozïkd`~g vgncqv`nob+tn s boknhokd` ~w qv`qc` ~wge`

n`k eo ~okmvg dg ~w~ bc~b`~ Hgvbok`~ 0 K` Gxb`+ ^`v% ~

dg~oqovg~no eo mwgvvo s + gk bgdc` dg eo qoz% eo vozþk% eo

jw~tic% s e`~ ~gktcb+t`~ dg qotvc`tc~b` gxqvg~od`~ vgncqv`no"

bgktg oeeokgk t`do~ eo~ dcicnwetodg~ s n`kncecgk t`d`~ e`~

cktgvg~g~2 G~t`~ ~`k e`~ ~ckngv`~% s ovdcgktg~ y`t`~ dge

M`fÿ` dg N`vd+* s oe gxqvg~ove`~ ivoknobgktg oe Gxb`+

dg+++ tcgkg q`v `fjgt` gbqgÿov ãe ckiewx` qgv~`koe dg ^+ G+

s dg ~w owt`vcdod o ick dg + q`v qovtg dg ~w Qv`y¼% sdg eo~ dgbï~ dg ~w obc~tod ng~g t`do h`~tcecdod% s ~g qvg~"

tgk ï gktvov gk on`bþdobg`~[ +[ movoktczgk wko qoz ~ècdo%

s q`kmok ï eo~ Qv`y+~ t`do~ dg eo Vgq+[o gk ontctwd dg ovvc"

fov ï eo `vmokczoncþk Konc`koe foj` eo N`k~tctwn+& + ãe

y`t` ecfvg% s gxq`ktokg` dg eo bos`vâo dg eo Qv`y+[ od`q"

tovg 2 ^c qovo e`mvov ickg~ tok eowdofeg~ gvã ^+ G+ n`kyg"

kcgktg onngdgv oe n`kygkc`% + gk n`qco ~g on`bqoÿo% ãe

ckivo~nvcqt` ~g n`bqeong gk ckyctove` qovo gee` so ~go gk

t`do~ ~w~ qovtg~% þ gk eo + nvgo fo~toktg oe e`mv` dg e`~

ickg~ ckdcnod`~+ ^c odgbo~ nvgsg~g ^+ G+ n`kygkcgktg gk"

tgkdgv~g q`v bgdc` dg N`bc~c`kod`~ q+*[ dg ã~tg b`d`

ovvcfov ~otc~iont`vcobgktg oe ick dg~god`% ^+ G+ tgkdvï eo

y`kd+*â dg okwkncove` oe ckivo~nvcqt` gk `q`vtwkcdod2 Ge

+ ~wf~nvcfg tcgkg n`k ã~tg b`tcy` ãe qeongv dg ôewdov q`v

eo qvcb+o ygz oe Gxb`+ ^`v+ M`f+&& dg+ + + ï %& ~g dcvcjg o~g"



— 68= —

mwvokdèã ge bo~ oet` oqvgnc` s dc~tckncþk + eg bgvgng

~w qgv~`ko2 D J`~ã V`+& Iwkg82 Dc`kcnc` ^gktgk`—^gn+&[ cktgvck`+

G~tï n`ki`vbã—Dc`kcnc` ^gktgk`

^gn+` Ckt k`

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — Nþvd`fo+ — e~+tc"e^>=+ —Egmoj` 4+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"

feodo >= Yc X ^c -j ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ e` s cc bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko#+

Y+` F+` — FeGDBO+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko*+

K+± ?36+ — \Ge Dv+ J`~ã V+ Iwkg~% oe M`fgvkod`v dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~%

wg ho ~cd` gegmcd` qovo eo qvcbgvo bomc~tvotwvo dg eo qv`yck"

nco s gxqvg~o e`~ bgj`vg~ y`t`~ dg ~ckngvo obc~tod o ick dg

qv`b`ygv n`k eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ ge bï~ qv`kt` e`mv` dg

co `vmokczoncþk konc`koe R+

(?9 dg Jwkc` dg ?8>?#

N`vd`yo Jwkc` ?9 dg ?8>?*

\novqgto R

i+ C

Ge D+v D+k J`~ã V+ Iwkg~

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ycvtwd dg vgkwknco dge Ncwdodok` +[ eo gxgvnco: g~qvg~o

~w~ dg~g`~ q+[ eo~ bgj`vg~ vgeonc`kg~ dg ~ckngvo obc~tod sivotgvkoe cktgecmgknco< wg g~t`~ g~t`~ e` hok cbqgecd` ï

dcvcmcv ï eo~ Qv`y+~ dge K+ wg n`k~cdgvo gk dcncdgknco% ~w~

qoeofvo~% s ~gktcbcgkt`~ dg qoz% ckyctïkdèg~ ï ~w~qgkdgv

t`do h`~tcecdod% g~nwnhob`~ s gktgkdgb`~ vgncqv`nob+t[

q+&& bgdc` dg eo vozþk< s wg g~qgvo ~gv bws ewgm` owt`vc"

zod` q+i eo H`k+g Egmc~eotwvo dg eo Qv`y+[ q+o dcvcmcv N`"bc~c`kod`~ ngvno dg e`~ Gxvÿ`~ M`f+±`~ Ect`voeg~% ï gignt`

dg on`vdov s n`kygkcv gk e`~ bgdc`~ bo~ odgnúo d`~ q+*i % yâo+



— 688 "

qv`b`ygv ge bo~ qv`kt` e`mv` dg eo `vmokczoncþk s N`k~t+¼&

dg eo Koncþk+

Jwec` 618>?

N`ktã~tg~g e` on`vdod` gk g~to ihï

i+ ? N`vd+o s Jwkc` ?9+ dg ?8>?+

Fwgk`~ Os +8

Jwec` 61‛ dg?8>?N`ktã~tg~ge`

on`vdod` gkg~to ihï

Oknh`vgko

i+ ? yto+

Dg~dg +& ge ckivo~nvcqt` ho ~cd` eeobod` ï eo qvcbgvo

Bomc~tvotwvo dg g~to Qv`y+o q+v ge y`t` dg ~w~ Vgqvg~gk"

toktg~% s ï ycvtwd dg vgkwknco dge Ncwdodok`% +¬ eo gxgvnco%

~g hï ~gktcd` gk ge g~tcbofeg dgfgv dg nwetcyov n`k ge Gxcec`

^+`&& M`f+`v s Noqctïk Mvïe dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% eo~ bgj`vg~

vgeonc`kg~ dg ~ckngvo obc~tod s ivotgvkoe cktgecmgknco< s oe

eegkov ge dg N`vd+o +[~to `fecmoncþk q+v ~w qovtg% tcgkg eo qgv"

~wonc`k dg +[ ^+ G+ ge ^+¼-- M`f+`v dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ wgvvï

ongqtov t`do eo ivokwgzo +[ n`vvg~q`kdg gktvg d`~ Qwg"

fe`~% s M`f+k`~ ecmod`~ q+[& wk`~ bc~b`~ ~gktcb+t`~ dg qo"

tvc`tc~b`% s wk cktgvgz cdãktcn` q+v eo ~oeyoncþk s igecncdod

dg ~w Qotvco: n`k g~to n`kicokzo ge M`f+&& dg N`vd+¼ gxqvg"

~ovï oe

Gxb`dg

Fwgk`~ Osvg~eo~ cdgo~ +[ eg

okcbokï g~t`~ vg~qgnt`~+

K` gktvovï gk ge gxobgk dg eo~ now~o~ +¬ wetcbob+-g hok

`nonc`kod` ï eo Vgqúfecno wko noeobcdod g~qokt`~o+ Eo

~okmvg dg kwg~tv`~ hgvbok`~ hï tgÿcd` q+&& t`do~ qovtg~

kwg~tv` ~wge` qotvc`% toe ygz ~ck me`vco% s ~ck wtcecdod+

E`~ Qwgfe`~ Ovmgktck`~ gk bgdc` dg wko dg~èoncþk no~c

t`toe qvg~gktok sï wk nwodvf dg ewt` s dg dè`v< s ~c n`k"

tckwo eo mwgvvo ~gvï ckgyctofeg ~w t`toe vocko+ Qgv` eo Qv`y+[[

dg N`vd+o dg~gbfovozodo dg eo iwgvzo ovbodo +g ~ì`nofo~w~ y`t`~% ï ioy`v dg eo mgkgv`~o ckiewgknco dg eo~ ect`voeg~%

hï vgn`fvod` ~w ~gv qèâtcn`% s wcgvg èycdov~g dg e`~ wetvo"

mg~ s boeg~ +[ hï ~wivcd` dg oemwk`~ dg ~w~ hgvbok`~

gxtvoycod`~% þ qgvygv~`~% q+[ b`~tvov +[ ~w novïntgv mgkg"

v`~` s bomkïkcb` eg ckdwng ï hongv t`d` ~onvcicnc` gk `f"

~gwc` dge fcgk mgkgvoe+

Ge M`f+k` °g N`vd+' fcgk qgv~wodcd` dg +[ e`~ bc~b`~

~gktcbcgkt`~ +g ho gkwkncod` oe Gxb` dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~%

~`k e`~ +g okcbok ï ^+ G+% s ï eo ycvtw`~o Qv`y+¼ +[ qvg"

~cdg% ~g n`bqeong gk g~qgvov eo bgj`v n`ki`vbcdod gk eo



" 683 "

od`qncþk dg e`~ bgdc`~ qo~cicn`~ +« hosok dg q`kgv tgv"

bck` ï eo~ dg~mvonco~ qwfecno~% tvogvk`~ cbo qoz kgng~ovco%

s n`kdwncb`~ ï eo `vmokc~onc`k egmoe dg eo Vgqúfecno q+g okgeok t`d`~ e`~ fwgk`~ ovmgktck`~+

Cbqgecd` ge Mv`f+[¼ dg N`vd+¼ q g~to~ cdgo~% ~g ho oqvg"

~wvod` ï dcvcmcv ï e`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+~ dge K`vtg% +¬ n`k~cdgvo

gk dcncdgknco% ~w~ qoeofvo~% s ~gktcb+*&*- dg qoz% ckyctïkd`"

eg~ ï ~w~qgkdgv t`do h`~tcecdod% g~nwnhovk`~% s gktgk dgv" i+ 6

k`~ vgncqv`nob%-5â qj bgdc` dg eo vozþk< n`b` ~g ck~tvwcvï

^+ G+ ge ^+`-- M`f+`v dg eo Qv`y+-[ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ q eo

n`bwkcnoncþk% +[ gk n`qco ~g on`bqoÿo< s n`kicokd` ge

ckivo~nvcqt` gk eo qwvgzo dg ~w~ cktgknc`kg~ k` dg~g~qgvo

dge fwgk vg~wetod`+

Ge M`f+k` dg Bgkd`zo hï gxqvg~od` oe ckivo~nvcqt` eo

n`ki`vbcdod dg ~w~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ s dg~g`~ q+&& qovtg dg

oqcgeeo Qv`y' s nvgã gk eo bc~bo cktgecmgknco ï e`~ dgbï~

dg Nws`% s eo Vc`xo% s g~t` owbgkto eo~ g~qgvokzo~ dg ygv

bws ewgm` oeeokod`~ e`~ ckn`kygkcgktg~ +[ qwdcgvok `f~tov

ï eo bgj`v ~wgvtg dg kwg~tvo cki`vtwkodo Qotvco+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` g~qgvo ~gv bws ewgm` owt`vczod`q+&&

eoH`k`vofeg &Egmc~eotwvo dg eo Qv`y+* q+* dcvcmcv N`bc~c`kod`~

ngvno dg e`~ Gxb`~ M`f+k[~ ect`voeg~% ï gignt` dg on`vdov

s n`kygkcv gk e`~ bgdc`~ bo~ odgnwod`~ q+-[ qv`b`ygv ge

bo~ qv`kt` e`mv` dg eo `vmokczoncþk% s N`k~tctwncþk dg eo

Koncþk% s g~qgvo +[ ge Gxcec` 8+±[ M`f+[&& s Noqctïk Mvïe% ï

wcgk ~g dcvcmg% gbqgÿovï gktvg tokt` eo gicnonco dg ~w~

fwgk`~ ìcnc`~ q+* ongvnov wk dco dg me`vco tok oqgtgncd`+

Ge M`f+ì +g icvbo oqv`ygnho n`k qeongv g~to `nonc`k i+ 6 yto+

q+o ~oewdov oe Gxcec` dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ n`k eo~ n`k~cdgvonc`"

kg~ dg ~w vg~qgt`% s dc~tckmwcdo obc~tod+

Dj J`~ã F+ Iwkg~

Dc`kc~c` ^gktgk`

^gn+` CkEk`

Gxb` ^+*&& M`f+`v s Noqctïk

Mvïe dg eo Qv`y+* dg Fwgk`~ Osv+¼

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Xonc`koe+ — Nþvd`fo+ — ?8>?"?8>=+ —Egmoj` K[ 4+ — Novqgto: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko< i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo 66 x c~ - % ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 3 o ?1 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+

QWFE+ ^gn+ Hc~t+ — T+ XYC ?3

i+ ?



qïm+ 6

nè+ ?

— 631 "

— D`nwbgkt`: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"

feodo >vc~ X [4 Yo ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo cc bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y-+` F+` P FeGDBO+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko¼+

- ?3>+ — \E`~ Dcqwtod`~ dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~

m`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~% oe Mgkgvoe gk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kig"

dgvod`% wg k` ~g hok q`dcd` qv`kwkncov ~`fvg ge tvotod` ngeg"

fvod` n`k Nþvd`fo% q`v hofgv eegmod` n`k otvo~`R+

(?= dg Jwkc` dg ?8>?#

y+

ôkto"Iã% Jwkc` ?= dg ?8>?+

E`~ dcqwtod`~ dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`"

fcgvk`~ dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~% q`v eo dg ôkto"Iã s

Gktvg"Vc`~% wg icvbok eo qvg~gktg k`to% econ9k ~ofgv oe

^v+ Mgkgvoe gk mãig dge Gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`% wg

hofcgkd` qodgncd` gxtvoyâ` eo n`bwkcnoncþk dg ^+ G+ ï

wg on`bqoÿþ e`~" tvotod`~ ngegfvod`~ n`k ge M`fcgvk`

dg Nþvd`fo% eegmþ ï g~to noqctoe ge `kng dge qvg~gktg gk

ncvnwk~toknco dg hoeeov~g ow~gktg~ ge dcqwtod` dg Gktvg"

Vc`~ s ge dg Fwgk`~"Osvg~% qvg~cdgktg gk geeo+ G~t`~ d`~

ckncdgktg~ hok dod` b`tcy` qovo k` dov oe ^v+ Mgkgvoe

ge oyc~` wg h`s% s g~ : wg hoeeïkd`~g owk ow~gktg ge

~gmwkd`% ~g yg eo n`bc~cþk gk of~èwto cbq`~cfcecdod qovo

g~qgdcv~g ~`fvg dcnh`~ tvotod`~ n`k eo gxcmgknco wg ^+ G+

vgn`bcgkdo% s bgk`~ oe qeoz` wg ~g g~tcqweo gk gee`~<

q`v nws`~ qvckncqc`~ ge Mgkgvoe kcygeovï ~w n`kdwnto n`k

ge M`fcgvk` n`ktvotoktg+

K` `f~toktg g~t`% nvggk e`~ wg icvbok q`dgv okwkncov ï

^+ G+% wg eo dgb`vo k` ~gvï mvoyg< qwg~ tcgkg dot`~ dg

wg ge dcqwtod` wg ioeto gk fvgyg g~tovï owâ% s ï bo~

dg g~` n`k g~to ignho gxnctok oe m`fcgvk` wg eg n`vvg~"

q`kdg% qovo wg ï eo q`~cfeg fvgygdod eg `vdgkg q`kgv~g

gk g~to qovo eegkov owge `fjgt`+



+ — 63? —

N`k g~tg b`tcy` e`~ dcqwtod`~ wg icvbok ~oewdok oe

^v+ Mgkgvoe gk mgig n`k eo bo~ dc~tckmwcdo nnb~cdgvonc`k

s oqvgnc`+

Okt`kc` Nvg~q`+

D`bckm` Nweegk+

J`~ã Geco~ Moec~tg`%

^gnvgtovc` cktgvck`

Gxb`+ ^v+ Mgkgvoe gk mgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`

D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz% fvcmodcgv s noqctïk mgkgvoe dg eo

qv`ycknco dg ôkto"Iã+

(-Bw~g` Bctvg+ — 5Ge Ewngv`*+ —Dcovc` Qèâtcn`% Ectgvovc` s Bgvnoktce+— O-âââ+

74?+ Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ycgvkg~ ^3 dg jwec` dg ec>t #+

H± ?34+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Qv`yc~`vc` dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% igec"

ncto oe Mgkgvoe gk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod` q`v ~w

tvcwki` R+

(6> dg Jwkc` dg ?8>?#

ôktcom` dge G~tgv`+ [*i&[

-nè+ >

…C"

E`vgt`% +Jwkc` 6>% dg ?8>?

Ge M`fgvkod`v qv`]~`vc` dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv` wg

~wf~nvcfg% tcgkg eo h`kvo dg dcvcmcv~g oe Gxb`+ ^gÿ`v Fvc"

modcgv Mgkgvoe gk Mgig dge gjgvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`%

n`k ge ick dg igecnctov ï Y+ G+ q`v ge ~gÿoeod` tvcwki` dg eo~

ovbo~ dg ~w bokd` ~`fvg ge ngktv` dg eo tcvokâo< 2 ge bgk"

tcd` nè`~` dg Nþvd`fo+

G~tg ~wng~` gvo eo úkcno g~qgvokzo dg e`~ qwgfe`~% `qvc"

bcd`~ q`v wk Qv`tgnt`v dg icgvv`+ Gktvg t`d`~ g~t`~ ho

dgfcd` tgkgv bws qovtcnweov ewmov ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% wg

k` twy` `tvo nwko wg eo Igdgvoncþk% s oecbgktod` n`k ~w~qvckncqc`~ k` ho q`dcd` ~`bgtgv~g o e`~ omgktg~ dge ^w"

qvgb` Q`dgv [ecectov% wg ~g oq`dgvov`k% q`v wko dg~mvonco



" 636 — +

(dcmko dg ee`vov~g ~cgbqvg# dg t`do~ eo~ ycdo~ s honcgkdo~%

n`k wko tcvokco s dg~q`tc~b` wg k` tcgkgk gmgbqe` gk

eo hc~t`vco dg konc`kg~ nweto~+

Q`v g~to d`feg vozþk gxcmg ge wg ~wf~nvcfg oe Gxb`+

^gÿ`v Mgkgvoe% wcgvo vgncfcv foj` ~w qv`tgnncþk s gk eo

~omvodo ecmo ect`voe% o g~to qv`ycknco% wg owk wg gk g~wg"

egt` s qoeqctoktg% k` n`k`ng `tv`~ qvckncqc`~ wg e`~ wg

hok qwg~t` eo~ ovbo~ gk ~w bok`+

^g ec~`kmgo ge wg ~wf~nvcfg dg g~to `q`vtwkcdod q`v ge

qeongv dg ~oewdov oe Gxb`+ ^gÿ`v Mgkgvoe ï wcgk ~g dcvcmg%

s ìvgngveg eo~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ dg ~w bo~ dc~tckmwcd` s

oet` oqvgnc`+

ôktcom` dg Qoeonc`~+

Gxb`+ ^gÿ`v Fvcmodcgv Mgkgvoe gk Mgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov

n`kigdgvod` D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz+

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — ¬ Ge Ewngv` ;% — Dcovc` Qèâtcn`% Ectgvovc` s Bgvnoktce+— Kwb+^ï~+ Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ~ïfod` >1 dg jwec` dg ?8>? #+

K+± ?37+ — \ Ge Mgkgvoe gk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`% oe

M`fgvkod`v Cktgvck` dãeo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% wg eo dgb`vo

gk eo n`knew~cþk dge tvotod` dge >1 dg bos` k` `f~to qovo ge

ãxct` dg eo kgm`nconcþk% s wg g~[ bï~ `q`vtwk` ge gkyâ` dg wk

dcqwtod` oktg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg ôkto IgR+

(6 dg Jwec` dg ?8>?#

i+ C K+& ?>

Nwovtge Mvïe gk N`vd`yo 6‛ dg +Jwec` dg ?8>?%%

Dgfcgkd` votcicnov~g ge n`kygkc` dg >1 dg Bos` wetcb`%

dgktv` dge tgvbck` dg ygcktg dco~ q`v eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gk"

totcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ Ect`voeg~% iwã

vgbctcd` ewgm` ï ôkto Iã n`k owge `fjgt`+ Eo k`to ìcncoe

~wf~nvcqto q`v d`~ h`k`vofeg~ bcgbfv`~ dg dcnho N`bc~cþk

wg odjwkt`% ï Y+ G+ gk n`qco egmoeczodo% dï ï n`k`ngv eo

cbqvgyc~to dcicnwetod wg gbfovozþ eo n`knew~cþk dg eo

gkwkncodo dcecmgknco: q`v e` wg tvok~nwvvcþ ge qeoz` ~ck

+g twfcg~gk gignt` eo~ g~tcqweonc`kg~ on`vdodo~+



" 63> —

^g q`dvâo ~ck gbfovm` ~wqecv g~to ioeto fèycgkd` ï gk"

tofeov eo kgm`~onc`k ~c g~twfcgvo vgwkcdo eo egmc~eotwvo dg

eo Qv`ycknco: bo~ kodo qovgng wg gxcjo ycègktov ge nwv~``vdckovc` dg e`~ kgm`nc`~+ Eo obc~tod s fwgko cktgecmgknco

wg vgcko gktvg ~w~ hoyctoktg~ s ge Gmãvnct` n`kigdgvod`% ge

qv`mvg~cy` vg~tofegncbcgkt` dg eo tvokwcecdod ckt+¼- s eo~

vgeonc`kg~ ivokno~ +¬ boktcgkg Y+ G+ n`k e`~ Qwgfe`~ ecfvg~

dg eo Vgqúfecno% ~`k on`ktgncbcgkt`~ wg hok qwg~t` gk

qvontcno ge ~w~` dcnh` n`kygkc` gk eo qovtg bo~ qvïe s wv"

mgktg : qwg~ gk e` wg vg~qgnto oe tvotod` dg oecokzo ìgkncyo

s dgigk~cyo% k` g~ kgng~ovco eo cktgvygkncþk dge Mgkgvoedge Gmãvnct`+ Ge M`f+&-- dg g~to Qv`ycknco% nwokd` e` n`k"

~cdgvg `q`vtwk` e` ngegfvovï dgickctcyob+-g n`k eo N`bc~cþk

Vgqvg~gktotcyo q`v bgdc` dg wk gbfcod` owt`vczod` gk

i`vbo+ Y+ G+ n`bqvgkdgvï bws fcgk nwokt` cbq`vto gk eo

`qckcþk qúfecno wg wk o~wkt` dg tok mvokdg cktgvgz ~g

eegfg oe nof`% g~gkt` owk (dg eo ~`~qgnho# dg nònncþk þ dg

ckiewgknco~ q`dgv`~o~+

Tgkm` ge h`k`v dg o~gmwvov ï Y+ G+ bc

g~tcboncþks

â c yto+

vg~qgt`+

G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz

Gxcec` ^`v M`f+[i s Noqctïk Mvoe+ Ckt+& dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg

N`vd`yo

G~to n`ki`vbg

Fgkctgz

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — N`qco bokw~nvcto : qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jod`feodo >1 x 6? ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo = bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko% e`

ckdcnod` gk fo~tovdceeo s gktvg qovãktg~c~ g~tï gktvg eâkgo~ #+

G~ n`qco dg g~tg Bw~g`+ — Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% Dcncgbfvg 6= dg ?361+

V+ Zofoeo+

^gnvgtovc`+

Hos wk ~gW` dge ¬Bw~g` Bctvg+¼



634

& ?39+ — \G/ M`fgvkod`v Cktgvck` dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% oe M`"

fgvkod`v dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig% wg eo qv`ycknco tcgkg cktgvã~

gk i`vbov qovtg dg eo Ecmo Ect`voe qgv` wg k` qwgdg k`bfvovdcqwtod` q`v k` hofgv egmc~eotwvoR+


i+ ? N`qco ôktcom` dge G~tgv` Jwec` 7%+ dg ?8>?++

Ge M`f+`v cktgvck` dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% +g ~wf~nvcfg

tcgkg eo h`kvo dg dcvcmcv~g oe Gxb`+ M`fcgvk` dg ôkto Iã

ï ick dg q`kgv gk ~w oeto n`k~cdgvoncþk% +g g~to Qv`y+o dg~dg

wg qwd` v`bqgv eo~ nodgko~ +5[ oegf`~ob+tn eo otov`k oe

novv` dg e`~ tvcwki`~ dge ^wetïk dg Nþvd`fo ho nvgcd` dg

~w bos`v cktgvã~ gktvov gk eo h`kv`~o Ecmo Ect`voe% q+* q`"

kgv~g ï nwfcgvt` dg e`~ ck~wet`~ dg e`~ Omgktg~ dge mvok

Qv`tgnt`v s q`v bovnhov n`k~toktgb+tg ~`fvg ~w~ qvcknc"

qc`~+ Bo~ k` hofcãkd`~g q`dcd` vgk`yov ho~to ge dco eo

Egmc~eotwvo% +[ dgfg k`bfvov ~w Dcqwtod` q+"-[ ^+[ Igg% Nvgg

ge +` icvbo eegkov wk` dg ~w bo~ ~omvod`~ dgfgvg~% gk

gxqvg~ov e`~ y`t`~ dg eo Qv`y+"- +[ qvg~cdg% ï g~tg vg~qgnt`+

_wcgvo qwg~ ^+ G+ odbctcveo gk e`~ tãvbck`~ +[ qwgdo ho"

fgv ewmov gk eo Ecmo s ongqtov eo~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ dge bo~

dc~tckmwcd` oqvgnc` n`k +[ e` ~~cUwï~c 2 ôktcom` dg Qoeonc`

2 Gxb`+ ^"@&& M`f+-& s Noq+& Mvïe+ Dgegmod` dg eo Qv`y+¼

dg ôktoiã+

G~tï n`ki`vbg+

J+ & Bovngeck` Bozcge^gnvgt+` Ckt+&¼

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — N`qco bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"

feodo >1 X ^C ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 8 bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko #+


J0c Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Bw~g` Bctvg+ ;



637 —

- ?3=+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v cktgvck` dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% oe M`"

fgvkod`v dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg eo qv`ycknco dg~go gktvov o eo

Ecmo Ect`voe s wg nwokd` ~g vgúko eo egmc~eotwvo gkycovï wk

dcqwtod` o ôkto Ig+ Dgegmo o Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ eo~ vgeonc`kg~

gxtgvc`vg~ R+

t 7 dg Jwec` dg ?8>?#

ôkt+` dge G~e+¼ Jwec` 7 dg ?8>?

GeM`f+*&& Ckt+` (novqgtoR

Dg~go wg g~tg M`f+k¼ vgn`k`~no oe Qwgfe` dg ôktcom`

gk eo Ecmo Ect`voe% s odbcto ~w~ +q`dgvg~ q+2¼ e`~ kgm`nc`~

gxtgvc`vg~ dg eo Vgq+¼ Ovm+¼ cktgvcb ~g vgkwgyo eo Egmc~eo"

%twvo +g dgfg k`bfvov ~w Dcq+& q+¼ ôkto iã+%%

N`ktã~tg~g e` on`vdod`—

^gqfvg 6=‛ 8>?

ôktcom` dge G~tgv` Jwec` 7 dg ?8>?*

i+ t

Ge M`fgvkod`v cktgvck` dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv` +[ ~wf~" fvg[S -[[

nvcfg tcgkg eo h`kvvo dg dcvcjcv~g oe Gxb`+ ^`v+ M`fgvko" [[

d`v dg Fwgk+~ Osvg~ ï ick dg q`kgv gk ~w oeto n`kncdgvo" on`vdod`[[[[±

nc`k% wg g~to Qv`y+¼ dg~dg +[ qwd` v`bqgv eo~ nodgko~% \vúfvcno dg

wg oegy`~obgktg eo otov`k oe novv` dg e`~ tvcwki`~ dge ^w"

-*&[

qvgb` [ecectov dg N`vd`yo ho nvgcd` dg ~w bos`v cktgvã~

gktvov gk eo h`kvv`~o ecmo ect`voe% q+¼ q`kgv~g ï+ nwfcgvt` dg

e`~ ck~wet`~ dg e`~ omgktg~ dge mvok qv`tgnt`v< s q`v bov"

nhov n`k~toktgb+-g ~`fvg ~w~ qvckncqc`~+ Bo~ k` hofcãk"

d`~g q`dcd` vgk`yov ho~to ge dco eo Egmc~eotwvo +[ dgfg

k`bfvov ~w dcqwtod` q+¼ ôkto Iãg% nvgg ge +*[ icvbo eegkov

wk` dg ~w~ bo~ ~omvod`~ dgfgvg~% gk gxqvg~ov e`~ y`t`~ dg

eo Qv`y+o +g qvg~cdg ï g~tg vg~qgnt`+ _wcgvo qwg~ ^+ G+ vgn`"

k`ngv gk eo Ecmo Ect`voe ge qwgfe` dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`:

odbctcv ~w~ q`dgvg~ qovo e`~ kgm`nc`~ gxtgvc`vg~ dg eo Vg"



nè+ ?

" 639 —

qwfecno Ovmgktcko< s ongqtov eo~ n`kncdgvonc`k+[ dge bo~dc~tckmwcd` oqvgnc` n`k +g e` ~oewdo+

ôktcom` dg Qoeonc`

\oe bovmgkR Gxb` ^7v+ M`fgvkod`v s Noqct+& Mvïe+ dg eo

Qv`y+o dg F+~ Osvg~+

N Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+— M`fcgvk` dg ^+ dge G~tgv`+" ?8?8"?876+ — Nï"vqgto: bokw~nvcto< jbqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` 63 [[ s 61 s%ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 8 s e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< g~tï qgmodo oe

d`nwbgkt` `vcmckoe q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v âzmwcgvvio+ — D`nwbgkt` : `vcmckoe bo"kw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >` Yo x 6? ngkt+< egtvo

ckneckodo% cktgveckgo e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y+` F+¼ — N@BO^+


K+± ?38+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Cktgvck` dg Nþvd`fo% oe Mgkgvoe gk Jgig

dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`% onw~o vgncf` dg eo n`bwkcno"ncþk vgeotcyo o eo dgb`vo dg eo votcicnoncþk dge n`kygkc` dg >1dg bos` s wg g~qgvo ~g vgúko eo egmc~eotwvo dg eo qv`ycknco

qovo gkycov wk n`bc~c`kod`R+


Qïm+ 6 Sj

Nþvd`fo% s Jwec` 7 dg ?8>?+

Ge wg ~wf~nvcfg ho vgncfcd` eo oqvgncofeg n`bwkcnoncþkdge Gxb`+ ~gÿ`v Mgkgvoe gk Mgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kig"

dgvod`% s eo wg gk n`qco ho tgkcd` ï fcgk odjwktov dg e`~

h`k`vofeg~ bcgbfv`~ dg eo n`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~

m`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~% vgeotcyo~ ï ck~tvwcv

ï g~tg m`fcgvk` dg e`~ cvkqvgyc~t`~ ckncdgktg~ ccg hok ck"

iewcd` gk eo dgb`vo dg eo votcicnoncþk dge n`kygkc` dg >1

dg Bos`% ngegfvod` gktvg ge Gxb`+ ~gÿ`v mgkgvoe s ge m`"

fcgvk` dg g~to qv`ycknco+

Ge m`fcgvk` wg ~wf~nvcfg ~cgktg ~`fvg bokgvo wg ncv"

nwk~toknco~ tok no~woeg~ hosok dgb`vod` eo n`knew~cþk dg



" 63= —

tok cbq`vtoktg kgm`nc`% q`v nwokd\tR` gk ãe ~g n`ktgkco ge+

bgj`v movoktg dg eo oecokzo wg g~tg m`fcgvk` ~g qvgqovo

ïg~tofegngv

n`keo~ fgkgbãvcto~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ ~w~

fcgkhgnh`vo~+ ^ck gbfovm`% ~gmwv` dg wg eo fwgko ovb`" n`c+

kco wg tok igeczbgktg gxc~tg gktvg ge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`k"

igdgvod` s g~to qv`ycknco k` ~gvï jobo~ oetgvodo% ge wg

icvbo dg~nok~o gk g~to n`kncgknco ho~to wg g~tokd` so vgw"

kcdo eo vgqvg~gktoncþk dg eo qv`ycknco% g~tg m`fcgvk` qwgdo

bokdov n`bc~c`kod`~ egmoebgktg ckyg~tcd`~% qovo n`knewcv

wk tvotod` dg oecokzo s obc~tod n`k eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~+

Ge wg ~wf~nvcfg oqv`ygnho g~to `q`vtwkcdod qovo ~oew"

dov ï Y+ G+ ge ~gÿ`v mgkgvoe n`k ~w bgj`v n`k~cdgvoncþks oet` oqvgnc`%

Dv+ J`~ã V`wg Iwkg~

Dc`k`~c` Ngktgk`%^gnvgtovc` cktgvck` …

Gxb`+ ~gÿ`v mgkgvoe gk mgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdg"

vod`% fvcmodcgv mgkgvoe D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz+

(Bw~g` Bctvg+— -Ge Ewngv`¼+ — Dcovc` Qèâtcn`% Ectgvovc` s Bgvnoktce+ —Lthk+^ce+ Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ycgvkg~ 63 dg jwec` dg ?8>? #+

K+± ?33+ "\ Ge Mgkgvoe gk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`% o eo

N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% gkyâo eo k`to dge M`fgvkod`v cktgvck`

dg Nþvd`fo s wg k` nvgg kgng~ovc` dgecfgvov ~`fvg ge n`kyg"

kc` dg >1 dg bos`R+

(?4 dg Jwec` dg ?8>?#

K+¼ ?7 i+ ?

Nwovtge Mvoe gk N`vd`yo ?4%% dg Jwec` dg ?8>?

Ewgm` wg eegmþ ï bc~ bok`~ eo n`bwkcnoncþk @icncoe Gjgvnct` ow+[ [ ± xcecov N`kigdg"

dg e`~ d`~ ^+ ^+ Dcqwtod`~ dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo vod`+

ignho ?= dge qo~od` Jwkc` eo tvok~bctâ oe Gxb` ^`v M`fgv"

kod`v cktgvck` dg g~to Qv`y+¼ on`bqoÿodo dg wk @icnc`% dg

wg g~ n`qco ge odjwkt`+ Q`v ãe s q`v eo n`ktg~toncþk wgtobfcãk cknews`% ~g hovï novm` eo N`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo

dge g~tod` dg kwg~tvo~ vgeonc`kg~% dg eo ivokwgzo s fwgko



vom+ 6

nè+ >

" 638 —

iã wg gk geeo~ qvg~cdg% s dg eo kckmwko kgng~cdod dg `nw"

qov~g gk dgecfgvov ~`fvg ge n`kygkc` dg >1 dg Bos`+

Tgkm` eo ~otc~ion₥+¼ dg qvg~gktov bc~ vg~qgt`~ o eo N`bc"

nc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ oecod`~

G~tïk+& Eþqgz

\oe bovmgkR H+ N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+[`~ dg

eo~ Qv`ycknco~ Ect`voeg~


d`feodo >1 x ~c ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 3 bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

G~ n`qco dg g~tg Bw~g`+— Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% Dcncgbfvg 6= dg ?361+

V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+± 611+ — \ Ge Mgkgvoe gk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`% oe

M`fgvkod`v dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% wg qovo gktvov o eo Ecmo

Ect`voe qwgdg gktgkdgv~g dcvgntobgktg n`k eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg"

~gktotcyo gxc~tgktg gk ôkto Ig R+

(?4 dg Jwec` dg ?8>?#

CC+

N`ktg~toncþk

Nwovtge Mgkgvoe gk Nþvd`fo% ?4 dg Jwec` dg ?8>?+

Hg vgncfcd` n`k qeongv eo~ ~ckngvo~ igecnctonc`kg~ wg bg

hong Y+ G+ gk ~w k`to dg 6> dge qo~od` q`v eo dg~tvwnncþk

dg eo dcntodwvo bcectov% wg dg~dg g~to ncwdod `qvcbâo ï

e`~ dgbï~ qwgfe`~< gktvg e`~ nwoeg~ ~c ~g nwgkto ôktcom`

n`b` wk` dg e`~ bo~ ~onvcicnod`~% tcgkg tobfcãk eo me`vco

dg hofgv `ftgkcd` eo ecfgvtod q`v eo dgnc~cþk hgv`cno dg

~w~ hcj`~+

^cgkd` wko bc~bo eo now~o wg dgicgkdg g~o qv`ycknco s

eo wg hcz` t`bov eo~ ovbo~ oe Gjãvnct` dg bc bokd`% qwgdg



— 633 "

Y+ G+ g~tov ~gmwv` wg k` hgb`~ dg qv`nwvov ge vgq`~`

ho~to ygv ecfvg t`d` ge qoc~ dg e`~ ckiobg~ dgngbfvc~to~+

Sq`v e`

wgvg~qgnto

ogktvov

gkeo ecmo

dgeo~ qv`ycknco~

ect`voeg~% Y+ G+ tcgkg g~qgdcto eo yâo qovo gktgkdgv~g% nwokd`

e` g~tcbo~g `q`vtwk`% n`k eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo gxc~"

tgktg gk ôkto Iã< owt`vczokd` wk n`bc~c`kod` qovo ongq"

tov ge tvotod` dg 4 dg Gkgv` dge qvg~gktg oÿ`+

Tgkm` ge h`k`v dg ~oewdov ï Y+ G+ vg~qgtw`~obgktg% s

ìvgngveg ãe oqvgnc` bo~ dc~tckmwcd`+

G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz

Gxb`+ ^v+ M`fgvkod`v dg ôktcom`+

t Bw~g` Bctvg+ — 5 Ge Ewngv` t+ — Dcovc` Qèâtcn`+ Ectgvovc` s Bgvnoktce+— Kúb+746+ Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ~ïfod` >1+dg jwec` dg ?^>? #+

K+& 61?+ — \ Ge Mgkgvoe gk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`% od"

jwkto n`bwkcnonc`kg~ wg onvgdctok ge tvcwki` dg e`~ igdgvoeg~

gk Eo Vc`joR+

(?4 dg Jwec` dg ?8>?#

Nwovtge Mgtc+c gk N`vd`yo Jwec` ?4 dg ?8>?+ \novqgto R

Ge Mgk+â D+& G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz+

Odjwkto n`bwkcnonc`kg~ wg onvgdctok e`~ tvcwki`~ `ftg"

kcd`~ q+&& e`~ igdgvoeg~ gk eo Vc`jo% ã ck~tvwsgk dg e` ~wngdcd`

gk ge tgvvct`vc` dg Notobovno+

Nwovtge Mvïe gk Nþvd`fo ?4‛ dg Jwec` dg ?8>?+ i+ c GjgvnctÒwxcecov n`k"

Dco~ hï wg ~g tgkco k`tcnco gk g~to dg e`~ tvcwki`~ wg

hok nwfcgvt` dg me`vco o e`~ Igdgvoeg~ dg eo Vc`jo% s eo~

n`bwkcnonc`kg~ odjwkto~ wg onvgdctok owgee`~% ck~tvwcvïk

ï Y+ G+ dg e` ~wngdcd` gk ge tgvvct`vc` dg Notobovno+ ^g

yã wg nodo dco bo~ ~g g~tvgnho owk ge ~wge` wg qc~oke`~ bcectovg~ ob`tckod`~% wcgkg~ ~ck` fw~nok ~w ~oewd

gk eo iwmo% toe ygz k` qwgdgk g~noqov ~gmúk eo dg~cnc`k

igdgvod`



i+ ?

— >11 —wg bokcicg~tok e`~ hoyctoktg~ dg eo Nobqoÿo dg ôeto

s Jwjws+

N`k g~tg b`tcy` vgkwgf` eo gxqvgnc`k dg vg~qgt` s oqvg"

nc` ï Y+ G+ n`k wg tgkm` ge h`k`v dg ~oewdoveg+

G~tïk+& Eþqgz

\oe bovmgkR Gxb` ^`v M`f+`v s Noq+& Mvïe dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg

F+~ O+~ Fvcm+v M+c D+ J+& Bok+- V`~o~

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+ — Nþvd`fo+ —?8>?"?8>=% cY+± 4% — Novqgto : bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`tâ icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

>6 X 6?[?"6 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo ce bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko: g~tï qg"modo oe `vcmckoe wg eg ~cmwg jj`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v g czwcgvdo+ — D`nwbgkt` :

`vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 x 6?

ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo 8 bce%< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

y+± F+± — N`bo~+


- 616+ — \ Ge Mgkgvoe gk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`% oe

mgkgvoe Vwdgnckd` Oeyovod`% wg eo qoz k` cbqecno wko tvgmwo

n`k e`~ wkctovc`~% q`v nwokt` g~t`~ k` `fvok dg fwgko ig oe

n`kycdov o _wcv`mo wg eg hcncg~g eo mwgvvo< omvgmo% wg ge

gjãvnct` konc`koe so k` gxc~tgR+

(?4 dg Jwec` dg ?8>?#

^`v mgkgvoe D+& Vwdgnckd` Oeyovod`

Nþvd`fo ?4‛ dg Jwec` dg ?8>?%%

Bws ^`v bcþ+ Dg~qwã~ dg wko ewnho ~~mwcdo n`k tokt`

tg~þk s gknovkc~obcgkt`% nws`~ vg~wetod`~ hok ~cd` me`vc`"

~`~ o eo now~o dg e`~ qwgfe`~% wgdokd` ge q`dgv dg e`~

~wfegyod`~ dge ?+± dg Dcncgbfvg no~c gk g~wgegt`% vgncf` eo

g~tcbofeg novto dg Y+ dg 66%% dge qo~od`+ E`~ k`feg~ ~gktc"

bcgkt`~ +g gk geeo bokcicg~to% ~gvcok fo~toktg~ ï dgncdcvbg

ï gktvov gk n`kigvgknco~ n`k Y+ ~ck` fcgvo wg ~`k ckivw~"

tw`~o~ gk eo~ ncvnwk~toknco~+ T`d`~ wgvgb`~ eo qoz< qgv`



— >1? —

dg b`d` wg k` gwcfoemo ï wko tvgmwo% s toe ~gvâo eo wg

dgjo~g gk qcg wko qgwgÿo ivonn+& dge qovtcd` Wkctovc`+

^c gee`~ tcgkgk fo~toktg qotvc`tc~b` qovo q`kgv tgvbck` ï

e`~ boeg~ qúfecn`~% dgfgk vg~cmkov~g ï dg~oqovgngv dg eo

g~ngko qèâtcno bokcig~tokd` ge bc~b` dg~qvgkdcbcgkt`

+¬ Y+

Q`v `tvo qovtg °_wcgk ho dg nvggv +[ oqgtgngk dg fwgko

igã eo n`kn`vdco wk`~ gkgbcm`~ +[ oe bc~b` tcgbq` bg eo

qv`q`kâok o bc s n`kycdofok oe mgkgvoe _wcv`mo +¼- bghcncg~g eo mwgvvo0 _wg ~wf~c~tgknco tgkdvâok e`~ qont`~

n`k h`bfvg~ +[ hofcgkd` dgneovod` wg k`~`tv`~ wgvâo"b`~ eo qoz n`k gwcdod% gbqvgkdcgv`k ~w vgtcvodo ~ck dov"

k`~ ge bo~ ~cbqeg oyc~` dg wgdov ~ck gignt` eo kgm`nco"

ncþk0 G~tg qo~` ckncyce iwg `fvo dg onwgvd` gktvg e`~

mgig~ q`v e` wg kc Y+ qwgdg ec~`kmgov~g dg eo of~èwto

owcg~ngknco dg gee`~ gk cb no~` cmwoe+

Hos +g n`k~cdgvov tobfcãk +[ g~ vcdcnwe` eeobov gmgvnct`

konc`koe o wk`~ q`n`~ h`bfvg~ wg novgngk dg bcnc`k þ

owt`vczon+k q`v eo Vgqúfecno%

s+[ q`v e`~ mvoyâ~cb`~ novm`~

+g hos n`ktvo gee`~ ï e`~ +[ k` q`dvok ~otc~iongv% dg~dg"

ÿovâok e`~ qwgfe`~ t`d` ojw~tg gk +¬ ~g eg~ dcgvo vgqvgngkto"

nc`k+ E`~ ~wng~`~ gk tcgbq` dg vgyèwncþk s dg mwgvvo ~`k

vgmweovbgktg e`~ n`kdwnt`vg~ dg eo dg eo `qckcþk< s fcgk â" c y-to+

~ofg Y+ nwok iwkdodo g~ ï g~tg vg~qgnt` eo wg onof` dg

g~qvg~ov+

^g nvggvï toe ygz +« ~`s gkgbcm` cvvgn`k~cecofeg cknoqoz

dg èycdov omvofc`~0 Kodo bgk`~ wg g~`: ~c ge kgm`nc`

iwgvo qgv~`koe q`dvâob`~ ~gv mgkgv`~`~ ngdcgkd` owgee`

+g k`~ n`vvg~q`kdcgvo+ Qgv` g~ `tvo n`~o ge cktgvã~ dg e`~

qwgfe`~% ~w ~`negm`% ~w igecncdod% eo n`kyoeg~gknco gk +¬

dgfgk gktvov dg~qwã~ dg tok eovmo om`kco% k` hok dg wg"

dov g~qwg~to~ o ~gv twvfodo~ q`v g~`~ mgkc`~ gxoetod`~ +-"

~è` hoeeok fwgk` e` +[ n`k~cfgk+ ^w qv`qco g~qgvcgknco

qwgdg qgv~wodcv o Y+ dg eo gxontctwd dg g~to~ vgiegnnc`kg~

~c vgnwgvdo e`~ boe`~ vot`~ +g eg hok `nonc`kod` ~w~ obc"

m`~ n`k b`tcf` dg eo~ `nwvvgknco~ dg Bgkd`zo+G~tg egkmwojg ivokn` hovï n`k`~gv o Y+ eo ~ckngvcdod n`k

+[ bg g~qvg~` gk `f~gwc` dg eo g~tcbon+& ï +[ g~ ogvgg"



>16

qom+ 6

nè+ ?

d`vo ~w qgv~`ko% eo bc~bo +[ q`v ~w qovtg eg ìvgng ~w

bws otgkt` *s ~gm+¼ ^gvy _+ F+ ^+ B+

G~ n`qco

G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz+

Fgkctgz

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+ — Nþvd`fo+—?8>?"?^>=% K+& 4+ — N`qco: bokw~nvcto < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"

feodo >3 [Cj X 61 Yo ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 8 bce%< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko #+

X+± F+` — N`bo~+Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —


K+± 61>+ —\ Ovgkmo dge n`v`kge D+ Ycngktg Vgckoiã oe t`bov q`~g"

~cþk dg eo qvcbgvo bomc~tvotwvo dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`foR+

( = dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?

Cktgvc`v

Nþvd`fo

Ge dco gk wg ge ^v+ n`v`kge D+ Ycngktg Vgckoig t`bþ

q`~g~cþk dg eo qvcbgvo bomc~tvotwvo dg eo qv`ycknco% dcvc"

mcþ o e`~ ^^+ VV+ eo ~cmwcgktg

OVGKMO

¯H`k`vofeg~ VV+ dg Nþvd`fo/

Qgvbctcdbg wg `~ hofeg n`k eo ivokwgzo dg wk eofvo"

d`v% s n`k ge nge` dg wk ncwdodok`+

Hg tgkcd` eo dcnho dg ~gv gegmcd` qovo bomc~tvod` dg eo

qv`ycknco: `~ o~gmwv` k` ygvãc~ gk bâ ï wk bc~gvofeg

cktvcmoktg wg ~g nwfvo n`k eo bï~novo dg hcqþnvcto+ Hg

dod` qvwgfo~ dg ob`v ï bc qotvco% s bcgktvo~ n`k~gvy[g ge



— >1> —

~gktcd` n`búk dg h`bfvg% k` ~gqovovã bc n`kdwnto dg g~to

qv`tg~to+ Eo n`k~tctwncþk dg eo qv`ycknco s e`~ dgvgnh`~ dge

qwgfe` k` ~gvïk ycèod`~% s bc úkcn` ick ~gvï ~oeyov eo

ecfgvtod ã cmwoedod% s fw~nov e`~ bgdc`~ dg oicokzov o nodo

h`bfvg gk eo~ ~wso~+ K` ~gvã% n`k vg~qgnt` ï eo bomc~tvo"

twvo wg bg hofãc~ gknovmod`% ~ck` ge fvoz` wg eo qv`tgjo

s ~`~tgkmo ~w~ dgvgnh`~+

¯Vgqvg~gktoktg~/ Ho ngdcd` ge yènok wg ovv`jþ ~`fvg

k`~`tv`~ ~w eoyo dg~tvwnt`vo+ Hgb`~ ywget` ï vgnwqgvov

kwg~tvo ecfgvtod s dgvgnh`~ q`v eo qv`tgnncþk dge Dc`~ dg

e`~ gjãvnct`~% s foj` e`~ ow~qcnc`~ dg eo Ecmo Ect`voe% wgk`~ g~tgkdcþ ~w fvoz` q`dgv`~`+ S dg~qwã~ wg hgb`~

~cd` yântcbo~ dg kwg~tvo n`kicokzo% ho eegmod` ge dg~gkmoÿ`+

G~tg g~ ge wg ~g ìvgng o kwg~tvo [-c~to% qovo wg yè"

ycgkd` eo novo oe qvgncqcnc` wg g~tofo ofcgvt` ï kwg~tv`~

qcg~% fgkdcmob`~ oe ^gv Gtgvk` s ï e`~ Hãv`g~% q`v nwso

qvwdgknco s g~iwgvz`~ hgb`~ ~oeyod`+

¯Bckc~tv`~ dg eo Vgecmcþk/ Qv`nwvod wg wk qvìwkd`

èycd` nwfvo kwg~tvo~ dc~gk~c`kg~ s kwg~tvo~ ioeto~:

qv`"nwvod wg g~to vgecmcþk k`~ otg s wko n`k eoz`~ ckdc~èwfeg~

ï eo novo qotvco+ Dg~qegmod q`v geeo t`do eo iwgvzo s o~ngk"

dcgktg wg `~ do ywg~tv` bckc~tgvc`< ck~qcvod n`k ywg~tvo~

egnnc`kg~ s gjgbqe`~ eo oicncþk ï kwg~tvo~ ck~tctwnc`kg~ s ge

vg~qgt` s ~wbc~cþk ï eo~ owt`vcdodg~+

¯N`vd`fg~g~/ Jwktãb`k`~ t`d`~ qovo eo igecicdod dge G~"

tod` s dg eo hwbokcdod+ Q`kmïb`k`~ q`v qvgngqt` qovo

gee` eo vgecmcþk< yâknwe` dg kwg~tvo~ ycvtwdg~sn`bqoÿgvo

dg eo~ ewng~ wg k`~ cew~tvok+ G~tg g~ ge ~onvcicnc` wg `~

gxcmg+

Ycngktg Vgckoig+

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — -Ge Ewngv`¼+ — Dcovc` Qèâtcn`+ Ectgvovc` s Bgvnoktce+ —Kúb+7=1+ Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ~ïfod` > dg ~gtcgbfvg dg ?8>?#+



>14

K+± 614+ — \ Ge Mgkgvoe gk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`% oe

M`fgvkod`v qv`qcgtovc` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% ~`fvg eo~

movoktâo~ wg g~tcbg kgng~ovco~ qovo g~tofegngv eo oecokzo n`keo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~R+

(3 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?#

â ? K+` 6?

Nwovtge mgkgvoe gk Nþvd`fo 3‛ dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?%+

^kigdôd`- [[ qvcbgv` s bo~ owmw~t` gjgvncnc` dge q`dgv egmc~eotcy`

vg~tofegncd` gk g~to qv`ycknco% hï ~cd` gknovmov ï Y+ G+

dge m`fcgvk` dg geeo: s gk toeg~ ncvnwk~toknco~ n`k~cdgv`

wk` dg bc~ (\bo~R# qvckncqoeg~ dgfgvg~ igecnctov ï Y+ G+ s oe

qwgfe` n`vd`fã~ q`v g~g on`ktgncbcgkt` +[ bovno eo ywgeto

dg e`~ kgm`nc`~ qúfecn`~ ï eo ~gkdo egmoe+ Dg~dg ge ~g ofvg

eo gvo dge `vdgk% s ~g ncgvvo ge iotoe qgvc`d` vgyèwnc`kovc`%

nws`~ iwkg~t`~ gignt`~ ~g hok hgnh` ~gktcv owc dg wk b`d`

tgvvcfeg+

Hï ~cd` wk` dg gee`~ eo mwgvvo +[ gbqvgkdcgv`k eo~

qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ n`ktvo ge gjãvnct` ~wfegyod` ï qvcknc"

qc`~ dg Igfvgv` dge n`vvcgktg oÿ`% q`v +g ~cgkd` ge tgotv`

g~to qv`ycknco% mvoyctov`k ~`fvg geeo e`~ dg~o~tvg~ n`k~c"

mwcgktg~+ Q`v dcnho ng~ov`k n`k eo vgtcvodo s dc~qgvnc`k

%

dg eo~ tv`qo~ gkgbcmo~ s eo~ q`no~ +[ k` ~cmwcgv`k ~w ~wgvtg%

iwgv`k dg~ovbodo~ dg~qwã~ dg icvbod`~ e`~ n`kygkc`~ dg

>1% s>? dg Bos`< qgv` oktg~ dg +± g~t`~ `ftwycgvok eo

wetcbo ~okncþk+

N`b` e`~ toeg~ n`kygkc`~ hok ~cd` qwfecnod`~ ï dg~"

tcgbq`% s q`v `tvo qovtg ge m`ycgvk` cktgvck` oicvbo gk ~w

bgk~omg ï eo H+ ôeo% & wg owk g~tïk qgkdcgktg~ eo~ kgm`"

& nconc`kg~ ï dgbï~ dg eo n`knewn+`k dg wk tvotod` dg oecok"

& zo & qovgng dg of~èwto kgng~cdod icjov (fcgk# eo~ cdgo~ ï

g~tg vg~qgnt`+

Owgeeo~ g~tcqweonc`kg~ twycgv`k q`v `fmgt` oh`vvov ycn"

tcbo~ ckútceg~% +g qwdcgvo hofgv hgnh` ~onvcicnov eo tgkonc"

dod þ ge dg~qgnh` dg kwg~tv`~ gkgbcm`~% s +¬ o~c bc~b`



" >17 "

cbq`vtovâok bwnh` qovo dc~èygv eo iwgvzo wg ~g vgtcvofo+

Bo~ e`~ ~wng~`~ ~g qvgncqctov`k : s nwokd` ~g ~wq` wg ge

n`kygkc` dg >1 dg Bos` k` hofco ~cd` votcicnod` gk ôkto

Iã sï k` gxc~tco wk ~è` gkgbcm` ovbod` gk ge tgvvct`vc`

dg Nþvd`fo< ~g hofco vg~tofegncd` eo tvokwcecdod cktgvc`v%

s qv`neobofok igdgvoncþk ~w~ hofctoktg~ n`k ge bos`v

gktw~co~b`: bcgktvo~ eo~ vgecwco~ dge gjgvnct` ob`tckod`

~g o~ceofok gk Twnwbok+

Vg~weto qwg~% +[ e`~ ~wng~`~ bc~b`~ hok dgjod` ~ck

`fmgt` eo~ kgm`nconc`kg~ dg +¬ hofeo ge bgk~ojg— Kckmwko

dcyc~cþk dge gjgvnct` n`kigdgvod` hï hgnh`% kc hong eo mwg"vvo ï eo~ qv`ycknco~ : owxcecoveo~ s qv`tgmgveo~ n`ktvo ~w~

`qvg~`vg~ g~ kwg~tvo k`feg gbqvg~o% s ewgm` dg n`k~gmwcveo

~g hï vg~qgtod` n`k~toktgb+[g jo ckdgqgkdgknco dg e`~ qwg"

fe`~ gbokncqod`~+ O~c g~ +[ h`s bovnhok iwgvo dg g~to

qv`ycknco eo~ iwgvzo~ owxcecovg~% eegyokd` n`k~cm` eo ~otc~"

iong+& dg hofgv n``qgvod` ï ~w ecfgvtod% s dg dg +¬ eo~

on`bqoÿok e`~ y`t`~ s fgkdcnc`kg~ dg ~w~ dcmk`~ hcj`~+

N`bïgkg vgn`vdov owc +[ gk bc k`to dg 6 dge bg~

qvgngdgktg ~g eg o~gmwvþ oe m`fcgvk` cktgvck` & wg hofco

& ~cd` qwg~t` gk qvïntcno ge n`kygkc` dg >1 dg [eos` gk

& eo qovtg bo~ bo~ qvckncqoe s wvmgktg & G~ dg~cv% gk

boktgkgv eo tvokwcecdod cktgvc`v dg eo qv`ycknco% s nwetc"

yov eo~ vgeoncþk+ ~ dg obc~tod dg ~w~ hofctoktg~ n`k ge gjgv"

nct` s e`~ dgbï~ qwgfe`~ ecfvg~+ [eï~ g~to dgneovon+± k`

qvgnc~ofo ï eo `f~gvyoknco dg t`d` ãe% kc tobq`n` k`~ `fec"

mofo ï vgk`yove` dg~qwã~ dg nocd` : q`v e` +*[ ~g oÿodcþ

ckbgdcotob+-g +g k` gvo kgng~ovco bc cktgvygkncþk gk eo

ongqtoncþk q`v g~to qv`ycknco dge tvotod` dg oecokzo ìgk~cyo

s dgigk~cyo dg eo~ ect`voeg~+ N`b` +[ g~tg ~gvco ï bc jwcnc`

ge úkcn` qwkt` dg e`~ g~tcqweod`~ +« tgkdvâo Nþvd`fo cktgvã~

gk n`knewcv dg~qwã~ dg hofgv gktvod` oe qegk` m`ng dg ~w~"

dgvgnh`~+

^gmwv` n`b` g~t`s dg eo cdgktcdod dg qvckncqc`~ dg Y+ G+

ï e`~ +¬ qvìg~ok e`~ icgeg~ obcm`~ dg eo now~o dg e`~ qwg"

fe`~% dg~g` ~ofgv nwoe ~go ~w `qckcþk gk ge o~wkt` dg wg~g tvoto< s ~c qovo g~tofegngv eo oecokzo ~w~` dcnho nvgsgvg

+g owk ioetok oemwko~ movoktâo~ tgkmo ï fcgk ckdcnoveo~+

QWFE+ ^gn+ Hc~t+ — T+ XYC 61

i+ ? yto



— >19 —Oe bc~b` tcgbq` odbcto Y+ G e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ dg oqvgnc`

s dc~tckmwcdo n`vc~cdgvonc`k n`k +[ tgkm` ge h`k+&& dg ~o"

ewdoveg

G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz

Gxb` ^`v m`fgvkod`v qv`qcgtovc`

dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo —

G~to n`ki`vbg

J`~ã Ivok+-± Fgkctgz

* ^gn+ bcectov

( BB~g` Oâââvg+ — N`qco : bokw~nvcto v qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo >1 x ~c -o ngkt+ < egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 8 bce+ : n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko < e`

ckdcnod` gktvg qovãktg~c~ (\ R# ~g hoeeo tg~tod`< e` n`bqwg~t` gk fo~tovdceeo sgktvg qovãktg~c~ g~tï gktvg eâkgo~#+


Jâ+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


- 617+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg Bgkd`zo% oe Bckc~tv` dg M`fcgvk` s

Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% cknewsg wko vg~èwncþk

q`v eo nwoe eo qv`ycknco ~g ckn`vq`vo o eo Ecmo Ect`voe s k`b"

fvo dcqwtod` qovo wg ojw~tg n`k eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo

ge tvotod` dg oecokzoR+

(3 dg Om`~t` o 6= dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>?#

\nïvqgeoR K ?

Bgkd`zo ^gqtcgbfvg 6= dg 8>?

Ge Gxb` M`fcgvk`

Cknewsg wk`~ d`nwbgkt`~ q`v e`~ wg bokcicg~to ge M`"

fcgvk` dg Bgkd`zo ge dg~g` wg e` okcbo dg ckn`vq`vov~g ï

eo ecmo dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ Ect`voeg~% k`bfvokd` oe gignt` q`vDcqwtod` ~ws` oe ^+`&& N`v`kge D+& Bok+c N`vyoeok qovo wg

ojw~tg n`k eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo wk tvotod` dg oecokzo



" >1= "

ìgk~cyo s dgigk~cyo n`ki`vbïkd`~g n`k e`~ ?9 ovtcnwe`~%

wg n`bq`kgk ge +¬ ngegfvov`k dho~ Qv`ycknco~ ge 4 dg

Gkgv` wetcb`

( \ ^gf+fvg 8"? # K`hvg ( \ dg R # 78>?

N`ktg~tgk e` on`vdod` gk g~to ihï

Bgkd+¼ ^gqt+¼ 6= dg ?8>? i+ ? Bckt+¼dg Mvvï s vgeo"

Tgkm` ge h`k`v dg cknewcv o Y+ ^+ e`~ odjwkt`~ D`nwb+-`~

+` jw~tcicnok eo k`feg o~qcvoncþk dge Qwgfe` bgkd`~ck` onþk" +Fwgk+¼ Os+¼

~gvyov n`k t`d`~ e`~ dg eo vgqwf+no ge nvãdct` konc`koe s &~~c

vgk`yov e`~ yâknwe`~ dg wkcþk wg g~nokdoe`~ob+-` v`b"

qcgv`k e`~ owt`vg~ dge b`ycbcgkt` dg ?+± dg Dcncgbfvg dge on`vdod` gkP%P g~to ihï

ok` 68+ —E`~ bc~gvofeg~ vg~t`~ dg owgeeo `bck`~o ionncþk owk \hos wko vú"

`qvcbgk tvg~ Qv`ycknco~ dge K`vtg dg eo Vgqwf+*[¼ d`kdg

~g hok o~ceod`% bo~ eo~ dg nws` ~g `nwqok ontwoeb+-[ gk

~gmwkdov e`~ gv`cn`~ g~iwgvz`~ dge Cew~tvg Mgkgvoe _wcv`mo

wg bovnho gk owxcec` dg owgee`~ dg~mvoncod`~ hgvbok`~+

K` dwd` wg g~to wetcbo j`vkodo onofovï dg ecbqcov eo

Qotvco dg Tcvok`~ — s oicokzov wko wcgtwd qgvbokgktg

gk wg qwgdok e`~ Qwgfe`~ vgqgtcv~g eo~ qvwgyo~ dg bwtwo

n`kivotgvkcdod: g~t`~ ~`k e`~ n`k~toktg~ y`t`~ dge M`fcgvk`

dg jKCgkd`zo s e`~ wg tgkm` `vdgk dg tvok~bctcv ï Y+ ^+ qovo

+g ~g ncvyo gegyove`~ oe n`k`~cb; dg ^+ G+ ge ^`v M`f+*--& sNoqctïk Mgkgv+c dg g~o Qv`ycknco dcmkïkd`~g Y+^+ odbctcv

eo~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ dg bc otgkncþk s vg~qgt` —^+v Bckc~tv`

Jk5(Q iciÿ5c @vtcz dg M`f+k¼ s vg"J@^g `v19 wvceZjone`kg~ dg eoQv`y+o dg F+¬Osvg~

(Ge M`fcgvk` dg Bgkd`zo ~g dgneovo gk wkcþk s ovb`kâo n`k eo~ ect`voeg~R+

Ge M`fcgvk` dg eo Qv`ycknco—N`k~cdgvokd` 2 _wg eo qv`ycknco ecfvodo o ~w~ qv`qc`~

vgnwv~`~% n`bqv`bgtg ~w ecfgvtod ã ckdgqgkdgknco< dgjokd`

~w tvokwcecdod cktgvc`v< gk eo ck~gmwvcdod n`k~cmwcgktg oe

oc~eobcgkt`% boe% vg~c~tcd` q`v eo mgkgvoecdod dg e`~ Ncwdo"

dok`~ nwso ~wgvtg g~tï odhgvcdo o eo n`k~gvyoncþk dge `vdgk

s g~tofcecdod dge M`fcgvk` 2 _wg eo qv`~qgvcdod dg wk qoc~

\n`qco ?+[R

i+ ?



" >18 —

k` qwgdg qv`b`ygv~g o eo ~`bfvo dg eo~ n`kfwenc`kg~% kc

eo dcmkcdod konc`koe n`k~wetov~g ~ck wk ngktv` dg onncþk%

wg n`kyckg eo~ Iwgvzo~ qovncoeg~% dg cbqwe~` s vgmweovcng

ge b`ycbcgkt` dg eo bowcko ~`ncoe 2 _wg eo~ qv`ycknco~

ect`voeg~ q`v wko oecokzo ìgkncyo s dgigkncyo ~g hok qwg~t`

o nwfcgvt` dg g~t`~ boeg~ s fvckdok o eo~ dgbï~ dg eo

Vgqúfecno oqovtcncqov dg eo~ ygktojo~ wg eg~ o~gmwvok ~w~

ck~tctwnc`kg~ — Bgkd`zo nwso qèctcno s ~gktcbcgkt`~ ~`k

qgvigntobgktg okïe`m`~ o e`~ wg vcmgk o eo~ ect`voeg~%

dgfg g~tvgnhov e`~ yâknwe`~ wg eo~ wkgk% n`b` wk bgdc`

dg n`k~ècdov ~w M`f+¼¼ s qvgqovov eo bo~ qv`kto `vmokczo"

ncþk konc`koe 2 Q`v tokt` n`k dcntobgk dge n`k~gj`%hoon`vdod` s dgnvgto 2?+¼ Eo Qv`ycknco dg Bgkd`zo% ~g dg"

neovo gk twkc`k s qgvignto ovb`kâo n`k eo~ ect`voeg~ 22 6+± 2 ^g

~ècnctovï ~w ckn`vq`voncþk o eo ecmo 2 >+¼ 2 ^g k`bfvovï

wk omgktg wg vgqvg~gktg eo Qv`ycknco 2 4+± 2 Ge Bckc~tv`

^gnvgtovc` gk ge Dgqovtobgkt` dg Mwgvvo s vgeonc`kg~ wg"

do gknovmod` dg eo gmgnwnc`k dg g~tg Dgnvgt`% wg ~g n`"

bwkcnovï ã ck~gvtovï gk ge vgmc~tv` 2 Bgkd`zo s Om`~t` 3

dg ?8>? 22 Egb`~ 2 J`~ã ôkt`~ @vtcz% ^gnvgtovc` Mgkgvoe —

G~ n`qco

@vtcz

\n`qco 6 *cR \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Bgkd`zo dg~cmko o D+ Bokwge N`vyoeïk dcqwtod` qovo

ojw~tov eo ckn`vq`voncþk dg eo qv`ycknco o eo Ecmo Ect`voeR+

i+ ? Ge M`fgvkod`v s Noqctïk Mvïe+ dg eo Qv`ycknco 2 N`k~c"

dgvokd` 2 _wg qovo n`k~gvyov eo ecfgvtod wg dg~qwã~ dg

eo yèwktod dcycko ho vgnwqgvod` q`v ge owxcec` dg eo~ Qv`"

ycknco~ ect`voeg~ ~w~ hgvboko~+ _wg qovo ovvcfov o wko`vmokczoncþk konc`koe wg gegyg o eo vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko

oe mvod` dg `vdgk s qv`~qgvcdod o wg g~ eeobodo% g~ kg~g"

~ovc` g~tvgnhov ~w~ vgeonc`kg~ dg n`kivotgvkcdod n`k eo~

Qv`y+~ wg eo n`bq`kgk+ 2 _wg ge bgdc` bo~ oqovgktg qovo

n`k~gmwcv g~tg eowdofeg cktgkt` g~ ge dg ckn`vq`vov~g o eo

ecmo wg hok i`vbod` eo~ Qv`y+[ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% Gktvg"

vvc`~% s ôkto Iã< s wetcbob+-[ wg ge y`t` dg eo Qv`y+*

wg qvgncdg ~w `vdgk ï i`vbo dg M`fcgvk` ho ~cd` s g~

q`v ge ~c~tgbo Igdgvoe% dg~qwã~ dg hofgv `cd` s n`ki`v"

bïd`~g n`k ge dcntobgk dg ~w n`k~gj` dgneovo% s dgnvgt`



" >13 —

e`~ ovtânwe`~ ~cmwcgktg~ 2 ?+¼ Eo Qv`y+¼ dg Bgkd+&* dg~go ck"

n`vq`vov~g o eo ecmo dg eo~ tvg~ Qv` ect`voeg~ q`v g~tcqweo"

nc`kg~ vgncqv`no~ 2 6+& X`bfkc oe gignt` q`v Dcqwtod` oe

^7v+ N`v`k+c [ Bokwge N`vyoeok 2 >+¼ 2 Ge Dcqwtod` ojw~"

tovo n`k eo n`bcn+& vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg dhï~+

tvg~ Qv`y+~ wk tvotod` dg oecokzo ìgkncyo s dgigkncyo n`k"

i`vbïkd`~g gk t`d` n`k e`~ dcg~ s ~gc~ ovtânwe`~ wg n`b"

q`kgk ge wg ngegfvov`k eo~ bc~bo~ gk eo Ncwdod dg ôkto

Iã ge 4 dg Gkgv` dge qvg~gktg oÿ` 2 4+` Hgnh`~ e`~ ojw~tg~

gk eo bokgvo dhï+ ge M`f+&¼ oktcncqo ~w votcicnoncþk% s vgn`"

k`~g eo n`bcnc`k vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~

dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko o eo wg ~g ckn`vq`vovï ge Dcqw"

tod` n`b` Vgqvg~gktoktg dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg Bgkd+¼ Bgkd`zo

^gqt+*&&¬ ?+1 dg ?8>? 2 Egb`~ 2 J`~ã ôkt`~ @vicz Bckc~tv`

Mgkgvoe+

G~ n`qco

@vtcz

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+—Bgkd`zo+

?8^="?8>4+ — K+± 4+— Gkgv`"Dcncgbfvg+ — Novygto: bokw~nvcto: qoqge n`k icecmvo"

ko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo ^c x ?9 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 3 o ??bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk itHnko+ — D`n`âgkt` : `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icec"

mvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >= Yo x ^c -j ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgvec"

kgo 8 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+ — N`ycO+ ?+*: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko%

i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >? x ^C -j ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 9 o 8

bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+ — N@QCO 6*: bokw~nvcto < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 -o x ^C -c ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 8 s 3 bce+:

n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko #+

y+¼ F+& — N`bo~+


K+± 619+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o eo H% ^+ dg V+ V+ dg

eo qv`ycknco% wg ho eegmod` ge n`bc~c`kod` D+ Bokwge Egcyo

qovo cki`vbov qgv~`koebgktg ~`fvg eo~ kgm`nconc`kg~ n`k eo

N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo s eo n`kygkcgknco dg eo ckn`vq`voncþk o

eo Ecmo Ect`voe R+

( ?1 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?

â

N`vvcgktg~ Om`~t` ?1 dg ?8>?+ i+ 48

^gÿ`vg~ Vgqvg~gktoktg~ 2 Ge M`f+-¼-& ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg ge

h`k`v dg dcvcmcv~g o eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ q+2¼ bokcig~toveg% wg

o n`k~gnwgknco dg hofgv qgvbctcd` oe Dcqwtod` dg eo Qv`y+¼



" >?1 —

D+ jBokwge Egcyo ge tvo~eodov~g dg ôkto Iã o g~to% n`k ge

cbq`vtoktg `fjgt` dg ck~tvwcveg iwkdobgktoebgktg ~`fvg ge

g~tod` dg ~w N`b+`¼ ngvno dg e`~ M`fk`~ Ect`voeg~% qovo

nws` gignt` hofco hgnh` oktcncqodobgktg oemwko~ ckdcno"

nc`k+~% ho ovvcfod` gk g~t`~ dco~ s h`s ~g hoeeo gk g~to

Ncwdod— Ge M`f+&` e` ho g~nwnhod` bws otgktob+-` ~`fvg

t`d` e` vgeotcy` o ~w %M`b+`&% s eg g~ ~otc~iont`vc` okwkncov

o eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ wg g~tg dgecnod` gknovm` ho ~cd` dg~gb"

qgÿod` n`k eo bgj`v gxontctwd% ofokzokd` gk gee` ge Qoc~

bwnh` bo~ dg e` wg ~g g~qgvofo% q`v eo gkgvmâo s icvbgzo

n`k wg ho ~`~tgkcd` ~w dcmkcdod dwvoktg eo ckdcnodo bc"

~cþk

— Gk ~w~ vg~weto~ nvgg ge bc~b` Dcqwtod`% hoeeov~goeeokod`~ no~c t`d`~ e`~ `f~tïnwe`~ wg ~g `q`kâok o ~w

ckn`vq`voncþk o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ gxqvg~o"

d`~ M`f+&`~[ s hofcgkd` odwncd` oe gignt` voz`kg~ fo~toktg~

q`dgv`~o~ s dgb`~tvotcyo~% s hgnh` oe qv`qc` tcgbq` oem+[

vgiegxc`kg~ wg qotgktczok eo kgng~cdod dg dho ckn`vq`von&%

geeo~ qg~ok dgboncod` gk ge n`kngqt` dge M`fk` qovo dgjov

dg hongv ewmov o ~w gxq`~cncþk% k` ncgvtob+-¬ n`k t`do mgkg"

voecdod% ~ck` fox` eo~ vg~tvcnnc`kg~ +« eo H+ ^+ tgkmo q

n`kygk+tg dcntov qovo wg ~cvyok dg ck~tvwnn+¼ oe Dcqwtod` —^`fvg t`d`% dg~goveo ge M`f+&`% wg ge vgigvcd` Dcqwtod` ~g

i+ c8 yto qvg~gkto~g qgv~`koe bgktg gk eo ôeo dg ^g~c`kg~ qovo

ck~tvwcv o eo H+ Vgqvg~gkton+c tok ncvnwk~tokncodobgktg

n`b` e` ho ygvcicnod` oktg ge M`f+&¼ dg nwokt` qwgdo n`kdw"

ncv o oeeokov wk qo~` dg tokto tvo~ngkdgknco% n`b` g~ ge

wg n`kncgvkg o eo qvgnctodo N`bc~cþk% e` wg o jwcnc` dge

ckivo~nvcqt`% ~c Y+ H+ e` hoeeo~g q`v n`kygkcgktg% dgfg vgo"

eczov~g gk ~g~cþk ~gnvgto% tokt` qovo gyctov ~ckcg~tvo~ cktgv"

qvgtonc`kg~% n`b` qovo wg cki`vbodo n`k bo~ ivokwgzo

eo H+ ^+ ~g ~cvyo dgecfgvov ~`fvg eo botgvco e` wg gk ~w

vgnt` jwcnc` g~tcbg bo~ odoqtofeg gk ge qvg~gktg g~tod` dg

eo kgm`nconcþk% s dg eo~ ontwoeg~ ncvnwk~toknco~ 2 N`k g~tg

b`tcy` tcgkg ge M`f+&` eo ~otc~iong+& dg ~oewdov o eo H+ ^+

dg V+ V+ o wcgk ~g dcvcmg tvcfwtïkdèg ~w~ vg~qgt`~% s eo

oeto n`k~cdgvon+& wg ~qvg 2

H+ V+ V+ dg eo Qv`ycknco+

NOvnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk : Ecfv`~ n`qcod`vg~

dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` 6< Ecfv` 66+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` ~ck



" >?? —

ieecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x ^â …¼ ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo¼ dg 9 s =

bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk ftcgko #+

Y+` F+` — MF@^^@+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo … Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+ …

K+± 61=+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo% o eo ~oeo dg V+ V+ dg ~w

qv`ycknco% gknovgng eo n`kygkcgknco dg odhgvcv~g o eo Ecmo Ec-

t`voe J+

( ?6 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?#

K+` ?+1 i + ? N`qco

Nþvd`fo Om+t` ?6‛ dg ?8>?%%

H+ ^+ Ï V+ V+

Vg~tctwcdo~ so gktvg Nþvd`fo s eo~ Qv`y+[~ ect`voeg~ eo~

vgeonc`kg~ dg Obc~tod s N`kivotgvkcdod% cktgvvwbqcdo~

dg~mvo~codobgktg q`v g~`~ h`bfvg~ iwkg~t`~ +[ ~g ~wfeg"

yov`k n`ktvo e`~ Qwgfe`~% s q+&& e`~ wg hok n`knwvvcd` ïowxcecove`~ gk ~w dgqvofodo gbqvg~o+ Nþvd`fo ~g hoeeo gk

q`~gnc`k dg e`~ m`zg~ dg ecfgvtod g ckdgqgkdgknco ^+ G+ ge

^`v+ Mvïe+ gk Mgig s eo~ iwgvzo~ dg ~w dgqgkdgknco% hok

vgn`k`ncd` s vg~qgtod` g~`~ m`zg~% k` ï ycvtwd dg eo n`knew"

nc`k dg wk tvotod` dg oecokzo% n`b` e` dcj` gk ~w bgk~ojg

ge M`f+&- Ckt+&& q`v +[ toeg~ tvotod`~ k` gxc~tcgv`k% s ~c

q+v +g oe Gxkc`+ tctweod` konc`koe s o eo~ Qv`y+[~ +[ hok

n``qgvod` qwfecnob+t¬ o eo dcvgnncþk dg ~w~ `qgvonc`kg~%

gvo +[ ~g gknobckofok qwvobgktg e`~ qv`ngdcb+-[[ h`~tceg~

dge Gxt` Owxcecov N`kigdgvod`% s k` ï eo Qv`y+¼ dg Nþv"

d`fo% kc ï kckmwko `tvo dg eo Vgqwf"5[

Dg~qwã~ dg hofgv icxod` fcgk eo~ cdgo~% nvgg ge +[ ~wf~"

nvcfg ~gv dg ~w qvcbgv s oet` dgfgv vggknovmov oe nge` dg

Y+ H+ wg vg~qgnt` ï +[ eo cdgktcdod dg qvckncqc`~ s dg

~gktcbcgkt`~ qovgng âkgwcf`no s tgvbckokt tgvbckoktgb+-[ i+ c yto+

qv`kwkncodo% dgfg oqv`xcbov~g ge dco dg odhgvcv~g oe tvo"

tod` qwfecn` dg oecokzo ìgk~cyos

dgigk~cyo% foj` ge ~c~"

tgbo Igdgvoe +g eo~ ect`voeg~ oecodo~ ngegfvov`k gk eo Ncwdod

dg ^+t* igg ge 4 dg Gkgv` dge qvg~gktg oÿ`: bo~ n`b` q+[



" >?6 —ovvcfov tok qv`kt` n`b` ~g dg~go% g~ dg qvg~cnc`k eo `f~gv"

yoknco dg eo ~gmwkdo yozg dge ovtcnwe` ?+& dg eo nctodo

N`kygkncþk qvgecbckov ngegfvodo gk ^to+ Iã o ygcktg stvg~ dg Igfvgv` dge qvg~gktg oÿ`% hg nvgcd` `q`vtwk` qvg"

ygkcv o Y+ H+ ~gvco ge bgdc` bgj`v ~g eg ionwetovo ~wicncgk"

tgbgktg oe wg hofeo q+¼ gktvov gk dcnho kgm`nconcþk t`do

ygz g Y+ H+ tgkmo ï fcgk q`v bgdc` dg g~to oecokzo mo"

voktcv bgj`v e`~ dgvgnh`~ dg eo Qv`ycknco+

Ge M`f+`v s Noq+& Mvïe+ +g ~wf~nvcfg e`mvo g~to `q`vtw"

kcdod q+o ho~gv eo~ bo~ oeto~ qv`tg~to~ dg oqvgnc` s vg~qgt`

n`k +g ~oewdo ï Y+ G 2 J`~ã Tcnbtg Fgskoig 2 Noecxt` B+&

M`boeg~ 2 Bckc~tv` Mvïe+22H`k+c- ôeo dg V V+ dg eo Qv`y+o

G~tï n`ki`vbg 2 M`kzoeg~+

( Bw~g` Bctvg+ — N`qco: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jod`feodo >1 Y¼ x ~c -o ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 8 s 3 ycce+: n`k~gvyoncþkfâcgko #+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hoj- wk ~gee` dge ¬ Bw~g` Bctvg+

cK+± 618+— \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oe Mgkgvoe

gk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`% wg k` dgfgk vgn`v"

dov~g e`~ n`kygkc`~ dg >1 s >? dg bos` qqd`+ q`v novgngv dg

`fjgt` s wg ~g ongvno ge dâo dg odhgvcv~g ~ègbkgbgktg oe ~c~"

tgbo igdgvoe R+

( ?6 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?

i + C K+` ?9

Nþvd`fo Om`~t` ?6‛ dg ?^>?‛

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` m`fgvkod`v s Noqctïk mgkgvoe dg eo qv`"

ycknco% hï vgncfcd` eo k`to dg ^+ G+ ge ^`v mgkgvoe gk mgig

dge gjgvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod` dotodo ï 3 dge n`vv+[g gk

eo +g oe bc~b` tcgbq` +[ e` igecncto q`v ~w gegyoncþk oe

m`fcgvk` dg eo qv`ycknco% eg ck~tvwsg dg e`~ `fjgt`~ wg tw"

ycgv`k e`~ n`kygkc`~ +[ ncto% qwfecnod`~ ï dg~tcgbq`% eg

hong qvg~gktg +[ ge m`fcgvk` cktgvck`% dcj` gk ~w bgk~ojg

ï eo Egmc~eotwvo dg eo qv`ycknco wg owk g~tohok qgkdcgktg~



" >?> "

eo~ kgm`nconc`kg~ ï dgb`~ dg eo n`knewn+&[ dg wk tvotod`

dg oecokzo < s dg~qwã~ dg icjov n`k g~tg b`tcy` bws ongv"

todobgktg eo~ cdgo~ ï g~tg vg~qgnt`% dg~go^+ G% ge

^`vmgkgvoe gk mgig eg dcmo% nwoe g~ ge b`d` dg qgk~ov dge m`"

fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo gk ge o~wkt` dg +¬ ~g tvoto% s ~c q+* g~to"

fegngv eo oecokzo% iwg~gk owk kgng~gcvco~ oemwko~ movoktâo~%

~g eg ckdc(q+cgk gk g~tg no~`+

^go oktg~ dg t`d` Gxb` ^`v mgkgvoe% ongqtov eo~ igecncto"

nc`kg~ n`k +5â g~ h`kvvod` ge ckivo~nvcqt`% qv`tg~tokd` oe

hongve`% +*[ nè`nod` gk ge o~cgkt` dge m`fcgvk` q`v ge ecfvg

~wivomc` dg eo H`k`vofeg Vgqvgngktonc`k% ~w~ n`kkot`~ t`d`~

~g n`ktvohgvok ï tvofojov q+&[ eo igecncdod qwfecno s n``qg"vov qj eo dg t`do eo Vgqúfecno+ 2 E`~ n`kygkc`~ dge >1 s

>? dg [eos`% k` qwgdgk n`k qv`qcgdod eeobov~g qgkdcgktg~

<

gee`~ k` tcgkgk sï `fjgt` oemwk` `~tgk~cfeg s q+&& e` bc~b`

k` hos q`v +*0 vgn`vdove`~+ Gktvg Nþvd`fo s eo~ qv`ycknco~

ect`voeg~ eo~ vgeonc`kg~ dg obc~tod% s n`kivotgvkcdod cktg"

vvwbqcdo~ dg~mvoncodob+-g q`v g~`~ h`bfvg~ iwkg~t`~ +[ i" c yâo+

~g ~wfegyov`k n`ktvo e`~ qwgfe`~% s q+&[ e`~ wg hok n`knw"

vvcd` ï owxcecove`~ gk ~w dgqvoyodo gbqvg~o% ~g hok vg~"

tofegncd` n`bqegtobgktg+ Nþvd`fo ~g hoeeo gk q`~gnc`k

dg e`~ m`ng~ dg ecfgvtod ã ckdgqgkdgknco+ ^+ G+ ge ^`v mgkg"

voe gk mgig s eo~ iwgvzo~ dg ~w dgqgkdgknco% hok vgn`k`ncd`

s vg~qgtod` g~`~ m`ng~+ Oe Gmãvnct` tctweod` konc`koe% ï eo~

qgv~`ko~ +[ hok n``qgvod` qwfecnob+-¬ o eo dcvgnn+& dg

~w~ `qgvonc`kg~% o wk`~ s `tv`~ g~ +[ ~g hok gknobckod`

e`~ qv`ngdcb+-`~ h`~tceg~ dge gmãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`%

kþ ï eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% kc n`ktvo kckmwko `tvo dg eo

Vgqúfecno: owgee`~ ~`ks

hok ~cd` e`~ gkgbcm`~ dg t`do~%

n`b` e` hï dgneovod` ^+ G ge ^`v mgkgvoe gk mgig% s e`

vgqctg ge m`fcgvk` egmoe +¼ qvg~cdg ge ckivo~nvcqt`+

Gk g~tg g~tod` nwokd` eo cdgktcdod dg qvckncqc`~ s dg

~gktcbcgkt`~ qovgng ckgwây`no s tgvbckoktgb+-g qv`kwknco"

do eo `qckcþk dge m`fcgvk` g~ gxnw~od` dgncv wg g~ oqv`xc"

bov ge dco dg odhgvcv~g ~ègbkgb+tg oJ tvotod` qwfecn` dg

oecokzo ìgk~cyo s dgigk~cyo% foj` ge ~c~tgbo igdgvoe +¬

eo~ ect`voeg~ oecodo~ ngegfvov`k gk eo ncwdod dg ôkto Iã ge

4 dg Gk+` dg g~tg oÿ`+Oe gignt` : ~cgkd` g~to oecokzo eo bo~ ~þecdo movoktâo% n`k"

ygkcgktg dg~qwã~ dg nwokto~ hï vgncfcd` eo qv`ycknco oe vg~"



— >?4 "

tofegncb+t` dg ~w ecfgvtod ã ckdgqgkdgknco q`v ge gmãvnct`

owxcecov n`kigdgvod`% ~g hï dcvcmcd` gk g~tg dco ï eo H+

ôeo ï ick dg wg ~g `nwqg n`k qvgigvgknco ï t`d` dg wk

o~wkt` tok cktgvg~oktg% n`b` fgkãicn`% ï eo ~gmwvcdod% vgq`~`

s bgj`vo dg e`~ qwgfe`~+

Ge bc~b` ~oewdo ï Y+ G s vgctgvo eo~ bï~ oeto~ qv`tg~"

to~ dg oqvgnc` s vg~qgt`—J`~ã Ycngktg Vgskoiã

Noec~t` Bi M`k~oeg~ —Btvõ mgkgv<ce

â" 6 Gxb` ^`v mgkgvoe gk mgig dge gmãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdg"

vod`% Fvcmodcgv mvïe D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz —G~to n`ki`vbg

J`~ã Ivoki& Fgkctgz

^gn+ bcectov

( Bw~g` Bctvg+ — N`qco : bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"

feodo >1 Yo X ^C ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ = s 8 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#


V+ Zofoeo%^ginvgtovc`+


K+& 613+ — \ Ge mgkgvoe D+ Jwok Ionwkd` _wcv`mo% oe Bckc~tv` dg

Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ s M`fcgvk`% omvodgng eo o~cmkoncþk dg ncgk

qg~`~ bgk~woeg~% q`v nckn` oÿ`~% qovo mo~t`~ dg gdwnoncþk dg

~w hcj` Vobþk R+

( ?4 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?

C novqgto ?+oR ôk +Jwok

Om`~t` ?^>?

? Ge M+- _wcv`mo onw~okd` vgncy` dge oyc~` ~`fvg eo d`"

koncþk ï ~w hcj`+

6 Owt`vczïkd`~g oe M`f"[[ dg F+[ Os+~ n`k eo~ (\ionweto"

dg~R# Vgeon+~ Gxt+~ dg eo Vgq+"-[ — -

? Yão~g ge d`nwbgkt` ~cmwcgktg K+± 6?1+ — (K+ dg eo D+J+



" >?7 —

ôk Jwok Om`~t` ?4 dg--8>?

Ge Mgkgvoe D+& Jwok Ionwkd` _wcv`mo+

Onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`to gk wg ~g eg n`bwkcnofo âo o~cm"

koncþk hgnho ï ~w hcj` D+& Vobþk% s bokcicg~to ~w mvotctwd

q`v vg~èwncþk tok iceoktvþqcno—

^gq+g ?7 dg ?8>?

Onú~g~g Vgncy` —

\novqgto 6+¼R

ôk Jwok Om`~t` ?4 dg ?8>?+ i+ ?

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` ho vgncycd` eo otgkto n`bwkcnoncþk dge

^`v+ Bckc~tv` dg Vgeon[[ Gxtgvc`vg~ dge GxcTc` M`y-+±[ dg

Fwgk+~ os+~ gk wg ~g ~cvyg ck~gvtov ge Dgn+[` dg ^+ G+ o~cm"

kokd` ï ~w hcj` D+ Vobþk eo ~wbo dg ncgk q+~ bgk~woeg~

q`v ge g~qonc` dg nckn` oÿ`~ qovo e`~ mo~t`~ dg ~w gdw"

noncþk+

^c g~to vg~èwncþk Iceoktvþqcno dge M`ycgvk` qgkgtvo dg

mvotctwd wk n`vozþk qotgvkoe% e`~ -tãvbck`~ gk wg geeo g~to

qv`kwkncodo% k` bgk`~ g~tcbweok s hongk ovdgv ge iwgm`

qotvc` wg ~cgbqvg ho qv`dwncd` eo~ onnc`kg~ dge wg icvbo%

gk `f~gwc` dg eo Ecygvtod Konc`koe+ Ge n`k`ng wg g~tg

g~ wk qvgbc`% dg~qv`q`vnc`kod` o ~w~ n`vt`~ bãvct`~ s

wg ge M`y+¼¼ dg Fwgk+[ osvg~ eg q`kg cb vgot` dg mvotc"

twd cktgvbckofeg+ Eo g~qvg~c`k dg g~t`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ g~

eo onncþk dg mvonco~ wg qwgdg tvcfwtov o wk M`ycgvk` tok

fcgk gnh`v% s e`~ wg ge icvbo% vwgmo oe ^`v Bckc~tv` ~g

~cvyo gegyov oe n`k`ncb+t` dg ^+ G+ dcmkïkd`~g odbctcv eo~

n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ dg obc~tod s vg~qgt` n`k wg e` ~oewdo

Fwgk`~ Os"vg~ ^gq+g ?+7

dg8>?

(\Onú~g~g vg"ncy`R#

Ovnhâyg~g

Oknh`vgko

ih`

^`v+ Bck+` dgV+ G+ dge Gxck`M`y+k` dg Fwg"k`~ Oy+>

i+ ? yto+

Jwok Ionwkd` _wcv`mo

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+ — ôk Jwok+— ?8?T"?8Þ6+ — Gkgv`"Dcncgbfvg+— Nï^Q^TO ?*+: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko%

i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x 61 c-[ ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo e@ bce+< n`k~gvyo"

ncþk fwgko< e` wg yo gktvg qovãktg~c~ (\R # g~tï tg~tod` gk ge `vcmckoe+ — Novqc:+"

TO 6+*: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >^ Yc x 6? Y~ ngkt+< egtvo

cknecvtodo% cktgveâkgo ~ bce < n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov< oem` v`t` gk e`~ f`vdg~ s fo~"



\novqgtoR

— >?9 "

toktg ybknhod` < qgmodo oe `vcmckoe wg eg ~cmwg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v g czwcgvdo+— D`nwbgkt`: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"

feodo >1âo X >? ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< e`

wg yo gktvg qovãktg~c~ (\R# g~tï tg~tod` gk ge `vcmckoe#+

X+± F+` — N`bo~+


K+± 6?1+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôk Jwok% oe dg

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg eg owt`vczo qovo dcvcmcv e`~ kgm`nc`~ dg mwgvvo

s vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~R+

( ?+7 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?

ôk +Jwok Om`~t` ?7 dg 8>?

Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo Qv`ycknco dg ôk Jwok

Cknewsg wk dgnvgt` dg eo Egmc~eotwvo dg owgeeo qv`yck"

nco% owt`vczokd` oe dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ qovo (eo dcvgnncþk dg#

e`~ (\dgvgnhR# kgm`nc`~ dg Mwgvvo s Vgeonc`kg~ G~tgvc`vg~

dg eo Vgqno

^gqfvg

Onú~g~g vgncf` —

i+ ?

Fwgk+~ Os+¬

^gqfvg+ ?7

8>?

Onú~g~g vg"ncy`

\vúfvcno dgOknh`vgko R

ih`

ôk Jwok Om`~t` ?7 dg ?^>? —

Wko dg eo~ qvcbgvo~ otgknc`kg~ dg oeto cbq`vtoknco wg

`nwqov`k oe M`fcgvk` dg ôk Jwok% ewgm` dg vg~tofegnc"

do~ eo~ ck~tctwnc`kg~ dge Qoc~% wg dg~`vmokczod` q+&& eo iwmo

dg ~w~ oktgvc`vg~ bokdotovc`~% ~g n`kicþ ï ~w dcvgnncþk%

iwã eo dg q`kgv gk n`kncdgvonc`k dg eo H`k`vofeg Vgqvg"

~gktoncþk Qv`yckncoe% wg ï n`k~gnwgknco dg eo iwkg~to

oz`kodo dg ?+± dg Dcncgbfvg dge oÿ` 68‛ wgdþ qvcyodo

eo Vgqúfecno dge gknovmod` dg kgm`nc`~ mgkgvoeg~ s vgeo"

nc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~ q`v bwgvtg dge âknect` N`v`kge D+¼ Bo"

kwge D`vvgm` M`fgvkod`v dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% wg hofco ~cd`

owt`vczod` q`v eo~ Qv`ycknco~ g~qgncoebgktg ï g~t`~ `fmgt`~+



— >?= "

Ge M`fcgvk` dg ôk Jwok nvgsþ dg of~èwto ckdc~qgk"

~ofeg kgng~cdod qv`yggv ï gee`~% owt`vczokd` ~wicncgktg"

bgktg âo Qv`ycknco dg ~w bokd` q`v ~w qovtg% gk e`~ bc~"b`~ tãvbck`~% s ho~to eo dgecygvonc`k dge iwtwv` n`bc" i+ c yto

nâ` konc`koe ï oemwko qgv~`ko qwfecno% wg q`v ~w q`~c~c`k

s oet` dg~tck` ~g hoeeo~g gk oqtctwd dg gktvgtgkgv s nwetc"

fov dcnho~ vgeonc`kg~% s otgkdgv ï eo gxqgdcncþk dg e`~

o~wkt`~ konc`koeg~% o~wkt`~ s vgeonc`kg~ wg k` hok dg"

fcd` g~tov q`v wk b`bgkt` qovoeczodo~+

K` qwgdg kgmov~g wg eo fgkgbãvcto Qv`ycknco dg Fwg"

k`~ Osvg~% q`v ~w wycnonc`k t`q`mvïicno% q`v ~w q`qweovc"dod% vcwgzo% fo~t` n`bgvnc`% s mvokdg~ vgnwv~`~ ho eeo"

bod` ~cgbqvg eo otgkncþk dg e`~ moyckgtg~ gxtvokmgv`~% swg ge dcmk` mgig wg h`s eo qvg~cdg ~g ho hgnh` onvggd`v

dg~dg gkt`kng~ ho~to oh`vo q`v wko ~gvcg k` cktgvvwbqcdo

dg gbckgktg~ ~gvycnc`~ qvg~tod`~ gk eo now~o mgkgvoe ï eo

n`kicokzo dg eo dg ôk Jwok+ Iwã q`v g~t` wg qv`qw~` ge

M`fcgvk` ï ~w Egmc~eotwvo qovo tok dgecnod` gknovm` oe

GxcTc`+ ^`v+ Fvcmodcgv D`k Jwok Bokwge V`~o~ M`fgvkod`v

dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% s gk n`k~gnwgknco eo H`k`vofeg Vgqvg"

~gktoncþk ho ecfvod` eo ~okncþk wg cbqvg~o ~g on`bqoÿo

ï ^+ G+ qovo wg dcmkïkd`~g ongqtov ~w tgk`v% `ftgkmo eo i 6

Qv`ycknco dg ^+ Jwok eo~ ygktojo~ wg dg toe bgdcdo g~qgvo

vgq`vtov+

Tok q`dgv`~` b`tcy` qv`q`v~c`ko ï g~tg M`fcgvk` ge

h`k`v dg vgqv`dwncv ï ^+ G+ eo~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ dg oqvgnc`

s otgkncþk n`k wg e` ~oewdo+

J`~ã T`bo~ Oeyovvonâk

Jo~g dg @v`

Gxb`% ^`v+ M`f+¼&& s Noq+± Mvïe+ dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% i+c \oc bovmgkR

Fvcm+gv D`k Jwok Bok+- V`~o~+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo ôncok+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+ — ôk Jwok+—?8?="?976+ — Gkgv`"Dcncgbfvg+— Novqgto: bokw~nvcto : qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo >6Y6X [â ; j ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo ?1 bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko : e` ckdcnod` gk fo~tovdceeo s gktvg qovãktg~c~ yo gktvg eckgo~ gk ge `vcmckoe

s e` wg g~tï gktvg qovãktg~c~ (\ R# yo tg~tod` gk ge `vcmckoe: qgmodo oe `vcmckoe



" >?8 —wg eg ~cmwg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v g cz[ctâgvdo+ — D`nwbgkt`: `vcmckoe bokw~nvc"t`% qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >` x ~c &j ngkt%< egtvo ckneckodo%

cktgveckgo 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko J+

y+± F+± — N`bo~+Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —


K+& 6??+ — \ D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg

eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~% do nwgkto dg eo ~ctwoncþk gk wg ho

wgdod` eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% dc~qwg~to o odhgvcv~g o eo

Ecmo Ect`voe R+

( ?9 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?

i+ ? K+& ?=

Gjgvnct` owx+v Nwovtge mvïe gk Nþvd`fo% ï ?9 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?

N`kigdgvod`

Sï dgfg hofgv vgncfcd` eo H+ N`bcnc`k vgqvg~gktotcyo bc

k`to dg ?4 dge qo~od` Jwec` ï wg ~g odjwktofok e`~ ìcnc`~

mcvod`~ gktvg ge m`fcgjk` cktgvck` dg g~to qv`ycknco% s ge

wg ~wf~nvcfg ~`fvg ge n`kygkc` dg >1 dg Bos`: s ~g eg

ckdcnofo wg owge kgm`nc` qovgnâo n`knewcd` s k` hofcokg~gncdod dg dgecygvov ~`fvg ãe+

Tvok~nwv~od` q`v wko qovtg gxg~cfobgktg ge tgvbck` qvg"

icjod` qovo eo votcicnoncþk% s ~otc~ignh` q`v `tvo ge m`fcgvk`

dg Nþvd`fo dge vg~tofegncbcgkt` n`bqegt` dg eo obc~tod

s n`kivotgvkcdod gktvg eo qv`ycknco dg ~w bokd`% s eo~

ect`voeg~ oecodo~: vgn`k`ncdo~ eo~ `qgvonc`kg~ dge gjgvnct`

owxchov n`kigdgvod` q`v n`ktvocdo~ ~èobgktg n`ktvo ge

tctweod` konc`koe% ~w~ iont`vg~% s nþbqecng~: vg~qgtodo eo

ckdgqgkdgknco s ecfgvtod dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo q`v

eo~ iwgvzo~ owxcecovg~ : s dc~qwg~t` n`b` g~tï ge m`fcgvk`

qv`qcgtovc` ï odhgvcv~g ï eo oecokzo ìgk~cyo s dgigk~cyo

i+ ? yto+ wg foj` ge ~c~tgbo igdgvoe ngegfvov`k gktvg ~c eo~ ect`vo"

eg~ oecodo~ : qovgng wg kodo bï~ vg~to wg hongv qovo ~oeyov

t`d`~ e`~ vg~qgt`~% s movoktcv t`d`~ e`~ dgvgnh`~+

Eo~ d`~ n`qco~ egmoeczodo~ wg tgkm` ge h`k`v dg on`b"

qoÿov% ck~tvwcvïk ï eo H+ N`bcn+¼ bo~ gxtgk~obgktg dg

g~t`~ bc~b`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~% wg ~`k e`~ wg oe qvcbgv mèqg

dg yc~to icjok eo~ cdgo~ wg oktg~ dg oh`vo q`dvâok n`k~cdg"

vov~g yonceoktg~% Oe q`kgveo~ gk n`k`ncbcgkt` dg eo N`bc"



" >?3 —

nc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo% tgkm` ge h`k`v dg qv`tg~toveg bc bï~

oet`~ vg~qgt`~ s dc~tckmwcdo~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~+

G~tïk+& Eþqgz

H+ N`bcn+k Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ m`f+&*¼ °g eo~ qv`ycknco~ i+ c \oc bovLgkR

ect`voeg~


d`feodo >? -t x [ ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo e`bâe+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo+

^gnvgtovc`+

Hoy wk ~gee` dge … Bw~g` Bctvg+

K+± 6?6+ — \ Ge n`v`kge D+ J`~ã Ycngktg Vgekoiã% oe M`fgvkod`v dg

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% okwknco wg ho ~cd` gegyod` oe vokm` dg M`fgv"

kod`v qv`qcgtovc` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`foR+

( ?9 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?

N`vd`yo Om`~t` ?9 dg8>? \novqgtoR

Ge ^+`v N`v`kge D+& J`~ã Ycngktg Vgskoiã

Okwknco wg q`v ge ~wivo~mc` mgkgvoe dg ~w~ H`k`vofeg~

Vgqvg~gktoktg~ bokcig~tod` ecfvg s gxq`ktokgobgktg ho

~cd` gegyod` oe vokm` dg M`fgvkod`v Qv`qcgtovc` dg eo Qv`"

ycknco dg N`vd`yo n`b` e` onvgdcto eo onto wg gk n`qco

cknewsg+

Vgqfvg 6??8>?


N`vd+¼ Om+t` ?9+ dg ?+8>?+ i+ C

Dg~qwã~ +¼ eo Qv`y+* dg N`vd+* hï ~wivcd` q`v tokt`

tcgbq` eo qvcyoncþk dg ~w~ bo~ qvgnc`~`~ m`zg~: dg~qwã~

+g ~gqwetodo~ ~w~ ~ofco~ ck~tctwnc`kg~ gktvg e`~ h`vv`vg~dg eo bo~ ckjw~to mwgvvo +[ e`~ Dgngbfvc~to~ eg dgneovov`k:

dg~qwã~ +[ eo jw~t' eo vozþk% s e`~ bo~ oet`~ dv`~ dg e`~



F+F Os+~fvg61

8>?

N`ktã~tg~g eòn`vdod`

\ vúecvcno dgOwnh`vgko R

" >61 —

ncwdodok`~ dg~oqovgncgv`k: dg~qwã~ +` gktv`kczod` ãe dg"

q`tc~b`% eo dg~tvwnncþk% s ãe dg~`vdgk i`vboe #ok eo úkcno

qowto q`v eo +¬ vgmeofok e`~ ~wfegyod`~ ~w~ ont`~ qúfecn`~%

~gq" s qvcyod`~: dg~qwã~ ÿkoeb+tn +[ e`~ iwgvtg~ g~tcbwe`~ dg

eo vgecmcþk% s e`~ vg~qgtw`~`~ ~gktcb+-@- dg Hwbokcdod gvok

dg~n`k`ncd`~% ~g yã h`s gk ~w bo~ qgvignto ecfgvtod% bgdcok"

tg e`~ gxiwgvz`~ bo~ ~gÿoeod`~ dg qotvc`t+Ω¼ dge Gxb`+ ^%&-&

Mgkgvoe gk Mgig dge Gxt` Owxj N`kigdgvod` Fvcmodcgv D+¼

G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz% s dgbï~ (dcmk`~# Mgig~ s ycvtw`~`~ ^è"

dod`~+ N`vd+o g~ h`s dwgÿo dg dov~g eo~ egsg~ +& dgfgk

hongv ~w qgvqgtwo igecncdod: geeo g~ +& q`v ãe ~wivomc` Mvïe

dg ~w~ H`k`vof+~ Vgqvg~gktoktg~ bokcig~tod` ecfvg s gxq`k"tokgob+tq bã hï gegyod` oe vokm` dg M`f+&-& qv`qcgt+&% n`b`

i+ ? yto+ e` onvgdcto onvgdcto eo onto% +-" gk n`qco cknews`< s oe%

q`kgve` gk k`tcnco dg Y+ G+ bg ~cgkt` okcbod` dge bo~

igvycgktg dg~g` dg q`dgv tvok~bctcv n`k neovcdod e`~ ~gk"

tcb+t`~ dg obc~tod s g~tvgnho~ vgeonc`kg~ +-[ qv`tg~to ãe wg

~wf~nvcfg+ _wcgvo ^+ G+ ãe ^`v Mgkgvoe V`~o~ n`vv`f`vov e`~

yâknwe`~ dg wkci`vbcdod dg `qckcþk ~wicncgktgbgktg bokc"

ig~todo% +g g~tvgnhok e`~ cktgvg~g~ dg obfo~% n`b` tob"

fcãk e`~ dg eo~ dgbï~ Qv`ycknco~ Ovmgktcko~+

Dâmkg~g ^ G+ odbctcv eo~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ dg obc~t5â% oet`

oqvgnc`% s vg~qgt` n`k +& eg ~oewdo+

J`~ã Sczgk[g Vgskoiã

NoecxJ& B+& M`kzïegz

Bv` Mgk

i+ ? Gxb`+ ^+`&& Mgkgv+c M`fgvkod+¼- Qv`qcgt+& dg eo

Qv`y+o dg Fwgk`~ Os+¬ Fvcmod+[ D+ Jwok Bok+c V`~o~

\Gegnncþk dge n`v`kge D+ J`~ã Ycngktg Vgckoiã n`b` mi`fgvkod`v qv`qcgtovc`

dg Nþvd`foR

i+ ? ^gnc`k dge 7 dg Om+t` dg ?8>?+ 2 Qvg~cd+¼ dge ^`v Bovck

2 Vgwkcd`~ e`~ ^+ ^+ +*- n`bq`kgk eo H+[ n`vq`von+¼& Egmc~eo"

tcyo% Qvg~cdgktg D+ Jwok Fowt+o Bovck% D+& Gbcec` V`dvcm` D+¼

Okngeb` On`~to% D+& Ighqg Bovck% D+& Qgdv` V`dv[ D+[Xoy+-&

V`dv[ D+k J`~ã Eo~nok` D+& Noecxt` B+* M`kzïegz% D+& Neow"

dc` Ovvgd`kd`% D[ D+& Hcqþect` Voboee`% Iv+ Ygktwvo Fodco%



— >6? —D+k K`vfgvt` N`f`~% D+&¼ Bok+- V`feg~% s D+- D+& Jwok Okt+¼

^ïknhgz% ~g ckdcnþ q eo Qvg~cd+* gvo eegmod` ge tcgbq` dg

gegmcv M`f Qv`qcgtovc` dg g~to Qv`y+¼% s qv`ngdcgkd`~g ïy`toncþk% vg~wetþ gegnt` qj wko nokþkcno s qegko ge ^`v

Tgk+tg N`v`k+- s N`vookd+*¼ Mvoe dg Ovbo~ D+& U c-y Cegs"

koiã% ï wcgk ~g `vdgk` q eo bg~o% n`b` cmwoeb+--[ oe M`f+&&

Ckt+k`- ~g qo~o~g ge n`k`ncb+-¼ vg~qgntcy` dg eo qvgckdcnodo

gegnncþk+ Ont` n`ktckw` b`nc`kþ ge ^`v Vgqvg~gktoktg M`k"

zïegz% +g gvo qvgnc~` +¬ eo H+¬ Vgqvg~gktoncþk% t`bo~g gk

n`kncdgvon+`k e`~ bãvct`~ s ~gvycnc`~ qvg~tod`~ ï eo now~o

igdgvotcyo q+¼& ge ^`v M`f+&& gegnt`% q+[ +g ï bãvct` dg gee`~

~g eg n`kdgn`vo~g n`k ge gbqeg` dg N`v`k+- gigntcy` dg Gxt`

s ~cgkd` oq`sodo ~wicncgktgb+t¬ eo b`ncþk% ~g dg~cdc` wko" t" c yto+

kcbgk+-g eo ôeo q+&& geeo% s wgdþ on`vdod` ~g eg n`kicvcg~g

dh` gbqeg`% s ~g qo~o~g ge n`k`ncbcgkt` vg~qgntcy` oe M`f+&¼

Ckt+&` s oe gxqvg~od` ^`v M`f+&& gegnt` q+¼ e`~ ickg~ n`k~cm+-[

n`k e` +g ~g dc` q+&& ~gvvonto eo ^gnc`k s ~g vgtcvov`k e`~

^^+ wko vwfvcno dge ^`v Qvg~cd+*[ 2 `tvo cd dge ^`v Ycng

Qvg~cd+tg 2 s `tvo dge ^gnvgtovc` 2 G~tï n`kifvbg 2 J`~ã Gw"

mgkc` Ie`vg~ 2 ^gnvgtovc` —G~ n`qco

M`kzïegz

B+M+

v Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Xoncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+— Nþvd`fo+ —?8>?"?^>=+ — X+` 4+ — Novqg-co: bokw~nvcto: qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo

h`jo d`feodo ~c x ?9 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 8 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+

— D@NWBG;&T@: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"

feodo >9 Y~ X 64 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ 3 o ?? bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko<e` ckdcnod` gk fo~tovdceeo s gktvg qovãktg~c~ yo gktvg eckgo~ gk ge `vcmckoe+ Ge

d`nwbgkt` g~tï dwqecnod`+ — N`qco: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg

Jo h`jo d`feodo >? x ~c Yj ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ dg e@ o ?6 bce+< n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko j+

y+± F+& — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Ovnhcs` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+—Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+ ¼

°…WFE+ ^g + Hc~t+ — T+ XYC 6?



— >66 —

K&+ 6?>+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg eo

dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% on`bqoÿo wko vg~èwncþk dg eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+

wg dgneovo kwe`~ s dg kckmúk yoe`v e`~ ont`~ dg eo odbckc~"tvoncþk qvgngdgktg R+

(61 dg Om`~t` (eg J^>?#

\novqgtoR-

… N`vd`yo Om`~t` 61 dg8>?

Ge M`fgvkod`v s Noqctïk Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco

Odjwkto n`qco egmoeczodo dg eo onto q`v eo nwoe eo H`k`"

vofeg ôeo dg Vgqvg~gktoktg~ dgneovo kwe`~ s dg kckmúk

y[oe`v e`~ ont`~ dg eo Odbckc~tvoncþk cktvw~o% cmwoebgktg dgeo (h`k`vofeg# vg~èwncþk q`v eo wg ~g eg owt`vczo qovo wg

ionwetg oe M`fcgvk` dg eo Qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ ï ick

dg wg q`v qovtg dge N`vd`yo n`ktckwã gknovmod` dg eo~

vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~ dg wg tok ckdgycdobgktg iwg ~w~qgk~`

q`v eo Odbckc~tvoncþk% dg e`~ ~wfegy[od`~ —

N`ktã~tg~g e` on`j<dod`

^gqfvg 698>?

F+¼ Os+F ^gq"fvg 698>?

N`ktã~tg~g e`

on`vdod`—

\vúfvcno dgOccnh`vgko R

N`vd+o Om+t` 61+ dg ?+8>?+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` M`f[&& s Noqct+¼ Mvïe+ tcgkg eo h`kvvo dg

odjwktov n`qco egmoeczodo dg eo onto q+&[ eo nwoe eo H`k+g

^+ dg V V+ dgneovo kwe`~ s dg kckmúk yoe`v e`~ ont`~ dg eo

Odb+`& cktvwzo< cmwoeb+-n vgbctg n`qco dg eo H`k+n vg~èw"

ncþk% q`v eo wã ~g eã owt`vczo oe wg ~wf~nvcfg% [+[ +¬

ionwetg oe Q+ G+ dg eo Qv`y+* dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ ï ick dg +¬

q`v qovtg dg eo dg N`vd+* n`ktckwã gknovmod` dg eo~ vgeo"

nc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~ dg wg tok ckdgfcdobgktg iwã ~w~qgk~`

q`v eo odbckc~tvoncþk dg e`~ ~wfegyod`~+

_wcgvo Y+ G+ odbctcv eo~ bgj`vg~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ dg

oqvgnc` s vg~qgt` n`k +[ eg ~oewdo —

J`~ã Yczgktg Fgskoiã

NoecxJ± B+& M`kzïegzB+M+

Gxb`+ ^+`&" M`fgvkod`v s Noqct+¼ Mvïe+ Qv`qcgt+¼

dg eo Qv`y+o dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~+ Fvcmodcgv D+& Jwok Bokwge

V`~o~



— >6> "

\Vg~èwncþk dg eo H+ E+ dg Nþvd`fo dgneovokd` kwe`~ e`~ ont`~

dg eo odbckc~tvoncþk qo~odoR+

ôeo dg ^g~cþk+* N`vd+; 61+ dg Ol+-` dg ?8>?+ i+ C

Gxb` ^`v 2 T`bodo gk n`k~cdgvon+¼& eo oqvgncoWg k`to

dg Y+ G+ k =+ ihï ?4+ dge n`vv-*[% k` ho q`dcd` q+&& bgk`~

g~to H+g Egmc~eot* dg~qwã~ dg wk dgtgkcd` gxobgk% s ~gvco

dc~nwn+k ~`fvg eo botgvco gk +g ~g hok odwncd` voz`kg~

dge b`v n`kygkncb+-[ ~`fvg eo kwecdod dg e`~ ont`~ dg eo

Odb+`& qo~odo% +[ neo~cicnove`~ q+&& kwe`~% otgktot`v+&[~ s °[

kckmúk yoe`v%

sï ~w n`k~gnwgknco

ho~oknc`kod` gk-^g~+¼ dg

osgv n`k iwgvzo s ycm`v dg egs e`~ ovt+~ ~cm+[[~

Ovt+` ?+1 Ge nowdcee` D+& J`~ã B+¼ Qoz% s dgbï~ Mgâg~ ~w"

fegyod`~ ï ~w~ `vd~% iwgv`k ckjw~t`~ ckyo~`v+-- dg

eo Qv`y+o dg N`vd+¼

6%1 Iwã tcvokczodo% `qvcbcdo% s qvcyodo dg ~w ecfgv"

tod eo Qv`y+o dg~dg eo gktvodo dg e`~ +[ hofeo

ge ovt+` ?+± ho~to +« dg geeo ~g q`~gnc`kþ ge Gxt`

owx+&& N`kigdgvod`+

>+1 Eo Vgqvg~gkton¼/ Qv`y+c ck~toeodo gk tq7 dge M`"fgvkod`v Qoz% iwã cegmctcbo+

4+1 Eo~ egsg~% g~totwt`~% `vdgk[% s ickoeb+**- t`d` e`

dc~qwg~t` dwvoktg ge tq` dg `qvgn+¼ wgdo okw"

eod` ~ck yoe`v% kc iwgvzo+

Ge Qvg~cd+-g +g ~w~nvcfg% oe tvok~bctcv dg i+ c yto+

onwgvd` dg geeo bc~bo g~to h`k+¼ vg~èwn&% ~g

h`kvo gk vgctgvov oe Gxb` ^`v M`f+¼&[ dg eo Qv`y+¼

eo bo~ oeto n`k~cdgvon+& s oqvgnc` n`k +` eg ~oew"

do 2D+-[ Jwok Fowt+& Bovâk — Qvg~cd+-[ [ J`~ã

Gwm± Ie`vg~— ^gn¼ 2 Gxb` ^`v M`f+¼&& s Noq+&

Mvïe dg eo Qv`y[*

N`vdo Um t` 61+ dg ?8>? 2 Núbqeo~g eo qvg~gktg

h`k+g vg~èwn+& n`bwkcúg~g ï wcgkg~ n`vvg~"

q`kdo% s dã~g oe Vgmc~tv` @icn+- 2 Ggskoig2 No"

ecxt` >+& M`kzïegz — [e M —G~tï n`ki`vbg

M`kzïegz

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dãeo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+— M`fcgvk`+ — Nþvd`fo+—?^>?"?^>=+ — K+` 4+— Nolqgto : bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo



— >64 "d`feodo ~c Y6 x â9;-% ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo ~ bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov<v`to gk ge d`fegz: e` ckdcnod` gk fo~tovdceeo s gktvg qovãktg~c~ yo gktvg eckgo~gkge `vcmckoe+— D`nwbgkt` : `vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eoh`jo d`feodo >= X 6c[¯[ ngkt+% egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ e` s ?? bce: n`k~gvyoncþkfwgko+ Hos `tv` dge bc~b` tgk`v+

—N@ICO: bokw~nvcto<

qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`v"bot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo 63 cj x ~oc% ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ ?? s ?6bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+ Hos `tvo dge bc~b` tgk`v#+

UU± F+&" N`bo~+

Hoj" wk ~gee` dge ¬ Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+

- 6?4+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% oe n`bc"

~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc`% D+ Bokwge Egcyo% qovtcncqïkdèg wg eo

H+ ^+ dg V% V+ e` ho ionwetod` qovo odhgvcv~g s onngdgv oe tvo"

tod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>? s wg ~g ckn`vq`vg o eo N`bc~cþk

vgqvg~gktotcyo vgwkcdo gk ôkto IgR+

(61 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?#

i+ 48 yto+ N`vvcgktg~% Om`~t` 61 dg ?8>?2Occt`vczod` ge ckivo~nvcqt`

M`fgvkod`v dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vv+tg~ q`v eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+

n`k iho ?3 dge wg vcmg% qovo odhgvcv s onngdgv qegkobgktg

oJ tvotod` dg o~`nconcþk ngegfvod` ge 4 dg Gkgv` dge qvg"

~gktg oÿ` gk eo Ncwdod dg ôktoiã gktvg e`~ Gxb`~ M`fcgv"

k`~ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ Ect`voeg~ Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôktoiã sGktvg Vc`~% tcgkg eo ~otc~ionncþk dg dcvcmcv~g oe ^gÿ`v D+

Bokwge Egcyo ~w N`bcnc`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` ngvno dg e`~

gxqvg~od`~ M`f+&`' qovo k`tcncoveg% wg o n`k~gnwgknco dg

dho h`k`vofeg ~okncþk e` ionweto g~tg M`f+¼` gk fo~toktg

i`vbo% qovo wg qv`ngdo o icvbov ge vgigvcd` tvotod` gke`~ bc~b`~ tãvbck`~ gk wg ~g hoeeo n`kngfcd` s icvbod`

q`v e`~ ^gÿ`vg~ Dcqwtod`~ dg eo~ tvg~ qvgckdcnodo~ Qv`y+[~%

~cgkd` dg ~w dgfgv vgbctcve` dg cmwoe b`d` s gk qvcbgvo

`q`vtwkcdod oe ckivo~nvcqt`% qovo eo n`bqgtgktg votcicnoncþk

dg ãe% dgktv` dge tgvbck` wg ~g on`vdovg oe gignt` q`v eo

N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg dcnh`~ M`f+k`~ 2 N`k g~tg qo~`

nvgg ge wg icvbo% hofgv oeeokod` e`~ ckn`kygkcgktg~ wg hok

cbqgdcd` ho~to oh`vo eo ckn`vq`voncþk dge ^`v+ Dcqwtod`

o wcgk ~g dcvcmg o eo N`b+`& vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ qvgncto"

â+ 43 d`~ M`f+&`~[ gxc~tgktg gk eo bc~bo Ncwdod dg ôktoiã o



"" >67 —

bãvct` dg e` g~tofegncd` oe ovt+¼ ?7 dge qvgdcnh` tvotod` dg

o~`nconcþk: o~â g~ wg% dokd` dg~dg ewgm` q`v hgnh` ge

ont` dg ~w ckn`vq`voncþk o dcnho N`bcnc`k vgqvg~gktotcy[o%

tcgkg o fcgk odjwktoveg% eo~ ck~tvwnnc`kg~ o wg dgfgvï ng"

ÿcv~g qovo vgmeov ~w n`kdwnto gk `vdgk o e`~ qwkt`~ gk

nwg~tcþk wg eg g~tïk gknovmod`~ g~qgncoebgktg% n`b` tob"

fcãk n`k n`kngvkgknco o e`~ mvokdg~ cktgvg~g~ dg eo Ecmo s

dg t`do eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko 2 N`k tok k`feg b`tcy`

tcgkg g~tg M`f+[` eo n`bqeongknco dg ~oewdov oigntw`~obgktg

oe ^+`&- N`b+[â` o wcgk ~g dcvcmg+

^`v+ N`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vd+¼ dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg N`vvcgktg~

D+ Bokwge Egcyo+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+— ^gnncþk: Ecfv`~ n`qcod`vg~

dg M`fcgvk`: Egmoj` ^: Ecfv` >>+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`: qoqge dg hce` n`k icec"

mvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x ~c ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo 8 bce+< n`k~gvyo"

ncþk fwgko#+

Y+& F+± — Ml`~~`+


dge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~ …

- 6?7+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe n`bc~c`kod`% D+ Bo"

kwge Egcyo% eg dcnto eo~ ck~tvwnnc`kg~ vgeotcyo~ o eo odhg~cþk

oe tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>? s o eo ckn`vq`voncþk o eo N`"

bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~R+

( 61 dg Om`~t` dg ?^>?

Ge M`fgvkod`v s Noqctïk M+Ω- dg eo Qv`y+¼ )+o2Hofcgkd` i+ 43

ionwetod` o ~w N`b+[-[ gxtvo`vd+` D+[ Bok+c Egcy[o q+&& owt`vc"

zoncþk g~qgncoe dg eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+% qovo +¬ odhcgvo%

ongqtg s icvbg ge tvotod` dg o~`nconcþk s oecokzo ngegfvod`

ge 4 dg Gkgv` dge qvg~gktg oÿ` gk eo Ncwdod dg ^toiã gktvg

e`~ Gxb`~ M`f+k`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+o~ Ect`voeg~ F+~ Ocvg~% ^toiã

s Gktvg Vc`~ s gk eo kg~gncdod dg dgfgv ckn`vq`vov~g o eo

N`bg+& vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ gxqvg~od`~ M`f+¼*&* g~tofegncdo

q`v ge ovt+[- ?7 dge vgigvcd` tvotod` s nwso~ otvcfwnc`kg~

dgtoeeo ge ovt+¼ ?9 dge bc~b`% ho ygkcd` gk n`kigvcveg eo~

~cmtg~ Ck~tvwnnc`kg~— i+ 43 yâo+



— >6M —

?[ K` ~cgkd` ~wicncgktg ge ovt+& odcnc`koe vgngvyod` q+¼

~oeyov ge vgqov` qwg~t` q`v eo Egmc~eotwvo dg g~to Qv`y+[ oe

ovt+` ?> dge qvgdh` tvotod`% k` qgvdgvï `q`vtwkcdod dg ck"

nwenov ~`fvg g~tg qwkt` cmwoeb+-g wg% ~`fvg e`~ dgbï~

vgqov`~ +g ~g odycgvtgk gk eo vg~èwncþk dg ?8 dg Gkgv`

dg g~tg bc~b` oÿ`% gxqgdcdo q`v dho h`k`vofeg Egmc~eot+*

6+o Gk ge gxgvncnc` dg eo qvcbgvo otvcfwncþk n`kngdcdo

q`v ge Tvotod` o eo N`bcn+& vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+k`~

Ect`voeg~% qv`ngdgvï ge Dcqwtod` dg g~to Qv`y+¼ bo~ ` bgk`~

(n`k# ovvgme` oe ovt+± 4+± dg eo~ ck~tvwnncþk+[% kg ~g eg tvo~"

bctcgv`k n`k iho ?4 dg Gk+¼ dge qvg~gktg oÿ`+

>+o

K` ~cgkd` bws qv`yofeg gk ge qvg~gktg g~tod` dg n`~o~%wg t`do~ eo~ dgbï~ Qv`y+o~ dg eo Vgq+i[ vg~tofegznok gk fvg"

yg tq` ~w qegko ecfgvtod s tvokwcecdod% nws`~ m`~g~ k` g~

q`~cfeg oicokzov gk wk g~tod` dg oc~eob+t`% ge Dcqwtod` dg eo

Qv`y+o gk w~` dg eo wckto otvcfwncþk% s qovo o~gmwvov dg

oemúk b`d` eo g~qgvokzo dg eo ngegfvoncþk dg wk N`kmvg~`

m+&&¼/ igdgvotcy` o e`~ mvokdg~ g cbq`vtoktg~ `fjgt`~ dgtoeeo"

d`~ gk dho otvcfwncþk% qv`b`ygvï eo ckycton+& gk dho~ Qv`y+~

o +*- gktvgk gk eo Ecmo dg eo~ Ect`voeg~% owk nwokd` wko w

`tvo dg geeo~ k` g~tã owk gk qegko ecfgvtod s tvokwcecdod%

i+ 71 4+1 Ge tgk`v dg eo~ qvg~gktg~ ck~tvwnnc`kg~ ~gvï `f~gvyod`

qwktwoeb+tn q`v ge vgigvcd` N`bcnc`kod` n`ki`vbg o ~w

ectgvoecdod% gktgkdcãkd`~g gk noecdod dg q`v oh`vo% s ~ck

qgvjwcnc` dg eo~ odcnc`kg~ s b`dcicnoncþk+[% wg ge tcgbq`

s ge mcv` wetgvc`v dg e`~ kgm`nc`~ vgeotcy`~ dgbwg~tvgk ~gv

kgng~ovco~ s n`kygkcgktg~ oe e`mv` dg e`~ cbq`vtoktg~ ickg~%

wg ~g qv`q`kgk e`~ M`fcgvk`~ Oecod`~ 2 N`vv+~ Om`~t` 61

dg ?8>?+

^gÿ`v N`bcnc`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`"

vvcgktg~ D+ Bokwge Egcyo+


dg M`fcgvk`: Egmoj` 6-: Ecfv` >>+ — F`vvod`v bobc~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`k icec"

mvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x ~c ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo 3 bce< n`k~gv"

yoncþk fwgko< e` wg yo gk fo~tovdceeo s gktvg qovãktg~c~ ~`k n`vvgnnc`kg~ gktvg

eâkgo~ #+

UU± F+± — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk~gee` dg eo ¬ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe




>6=

- 6?9+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg Fwg"

k`~ Ocvg~% cknewsg wk dgnvgt` dg eo egmc~eotwvo owt`vczokd` og~tg úetcb` qovo dcvcmcv e`~ kgm`nc`~ dg mwgvvo s vgeonc`kg~

gxtgvc`vg~ R+

( 61 = 6? dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?

N`vd`yo 6? dg Om`~t` % ‛‛‛‛"%P%& 8>? \novqgt`R

Ge M`fgvkod`v dg dhï Qv`ycknco

Cknewsg wk dgnvgt` dg ~w Egmc~eotwvo owt`vczokd` q`v

~w qovtg (oe# dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ qovo eo dcvgnncþk dg e`~ kgm`"

nc`~ dg Mwgvvo s Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ —

N`vd+o Om+t` 6?+ dg ?+^>?+ i+ ?

Eo iwkg~to% eo g~nokdoe`~o% s Nvcbckoe odbckc~tvon+&& +¬

dgjþ dg qgzov ~`fvg eo Qv`y+"-[ dg N`vd+¼ n`k eo iwmo dg e`~

vg~t`~ dge Gxt`+ `qvg~`v foj` ge Tctwe` dg konc`koe% hï dg"

fcd` ~w gxc~t+o ï eo ycègknco dge Q`dgv dg eo~ Ovbo~% +g

t`d` e` hofco tvo~t`vkod`% egsg~ owt`vcdodg~ s qvckncqc`~+

Wk `vcm+& tok ycnc`~`% n`b` b`vtâigv` k` q`dco n`kiwkdcv~g

n`k ge wã h`s g~ ãe ncb+-¼ dge `vd+& egmoe vg~tofegncd`+ Hï

~cd` ckdc~qgk~ofeg q`v e` tokt` bovnove`% ₥`b` g~ dgfcd`

qv`kwkncïkd`~g eo H`k+¬ Jwkto dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg wk b`d`

~ègbkg n`ktvo eo kwecdod dg e`~ ont`~ dg g~o Od+¬± b`k"

todo q`v eo iwgvzo% s gxgvncdo tok ~èob+*" q+¼ i`vbov eo bc"

~gvco% eo dcyc~cþk s eo noeobcdod dg g~tg ~wge`+

N`vd+o °gfg ~w ecfgvt+-J s eo gxc~t' qv`qco +[ oe qvg~gktg hï

vgn`fvod` ï e`~ dcmk`~% n`~t`~`~% s iceoktvþqcn`~ gxiwgvz`~

dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ s ^+-¼ Igã+ Ygok qwg~ ~w~ mgkgv`~`~

owxcecovg~ nwoe g~ ãe ~gkdgv` +*- dg~nvcyg eo Egmc~eot+¼ Qv`yJ

oe qvckncqc` dg ~w~ tovgo~ qovo eo bovnho dge M`fk%&- eo

jw~t' s eo n`kygkcgknco qwfecno+ ^cvycãkd`~g odbctcv q+¼

~w n`k`ncb+*¼ eo ~okncþk +-[ n`k ihï dg osgv ygcktg oe ck"

ivo~nvcqt` M`f+`v ~g hï n`bwkcnod`% s nvgã dg ~w dgfgvtvok~bctcveo gk n`qco ï ^+ G+ ãe ^+&&& M`f+`&& dg Fwgk`~ Os+-

n`k owge `fjgt`+



— >68 "

i + ? yto+ N`k g~to n`k g~to `q`vtwkcdod ge +[ ~wf~nvcfo tcgkg

ãe h`k`v dg vgctgvov oe Gxb` ï +& ~g dcvcmg eo~ qv`tgxeo~

dg ~w obc~tod s oet` oqvgnc` —

J`~ã Yczgktg ^gskoiã

Noecx+& B+& M`kzïegz

Bv` Mgk ?

i+ ? Gxb` ^+`v M`f+`v s Noqct+k Mvoe+

dg eo Qv`y+o dg Fwgk`~ Os+~

i% ? N`vd+o 6?+ dg Om+t` dg ?8>?+

Oe vg~tofegncbcgkt` dge `vdgk egmoe gk eo Qv`y+¼ dg N`vd¼%

gvo tobfcãk ckdc~qgk~ofeg vg~tctwcv oe Q+ G+ dg eo dg F+[ Osv+[

ge oet` gknovm` +[ eg g~tofo n`kicod` dg dcvcmcv e`~ kgm`"

nc`~ dg qoz% mwgvvo% s vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~% s +& wk otvg"

ycd` w~wvqod`v eg hofco vgtcvod`% O g~tg ick eo H`k+¬ Vg"

qvg~gkton+k Qv`y+- ï n`k~gnwgknco dg wko k`to dge ckivo~"

nvcqt`M`f+ì

dg eo Qv`y+¼ iho+ ?=+ dge n`vv[[ ho dgneovod`ycmgktg eo owt`vczoncþk oe gignt` g~tcqweodo ï 6? dg ^gqt+v¬

dg ?86=% s hï ckyg~tcd` oe ckivo~nvcqt` n`k eo ionwetod dg

q`dgv dcvcmcv~g ï ^+ G+ okwkncïkdèg% n`b` e` hong% n`k eo

bos`v ~otc~ionncþk% hoeeov~g ge M`fÿ` dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg Fwg"

k`~ Os+~ owt`vczod` ~wicncgktgb+*& q ge dg N`vd¼% ï ycvtwd

dge onwgvd` dg eo H`k+& Vgqvã~gkton+& iho dg osgv ygcktg

+g tcgkg ge h`k`v dg tvok~bctcv gk n`qco egmoeczodo% q+"-[ n`k"

tckwov o ~w k`bfvg gknovmod` dg e`~ kgm`nc`~ dg qoz%

mwgvvo% s vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~cgktg ge bo~ ycy` qeongv oe dcvcmcv~g oe

Gxb` ^`v+ M`f+`v dg F+[ Osv[% vgqv`dwncãkdèg eo~ ~gmwvc"

dodg~ dg ~w bo~ ~ckngvo n`vdcoecdod+

J`~ã Yczgktg Vgskoiã

Noecx+& B+& M`kzïegz

Bvõ Mgcc+c

Gxb`+ ^`v+ M`f+`v s Noq+&

Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+* dg F+[ Osv+[



" >63 —

ôeo dg ^gnc`kg~ N`vd+¼ 61+ dg Ol¼¼ dg ?8>?+ i+ c

Gxcec` ^`v 2 N`k~g+*52 ï eo k`to K 8+ ieco ?=+ dge n`"

vvcgktg gk +g gxq`kg Y[ G+ hofgv~g vgtcvod` q+&[ ge M`f+&& Qoz

eo cktgvygkncþk +« tgkco ge Q+ G+ Koncþk+- Qv`yc~`vc` dg

Fwgk`~ Osv+~ gk e`~ kgm`nc`~ dg qoz% miio s vgeonc`kg~ gx"

tgvc`vg~ ï ycvtwd dg owt`vczoncþk +*[ hcz` ge M`f+¼¼ dg g~to

Qv`y+¼ ge 6? dg ^gqt+*&&*[ dg ?86= gk eo~ g~tcqweonc`kg~ ngeg"

fvodo~ gktvg obf`~ M`f+k`~ q+v ge Omgktg D+&& D+& Ivok+¬<¬ Cmk+--

Fw~t`~% s+ ionwetod +« dc` g~to H+[ ôeo oe Q+ G+- dg g~to

Qv`y+o q+o ~w votcicnoncþk gk ^gnc`k gxtvo`vdckovco dge 4 dg

@nt+g dge bc~b` oÿ`% ckyc~tcgkd` gk geeo~ oe ckdcnod` M`f+&[¼

dg Fwgk`~ Osv+[ n`k ionwetodg~ q+* gktgkdgv gk e`~ kgm`"

nc`~ dg qoz% miio s vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~< hï on`vdod` g~to

H+g Egmc~eotwvo gk ^gnc`k dg ok`nhg ~cmo gk ~w ycmgknco

owgeeo egs% s ionwetov ï Y+ G+ q+* +g qwgdo owt`vczov ï

dh` M`f+k` gk e`~ bc~b`~ tãvbck`~% s q+¼ ge ick ckdcnod` gk

eo oqvgncofeg nctodo k`to dg Y G+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` oe n`bwkcnov oe Gxb` ^`v M`f+&& s Noq+&

Mvïe% ï+k

~g dcvcmg% eo qvgckdcnodo H+[ vg~èwncþk% ~g n`b"qeong gk vgqv`dwncveg eo~ ~gmwvc ¯ dodg~ dg ~w bo~ oet` i+ c yto+

oqvgnc` 2 D Jwok Fowt+& Bovck — Qvg~cd+tg 2 J`~ã Gwm+-[

Ie`vg~ — ^gn¼ 2 Gxb` ^`v M`f+¼ s Noq+¼ Mvïe dg eo Qv`y+[

N`vd+o Om+-` 61+ dg ?8>? 2 Núbqeo~g eo qvg~gktg h`k`"

vofeg vg~èwncþk: n`bwkcúg~g ï wcgkg~ n`vvg~q`kdo% s

dã~g oe Vgmc~tv` @icncoe 2 Fgskoig 2 Noecxt` B+& M`kzï"

egz — Bcÿtv` Mvïe

G~to n`ki`vbg

M`kzïegz

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+— Nþvd`fo+ ?H>?"?^>=+ — O&+& 4+ — Novqgto : bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo 6? ¬j X ?7 Yc ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo e@ bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko +"

e` ckdcnod` gk fo~tovdceeo s gktvg qovãktg~c~ yo gktvg eâkgo~ gk ge `vcmckoe+ — D@"NWBGKT@ ?;-: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct` : qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo

>= X 64 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 3 o ?? bce : n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< eo

~gmwkdo i`jo g~tï v`âo —D@NWBGKT@ 6+&: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvo"

ko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >= x 64 cj ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 3 s e`

bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< oem` v`t` gk ge dìtâg~+ — N@QCO : bokw~nvcto : qoqge n`kicecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >? Yc x 6? cj ngkt+ < egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâ"

kgo~ ?1 s ?? bce+< g`k~gvnoncþk fwgko+ Hos `tvo dge bc~b` tgk`v#+

Y+` F+` — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+—Vgqúfecno Oviâgktcko+ +



>>1

- 6?=+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwg"

k`~ Ocvg~% eg gkyâo n`qco dg eo vg~èwncþk dg eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+

gk eo wg e` ionweto o gktvov gk eo Ecmo dge tvotod` dg 4 dggkgv` dg ?8>? s hong qvg~gktg wg g~qgvo ~w n`k~gktcbcgkt`

qovo eo vgbc~cþk dge dcqwtod`R+

( 61 s 6? dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?

K ?

\ novqgto RNþvd`fo 6? dg Om`~t` dg ?8>? —

Ge M`hgvkod_v s Noqctïk Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`yck_co+

On`bqoÿo gk n`qco owt`vczodo dg eo vg~èwncþk dg eo

H`k`vofeg ôeo dg Vgqvg~gktoktg~ dg eo Qv`ycknco ionwe"

tïkdè` qovo gktvov gk ge tvotod` qwfecn` dg oecokzo ìgk"

~cyo s dgigk~cyo yoj` ge ~c~tgbo Igdgvoe wg eo~ Ect`voeg~

oecodo~ (hok# ngegfvod` gk eo Ncwdod dg ^+[ Iã ge 4 dg

Gkgv` dge qvg~gktg oÿ`+

N`ktg~tggg e` on`vdod`

^gqfvg+ 69%%8>?

i+ ?

F+~ Os+~ ^gq"fvg 61

8>?

N`ktg~tggg e`

on`vdod`

\vúfvcno dgOknh`vgcco R

N`vd+o 6?+ dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?+

Ge M`f+`&& s Noqctïk Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg N`vd+"-[ tcgkg eo

h`kv`~o ~otc~ionncþk dg on`bqoÿov gk n`qco owt`vczodo oe

Gxcec` M`f+k` dg eo dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% e`~ ~gktcb+[`0 +` eo

H`k`vofeg Egmc~eotwvo dg eo Qv`y+[ eg tvok~bctg gk n`bwkcno"

ncþk dg osgv 61% vgeotcy`~ ï eo oecokzo ìgk~cyo s dgigk~cyo

dg e`~ M`f+&`~ Ect`voeg~ foj` ge ~c~tgbo Igdgvoe% +g ge dg

N`vd+o bokcig~tþ n`kygkcgktg s kgng~ovco ï eo H`k`vofeg

ôeo% ï gignt` dg +[ g~to dgecfgvovo gktvov gk eo fgkãicnoecmo +g n`ktcgkg ge Tvotod` dg 4+ dg Gkgv` dg g~tg oÿ`% +¬

n`k e`~ qvgecbckovg~ dg ~w vgigvgknco ho tgkcd` qvg~gktg~

eo H`k`vofeg Vgqvg~gktoncþk q+[[ ~w ~okncþk+

^+ G+ hoeeovï gk eo qvgnctodo n`bwkcnoncþk% +± ge nwgvq`

dgecygvoktg vgn`k`ng cbqgvc`~o eo kgng~cdod dg odhgvcv oe

tvotod`% k` bgk`~ +*[ g~o cdgktcdod dg qvckncqc`~ n`k~omvo"

d`~ ï oicokzov q+&& ~cgbqvg eo qwfecno tvokwcecdod% s e`~

ckg~tcbofeg~ m`zg~ vgn`fvod`~ dg ecfgvtod ã ckdgqgkdgknco%

dg +g eo ycègknco dg wk hcj` dg~kotwvoeczod` s vgygedg

hoyco oegy`~ob+--[ qvcyod` ï N`vd+[[



— >>? —

Gk n`k~gnwgknco qwg~ dg wk n`kygkncb+*- dgycd` ï eo i+cyto+

bgdctoncþk% s oe ecfvg dc~gvkcb;% ho ~cd` qegkobgktg owt`"

vczod` ge ckivo~nvcqt` ï e`~ `fjgt`~ gxqvg~`~ gk ~w k`to iho?6+ dge n`vv+tn +g cmwoeb+tg on`bqoÿo gk N`qco+ N`k g~tg

b`tcy` nvgã dg ~w dgygv bokcig~tov ivoknob+[[ ï ^+ G+ +¬

eo Qv`y+o dg N`vd+2[ g~tï vg~wgeto ï ~gv wko dg eo~ dg eo

ecmo% wg i`vbok eo~ Ect`voeg~ : +¬ q+&[ gee` N`vd+c¼ od`qto eo

~gmwkdo yo~g dge ovt+¼ ?± dg eo n`kygkncþk qvgecbckov ncto"

do gk ge ovt+¼ ?6+ dge Tvotod`< s +¬ q+&[ t`d` g~qgvo ge

M`f+5&& +g icvbo ge gxqvg~` n`k~gktcb+¼& +¬ q+&& dh` ov"

tcnwe` ~g vgwcgvg% q+&[ qv`ngdgv% ewgm` dg `ftgkcd`% oe gkycþ

dge Dcqwtod` q+i eo Qv`y%¼ dg N`vd+¼ ï eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg"

~gktotcyo vg~cdgktg gk eo Ncwdod dg ^B Igã+

N`k g~tg b`tcy` ge M`f+`[ ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg ge qeongv dg

ôewdov oe Gxb`+ ^+[v M`f+¬v ï wcgk ~g dcvcmg n`k ~w bo~dc~tckmwcdo n`k~cdgvoncþk s oet` oqvgnc`+

J`~ã Ycngktg Vgskoiã

Noecx+-& 6?+& M`boeg~Btv` Mgk+c

Gxcec` ^+`"" M`f+`v s Noqctïk Mvïe â"

dg eo Qv`y+[ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~+

\ Vg~èwncþk dg eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ odhcvcãkd`~g oe tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg C^>? R+

ôeo dg ^g+¼ N`vd+¼ 61 dg Om+t` dg ?8>?+

Gxb` ^`v 2 N`kygkncdo g~to H+¬ Egmc~eot+* dg eo~ voz`"

+g odwng Y+ G+ gk ~w vg~qgtofeg k`to dg ?6+ dge N`vv+t¬

K 9+%

s tvotod` cknew~` dg oecokzo ìgk~cyo% s dgigkncyo foj`

ge ~c~tgbo igdgvoe ngegfvod` q+[ eo~ Qv`y+~ Ect`voeg~% gk

^B Ig ge 4+ dg Gk+& dge qvg~+¼¼ oÿ`: dg eo cbqgvc`~o kgng"

~cdod +g hos q+&& eo cdgktcd+d dg qvckncqc`~ dg n`k~ècdov

wko g~tvgnho ecmo +[ i`vtcicwg t`d` e` q`~cfeg eo now~o

mvïe dg eo Vgq+[o s oicokz` qovo ~cgbqvg eo tvokwcecdod

qwf+no s e`~ qvgnc`~`~ m`zg~ dg ecfgvtod +g dhï~ Qv`y+[

hgvboko~ k`~ hok vg~tctwcd` ï n`~to dg tokt`~ ~onvcicnc`~ < ho

ygkcd` gk ~oknc`kov dg~q+[ dg wk ncvnwk~qgnt` gxob+& shï ~oknc`kod` gk ~g~+¼ dg ok`nhg% ionwetov qegkobgktg oe

Gxb` ^`v M`f+`[ s Noq+& Mvïe dg g~to Qv`y+¼ q+o +g qwgdo

i+ ?



" >>6 —gktvov% s gktvg gk kgm`ncon+~ n`k eo~ qvgckdcnodo~ Qv`y+[ Ec"

t`voeg~ oe ick ckdcnod` gk ~w k`to nctodo+

Dg~q+~dg g~t` ~è` vg~to oe Qvg~cd+-`

+n

~wf~nvcfg% tvok~"bctcgkd` eo gkwkncodo ~okg+& vgqv`dwncv oe Gxvÿ` ^`v M`f+[&&

s Noq+¼ Mvïe ï +¼ ~g dcvcmg% eo~ ~gmwvcdodg~ dg ~w bo~ oet`

i+ ? yto+ oqvgnc`% s vg~qgt`% n`k +¬ eg g~ `f~gwgktg 2 D Jwok

Fowt+& Bovck — Qvg~cd+tg 2 J`~ã Gwm+ ± Ie`vg~ — ^gn+& 2Gxb` ^`v M`f+`v s Noq+& Mvïe dg eo Qv`ycknco

N`yï++[ 61+ dg Om+t¼ dg ?8>? 2 Núbqeo~g eo qvg~+c¬ h`k+g

vg~èwn+¼ n`bwkcúg~g ï wcgk n`vvg~q`kdo s dg~ã oe Vg"

mc~tv` `ÿnc~d 2 Fgskoig 2 Noecxt` B+& M`kzoeg~ "[BcÿW` Mg"

kgvoe —G~tï n`ki`vbg

M`kzoeg~

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+— M`fcgvk`+— Nþvd`fo+ —?8>?"?8%>=: Egmoj` 4+ — Novqgto: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo

h`jo d`feodo ~c Yo X ?7 cj ngkt+ : egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 8 o e` bce+< n`k~gvyo"

ncþk vgmweov% g~tï v`to gk e`~ f`vdg~< e` ckdcnod` gk fo~tovdceeo s gktvg qovãktg~c~

g~tï gktvg eckgo~ gk ge `vcmckoe+— D`nwbgkt` : `vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`k icec"

mvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >= x ^c -j ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ e`

o ?6 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fkgko+— N`qco: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo d`feodo >? x ~c -o ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo ce bce+< n`k~gvyo"

ncþk fwgko #+

Y+` F+` — FCGDBO+


K+± 6?8+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% oe dg eo qv`yck"

nco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% on`bqoÿo n`qco dg eo vg~èwncþk dg eo

egmc~eotwvo ckn`vq`vokd` eo qv`ycknco o eo Ecmo Ect`voe s owt`vc"

zokd` oe dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ eo mg~tcþk dg eo~ vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~ R…

(61 s 6? dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?

\ novqgto R k+ C ôkt+` dge G~t+` om+t` 6? dg ?8>?

Ge M`f"`[

On`bqoÿo n`qco owt`vczodo dg eo vg~èwncþk wg eo H`k+[

Egmc~eotwvo ho dcntod` n`k iwgvzo dg egs ckn`vq`vokd` eo

Qv`y+o dg ôkt+¼ ï eo Ecmo ect`voe

sowt`vczokd` oe Gxb`

M`f+`v Qv`q+` dg g~to Qv`y+o q+o eo~ vgeon[ Gxt+[ n`k eo qeg"

kctwd dg ionwetodg~ wg bo~ gxcmgk —



>>> —

ôkt+` dge G~tgv` 6? dg Om+ dg ?8>? i+ C

Ge M`fgvkod`v g ~wf~nvcfg tcgkg eo ~otc~iong+¼ dg on`b"

qoÿov oe Gxb`+ ^`v+ M`fgvkod`v% s Noqct+& Mvïe+ dg eo Qv`y+¼

dg F+~ Osvg~ o wcgk ~g dcvcjg n`qco owt`vc~odo dg eo vg~`"

ewn+& +¬ eo H+ E+ ho dcntod` n`k iwgvzo dg egs cbqwe~od`

dge n`bfgkncb+c` +[ ck~qcvo eo jw~tcnco% s ~cgkto ge d`feg

qeongv dg fgv n`kicvbodo~% eo~ g~qgvokzo~ wg okcbov`k oe

+g icvbo nwokd` t`bþ eo cbq`vtoktg bgdcdo dg tvok~bctcv

q`v ~c ~è` n`k ihï+ dg Jwec`% [ ~g ~cgktg qegkob+-« ~otc~ih`+

nwokd` nvgg +¬ ^+ G+ ge ^`v M`fgvkod`v dg F+[ Osv+* ïwcgk ~g dcvcjg odbcto g~tg onwgvd` dge qwgfe` ôktcomwgÿ`

n`b` wk icge tg~tcb`kc` dg eo ~ckngvcdod dg ~w~ ~gktcb+-¼¼

s dg eo bgj`v fwgko igã n`k +& dg kwgy` gktvo gk tok

oqgtgncdo~ vgeoncþk+[

Ge M`fgvkod+&& +[ icvbo oqv`ygnho g~to `nonc`k q+¼ votc"

icnov oe Gxb`+ ^`v+ ï wcgk ~g hofeo eo~ n`kncdgvonc`k+[ dg

~w bo~ dc~tckmwcd` oqvgnc`

ôktcom` dg Qoeonc`Bok+- Ioeonc`

^gnvgt+`

\oe bovmgkR Gxb` ^`v M`fgvkod+[ s Noq+± Mvïe+ dg eo Qv`y+¼

dg F+~ Osvg~+

\Vg~èwncþk dg eo Egmc~eotwvo q`v eo wg odhcgvg eo Qv`ycknco

o eo Ecmo Ect`voeR+

ôeo dg ^g~cþk+[ ôkt+& dge G~tgv` Om+t¼ 61 dg ?8>?2 i+ c

Vgwkcdo eo Egmc~eotwvo dg eo Qv`y+¼ gk t`do ~w qegkctwd:

t`b` gk n`kncdgvon+& eo k`to dge Q`dgv Gjgnwtcy` qv`yc~`"

vc` ï eo +g on`bqoÿo eo +[ dcvcjc` ï e`~ Gxcÿ`~+ M`f+k"[[ dg

eo Ecmo Ect`voe n`k ge eowdofeg `fjgt` dg ckn`vq`vov eo Qv`y+¼

dg ôkt+` [ gk[% s dg hongv vgycycv eo~ vgeoncþk+[ gxtgvc`v+-*

+g wk q`dgv odyctvovc` eo ~w~qgkdcþ: ho on`vdod` n`k wko"

kcbcdod dg y`t`~ dgnvgtov n`k izï+ dg Egs e`+¬

~cmwg2

Ovtcnwe` ?+1 2 ~g oqvwgfo eo n`kdwnto dge M`fcgvk` dg eo

Qv`y+o s ~g dgneovo +[ gkt`kng~ dh`+ M`f+[` ~g hoeeþ n`b"



— >>4 —qgtgktgb+~i- owt`vc~od` q+¼ `fvov n`b` e` dgbwg~tvo eo qvg"

~ctodo vt`to< gk n`k~gnwgknco eo Qv`y+o dg ôkt+¼ wgdo ck"

n`vq`vodo ï eo Ecmo Ect`voe 2 Ovtcnwe` ~gmwkd` 2 ~g votcicno

eo owt`vc~on+k hgnho q`v ge M`f+&¼ Qv`yc~`vc` gk eo qgv~`ko

dge Gxvÿ`+ M`f+&¼ dg F+[ Osv+[ d+-c Jwok Bok+c V`~o~ q+¼ eo~

vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`v+[ n`k eo qegkctwd dg ionwetod+[ wg geeo~

gxcjgk 2 Ovtcnwe` tgvngv` 2 n`bwkcúg~g oe Q+ G : qovo ~w

qwfecnon+k s ickg~ n`kfgk+tg~ 2 Dg `vdgk dg eo H+ E+ ge

Qvg~cdgktg +` ~wf~nvcfg tcgkg ge h`k`v dg qo~ov ï bok`~

dg ~w gxgegknco ge ^gÿ`v M`fgvkod`v Qv`yc~`vc` ìvgncãk"

dèg eo~ n`kncdgvonc`kg~ dg ~w qovtcnweov oqvgnc` 2 Igecqg

Igvvokd` Qvg~cdgktg 2 Bowv` Novvokzo y`noe ^gnvgtovc` 2Gxb`+ ^`v+ M`f s noqct+¼ Mgkgvoe Qv`yc~`vc` dg eo Qv`y+*

G~ n`qco +

Bokr Qoeonc`

^gnvgt+`

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk` dg ^+ dge J^~"

tgv`+ — ?8?="?877+— Nïlqlto: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >6 Y6 x 6â Yo

ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo[ cktgveâkgo~ = o ?1 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov< g~tï qgmodo

oe d`nwbgkt` `vcmckoe ~cmwcgktg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v g czwcgvdo+— D@NWBGKT@:`vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 x ^@ -o

ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ 8 s 3 bce+ < n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+— N@QCO: bobc~"nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo ~`[j% x 61 [¯+¯ ngkt+< egtvo

ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 8 s ?1 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgkoj+

Y+± F:± —N`bo~+


K+± 6?3+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto

Ig% ~`fvg eo odhg~cþk oe tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>? s ge

gkyâ` dge dcqwtod`R+

( 6? dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?

i+ ? N`qco [-[ > "

N`vd+o Om+t` 6?‛ dg ?8>?%%

Ge M`f+`&& s Noq+k Mvïe+ dg eo Qv`y+* dg N`vd+[[ tcgkg eo

h`kv`~o ~otc~ionncþk dg on`bqoÿov gk n`qco owt`vczodo

oe Gxb`+ M`f+[[ Dgegm+-[` dg ôktoigg% e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ wg

eo H+g Egmc~eotwvo dg eo Qv`y+[ eg tvo~bctg gk n`bwkcnoncþk

dg osgv 61% vgeotcy`~ o eo Oecokzo ìgk~cyo s dgigk~cyo dg

e`~ M`f+k`~ Ect`voeg~ foj` ge ~c~tgbo Igdgvoe% %& ge dg N`v"



" >>7 —

d`fo bokcig~tþ n`kygkcgktg s kgng~ovco ï eo H+¬ ôeo% o

gignt` dg +*- g~to dgecygvovo gktvov gk eo fgkãicno ecmo +¬

n`ktcgkg ge tvotod` dg 4‛ dg Gkgv` dg g~tg oÿ`% +& n`k e`~qvgecbckovg~ dg ~w vgigvgknco ho tgkcd` qvg~gktg~% eo H+¬

Vgqvg~gktoncþk q+* ~w ~ok~c`k+

^+ G+ hoeeovï gk eo qvgnctodo n`bwkcnoncþk% wg ge nw[q`

dgecfgvoktg vgn`k`ng cbqgvc`~o eo kgng~cdod dg odhgvcv oe

tvotod`% k` bgk`~ +¬ g~o cdgktcdod dg qvckncqc`~ n`k~omvo"

d`~ ï oicokzov q`v ~cgbqvg eo qwfecno tvokwcecdod% s e`~

ckg~tcbofeg~ m`zg~ vgn`fvod`~ dg ecfgvtod g ckdgqgkdgknco%

dg +¬ eo ycègknco dg wk hcj` dg~kotwvoeczod` s vgfgedg

hofco oegy`~obgktg qvcfod` ï Nþvd`fo+Gk n`k~gnwgknco qwg~ dg wk n`kygkncbcgkt` dgfcd` ï

eo bgdctoncþk% s oe ecfvg dcngvkcb+-&% ho ~cd` qegkobgktg

owt`vczod` ge ckivo~nvcqt` ï e`~ `fjgt`~ gxqvg~`~ gk ~w k`to

iho+ ?6‛ dge n`vv+-[ +[ cmwoeb+t-[ on`bqoÿo gk N`qco+ N`k

g~tg b`tcf` nvgg dg ~w dgfgv bokcig~tov ivoknobgktg o

^% G+% +g eo Qv`y+o dg Nþvd`fo g~tï vg~wgeto o ~gv wko dg

eo~ dg eo Ecmo% wg i`vbok eo~ ect`voeg~: +¼ qovo gee` Nþv"

d`fo od`qto eo ~gmwkdo yo~g dge ovtcnwe` ?+± dg eo n`kygk" i+ c yto+

nc`k qvggecbckov nctodo gk ge ovtcnwe` ?6& — dge tvotod`< s

+g q`v t`d` g~qgvo ge M`f+¼&& +g icvbo ge gxqvg~` n`k~gktc"

bcgkt` +g q`v dh`+ ovtânwe` ~g vgwcgvg qovo qv`ngdgv%

ewgm` dg `ftgkcd` oe gkyâ` dge Dcqwtod` q`v eo Qv`ycknco

dg Nþvd`fo ï eo N`cccc~c`k vgqvg~gktotcyo vgncdgktg gk eo

Ncwdod dg ôkto Igg+

N`k g~tg b`tcf` ge M`f+`t[ ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg ge qeongv dg

~oewdov oe Gxb`+ ^+&& M`f"@&[ ï wcgk ~g dcvcmg% n`k ~w bo~

dc~tckmwcdo n`k~cdgvoncþk s oet` oqvgnc`2 J`~ã Scn-[ [n0"koiã+ Noecxt` B+& M`boeg~ 2 Bckc~tv` ^gnvgt+¼ 2 Gxb`+ ^+[i

M`f+`&& s Noq+& Mvïe+ Dgegm+[[` dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg ôkto igg+

G~tï n`ki`vbg

J+ & Bovngeck` Bozcge^gnvgt+-- Ckt+k`

( Bw~g` >câvg+—N`qco: bokw~nvcto% qoqgegok icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feo"

do >1 Y; X 6? ngkt+ < egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 8 o e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgkoj+

G~ n`qco t`bodo dg g~tg Bw~g` — Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% Dcncgbfvg 6= dg ?361+

V+ Zofoeo+^gnvgtovc`+

Hos wk ~gee` dge … Bw~g` Bctvg+



\novqgto R

" >>9 "

K+± 661+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg Bgkd`zo% oe Bckc~tv` dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gx"

tgvc`vg~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% bokcicg~to eo kgng~cdod dg wko owt`"

vcdod mgkgvoe s gknovmo o Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ eo~ mg~tc`kg~ dg e`~ kg"m`nc`~ dg qoz s mwgvvo s vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~ R+

(69 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?#

K ?

Bgkd`zo Om`~t` 69 dg-8>?

Ge Gxb` M`fk`

Tvcywto ~w vgn`k`ncbcgkt` q`v e`~ g~iwgvz`~ hgnh`~ q`v

g~tg M`fcgvk` qovo ecfgvtov ï eo~ Qv`ycknco~ Cktgvc`vg~: bo"kcicg~to eo kgng~cdod dg wko owt`vcdod mgkgvoe wg vgwkcgk"

d` e`~ vg~t`~ dc~qgv~`~ dg eo Vgqúfecno% vgokcbg ~w gxc~"

tgknco qèâtcno s qv`bwemwg ge nþdcm` wg eo ho dg vgmcv<

s odjwkto wko egs dg eo H+ ôeo dg owgeeo Qv`ycknco owt`"

vczokd` oe M`f+k` dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ qovo e`~ kgm`nc`~ dg

qoz mwgvvo s Vgeonc`kg~ Gxt+[ ho~to eo vgwkcþk d~ wk N`k"

mvg~` Konc`koe n`b` cmwoebgktg q+¼ nwetcyov s i`vbov (\d ïR#

obc~tod% oecokzo ìgk~cyo s dgigk~cyo% n`k t`do~ eo~ Vgq+*&[[

dge N`ktckgktg Obgvcnok` —K`y+g 7 dg ?8>?

N`ktg~tgk e` on`vdod` gk g~to iho+

i+ ? ^gnvgt+oMgkgv+c

V~ Os o K`y+g

þ%%8>?

N`ktã~tg~g eòn`vdod` gkg~to ihï+

\ vwfvcno dgOknh`vgkoR

Bgkd`zo Om`~t` 69%% dg ?8>?%%

Eo~ qv`ycknco~ dge cktgvc`v ecfvg~ dg eo Iwgvzo +[ eo~

`qvcbâo% ~g dcvcmgk o e`~ owt`vg~ dg ~w ecfgvtod qovo vgkdcv"

eg~ ge Tg~tcb`kc` dg ~w mvotctwd+ Ge M`f+¼& s qwgfe` dgF+~ Osvg~% o nws`~ mgkgv`~`~ g~iwgvz`~ g~ dgycd` gk eo

bos`v qovtg toboÿ` vg~wetod`% ~g hok hgnh` onvgd`vg~ o

eo g~tcboncþk dg ~w~ hgvbok`~% s ge dg Bgkd`zo þvmok` dg

e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ dge ~ws` ~g hong wk h`k`v gk tvcfwtoveg

~w vgn`k`ncb+t`

K` fo~to hofgv tv`zod` eo~ nodgko~ i`vjodo~ q`v wk q`"

dgv bcectov% ~c gk ge gmgvncnc` dg ~w~ dgvgnh`~% e`~ qwgfe`~

k` ~g gknobckok o eo `vmokczoncþk konc`koe+ Oignnc`kg~

e`noeg~% þ cktgvg~g~ nvwzod`~ iwgv`k ge `vcmgk% s hok ~gv"

ycd` dg qïfwe` o eo dc~n`vdco ncyce< yohd`~ dg geeo n`k



" >>= "

`q`vtwkcdod s qv`ygnh` e`~ ionnc`~`~ ~g hok nvgod` qv`"

ngect`~< s eo koncþk dcycdcdo gk d`~ q`dgv`~`~ qovtcd`~%

wg ~g honcok eo mwgvvo% k` ho ~onod` `tv` ivwt` dg ~w~~onvcicnc`~ wg ge g~novbcgkt` s wko cew~tvodo g~qgvcgknco

q g~tcbov ge `vdgk — Dgtg~to s vg~c~tg k` bgk`~ eo okov"

wâo +5[ ge oc~eob+-` Eo qvcb+¼ tvox` e`~ boeg~ +¬ eobgkto:

ge ~gmwkd` e`~ qvè`kmovï+ G~ qvgnc~` q`kgv tgvbck` o eo~

okmw~tco~ dg eo Qotvco: dg owc ~g oqgvncfg ionceb+t¬ eo kgng"

~cdod cvvg~c~tcfeg dg wko Owt`vcdod Mgkgv+- +[ vgwkcgkd`

e`~ vg~t`~ dc~qgv~`~ dg eo Vgqúfecno% vgokcbg ~w gxc~tgknco

qèâtcno% s qv`bwemwg ge Nþdcm` wg eo ho dg vgmcv+

N`b` wk bgdc` dg qvgqovov g~tg cbq`vtoktg ick% ~ck dg~"

n`k`~gv eo~ vg~c~tgknco~ +¬ e` vgtovdovïk t`doyâo oemúk tq`dm[Vm[onc`c*

eo Egmc~eotwvo dg eo qv`ycknco ho ecfvod` wko qv`ycdgknco L~tgvc`vg~

vgneobodo q`v eo dcmkcdod dge qoc~+ Wko owt`vcdod dgfg

dcvcmcv qv`yc~`vcob+â¬ eo~ vgeonc`kg~ gxtvokmgvo~< s honcgk"

d` cb jw~t` `bgkojg oe ~ofc` s qotvcþtcn` zge` n`k wg

oktg~ dg oh`vo ge Gxb` dg Fwgk`~ Osv+~ ~g ho dg~gbqg"

ÿod` gk g~tg dgecnod` vob`% eo H+ ôeo ho vgk`yod` eo owt`"

vczoncþk n`b` ~g bokcicg~to q`v eo Egs +¬ gk n`qco ~g i% j yto+

odjwkto+ Geeo ck~tvwcvï tobfcãk dg eo g~tgknc`k dg Ionweto"

dg~ n`k +g ~g eg vgyc~tg+ ^w ongqton+¼-¼ hofvï nèbod` e`~

y`t`~ dge M`f+cc`% dg nwso `vdgk ~g dcvcmg g~to+

_wcgvo ge ^`v+ Bckc~tv` dg vgeonc`kg~ g~tgvc`vg~ gegyov oe

n`k`ncb[ dg ~w M`f+&[¼ eo qvg~gktg k`to< s ongqtov ge vg~"

qgt` s oeto n`k~cdgvoncþk n`k +[ ge ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg ge

h`k`v dg ~oewdove`+

J`~ã ^tþ~ @vtcz

Bgkd+¼ Jwec` >1 dg ?8>? i+ ? G~ n`qco

Eo h`k`vofeg Egmc~eotwvo gk ^g~cþk dg ok`nhg ho ~oknc`ko"

d` eo ~cmwcgktg Egc:

Eo Qv`ycknco dg Bgkd+[&* vgkwgfo s vg~tofegng eo Egs dg Ovtânwe` úkcn`

>1 dg ^[+vg dg ?86=% owt`vczokd` oe M`y+¼&& s Noqctïk mvïe+

dg eo Qv`ycknco dg Fwgk+~ Os+[ q+o e`~ kgm`nc`~ dg Qoz% mwgvvo

s vgeonc`k+~ g~tvokmgvo~% ho~to eo vgwkcþk s dgecfgvoncþk

dg wk N`kmvg~` Konc`koe: cmwoeb+t¬ q+[ nwetcyov s i`vbovobc~tod% oecokzo ìgk~cfo% s dgigk~cfo n`k t`do~ eo~ Vgqú"

fecno~ dge N`ktckgktg Obgvcnok`+

QwFE+ ^gn+ Hc~t+ — T+ XYC 66



" >>8 —

Ge Qvg~cd+tg ckivo~nvcqt` e` n`bwkcno oe Gxb` M`y+&¼% q+¼

~w nwbqecb+t` s e` ~oewdo n`k ~w bos`v n`k~cdgvoncþk s

oqvgnc`

—Qgdv` Bècko Qvg~cd+tg

—No~cbcv`

Vgnwgv`^g"

nvgt+` —

Bgkd+zo Jwec` >1 dg ?8>?

Núbqeo~g% n`bwkcúg~g s dã~g oe vgmc~tv` — Egb`~ 2 Jq~g

ôkt`~ @vtc~ Bckc~tv` mvïe+

G~to n`ki`vbg

@vtcz

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+— @`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+— Bgkd`zo+—

?8^="?8>4+ K+± 4 — Gkgv`"Dcncgbfvg+ — Nof%igto: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k ieecmvoko%

i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo 66 x ?9 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo e@ bce+< n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko< e` ckdcnod` gktvg qovãktg~c~ ( \R # ~g hoeeo tg~tod`+— D@NWBGKT@

:

`vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`k ieecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >= Yo X 64 Yo

ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ = s 8 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+ " N`qco: bokw~"

nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 Y¼ X 6? -¼ ngkt+< egtvo

ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo = s ~ bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

s+±F+± — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+—Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+ ¼

K+& 66?+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôk Ewc~% oe dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% gk"

yâo n`qco dg eo vg~èwncþk dg eo ^+ dg V+ V+ q`v eo nwoe owt`vczo

o g~tg qovo gktgkdgv gk e`~ kgm`nc`~ dg qoz% mwgvvo s vgeonc`kg~

gxtgvc`vg~R+

( 6 s ?1 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>?

ôk Ewc~ ^gq+g e@ dg ?8>?+

Ge Gxb` ^`v M`f‛`-"

Odjwkto n`qco owt`vczodo dg eo onto q+&& eo nwoe eo H`k+-[

^+ dg V+ V+ owt`vczo oe Gxb` ^`v M`f+5&" Qv`q+¼ dg g~to

Qv`y+o qovo gktgkdgv gk e`~ kgm`nc`~ dg qoz% mwgvvo s Vgeon+[

Gxt+~ —@nt+ ?88>?

Onú~g~g vgncf` —



— >>3 —

ôk Ewâ~ Tfvã ?1‛ dg e0>?‛

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` M`fgvkod`v% tcgkg eo h`kvvo dg odjwktov%

n`qco egmoec~odo dg eo onto q`v eo woe eo H+ ^+ dg Vgqvg"

~gktoktg~ dgneovo s owt`vc~o% oe Gxb` ^`v M`ygvkod`v% sNoqctïk Mvïe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ qovo gktgk"

dgv gk e`~ kgm`nc`~% dg Qoz mwgvvo s vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~+

Ge +g ~wfnvcfg oe dcvcjcv~g q`v qvcbgvo yg~% oe Gxb`M`ygvkod`v s Noqctïk Mvïe dg F+~ Os+[ ~g hong wk qeongv%

gk ~oewdove`% ìvgncãkdèg eo~ bo~ oeto~ n`kncdgvonc`kg~

dg ~w qovtcnweov odhg~cþk+

Ecg& ôkt& Iwkg~

Bok[ C~cd+& ^`~o^gn+` Mvoe

i+ ?

Fwgk`~ Os"vg~ @ntwfvg ?8

dg8>?

Onú~g~g vg"

ncf`

\hos wko vú"fvcnoR

K+ C%%&

ôeo dg ^g~c`kg~ dg ôk Ewc~% ^gtcgbfvg 6 dg ?8>?

ihþ

Gxb` ^`vM`f+ì s Noq+¼Mvïe dg eo Qv`"ycknco dg F+*Os+¬

i+ ?

ôeo dg ^gnc`kg~ dg ôk Ewc~% ^gtcgbfvg 6 dg ?8>? 2Eo H+ ^+ Egmc~eotcfo dg eo Qv`ycknco dg ôk Ewc~% gk ~gnc`k

dg g~tg dco% t`bþ gk n`k~cdgvoncþk eo kgng~cdod gk « ~g

homo% dg eo nvgoncþk dg wk Q`dgv Gxgnwtcy` Konc`koe< svg~wetþ dg eo wkïkcbg yèwktod dg e`~ ^+ ^+ +¬ eo n`bq`"

kgk% k`bfvov qovo +[ `nwqg g~tg dg~tck`% o eo qgv~`ko dge

^`v M`ygvkod`v% s Noq+±% Mvïe dg eo Qv`fcknco dg F+[ Os+~

qovo dcvcjcv e`~ kgm`nc`~% dg Qo~% mwgvvo% s vgeoncþk+[ gxtg"

vc`vg~< cmwoeb+-g qovo nwetcfov% s i`vbov obc~tod oecok~o%

ìgkncfo% s dgigkncfo% n`k t`do~ eo~ Vgqúfecno~ dge N`ktc"

kgktg Obgvcnok`% ho~to eo ck~toeoncþk dg wk N`kmvg~` Ko"nc`koe+ Dg `vdgk dg eo H+ ^+ n`bwkcúg~g oe Q+ G+ qovo ~w

nwbqecbcgkt` 2 Qo~nwoe Qgÿoe`~o Qvgncdgktg — Igec~ V`"

dvcm` V`bgv` ^gnvgt± 2 ôk Ewc~ ^gtcgbfvg > dg ?8>?+%2

Núbqeo~g eo qvg~gktg h`k`vofeg vg~èwncþk% s dã~g ge vg"

mc~tv` ìcncoe 2 Ecngk+ [± Iwkg~ 2 Bok+ - C~cd`v` ^`~o% ^g"

nvgt+` Mvoe 2

G~to n`ki`vbg

^+M+

^`~o

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+— M`fcgvk`+ — ôk Ewc~+—c¬â3"e¬+7^+— Novqgto : boktt~nvcto% qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >^ x ~c ¼%

ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 3 o ?? bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< oem` v`t`



— >41 "

gk e`~ f`vdg~< g~tï qgmodo oe `vcmckoe wg eg ~cmwg% q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v g cz"

wcgvdo+ — D`nwbgkt`: `vcmckoe bokw~`"ct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo

Jc`jo >1 Yo X ^C ngkt+ %" egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ 3 s ce bce+ < n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+

— N`qco:

bokw~nvcto < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 x ~cngkt%< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo dg 3 o ?? bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko #+

Y+& F+± — N`bo~+

Hoj" wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+—Ggqúfecno Ovmgktcko+¼

K+& 666+— \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig% oe Qvg~cdgktg

dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% gegyo eo~ ~ècnctwdg~ dg ckn`vq`"

voncþk ï eo Ecmo Ect`voe dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ dg Nþvd`fo s ôktcom`

dge G~tgv` R+

( 7 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>? #

K+` ?>

ôkto Iã ^gqt+g 7 dg

8>?‛

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` M`f+`&& Dgegm+[` dg ^+[ Iã ~g dcvcjg ï eo

H+ N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+k`~ °g eo~ Qv`y+[~

ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqwf+no Ovmgktcko% n`k ge `fjgt` dg gegyov

ï ~w n`k`ncb+t`% q+c& bgdc` dg eo~ odjwkto~ n`qco~ ngvtcic"

nodo~% eo ~ècnctwd dg e`~ Gxcec`~ M`f+[[`~ °g Nþvd`fo s ôk"

tcom` dg gktvov gk eo ecmo +5[ hok i`vbod` eo~ Qv`y+o~ ect`"

voeg~ odhcvcãkd`~g oe tvotod` dg 4 dg Gkgv` dge qvg~gktg

oÿ`< o ick dg +[ eo H+ N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% gk ycvtwd

dg ~w~ otvcfwnc`kg~ ~g qv`kwkncg gk g~tg kgm`nc`+

Ge M`f+`v ckivo~nvcqt` ~oewdo n`k t`d` ~w vg~qgt` s oqvg"

nc` o eo bws H+ N`bcnc`k vgqvg~gktotcyo

Qgdv` dg Eovvgnhgo

\oe bovmgkR ^+`v Qvg~cd+-g dg eo H+ N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo

dg eo~ Qv`Y+ o~ ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno Ov"

mgktcko

N Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo >1 Yo x ~c Yo ngtct+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+




— >4? "

K+* 66>+— \Ge N`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~ ngvno dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~%

ôkto Ig s N`vvcgktg~% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% qcdg ~g eg

~gÿoeg dâo s h`vo qovo wg qwgdo icvbov ge tvotod` dg 4 dg

gkgv` dg ?8>?% `fjgt` dg ~w n`bc~cþk R+

( 9 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>?

K+& 7 t ?

ôkto Iã ^gqtfvã 9‛ dg ?8>?%%

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` N`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg eo Qv`yck"

nco dg N`vvcgktg~ ngvno dg e`~ Gxb`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg Fwgk`~

Osv+~ ôktoiã s Gktvg2Vc`~% tcgkg eo h`kv`~o ~otc~ionncþk

dg dcvcmcv~g% dg `vdgk dg ~w M`fcgvk`% ï e`~ ^^+ dg eo N`"

bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ Qv`"

ycknco~ ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko qovo q`kgv

gk ~w n`k`ncbcgkt`% +[ ~ck gbfovm` dg hoeeov~g ge

Gxvÿ` M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~ s eo Qv`ycknco% +&[ tok dcm"

kob+tg qvg~cdg% cktcbob+tg qgv~wodcd`~ dg eo cknoenweofeg

wtcecdod s mvokdg~ fgktojo~% +[ kgng~ovcobgktg dgfâok qv`"

dwncv ï t`d` ge Qoc~ obgvcnok` eo~ `f~gvyonc`kg~ þ vgqo"

v`~ +g q`v n`kdwnt` dge ckivo~nvcqt` ~g hcncgv`k oe Tvotod`

dg oecokzo ngegfvod` gk g~to Ncwdod ge 4 dg Gkv` dge qvg"

~gktg oÿ` gktvg e`~ Gxcec`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ qvgk`bckodo~

Qv`ycknco~ dg Fwgk+[ Osv+[% ôktoiã% s Gktvg2Vc`~: o~â i+ c yto+

n`b` dg eo jw~tcnco s dgvgnh` gk +[ owgeeo~ ~g iwkdov`k:

~otc~ignh`% q`v wko qovtg% n`k eo~ voz`kg~ bokcig~todo~ q`ve`~ ^gÿ`vg~ dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo gk ~w vgn`bgk"

dofeg k`to% dg 6= dg Ofvce wetcb`% s d`nwb+t`~ odjwkt`~ ï

geeo% ~`fvg e`~ q`dgv`~`~ b`tcy`~% +[ cbqwe~ov`k ï e`~

^^+ N`bc~c`kod`~ qovo ngegfvov dh` tvotod` ~ck eo n`knw"

vvgknco dge dg N`vvcgktg~% +± gvo ge qvcbgv kgm`ncod`v% sn`kncdgvokd`% q`v `tvo% +¬ eo dcigvgknco dg ncvnwk~toknco~

gk +g h`s ~g hoeeo ge Qoc~ ho yovcod` ~w nctwonc`k qèâtcno%

sofcgvt` `tv`~ nobck`~ k` bgk`~ ~gmwv`~

sodoqtofeg~

qovoovvcfov o eo~ bc~bo~ o~qcvonc`kg~% s +¬ k` dgfg dc~qgk~ov~g

bgdc` oemwk` k`feg s egmoe% +g tcgkdo oe mvok ick dg o~gmwvov



— >46 —

eo tvokwcecdod dg eo Qotvco s ~w `vmokc~onc`k mvïe% +[ ~`k

e`~ d`~ `fjgt`~ ï +[ ge Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~ ~onvc"

icnovï ~cgbqvg ~w~ dg~yge`~ s g~qgncoe nwcdod`% n`b` e`~

wkcþ`~ dg +g dgfg g~qgvov~g ¯ge gkmvokdgncb+t` s qv`~qgvcdod

dg eo Vgqúfecno% ho owt`vczod` fo~toktgb+tg oe +g icvbo

qovo odgvcv% onngdgv qegkob+[g% s icvbov ge gxqvg~od` Tvo"

tod` dg oecokzo dg 4 dg Gkgv` dg g~tg oÿ` gk e`~ bc~b`~

tãvbck`~ +g iwg g~tcqweod`% vgbctcãkdè` ï ~w M`fcgvk` qovo

-… 6 eo n`bqgtgktg votcicnoncþk gk ge tcgbq` +g ~g onwgvdg%

s wgdov ckn`vq`vod` ï eo qvgdcnho N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo

n`k ovvgme` oe ovt+& ?7+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` dg~g`~` dg eegkov eo~ `vdgkg~ dg ~w M`"

fcgvk`% s okcbod` dg cmwoeg~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ qotvc`~ ~è` g~qg"

vo +g e`~ ^^+ dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% ï wcgkg~ ~g

dcvcmg ~g dcmkgk ~gÿoeoveg ge dco s h`vo gk +[ qwgdo nwb"

qecv tok qeowncfeg n`b` h`kv`~` gknovm`+

N`k g~to fgeeo `q`vtwkcdod ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~oewdo otgk"

tob+tg ï e`~ ^^+ dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% s eg~ ìvgng

~w n`kncdgvonc`k dc~tckmwcdo+

Bokwge Egcyo

?+ ? ^^+ dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+k`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+~

ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+


d`feodo >? x ~c Yj ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 8 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+

^g hoeeo dgktv` dg wko novqgto wg dcng: ¬N`vvg~q`kdgknco dg e`~ Dcqwtod`~ dg

eo N`bc~cþk— Oÿ`~ ?8>?‛ s ?8>6&#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+




" >4>

K+± 664+ —CGe M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg

ho `vdgkod` eo bovnho dg wko dcyc~cþk qovo wg `fvg o eo~

þvdgkg~ dge mgkgvoe _wcv`moR+

( ?= dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>?

K C

Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vd`yo

N`vd`yo ^gq+¬ ?= dg ?8>?

Oyc~o hofgv `vdgkod` eo bovnho dg wko dcyc~cþk% qovo

wg `fvg o eo~ `vdgkg~ dge Mgk+- _wcv`mo ho~to eo n`knew"

~cþk dg eo Mwgvvo

Onw~gk vgncf`

ih`+

o eo icvbo

@nt+g ??%+8>?

\novqgtoR

N`vd+¼ ^gqt+g ?=+ dg ?8>?+ i+ ?+

Ge M`f+k` g ~wf~nvcfg q`kg gk n`k`ncb+-¼ dg ^+ G+ ge ^+±[-

M`f+`v Dgegmod` dg eo dg Fwk+~ Osv+[ +g wgvcgkd` dov eo

wetcbo qvwgfo dg e`~ igvycgktg~ dg~g`~ dg wg g~tï okcbod`

gk `f~gwc` dg eo ecfgvtod dg e`~ Qwgfe`~ hgvbok`~ +[ h`s

~wivgk ge dwv` swm` dg e`~ vg~t`~ dg g~`~ h`bfvg~ iwkg~"

t`~% oe G~tod` t`d`% hï `vdgkod` bovnhg wko dcycnc`k +[

dgfgvï `fvov o eo~ `vdgkg~ dge Gxb`+ ^`v+ Mgk+- Fvcmodcgv

D+k Jwok Ionwkd` _wcv`mo htï eo n`knewnc`k dg eo mvio: ^+ G+

n`k`ngvï q+[ g~to bgdcdo +« ï eo nofgzo dg e`~ kgm`nc`~

qwf+n`~ dg ã~to Qv`y+[c ~g ho nè`nod` wk h`bfvg% %[ gk kck" Oknh`vgkoR

mwko~ ncvnwk~toknco~ dg~otgkdgvï e` wg ge dgn`v`% ge h`k`v

sge

cktgvgz mvïe vgneobo% s wg ãe bovnho s bovnhovï foj`dg eo yo~g dg +[ g~tï n`kygkncd` ~gv eo ~oewd mvïe+ eo

^wq+kco Egs+

_wcgvo ^+ G+ odbctcv eo~ bgj`vg~ n`kncdgvonc`k+~ dge oet`

oqvgnc` n`k wg eg ~oewdo

Jg Yczgktg Vgskoiã

NoecxJ& B+& M`kzïegzB+ M+

Fwgk`~ Os"vg~ @ntwfvg CC

dg8>?

Onú~g~g vg"ncf`

\vúfvcno dg

Gxb`+ ^`v+ M`f+±-& s Noqct+± Mvïe+

Dgegmod` dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg Fwgk+[ Osv+[

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Kodok+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+— Nþvd`fo+ —?8>?"?8>=% K+& 4+— Nolqgto : bokw8nvcto < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

ih`



" >44 —d`feodo ^C c~ X â^ ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo e` bce+ n`k~gvyoncþk fwg"ko+ — D`nwbgkt`: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jod`feodo ~g -o x 64 -j ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo ~ bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko #+

Y+& F+± — N`bo~+


K+± 667+ — i Eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo% oe M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgk"

tg~% wg dg~dg ge 63 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>? ~g nwgkto o ~w

qv`ycknco gk eo Ecmo Ect`voe R+

( >1 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>?#

i+ ? ôktoig ^fvg >1 dg ?8>?

Owt`vczod` ge +g icvbo q+&& onwgvd` dg e`~ Dcqwtod`~ dg

e`~ M`y+k`~ °g eo~ Qv`y+~ Ect`voeg~ Fwgk`~ Os+~% ôktoig sGktvg Vc`~ ngegfvod` ge 6? dg Ofvce dge qvg~gktg oÿ`% ~cgktg

eo h`kvv`~o ~otc~ionn+`k dg okwkncov oe Gxb` ^v+ M`y+¬&& dg

eo Qv`y+o dg N`vv+tg~ +g dg~dg ge 63 dge +[ tgvbcko nwgkto eo

ecmo ect`voe gk ~w ~gk` o g~to fgkgbãvcto Qv`y+[ dg~q+~ +g

ge Dcqwtod` dg ~w M`y+k¼ D+ Bok+c Egsfo gk g~to iho ho

ongqtod`% s votcicnod` ge tvotod` dg 4 dg Gk+& +& twy` eo

me`vco dg hoygv qv`b`ycd`% s o +[ q+v ckncd+[ dge b`b+*¼ k`qwd` n`knwvvcv gk ~w tgvbckoncþk+

Nwokd` g~t` gxqvg~o ge +[ ~wf~nvcfg g~ q+&& dgbï~ gxtgk"

dgv~g o gxqecnov eo~ ygktojo~ +[[ dg g~tg ont` ~g qv`bgtgk

o eo Vgqwf+no Ovmgktcko< qwg~t` +« dg ge t`bo `vcmgk ~w

dg~godo `vmokc~o~+¼¼+

N`k g~tg b`tcy` ge +g ~wf~nvcyg ~oewdo oe Gxb` ^v+

M`y+`v o +k ~g dcvcmg n`k eo dgycdo n`k~cdgvoncþk+

D`b+& NweegkQvg~cd+t¼

J`~ã Geco~ Moec~tg`^gnvgt+` Ckt+`

Gxb` ^v+ M`y+`[ s Noq+& Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+[ dg

N`vvt+~ D+ Qgdv` Igvvã+

N Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk < N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >3+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`% qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

% [ dg eo h`jo >` x ~` ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo 8 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko #+

Y+± F+± — Ml`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo n Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe




" >47 —

K+& 669+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig%

oe dg eo dg N`vvcgktg~% ~`fvg eo ckn`vq`voncþk dg g~to úetcbo o

eo Ecmo Ect`voe s e`~ ~wng~`~ onogncd`~ gk Gktvg Vâ`~ n`k b`"tcy` dg eo ontwoncþk dge n`v`kge G~qck`R+

( 9 dg @ntwfvg dg ?8>?

ôkto Iã @nt* 9 dg ?8>?+ i + c

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` M`f+*&& Dgegm+-[` dg g~to Qv`y+¼ tcgkg eo

h`kvo dg dcvcmcv~g oe Gxb` 8+±[ M`f+&& s Noq+& Mvoe dg eo

dg N`vvcgktg~ qovo n`bwkcnoveg +[ ck~tvwcd` ge %¬ icvbo%

q`v n`kdwnt` dge ^+¼&& N`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dge Gxb`

M`f+±` o wcgk g~to ~g dcvcmg% dg eo vg~èwncþk gk +g ~g eg

owt`vczo o owge qovo odhgvcv s icvbov ge tvotod` dgickctcy`

dg oecokzo toe nwoe iwã ngegfvod` gk g~to Noq+c ge 4 dg

Gkgv` dge qvg~gktg oÿ`% s dg wgdov ckn`vq`vod` o eo N`"

bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~< ho vgnc"

fcd` n`k oeto ~otc~ionncþk tok cktgvg~oktg on`ktgncbcgkt`%

s n`b` q`v wko iotoecdod +g tokt` qgv~cmwg o kwg~tvo obo"

do qotvco k` hoso q`dcd` vgoeczov~g g~tg ont` dg eo ckn`v"

q`voncþk% ge ckivo~nvcqt` n`k~cdgvokd` oe Gxb` M`f+[¼ dg

N`vvcgktg~ oktg~ dg oh`vo n`b` o wk` dg e`~ ecmod`~% sn`kygkncd` dg eo cbq`vtoknco +¬ dg ~w ckn`vq`voncþk o eo

N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% ho nvgcd` dg ~w dgfgv vgn`k`ngv [[xb` ~+`v- D k Qgdv` Qg"

oe ^`v+ N`bc~c`kod` D+ Bok+- Egcyo dg gnh` ckn`vq`vod` jvã M`f+`v y[ Noq+¼ Mvoe dg

o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% mwovdokd` mwovdokd` o c¼ Qv`y+¼ dg

eo Qv`y+o dg N`vvcgktg~% +g vgqvg~gkto% t`do~ eo~ n`k~cdgvo"

nc`kg~ +¬ n`b` o wko dg eo~ oecodo~ eg n`bqgtg < n`k nwc` i+ c yto+

b`tcf` ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~g yg gk eo `fecmoncþk dg ck~tvwcv oe

^`v+ Mv`f+5&& dg N`vvcgktg~ dg eo~ voz`kg~ +[ hok gkt`vqgncd`

eo ckn`vq`voncþk qvgckdcnodo s eo n`kdwnto wg ho mwovdod`

g~tg M`fcgvk`< v`mokd` oe Gxb` dg N`vvcgktg~ wcgvo ckdc"

noveg nwoe g~ eo `qckcþk +g dg t`d`~ g~t`~ ~wng~`~ ho i`v"

bod`% s eo bovnho +g n`k~cdgvg n`kygkcgktg od`qtov gk

eo~ ontwoeg~ ncvnwk~toknco~+

Gegfod` o eo qvcbgvo bomc~tvotwvo ge N`v+c D+ Qgdv`

G~qck` bovnþ ~w Odbckc~tvoncþk mwovdokd` ncegknc` dg ~w

kwgy` k`bfvob+t` q`v bo~ dg ygcktg dco~% qvg~tokd` ck"

iewgknco dg~c~cyo gk eo~ dc~q`~cnc`kg~ mwygbotcyo~ o D+ Gyo"vc~t` Novvcgm`~% s nè`nokd` o eo nofgzo dg eo iwgvzo ygtg"

voko oe N`v+c D+ Bok+c Fvct`~% s o eo dg wk` dg e`~ qvcknc"



" >49 —qoeg~ dgqovtob+t`~ dg Nobqoÿo oe N`bokd+tn D+ Nvg~qck

Fgeo~wgz+

G~tg M`fk`+ hofvâo qvg~ckdcd` dg eo cegmoecdod s otv`"qgeeob+t` n`k wg ~ofg ~g ~oknc`kþ eo dgq`~cncþk dge ^+¼&&

M`f+`v egmctcb` N`v+[ D+ Qgdv` dg Fovvgkgnhgo s nè`noncþk

i+ 6 dge N`v+c G~qck` ~c ~g eg hwfcg~g dod` nwgkto dg g~tg

nobfc` ~gmúk n`vvg~q`kdg s g~tï g~tofegncd`: bo~ kwkno

q`dvâo hofgv ~cd` ivcþ g~qgntod`v dg eo ckiewgknco dg No"

vvcgm`~ s nè`nonc`kg~ dge N`v+[ Fvct`~ s N`bokd+[g Fgeo~"

wgz% ge qvcbgv` q`v ~gv qgecmv`~` gktvg k`~`tv`~ s vgqwtod`

mgkgvoeb+tg n`b` wk qgvfgv~`% s e`~ `tv`~ q`v ~w `qckcþk

dg qovtcdovc`~ dg e`~ dg~tvwnt`vg~ dg kwg~tv` Qoc~ : O~c g~+g vgneobþ obc~t`~ob+tg ge ckivo~nvcqt` dg g~t`~ qv`ngdcb+t`[[

s ho~to tokt` iwg~g ~otc~ignh` ~g ho o~tgkcd` dg vgn`k`ngv

oe N`v+c G~qck` n`b` M`f+¼-- dg owgeeo Qv`y+[+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` ho gbqgÿod` ~w qgv~wonc`k n`k eo~ voz`kg~

bo~ neovo~ s ~gknceeo~ oktg d`~ N`bc~c`kod`~% +g hok yg"

kcd` dge Gktvg Vc`~% q+[ qgkgtvove`~ dg eo jw~tcnco s kgng~c"

dod n`k +g ho hgnh` ~w~ vgneob`~% o n`k~gmwcd` qgv~wodcv"

e`~% qgv` kodo ~g ho odgeoktod` s honcgkd` w~` dg `tvo~

`nwvvgknco~ dg +[ ncvnwk~tokncodobgktg ho ~cd` ck~tvwcd`

ge ^+ì N`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% ho vgw~od` ge ^j G~qck`

gktgkdgv~g n`k ge ckivo~nvcqt` fox` eo~ n`kdcnc`kg~ qvghck"

dcnodo~% dokd` ewmov o ge g~nïkdoe` +& vgiewsg dg g~to

qèâtcno% s ho ~`~qgnho~ kodo iof`vofeg~ o eo bovnho dg

i+ 6 yto+ owgeeo Qv`y+["+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~g oh`vvo dgtoeeov bgkwdob+[g c`~ ~wng~`~

dg~mvoncod`~ dg eo Qv`y+[ dg Gktvg Vc`~ fcgk qgkgtvod` +[

e` hovï qvècjob+tg ge ^+&&& N`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~: s

~cgvvo g~to n`bwkcnoncþk qv`tg~tokd` oe Gxb` ^"@&& M`f+ì

o +-- ~g dcvcmg ~w dc~tckmwcdo n`k~cdgvoncþk s oqvgnc` qov"

tcnweov+

Qgdv` dg Eovvgnhgo

J+& Bovngeck` Bozcge

^gnvgt+` Ckt+¼

Gxb` ^+`v D+k Qgdv` Igvvã% M`f+¼&" s Noq+& Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+¼

dg N`vvcgktg~+


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >3+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` : qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`



" >4= "

dg eo h`jo d`feodo ¼ gbt+ 8 bce+ x i` ngkt+ 3 bce+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ "dg

9 o = bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko #+

Y+& F+& — MV1881+

H)s wk ~gee` dg eo … Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe


K+* 66=+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Eo Vc`jo% oe dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% eg

n`bwkcno eo ionwetod ~oknc`kodo q`v eo V+ Q+ dg gktgkdgv gk

e`~ kgm`nc`~ dg qoz% mwgvvo s vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~ s eo dgnc~cþk

dg ckn`vq`vov eo qv`ycknco o eo Ecmo Ect`voe R+

( ?6 s ?> dg @ntwfvg dg ?8>?

K+¼ ?

Vc`jo @ntwfvg ?> dg8>(\6R#+ \novqgto ?+*R

Ge ^`v M`fgvkod`v

Odjwkto n`qco dge onwgvd` dg owgeeo H+ V+ Q+ ihï ?6

dgR bc~b` owt`vczïkdèg qovo vgqv`dwncv o g~tg M`fcgvk`

eo ionwetod dg n`k`ngv s gktgkdgv gk e`~ kgm`nc`~ dg Qoz

Mwgvvo s Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ gk e`~ bc~b`~ tãvbck`~ gk

+g ï ~w k`bfvg iwg owt`vczod` oktg~ dg eo oz`kodo dg C+**

dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?868 ge ickod` M`fgvkod`v D+[ Bok+[ F`"

vvgm` ~`fvg nwso owt`vczoncþk s q`dgv ~g vgicgvg ge Vgmc~tv`

@icncoe dg g~to Qv`y+¼ q`v hofgv ãe dg owgeeo dg~oqovgncd`

gk e`~ n`ktckw`~ ~owg`~ +[ ho ~wivcd` s tcgkg cmwoebgktg

ge dg qv`nwvov dg wk b`d` ~ègbkg s q`~ctcy` eo ckn`vq`"

voncþk dg eo Qv`ycknco dg ~w bokd` ï eo~ dg eo ecmo ect`voe

Vc`jo @ntwfvg ?>+ dg ?8>?+ i+ c

Ge M`f+±` dg eo Vc`jo dcvcmcãkd`~g ï ^+ G+ ge ^ M`f sNoqctïk Mvïe dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg F+¼ Osvg~% s w~okd` dg eo~

ionwetodg~ wg eg ~`k n`kigvcdo~ q`v g~to H+ V+ Q+ gk ~w

onwgvd` dg ?6 dge n`vvcgktg% nwso n`qco owt`vc~odo% qovo

~w cktgecm+' odjwkto% tcgkg ge cbq`vtoktg `fjgt` dg okwkncoveg

eo vgqv`dwnc`k +[ g~tg M`f+±` hong gk ge dg ^+ G+ dg eo~

ionwetodg~ dg n`k`ngv% s gktgkdgv gk e`~ kgm`nc`~ dg Qoz%

mwgvvo s vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~% gk e`~ bc~b`~ tãvbck`~ gk+g ï ~w k`bfvg iwg owt`vc~od` oktg~ dg eo o~`kodo dg

qvcbgv` dg Dcncgbfvg dg bce `nh`ncgkt`~ ygcktg s `nh` ge



— >48 —

fgkgbãvct` M`f dg g~o Qv`f+o Mvïe D%& Bokwge D`vvgm`< ï

nwso owt`vczoncþk% s q`dgvg~ wg dgfgk gxc~tcv gk ge vgmc~"

tv` @icncoe dg eo Qv`f+* dg ~w bokd`% g~ qvgnc~` oe Ckivo~"

nvcqt` vgigvcv~g q`v hofgv ge dg g~to of~èwtobgktg dg~oqo"

vgncd` gk e`~ n`ktckwod`~ ~owg`~% s dg~èonc`kg~ wg dge

tcvok` Q`dgv% hï ~wivcd` s tcgkg cmwoebgktg ge dg qv`nwvov

dg wk b`d` ~ègbkg s q`~ctcf` eo ckn`vq`voncþk dg eo

Qv`f+o dg ~w bokd` ï eo~ dg eo ecmo ect`voe+

G~t`~ ont`~ ~ègbkg~ wg g~to Qv`f+[¼ n`k tokt` ovd`v% sokncgdod dg~gofo% s

+g h`s e`~ yg nwbqecd`~% ~otc~ioncgkd`

gk gee`~ ~w~ bo~ novo~ g~qgvokzo~% hok nèbod` qegkobgktg

~w mvïe n`bqeg~gknco: s eo ncvnwk~toknco dg ygv vgnwqgvod`~~w~ Dgvgnh`~ gk eo vgqv`dwnncþk dg ~w~ ionwetodg~ oe M`f+&¼

dg +g Y+ G+ g~ gknovmod`% eg g~ tokt` bo~ eowdofeg% s ~otc~"

iont`vc`% wokt` +&[ gk geeo g~tï dg~civodo eo jw~to n`kicokzo

i+ ? yto+ dg g~qgvov o g~iwgv~`~ dg ~w fcgk qv`yod` qotvc`tc~b` ge

h`k`v% vg~qgnt`~% s dcmkcdod dg eo Vgqwf+no Ovmgktcko ho~to

~w @vmokc~onc`k Konc`koe+

Tok dcmk`~ `fjgt`~ ìvgngk oe +*[ icvbo eo `q`vtwkcdod dg

~oewdov q`v qvcbgvo ygz ï ^+ G+ ge ^j M`f s Noq+[c Mvïe dg

eo Qv`f+o dg F+~ Os+~% s ìvgngveg e`~ bgj`vg~ ~gktcbcgkt`~dge oet` oqvgnc` s g~tcboncþk n`k +[ eg dc~tckmwg+

Qoweck` @vchwgeo

Ivok+ [± GvncefgkmòB+ ^gnvgt`

\oe bovmgkR Gxb` ^j M`f+&& s Noq+& Mvïe dg eo Qv`y+[ dg

F+F O+~

\ôkncþk dg eo Egmc~eotwvo dg eo Vc`jo q`v eo wg ~g ckn`vq`vo

o eo Ecmo Ect`voeR+

\novqgto 6+*R Om+t` ?6 dg ?8>6

Ge Gxb` ^`v M`f[v dg eo Vc`jo —On`bqoÿo n`qco owt`vczodo dg eo h`k`vofeg ~okncþk dg

g~o Egmc~eotwvo dgneovokd` eo Qv`ycknco dg eo Vc`jo ckn`v"

q`vodo o eo ecmo ect`voe —

CK`y +g ?3— E[ n`bwkcnoncþk dg g~to ihï —?8>6

ihþ



— >43 —

ôeo dg ^g~c`kg~% Vc`jo @ntwfvg ?6+ dg ?8>?+ i+ ?

N`qco

Ge Qvg~cdgktg +[ ~wf~nvcfg tcgkg ge h`k`v dg tvok~nvcfcvï Y+ G+ ge dgnvgt` +¬ ho tgkcd` ewmov gk eo ^gnc`k dg g~tg

dco% n`k~gnwgktg o ~w k`to ìcncoe ihï dg osgv2 ^gnc`k >+¼

ôeo dg ^g~c`kg~ Vc`jo `ntwfvg d`ng dg bce `nh`ncgkt`~

tvgckto s wk` 2 Vgwkcdo eo vgqvg~gkton+± Qv`f+- gk eo ôeo

dg ~w~ ^g~c`kg~% ~g ofvcþ eo dge dco n`k eo egntwvo dg wko

k`to dg ^+ G+ ge ~+&& M`f+&& dg eo Qv`f+¼ ihï dg osgv% q`v eo

+g hong qvg~gktg ï g~to vgqvg~gktoncþk eo mvok kgng~cdod

dg ckn`vq`vov g~to ï eo~ dg eo ecmo ect`voe% s dg ionwetov oe

Gxcec` ~+i M`f+i s Noq+¼¼ Mvoe dg eo Qv`f+¼ dg F+~ O+[% qovogktgkdgv gk e`~ kgm`nc`~ dg Qoz% mwgvvo% s vgeonc`kg~ gxtg"

vc`vg~ nwso ionwetod `ftwf` q`v g~to Qv`f+¼ owge M`f+[[`% s

~g ~w~qgkdcþ q`v eo g~nokdoe`~o ~wfegfonc`k gk F+[ O+~

qvontcnodo gk ?+¼ dg Dcgvg dg ?868+ — Eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+

okcbodo n`k e`~ bc~b`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ wg g~qvg~o ge Gxcec`

M`f+±± gk ~w vgigvcdo k`to% ho on`vdod`% s dgnvgtod` n`k

iwgvzo dg egs e` ~cmwcgktg 2 ^g owt`vc~o qegkobgktg oe Gxb`~+i M`f+i dg eo Qv`f+¼ q+¼ +¬ qwgdo kgm`ncov eo ckn`vq`voncþk

dg g~to ï eo~ dg eo ecmo ect`voe< s q+* ionwetov oe Gxb` M`f+±¼

dg F+~ O+~ q+o gktgkdgv gk e`~ kgm`nc`~ dg qoz% mvvo% s vgeo"

nc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~ gk e`~ bc~b`~ tãvbck`~ +[ e` g~twf` ge

~+&& M`f+v Mvoe D+& Bok+- F`vvgm` oktg~ dg eo o~`kodo dge ?+¼

dg Dcgvg dg ?868 — gk F+~ O+[ 2 N`bwkcúg~g g~to H+ vg"

~èwncþk q`v ge Qvg~cd+-g dg eo ôeo oe ~wq+Ω¼ Q`dgv Gjgnw"

tcf` q+o ~w cktgecm+o s nwbqecb+*¼ 2 Ivos Jonckt` Novfoee`

Qvg~cdcg 2 Ivos J`~ã Egþk Qojþk 2 Ivos Kovnc~` dg eo B`to

2 Jwok Okt`kc` Novb`ko2 Ycngktg T`vvg~ 2 Botg` Yoeegj`^gnvgt+` 2 Ge Ckivo~nvcqt` Qvg~cd+-g oe n`bwkcnov oe Gxÿc`

~+v M`f+v s Noq+± Mvoe ï wcgk ~g dcvcmg g~to H+ vg~èwncþk

n`k eo +g wgdo n`ktg~todo ~w nctodo k`to% ~g n`bqeong

gk vgqv`dwncv eo ~gmwvcdod dg ~w bo~ oet` oqvgnc`% s g~"

tcb+± 2 Ivos Jonckt` Novfoee` Qvg~cd+tg 2 Botg` Yoeegj` ^g"

nvgt+± 2 Vc`jo @nt+g ?>+ dg ?8>? 22 Núbqeo~g 2 @vcmwgeo

2 Ivok+-± Gvncefgkm+& B+ ^gnvgt+` 2 G~ n`qco

Gvncefgkmò

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ Nt`fcgb`+—Eo Vc`jo+—

?8?="?876+— Gkgv`"Dcncgbfvg+"NJcVQGTO+ ?+*: bobt~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`v"

bot` dg eo h`jo >1 -Z% x ~c ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk



— >71 —fwgko< g~tï qgmodo oe `vcmckoe wg eg ~cmwg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v g czwcgvdo< e`

wg yo gktvg qovãktg~c~ g~tï tg~tod` gk ge `vcmckoe+ — D`nwbgkt` : bokw~nvct`<qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >? x 6? ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo%

cktgveckgo 8 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk vgmweov% v`t` ge d`fegz+ — NLLQ]âl 6+*: bokw~nvcto<

qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo 6? Yj X ?7 …¼ ngkt% egtvo ckneckodo%

cktgveâkgo~ cc s ?6 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+— N`qco: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icec"

mvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >? -o X 6? ?> ngkt+ < egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo

= bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

U+± F+± — N`bo~+


- 668+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg

ôkto Ig% n`k~cdgvo wg n`vvg~q`kdg o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gk"

totcyo ovfctvov eo~ bgdcdo~ qovo oeeokov eo~ dcicnwetodg~ gk Gktvg

Vâ`~R+

( ?= dg @ntwfvg dg ?8>?

i+ 7? yto+ N`vv+tg~ @ntvg+ ?= dg ?8>? 2 Ge ckivo~nvcqt` M`f`v+ dg

N`vv+tg~ ho vgncfcd` n`k ~ckmweov oqvgnc` eo dc~tckmwcdo k`todge Gxb` M`fk` dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg ^toiã% ~w iho 9 dge n`vv+[*0%

q+&& eo +g ~g ho ~gvycd` n`bwkcnov oe +[ icvbo% +*[ ck~tvwcd`

^+ G+ q`v n`kdwnt` dge N`bcnc`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg g~tg

M`fk`+ D+ Bok+c Egcyo dg eo vg~èwncþk gk wg ~g owt`vczo

o g~tg q+¼ odhgvcv s icvbov ge tvotod` dgickctcy` dg oecokzo

ngegfvod` gk owgeeo Noqctoe ge 4 dg Gkgv` dge qvg~gktg

oÿ`% s o n`k~gnwgknco wgdov ckn`vq`vod` o eo N`bcnc`k

vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fk`~ Ect`voeg~% nws` on`ktgncb+tèg ho ~cd` dg eo bo~ oeto ~otc~ionncþk oe Gxb` M`f+±` dg

ôktoiã% ~gmúk eg gxqvg~o gk eo nctodo k`to< hofcãkd`~g

gkt`vqgncd` q`v wk iotoecdod ge ont` dg eo qvgckdcnodo ckn`v"

q`voncþk ^+ G+ ho nvgcd` dg ~w dgfgv vgn`k`ngv oe N`b"cc` °g

g~tg M`f+k` °g hgnh` ckn`vq`vod` o eo N`b+`& vgqvg~gktotcyo%

mwovdokd` o eo Qv`y+[ dg N`vvt+g~ eo~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ +¬

i+ 76 n`b` o wko dg eo~ oecodo~ eg n`bqgtgk: wg n`k g~tg b`"

tcy` ~g ho yc~t` gk eo `fecmoncþk dg ck~tvwcv oe ckivo~nvcqt`

dg eo~ voz`kg~ +[ hok gkt`vqgncd` ge ont` dg eo (qvg#nctodo

ckn`vq`voncþk% s eo n`kdwnto wg ho mwovdod` owge Gxb`



— >7? "

M`f+k`% v`mokd` o g~tg wcgvo ckdcnoveg% nwoe g~ eo `qckcþk

+¬ ho i`vbod` dg t`d`~ e`~ ~wng~`~% dg wg ~g eg ck~tvwsg%

s wetcbob+tg nwoe eo bovnho% wg n`k~cdgvg n`kygkcgktgod`qtov gk eo~ ontwoeg~ ncvnwk~t+~ 2 Ge +[ ~wf~nvcfg k` ho"

fcgkd` jobo~ dwdod` dg e`~ mgkgv`~`~ ~gktcb`~ °ge Gxb`M`f+&& dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg ôktoiã onco eo dg N`vv+¼% tobq`n`

g~qgvofo bgk`~ wg eo ~otc~ionncþk wg onofo dg vgncfcv dg

hofgv ^+ G+ vgn`k`ncd` oe N`b+5c` °g g~tg M`f+¼¼¼ dg hgnh`

ckn`vq`vod` o eo N`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo% oqg~ov dg e`~

~wng~`~ wg ~g hok cktgvqwg~t` o nvw~ov wk ont` dg tokto

cbq`vtoknco— + Okcbod` q`v e` bc~b` ge ckivo~nvcqt` dg

eo n`kicokzo +« ge Gxb` M`f+[¼ dg ^toiã eg ho dc~qgk~od`

gk ~w k`to% o +[ tcgkg ge h`k`v dg n`ktg~tov< qgkgtvod`

dg e`~ on`ktgncb+t`~ +g gk geeo ~g eg n`bwkcnok n`k vg~qgnt`

o eo dc~cdgknco dge M`f+&¼ dg Gktvg Vc`~% eo cegmoecdod dg ~w

k`bfvob+t` s dgbï~ ont`~ wg hok dgjod` ckivwntw`~`~

t`d`~ e`~ bgdc`~ dg n`knceconcþk% wg on`k~gjod`~ q eo

qvwdgknco s eo qèâtcno ~g hok t`nod` qovo tvokzov s q`kgv

tgvbck` o owgeeo~ dcigvgknco~< n`kygkncd` tobfcãk dg +[

g~to~ qwgdgk gkt`vqgngv% ` oe bgk`~ vgtovdov eo bovnho dg

e`~ M`fcgvk`~ Ect`voeg~% s now~ov o e`~ cktgvg~g~ dg eo ecmo

`tv`~ qgvjwcnc`~% wg k` ~g `nwetojâ oe Gxb` M`f+¼¼ o +[ t 76 yâo+

ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~g dcvcmg% tcgkg o fcgk ckdcnoveg% wg o jwcnc`

dg g~tg% g~ eo N`bcnc`k vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+±`~ oeco"

d`~ o wcgk n`vvg~q`kdg dgecfgvov gk ge qvg~gktg no~`%

ovfctvokd` eo~ bgdcdo~ wg jw~mwg bo~ n`kdwngktg~ oe `fjgt`

dg oeeokov eo~ dcicnwetodg~ wg ~g qvg~gktok gk eo dg~mvonco"

do Qv`y+* dg Gktvg Vc`~% q ¼ q`dgv wkci`vbov ~w `qckcþkn`k eo dg e`~ dgbï~ M`f+±±~ °g eo ecmo— Eo dc~cdgknco dg

G+ Vc`~ gk eo~ ontwoeg~ ncvnwk~toknco~ g~tï gk ofcgvto `q`"

~cncþk n`k ge ovtcnwe` 9+± dge tvotod` dgickcõy` ngegfvod`

gk g~o Ncwdod ge 4 dg Gkgv` dge qvg~gktg oÿ`% s g~ qj e`

tokt` +g ge +[ ~wf~nvcfg nvgg n`vvg~q`kdgv eo vg~èwncþk

dg eo botgvco o eo N`bcnc`k vgqvg~gktotcyo so ckdcnodo—^ck gbfovm` ge Gxb` M`f+c¼` °1 ¯o% Qv`y+¼ dg ^toiã qj eo

q`~cncþk +g `nwqo%qwgdg n`k bgj`vg~

n`k`ncb+[~vg~èygv

gk ge qovtcnweov% ~gmwv` wg ge dg N`vv+[[~ ~gmwkdovï ~w~

k`feg~ g~iwgvz`~ o ick dg q`kgv tãvbck` o e`~ ckdcnod`~



— >76 "

boeg~+ 2 N`k g~tg b`tcy` ~g h`kvo ge +[ icvbo gk vgqgtcv

oe Gxb` ^`v+ M`f`J o +k ~g dcvcmg% e`~ ~gktcb+-`~ dg eo

bgj`v obc~tod s oet` oqvgnc` n`k+g

eg ~oewdo+

Gxb` ^+`v M`f`+-- s Noq+& Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+[ dg ^toiã+

N Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ —^gnncþk: Ecfv`~ n`qcod`vg~

dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` >% Ecfv` ^>+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct` < qoqge dg hce` n`k

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x 6? ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo dg 8 bce+%

n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< e` wg yo gktvg qovãktg~c~ s fo~tovdceeo ~`k n`vvgnnc`kg~ hg"

nho~ gktvg eâkgo~ J+

U+± F+± — MF@^^@+


K%± 663+ — \ Ge Bckc~tv` dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~%

oe M`fgvkod`v Qv`qcgtovc` dg ~w qv`ycknco% gkyâo eo n`bwkcno"

ncþk dge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig q`v eo wg ~g cki`vbo

ge nobfc` dg m`fcgvk` ygvcicnod` gk Gktvg Vâ`~R+

( 7 dg K`ycgbfvg dg ?8>?

qon+ >?1 K`y+g 7 dg[ -[

8>?

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` Bckc~tv` ^gnvgtovc` dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxt"¼

tcgkg ge h`k`v dg qo~ov ï bok`~ dge Gxb` 8"±[ M`f+`&& Qv`qg"

tovc` dg eo Qv`ycknco gk n`qco owt`vczodo eo k`to wg eg ho

dcvcmcd` ge Gxb` ^`v M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dgeo

dg ôktoIã% n`bwkcnïkdèg ge nobfc` dg M`f"&¼ wg ho ygvcicnod`

gk eo Qv`ycknco dg Gktvg Vc`~ ge N`v`kge D"& Qgdv` G~qck`%

ï ick dg wg cbqwg~t` ^ G+ dg t`d` wokt` geeo n`ktcgkg% ~g

~cvyo n`bwkcnoveg e` wg g~tcbg n`kygkcgktg ~`fvg ge qwkt`

dg eo n`k~weto wg dgfo `f~gvyov g~tg M`f"k± gk ge qovtcnw"

eov< n`b` cmwoebgktg% ~g ho dg n`ktckwov ~wbckc~tvokd` ï

eo Qv`ycknco dg Gktvg Vc`~ ge ~`n`vv` bgk~woe dg dckgv`

wg eg iwg o~cmkod` q+-* dgigkdgv~g n`ktvo e`~ ob`tckod`~

dge ?+1 dg Dcncgbfvg% nwokd` tvotofok dg ckyodcveo dg~dg

ge Tgvvct`vc` dge G~tod` @vcgktoe+



— >7> —

Ge wg ~wfnvcyg tcgkg eo ~otc~ionncþk dg ~oewdov nnbc g~tg

b`tcy` oe Gxb` ^`v M`fgvkod`v ï wcgk ~g dcvcmg n`k eo

n`k~cdgvoncþk wg on`~twbfvg

T`cHõþ Bcb-ti-J viq O¼vh`vgvco

Gxb` ^`v M`fgvkod`v

Qv`q+` dg eo Qv`ycknco

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+— ?8>^ " Onwgvd` " ?8>>+ —Ecfv` n`qcod`v bokw~nvct` : qoqge vosod`% i`vbot` ~~ -¼ x ¬`&¼ ngkt+< egtvo cknec"

kodo% cktgveckgo = bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk gk ge cktgvc`v fwgko% eo gknwodgboncþk dg

novtþk tcgkg ge e`b` v`t` s gk g~tg ~g egg: -Dgnvgt`~ ?8>4¼+ Eo kwbgvoncþk dg

eo~ qïmcko~ qvckncqco n`k ge kúbgv` 4 #+

s+& F+& — N`bo~+Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —


K+& 6>1+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe dg Eo Vc`jo% onw~o vg"

ncf` dg eo vg~èwncþk q`v eo wg ~g ckn`vq`vo o eo Ecmo Ect`voe R+

(68 dg K`ycgbfvg dg ?^>C

N`vv+t[ K`ycgbfvg 68 dg ?8>?+ 2 N`k eo bos`v ~otc~ion" i+ 7> yâo+

nc`k ho vgncfcd` ge M`fcgvk` dg N`vv+-[~ eo oqvgncofeg k`to

ihï ?> dg @ntwfvg wetcb` dge Gxb` ^`v+ M`f+5&& s Noq+&

Mvoe+ dg eo Qv`y+* dg eo Vc`jo% o eo +[ ~g ho ~gvycd` odjwktov

N`qco owt`vc~odo% dg eo vg~èwncþk% +¬ gk onwgvd` dge dco

?6 dge nctod` bg~ ho tgkcd` o fcgk dcntov eo H`k`vofeg

Egmc~eotwvo dg owgeeo Qv`y+¼ — Dh` D`nwb+t¬; bokcicg~to

dg wk b`d` ckdwdofeg eo igec~ vg~towvoncþk dg eo ecfgvtod

s dgbï~ qvgnc`~`~ Dv`~+ dge fgkgbãvct` Qwgfe` dg eo Vc`jo%

cmwoeb+tg wg ~w k`feg o~qcvon+¼& q+&& eo wkci`vbcdod dg ~gk"

tcb+t5¼~ n`k eo Qv`y+¼ +g ge ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg ge h`k`v dg

qvgncdcv% s q+&& eo ckn`vq`von+± o eo ecmo +g hok i`vbod`

gktvg ~â e`~ M`f+c¼`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+[~ Ect`voeg~ n`k ge cbq`vtoktg

`fjgt` dg ovvcyov o eo `vmokczoncþk mvoe dge Qoc~ < gxqvg~ok"

d` oe bc~b` tcgbq` owge D`nwb+*¼ ge ~wb` cktgvã~ wg

eg okcbo oe Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg eo Vc`jo q`v ge nvãdct` dg i% 74

eo Koncþk gk ge gxtgvc`v ionwetokd` oe dg eo Qv`y+"* dg Fwgk`~

Ocvg~ q+* e`~ kgm`nc`~ dg qoz% mvvo+

svgeonc`kg~ gxtvokmg"

vo~+ 2 @fjgt`~ tok dcmk`~ n`b` cbq`vtoktg~ s +[ onvgdctok

dg wk b`d` ckgwây`n` ge ~wfecbg Qotvc`tc~b` dge Gxb`

QõFE+ ^gn+ Hc~t+ — T+ XYC 6>



i+ ?

" >74 "

M`f+k` (cg eo Qv`y+* dg eo Vc`jo% ~`k ncgvtob+tg e`~ +¼ i`v"

bok eo úkcno o~qcvoncþk dge dg eo dg N`vv+-g~[ vg~wetokd`

dg gee` gk n`k~gnwgknco% +[ e`~ ~gktcb+t`~ dg obfo~ Qv`y+o~

~`k dge t`d` okïe`m`~ ï g~tg vg~qgnt`% qwg~ e`~ dg g~tg M`f+&¼

~`k s ~gvïk ~qvg% g~tofegngv s g~tvgnhov n`k ge dg eo Vc`jo

eo~ bgj`vg~ vgeonc`kg~ dg obc~tod s fwgko cktgecm+' n`b`

e` ho hgnh` s g~ dg ~w dgfgv n`k eo~ dgbï~ Qv`y+[ dg eo

Vgq+no% gbqgÿokd` oe bc~b` tq` ~w~ g~iwgvz`~ q`v eo wkc"

i`vbcdod dg `qckcþk% úkcn` bgdc` o ~w jwcnc` qovo movoktcv

dg wk b`d` icvbg e`~ cktgvg~g~ dg wko s `tvo Qv`y+¼-% s dg

t`do~ eo~ qvgckdcnodo~ gk mvoe+ 2 G~t`~ ~`k e`~ y`t`~ dge

Qwgfe`N`vvgktck`%

sg~t`~ e`~ ~gktcb+t`~

n`k+[ ge +&[ icvbo

vwgmo oe Gxb` M`f+k¼ o +& ~g dcvcmg% ~g dcmkg ongqtov eo~

n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ dg vgncqv`no obc~tod s oet` oqvgnc` n`k +[

~g h`kvo gk ~oewdoveg+

Gxb` ^`v+ M`f`v s Noq+& Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+[ dg eo Vc`jo+


dg @`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` ~% Ecfv` ^>+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`k

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x ^c ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo 8 bce+< n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko #+

Y+& F+± — Mv`~~`+



K+± 6>?+ — \Ge dcqwtod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Bgkd`zo% D+ Bokwge

N`vyoeïk% o eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo% qvg~gkto ~w~ nvgdgk"

ncoeg~R+

( >1 dg K`ycgbfvg dg ?8>?

K+± 7+¼

ôktoig K`f+g >1 dg ?8>?

Ge wg ~wf~nvcfg% tcgkg ge h`k`v dg dcvcmcv~g oe ^gÿ`v

Qvg~cdgktg dg eo vgqvg~gktoncþk H`k`vofeg dg eo ecmo ect`"

voe igdgvotcyo% odjwktïkdèg eo nvgdgkncoe gxqgdcdo gk ~w

ioy`v% q`v ge M`ycgvk` dg eo Qv`ycknco dg Bgkd`zo%[ s q`v

eo wg g~ n`kdgn`vod` ge wg icvbo n`k ge k`bfvobcgkt`

? Qwfecnod` gk eo qïmcko >18 dg g~tg t`b`+ — [cY+ dg eo D+#+



— >77 —

dg dcqwtod` q`v owgeeo Qv`ycknco% qovo ckn`vq`vov~g o eo

ecmo< ï ycvtwd dge tvotod` dg nwotv` dg Gkgv` dge qvg~gktg

oÿ`% ngegfvod` gktvg e`~ Gxngegktc~cb`~ M`ycgvk`~ dg g~tonoqctoe% eo dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ s Gktvg"vvc`~

< s n`k ge `fjgt`

dg wg ge ^gÿ`v Qvg~cdgktg% tgkmo eo dcmkoncþk dg q`kgve`

gk ge ~wqgvc`v n`k`ncbcgkt` dg eo H`k`vofeg vgqvg~gktoncþk%

o e`~ ickg~ wg gxqvg~o eo ckdcnodo nvgdgkncoe+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` n`k g~tg b` tcy` tcgkg eo h`kvo dg ~oew" i+ c yto+

dov n`k ~w bos`v otgkncþk oe ^gÿ`v Qvg~cdgktg o wcgk

~g dcvcjg+

Bokwge N`vyoeok

^+`v Qvg~cd+-g dg eo Vgqvg~gktoncþk H`k`vofeg dg eo ecmo

ect`voe igdgvotcyo—


d`feodo >1 x 6? ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ dg 8 o ?? bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko< ~g hoeeo dgktv` dg wko novqgto wg dcng: & N`vvg~q`kdgknco dg e`~ Dcqwto"

d`~ o eo N`bc~cþk+ Oÿ`~ ?8>?%% s ?8>>+& #+




- 6>6+ —\Ge n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ BokwgeEgcyo% oe m`fgvkod`v dg ~w qv`ycknco% wg icvbþ ge tvotod` dg

4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>? s ~g ckn`vq`vþ o eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gkto"

tcyo% o qg~ov dg e`~ vgqov`~ wg tgkâoR+

(?1 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>?#

ôkto Iã Dâncgbf+¼ ?1 dg ?8>?+ i + ?

Dwqecnod`%

Ge N`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vd+5; dge Gxb` M`f+¼¼ dg eo Qv`y+¼

dg N`vvcgktg~% +¬ ~wf~nvcyg% tcgkg eo h`kvo dg dcvcmcv~g o

~w M`fcgvk` N`bctgktg% qovo q`kgv gk ~w n`k`ncb+*[ +[ n`k

ignho 68 dge qq+[[` K`ycgbfvg vgncfcþ wko n`bwkcnoncþk dge

^+`&& Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ Gxb`~M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+~ ect`voeg~ q`v eo +¬ ~g eg gbqeozo oe

ckivo~nvcqt` qovo +[ dg n`ki`vbcdod n`k ~w k`to dg 9 dg^gqtcgbfvg wetcb` ~g qvg~gktg o eo n`bc~cþk o icvbov ge

Tvotod` dgickctcy` dg oecokzo% ngegfvod` gk g~to Ncwdod ge



" >79 —

4 Gkv`+ dge qvg~gktg oÿ`% g ckn`vq`vov~g o dho N`bc~cþk

vgqvg~gktotcyo+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~ck gbfovm` dg tgkgv `vdgk tgvbckoktg

i+ ? yto+ dg ~w M`fcgvk` qovo icvbov dcnh` dcnh` tvotod`% ~g ho"

feo vgtvoâd` dg ygvcicnove` q`v +g ioetokd` e`~ N`bc~c`kod`~

dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ s Gktvg Vc`~ ~g ho~co cbqvontcnofeg eo

i`vboncþk dg e`~ Gxgbqeovg~ kgng~ovc`~ qovo eo~ votcicno"

nc`k+~ s nokmg% s g~qgvofo ge ovvcf` dg g~to~ qovo vgoeczove`

n`k eo~ i`vboecdodg~ dgfcdo~ < bo~ ck~tvwcd` ge ckivo~nvcqt`%

q`v ge bc~b` ^+*&& Qvg~cdgktg dg eo kgng~cdod +g hofco dg

~w ckn`vq`voncþk qovo qv`ngdgv oe gxobgk dg e`~ Dcqe`bo~

dge N`bc~c`kod` dg eo Qv`y"âc dg Bgkd`zo D+ Bokwge N`vyo"eok +g onofofo dg qvg~gktove`~% qcdcgkd` eo ckn`vq`voncþk

dg ~w Qv`y+o o eo~ dg eo Ecmo% s qvgqovov eo dg eo~ dge

Cktgvc`v< nws`~ N`bc~c`kod`~ ~g g~qgvok% ~gmúk eo~ n`bw"

kcnonc`kg~ dg ~w~ vg~qgntcy`~ M`f+&`~ +g mg hok vgncycd`<

qg~þ eo wtcecdod dg ~w ckn`vq`voncþk n`k eo ioeto +[ eo gk"

t`vqgnâo% s n`k~cdgvokd` +[ g~tg ckn`kygkcgktg k` q`dco

yoe`vov~g n`k eo~ fgktojo~ +« vg~wetofok ~g vg~èycþ o

icvbov ge gxqvg~od` tvotod` s e` ygvcicnþ ge 6> dge qo~od`%

ckn`vq`vïkd`~g o eo N`bc~cþk s n`k eo gxqvg~o n`kdcncþk

dg +*- ~g qv`ngdgvco o e`~ ont`~ dg g~tce` o~c +-[ yckcg~gk

e`~ N`bc~c`kod`~ ovvcfo ckdcnod`~%

i+ 6 Ge ckivo~nvcqt` gvã k` hofgv~g ~gqovod` vod` dg e`~

dg~g`~ dg ~w M`f+k`% qgv` q`v eo ncvnwk~toknco dg ygv~g qvg"

~c~od` o ~oefov ` vgtgkgv wko i`vbo g~qgvo eo oqv`foncþk

dg ~w n`kdwnto qovo tvokwceczov~g+

Ge N`bc~c`kod` +[ ~wf~nvcyg ìvgng oe Gxb` M`f+k± dg

dg eo Qv`y+o dg N`vvcgktg~ ~w dc~tckmwcdo n`k~cdgvoncþk s

vg~qgt`+

Bokwge Egcyo

Gxb` ^"`v M`f+[`v s Noqc+tok M+voc dg eo Qv`y+[ dg N`vvcgktg~

D+ Qgdv` Igvvã+


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >3+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`v"

bot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 Y¼ x oc ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo~ dg = s 8 bce<


Y+` F+& — Mv`~~`+





— >7= —

- 6>>+ — \ Vg~èwncþk dge H+ N`kmvg~` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% gk wg ~g

dgneovo ¯egmoe s kwe` ge k`bfvobcgkt` dg M`fgvkod`v hgnh` gk

eo qgv~`ko dge n`v`kge G~qck` s ~g dg~cmko o D+ T`vcfc` @vtcz

gk novïntgv cktgvck` R+

( ?> dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>?

Ge H+ N`kmvg~` dg Gktvg Vc`~: n`k~cdgvokd` +¼ ge k`b" ?+ ?

fvob+-` dg M`y+-[i hgnh` gk eo qgv~`ko dge N`v`k+- T#+[ Qgdv` n`qco Dwqw"

G~qck` iwã cegmoe% s ovvoknod` q+&& eo iwgvzo: n`k~cdgvokd`+g eo O~obfego Mvoe +[ ~g vgwkcþ qovo egmoeczov e`~ ont`~

+¬ ~g neo~cicnov`k kwe`~ q ge M`fcgvk` dg eo Qv`y+[ dg

ôktoiã% Fwgk`~ Osv+¼ s M`vv+[g~ iwã `qvcbcdo q`v eo bc~bo

iwgvzo s +¬ ~ck dgecfgvoncþk iwgv`k hcjo~ dge tgb`v: n`k~cdg"

vokd` +g o bo~ dg t`d` g~t` ge N`v`k+- D+[ Qgdv` G~qck`

~g ho kgmod` o t`d`~ e`~ on`b`dob+-[~ voz`kofeg~ s jwcnc`"

~`~% +g eg hok qv`qwg~t` e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo ecmo% s +¬ ~w

`fjgt` g~ eegfov odgeoktg ~w~ noqvcnh`~ n`k eo vwcko s dg~`"

eon+`k dg g~to Qv`y+[: N`k~cdgvokd` +¬ eo Noqctoe% s q`v"

ncþk n`k~cdgvofeg dg ncwdodok`~ dg eo nobqoÿo hok egfok"

tod` so ~w y`z q+[ kgmoveg eo `fgdcgkn+¼: n`k~cdgvokd` q

wetcb` +g dg t`d` g~t` dgfg vg~wetov wko mvvo ygvdodgvob+-g

ivotvcncdo ~ck` ~g t`bok bgdcdo~ okïe`mo~ q+* vgbgdcov wk

boe dg tokto tvo~ngkdgkn¼% ge bc~b` H+ N`kmvg~` gk w~`

dg eo~ ionwetodg~ `vdckovco~ s gxtvo`vdckovco~% +[ cbfc~tg%

ho ygkcd` gk dgneovov% ~oknc`kov% s dgnvgtov% n`k iwgvzo s

yoe`v dg Egse`~ ovtânwe`~

~cmwcgktg~+Ovtcnwe` ?+1 ^g dgneovo +[ ge k`bfvob+t` hgnh` gk eo

qgv~`ko dg D+ Qgdv` G~qck` dg M`y+¼&& dg eo Qv`y+[ gk ??

dg Jwec` dge qvg~+*[ oÿ`% iwã cegmoe s kwe`: qvcbgv` q+&[ +[

iwã ovvoknod` s dcntod` q+¬& eo iwgvzo< ~gmwkd` qj +[ ~g eg

k`bfvþ oktg~ dge igkgncb+*& dge ycgkc` n`k~tctwnc`koe s ~ck

otgkdgv o e`~ b`tcy`~ +[ gxqvg~ok eo~ egsg~ iwkdobgktoeg~

gk toe no~`% qwg~ ~g hoeeofo bokdokd` ge ^v+ N`v`k+c i + c yto+

D+k Qgdv` Fovvgkgnhgo% ~ck kckmúk cbqgdcb+*[ egmoe< tgvngv`

q+&& +g k` tgkco eo gdod dg tvgckto (\oÿ`~R# s ~ckn` oÿ`~ +&

qvgfcgkg ge G~totwt`< s wovt` q+[ +g k` ~ofcgkd` g~nvcfcv%

qovgng k` dcmk` kc ont` q+* nè`nov~g gk eo qvcbgvo ^ceeo%



— >78 —Ovtcnwe` ~gmwkd`+ Gk n`k~gnwgkn[[% ~g `vdgko o eo~ owt`"

vcdod+~ ncyceg~ s bcectov+[ dg eo Qv`y+' s o t`d`~ e`~ ncwdo"

dok`~ k` vgn`k`~nok oe N`v`k+c D+&Qgdv` G~qck` q`v M`"

ygbod+-& dg geeo% kc eg qvg~tgk eo bgk`v `fgdcgknco kc owxc"

ec`~ dg kckmúk mgkgv` q+* `fecmove` o +g dgq`kmo oe ovbo~%

s ~g ~`bgto o eo egm+Ω¼ owt`vcd+5c+

Ovtcnwe` tgvngv`+ Q`v oh`vo s bcgktvo~ ~g g~tofegng eo

wcgtwd q+¼ icjov~g ge N`kmvg~` gk eo qgv~`ko wg dgfg bok"

dov eo Qv`y+o ~g k`bfvo dg M`fgvkod+[& ckt+[ o D+& T`vcfc`

@vtcz% +k ~g dcvcjcvï ~ck qgvdcdo dg b`b+[` o e`~ M`fcgvk`~

dg eo ecmo dïkdèg~ nwgkto dg g~tg ckncd+-[ s qcdcãkdèg~

~w bo~ giâno~ n``qgvoncþk o iâk dg +[ e`~ boeg~ dg g~toQv`y+o k` t`bgk nwgvq` s homok dg~oqovgngv q%* ~q+-&-- eo~

i`vtwko~ qwfecno~% s qovtcnweov+[% s owk eo~ ycdo~ dg e`~

ncwdodok`~+

Ovtcnwe` wovt`+ ^cgkd` ge M`fcgvk` dg ôkto Iã ge úkcn`+g q+v ~w ckbgdconcþk qwgdg qvg~tov o eo Qv`y+[ bo~ qv`k"

t`~ s gicnong~ ~`n`vv`~% o ge n`k t`do qvgigvgkn+-[ ~g dcvcmcvï

ge M`y+`v ckt+` qcdcãkdèg ge owxcec` kgng~ov+± dg eo iwgvzo

ovbodo q+[ vg~tofegngv ge `vk+% s `fecmov oe N`v`k+c D+& Qgdv`

G~qck` o +[ gktvg gk eo ~gkdo dg ~w dgfgv+

Ovtcnwe` wckt`+ Ge M`f+k` ckt+¼ k`bfvovï e` bo~ qv`kt`

+g eg ~go q`~cf+[ wk n`bc~c`kod` dge M`fcgvk` q+¼ +g bov"

nhg o ckn`vq`vov~g o eo n`bc~cþk dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo

ecmo gxc~tgktg gk eo Ncwdod dg ôktoiã% o ick dg +« fwgeyok

i+ 6 o n`k tckwov eo~ vgeonc`kg~ dg obc~tod% +g ~g hoeeofok

cktgvvwbqcdo~ dg vg~weto~ dge k`bfvob+-± dg M`f+`v gnh`

gk eo qgv~`ko dg D+& Qgdv` G~qck`% ` bo~ qv`qcob+[g hofeok"

d`q+&&

~w ~gktcd+Òvtcnwe` ^gxt`+ N`bwkcúg~g oe M`f+[`v ckt+± q+* ~w qw"

fecnoncþk% s dgbï~ ickg~ +[ ~gok n`k~gnwgktg~+2 ôeo dg

^gnc`k+~ Qovokï s Dcz+g ?> dg ?8>? 2 Ivoâc+-& Okt& Nok"

dc`tc2 Qvg~cd+tg :[ Vobþk Igvgsvo 2 ^gn+± 2 G~tï n`ki`vbg

2 @vtcz+

G~tï n`ki`vbg

Jwok Bovngeck` Bozcge^gn+` Ckt+`

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+— ^gnncþk: N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >3+ — N`qco bokw~nvcto< qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg



— >73 —=o h`jo d`flwWc >1 x ~t ngkt< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo = bce< n`k~gvyoncïk fwgko<

e` ckdcnod` gktvg qovãktg~c~ ( \R # ~g hoeeo tg~tod` #+

Y+& F+¼ — Mv`~~`+Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe


K+* 6>4+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Cktgvck` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe dg ôkto Ig%

wg q`kg o ~w~ þvdgkg~ eo~ tv`qo~ s gegbgkt`~ n`k wg nwgkto

qovo n`knewcv n`k eo~ iwgvzo~ dge n`v`kge G~qck`R+

( ?4 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>?

Qovokï ?4 dg Dcz+[ dg ?8>? — Vg~tctwcdo eo Qv`y+[ dg i+ c

Gktvg Vc`~ oe m`~g dg ~w~ dgvgnh`~% ho bokcig~tod` q+¼& e`~ n`qco

þvmok`~ n`bqgtgktg~ ~w icvbg odhg~cþk o e`~ qont`~ ~ègb"

kg~ g~tcqweod`~ n`k e`~ dgbï~ qwgfe`~ ect`voeg~% ge gb"

qgÿ` dg n`k~gvyove`~ ~ck oetgvoncþk% s eegyov odgeoktg ~w~

n`kngwgknco~ q+2[ oicvbov eo tvokwcecdod cktgvc`v% s ~w~

vgeonc`kg~ dg n`kivotgvkcdod+ Owk +[ geeo ho ~cd` q`v

eovm` tcgbq` s g~ owk h`s ge `fjgt` dg eo~ tgktotcyo~ dg

e`~ okovwc~to~% nþbqecng~ n`k e`~ ob`tckod`~ gk Dcz+[ dg

?868% k` q`v g~` ho n`k~gktcd` gk ~w~ gbqvg~o~ nvcbckoeg~+

Ho ~ofcd` ovbov~g s vgqgegve`~ bgdcoktg eo dgnc~cþk dg

~w~ hcj`~% s ge q`dgv`~` owxcec` dg ~w~ icgeg~ oecodo~ s hgv"

boko~ Fwgk`~ Osv+~% N`vv+tg~ s ôkto Igã+ Vgn`k`~g q+&&

tokt` +g hofcãkd`~g n`kicod` o Y+ G+ q`v e`~ M`f+k[~ eo

~wqgvcktgkdgknco gk g~t`~ kgm`~c`~% dg~dg ge bg~ dg Igf+«dge qvg~+tg oÿ`% g~ o +± n`vvg~q`kdg eegyove`~ o ~w tgvbck`<

g~ o +k g~tï gknovmod` gbqegov eo iwgvzo n`ktvo e`~ gkgbc"

m`~ dge ~`ncgm` qwfecn`< g~ ickoeb+tg ge qwkt` dg d`kdg ho

dg qovtcv eo dcvcnnc`k q+¼ +« tgkmo ~wicncgktg ontcycdod—G~t`~ qvckncqc`~ okcbok oe ckivo~nvcqt` m`fgvkod`v ckt+&

oe q`kgv o eo~ `vdgkg~ dg Y+ G+ eo~ tv`qo~ s gegbgkt`~ n`k

+¬ nwgkto< g~qgvokd` +[ geeo~% wkcdo~ n`k eo~ iwgvzo~

oecodo~ n`ktvcfwcvïk bws gk fvgyg o dc~èygv ` gxtgvbckov

eo moyceeo dge N`v`k+c G~qck`+ 2 _wcgvo Y+ G+ ongqtov g~tg

qg~od` s me`vc`~` gknovm`% odbctcgkd` cmwoeb+-g eo~ vg~" i+ c yâo+

qgtw`~o~ n`kncdgvonc`kg~ n`k +g ge ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg ge



" >91 —

h`k`v dg ~oewdoveg — T`vcyc` @vtcz — Gxb` ^v+ mgk+- gk

mgig dge gjgvnct` owx n`kigdgvod` Fvcmodo D+& G~tokc~eo`

Eþqgz m`f+`v s Noq+& M+- dg eo Qv`y+o dg ^+t¼ Igg+

G~tï n`ki`vbg— Q`v bokdot` dg ^+ G+

Jwok dg eo V`~o`k+ ?+&

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% —^gnncþk: N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ —Egmoj` >3+ — N`qco bokw~nvcto < qoqge dg hce` ~ck icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo >1 Yj x 8? ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko J+

U-+± F+± — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+¼

K ± 6>7+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe dg N`vvcgktg~% tvok~"

bctg e`~ d`nwbgkt`~ vgeotcy`~ o eo noâdo dge n`v`kge G~qck` gk

Gktvg Vâ`~R+

( ?4 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>?

i+ ?

Dwqecnod`

Gxb` ^+`v

D+k Qgdv` Ig"vvã M`f+`v sNoq+k Mvoe dg

eo Qv`y+o dgN`vvcgktg~+

ôkto Ig s Dfvg ?4 dg ?8>?+

Ge M`f+&&& s Noq+& Mvoe+ dg g~to Qv`y+¼ tcgkg eo ~otc~ion"

ncþk dg dcvcmcv~g oe Gxb` M`f+k` °m eo dg N`vvcgktg~ odjwk"

tïkdèg gk n`qco~ owt`vczodo~ e`~ d`nwbgkt`~ n`k +[ ge

H+ N+ dg Gktvg Vc`~ ho egmoeczod` ge b`fcbcgkt` hgnh` gk

~w Noq+- q`v e`~ ^+ ^+ @icncoeg~ dg Nâycn`~ ge 8 dge bg~

n`vvcgktg+ Dg gee`~ vg~weto ge N`v+- G~qck` dg~n`k`ncd` gk

~w novïntgv dg M`f+*&& k` ~è` dg hgnh`% ~ck` owk dg dgvg"

nh` — Qwg~ eo onto dg e`~ ^+ ^+ @icncoeg~ ~`bgtcdo o eo

n`k~cdgvoncþk dge H+ Nwgvq` Vgqvg~gktotcy` ho ~cd` oqv`"

fodo gk t`do~ ~w~ qovtg~ s gk n`k~gnwgknco dgneovo +[ ge

N`v+- G~qck` ho ~cd` cegmoeb+-n k`bfvod` qovo M`f+`v dge

Gktvg Vc`~+ T`d`~ e`~ ovtânwe`~ tcgkgk vgeoncþk o g~tg `fjgt`

s o bokcig~tov o e`~ ncwdodok`~ t`d`~ wg k` eg dgfgk

qvg~tov eo bgk`v `fgdcgknco+

Gk yc~to qwg~ dg g~t`~ d`nwbgkt`~ +[ o jwcnc` dge Ckivo~"

nvcqt` kodo dgjok +[ qwgdo ~w~nctov dwdo~â ~`fvg eo cegmoecdod

dge k`bfvob+t` dge N`v+- G~qck`% s qvgycgkd` +¼ ge M`f+*&& ck"

tgvck` vgneobovï owxcec`~ o e`~ M`f+k`~ Oecod`~ tcgkg so qvg"

qovod`~ oemwk`~ gegbgkt`~ wg e`~ ivokwgovï ~ck dgb`vo+



" >9? —

Qwg~ dg~dg +¼ eo Qv`y+* dg Gktvg Vc`~ Oqovgng egmctc" i c yto+

bïbgktg vgqvg~gktodo% s +¬ wk` dg ~w~ qvcbgv`~ qo~`~

ho ~cd` fèfgv o eo oecokzo n`k eo~ Ect`voeg~% dg eo +[ iwãg~nokdoe`~obgktg ~gqovodo q`v ge W~wvqod`v dg ~w M`"

fcgvk`% ~g nvgg ge ~wf~nvcqt` gk ge dgfgv dg qvg~tov t`do ~w

n``qgvoncþk oe dcmk` `fjgt` dg o~gmwvov ~w tvokwcecdod%

s hongv dg~oqovgngv dg g~g tgvvct`vc` oe nvcbckoe +[ e` qv`"

iokþ+ G~tï tobfcãk qgv~wodcd` +g ge Gxb` M`f+¼¼ dg N`"

vvcgktg~ k` dc~tovï dg qgk~ov dge bc~b` b`d`% q`v +¬ kwkno

ho ~cd` ckdcigvgktg o eo~ noeobcdodg~ qwfecno~+

N`k tok cktgvg~oktg b`tcf` ge +¬ icvbo vgqv`dwng oe

Gxb` M`f+k` o +± ~g dcvcmg e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ dg ~w bo~g~tvgnho n`vdcoecdod% s ge oet` oqvgnc` n`k +¬ eg ~oewdo

G8tok± Eþqgz

Gxb` ^`v+ D+&¼ Qgdv` Igvvã M`fgvkod`v s Noq+± Mvoe dg eo

Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >3+— @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo d`feodo 63 x 61 ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ 9 o = bce+< n`k~gv"

yoncþk fwgko #+

Y+& F+& — Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gW` dg eo … Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~-+

K+& 6>9+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Cktgvck` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% o eo N`bc~cþkvgqvg~gktotcyo% wg ho dg~cmkod` o D+ J`~ã Geco~ Moec~tg` gk

vggbqeoz` dg D+ Okt`kc` Nvg~q` n`b` dcqwtod` o g~o N`bc~cþkR+

( ?4 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>? #

K+« ?? i+ ?

Qovokï Dcz+¼ ?4 dg ?8>?

^cgkd` ckdc~qgk~ofegb+t5â kg~g~ovco eo vgqvg~gktoncþk dg

g~tg M`f+k± gk eo N`bcnc`k dg eo ecmo ect`voe o wg qgvtgkgng

q`v ge tvotod` dg 4 dg Gkgv` dge qvg~gktg oÿ`% s novvg"

ncgkd` dg geeo q+¼& eo ~g~onc`k dg D+¼¼ Okt`kc` Nvg~q`% wg

~gvyco g~tg gbqeg`% ho tgkcd` ï fcgk ge +[ icvbo ~`~tctwcv

eo ioeto dg g~tg gk eo qgv~`ko dg D+[ J`~ã Geco~ Moec~tg`% o

+& ~g dcmkovï eo N`bcnc`k vgncfcv gk ~w ~gk` n`b` toe





" >9> —

s o eo ecygvtoxc dg e`~ Qwgfe`~% ho dc~qwg~t` vgbctcv h`s

bc~b` e`~ ncgk h`bfvg~ dg Ckioktgvâo wg eg qcdg ~ck qgv"

jwcnc` dg ivokwgoveg ~wf~g~cyobgktg wokt`~ gegbgkt`~qwgdo kg~g~ctov q+¼ eo n`k~gnw~c`k dg tok k`feg `fjgt`2_wgdo tobf+k ~otc~ignh` ge ckivog~nvcqt` dg hoygv qvgncdcd`

ge k`bfvob+-` dge n`bcnc`kod` +¬ dgyg ckn`vq`vov~g o eo

N`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f%&*¼ Ect`voeg~% n`k nwso

cbq`vtoktg bgdcdo ~g qotgktczo eo jw~tcnco s vgntctwd +¬

dcvcmgk oe ontwoe M`f+±` dg Gktvg Vc`~ 2 Oe n`knewcv g~to n`"

bwkcnon+`k eg g~ ~otc~iont`vc` oe +[ icvbo o~gmwvov oe Gxb`^gÿ`v M`f+¼&& Ckt+¼ o wcgk ~g dcvcmg ~w bo~ dg~cdo n``qgvo"

ncþk s ge dc~tckm+&*¼ oqvgnc` n`k wg eg ~oewdo G~tokc~eod`

Eþqgz 2

Gxb` ^`v+ D+± T`vcyc` @vtcz M`f+¼&& Ckt+¼ dg eo Qv`y+* dg

Gktvg Vc`~+

G~tï n`ki`vbg+ Q`v bokdot` dg ^+ G+

Jwok dg eo V`~o@i+c ?+&


@icncoe+ —Egmoj` >3+ — N`qco bokw~nvcto: qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo >1 x 61 ngkt+: egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo 8 bce+% n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

Y+& F+& — Mf`~~`+



K+& 6>8+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg

N`vvcgktg~% wg n`k b`tcy` dg c`~ ~wng~`~ dg Gktvg Vâ`~ eg qcdg

dc~q`kmo dg 711 h`bfvg~ dg nofoeegvâo qovo `nwqov Bokdc~`yâR+

( 66 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>?

ôkto Iã Dfvg 66 dg ?8>?% i+ ?

Gk ycvtwd dg eo owt`vczoncþk n`kigvcdo oe ckivo~nvcqt` q`v

e`~ Gxb`~ M`f+c`~ dg N`vvcgktg~% Fwgk`~ Osvg~ s Gktvg

Vc`~ qovo ~wmgtov q`v eo iwgvzo% dg~dg +« e`~ bgdc`~ n`k"

ncecot`vc`~ k` hok qv`dwncd` gignt` oemwk`% oe nowdcee` D+±

Qgdv` G~qck` s ~w~ ~gwong~ < ge Mvoe+ ofoj` icvbod` gk w~`dg eo~ ionwetodg~ n`k wg ~g hoeeo ckyg~tcd` ho gbfcod` o

o eo Qv`ycknco dg Gktvg Vc`~ eo iwgvzo ygtgvoko dg ckioktgvâo



Gxb` ^+`v

D+& Qgdv` Ig"vvã M`f+`v s

Noq+k Mvoe dgeo Qv`y+o dg

N`vvcgktg~+

i+ ? yto+

— >94 —wg ho n`k~cdgvod` kgng~ovco qovo eo ~gmwvcdod dg eo Noqc"

toe% s eo Nofoeegvco ~wicncgktg qovo `fvov gk nobqoÿo ~`fvg

e`~ okovwc~to~<

sn`k~cdgvokd` eo kgng~cdod cbqgvc`~o dg

q`kgv g~to~ iwgvzo~ s t`do~ eo~ dgbï~ dg~tckodo~ o ygkmov

eo ckjwvco ckigvcdo o eo Qv`y+[ dg Gktvg Vc`~ s o eo~ dgbï~

N`kigdgvodo~% foj` eo dcvgnncþk dg wk @icncoe gxqgvt`% ho

k`bfvod` qovo toe no~` oe ^+¼-- N`v+c dg Nofoeegvco D+ Qo~"

woe Gnhomwg% nwso~ iwgvzo~ ~gvïk n`k~cdgvodo~ n`b` eo

yokmwovdco dge Gxt`+ wgdokd` qv`kt` ge ckivo~nvcqt` n`k

eo dgbï~ iwgvzo dg g~to Qv`y+¼% s n`k eo dg eo~ `tvo~ wg

~g hoeeok o ~w~ `vdgkg~% o `qgvov ontcyobgktg ~`fvg e`~

gkgbcm`~ gk ge no~` dg n`k~cdgvov~g o~c kgng~ovc`+ G~qgvon`kicodob+tg ge Mvoe+ ckivo~nvcqt` +` ^+ G+ ge ^+¼-& M`f+¼&& dg

N`vvcgktg~% n`k~cdgvovï n`b` toe Mvoe+ dg yokmwovdco oe gx"

qvg~od` ^+`-& N`v+c% s+g ~g ~gvycvï dov eo~ `vdgkg~ n`bqg"

tgktg~ q+o +g ~g q`kmok foj` ~w bokd` ckbgdcot` eo~ iwgv"

zo~ dg +g dï nwgkto Y+ G+ gk ~w oqvgncofeg n`bwkcnoncþk dg

?1 dge n`vvcgktg tgkgv dc~qwg~to o e`~ `fjgt`~ qvgckdcnod`~+

Dg~qwã~ dg e` dcnh` vg~to ~è` v`mov o Y+ G+ wcgvo dc~"

q`kgv +g wko iwgvzo dg Nofoeegvco% o e` bgk`~ dg wckcgk"

t`~ h`bfvg~ dge Gxt` dg g~o Qv`ycknco `nwqg ckbgdcotob+tg

o Bokdc~`ye% k` q`v +[ ~g nvgo +[ geeo g~ gktgvobgktg

kgng~ovco q+* `fvov ~`fvg e`~ ionnc`~`~ ~ck` n`k ge `fjgt`

cbq`vtoktg dg +[ e`~ gkgbcm`~ dge ~`ncgm` qwfecn` n`k`~nok

+*[ e`~ M`fcgvk`~ N`kigdgvod`~ g~tïk dc~qwg~t`~ o k` tèg"

vov +g ~g ck~wetg cbqwkgb+[« [ oemwk` dg gee`~% kc o eo~

Qv`y+o~ dg eo N`kigdgvoncþk+

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~g n`bqeong oe vgqv`dwncv o ^+ G+ ge ^+&&&

M`f+¼&& dg N`vvcgktg~ eo~ ~gmwvcdodg~ dge oet` oqvgnc` wg

~g h`kvvo gk tvcfwtoveg

G~tïk& Eþqgz

Gxb` ^+*&& D+& Qgdv` Igvvã M`f+`-& s Noq+& Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+"[

dg N`vvcgktg~+

( Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% —^gnncþk: N`vvg~q`kdgknco

@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >3% — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

dg eo h`jo 63[e¯ x 61 Yo ngkt+< egtvo ntcv~cyo% cktgveâkgo 9 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko #+

y+& F+& " Mv`~~`+

Hos wk ~gW` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~+



" >97 —

K+& 6>3+— \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`"

bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% wg ~g igecncto q`v e`~ vg~wetod`~ wg

g~qgvo qovo eo iwtwvo `vmokczoncþk dge qoâ~j+


K+¼ 9 — i+ c

N`vv+t" Dfvã+ 64‛ dg ?8>?%%

Oe M`fgvkod`v s Noqctïk Mvïe+ dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg N`vvcgktg~

eg ho ~cd` bws ~otc~iont`vco eo K`to ihï+ >1‛ dg K`ycgbfvg

wetcb` dge ^`v+ Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo

dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ Ect`voeg~% Fwgk`~ Osvg~%

ôktoiãs

Gktvg Vc`~%qj

eo +[ ~g ho ~gvycd` okwkncoveg%

wg dg~dg ge 63‛ dge ckdcnod` bg~ nwgkto eo Ecmo Ect`voe

gk ~w ~gk` o eo Qv`y+* +[ ge ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg ge h`k`v dg

qvg~cdcv% dg~qwã~ wg ~w Dcqwtod` D+ Bokwge Egcyo ho

ongqtod` s icvbod` gk g~o bc~bo ihï+ ge tvotod` dg 4‛

dg Gkgv` dge n`vvcgktg oÿ`% qv`b`ycd` n`k tok igecz ~wng~`

q+&[ g~tg M`fÿ`% s ï nwso tgvbckoncþk k` qwd` n`knwvvcv

ho~to eo ckdcnodo ihï+

Wk on`ktgncb+-` tok cbq`vtoktg q`v eo~ ygktojo~ +¬ qv`"

bgtg ï eo Vgq+no Ovmgktcko% q`kg oe ckivo~nvcqt` gk ge mvot`dgfgv dg igecnctov n`b` igecncto dg eo bokgvo bo~ gxqvg~cyo

oe ^`v+ Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~

M`fÿ`~+ Ect`voeg~% o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% n`b` tok cktgvg~od`

gk eo `vmokczoncþk s iw twvo qv`~qgvcdod dg geeo— i+ c yto+

Dg g~tg b`d` ~otc~iong ge +¬ ~wf~nvcfg ï eo qvgnctodo k`to

dg dh`+ ^7v Qvg~cd+[g% s n`k ge b`tcy` tcgkg ge mw~t` dg

vgctgvoveg e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ dg eo bo~ ~ckngvo n`vdcoecdod%

s oet` oqvgnc` n`k wg eg ~oewdo+

Qgdv` Igvvã

Gw~gfco O+ Yceeomvo

^`v Qvg~cd+tg dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fÿ`~+

dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ Ect`voeg~ D+ D`bckm` Nweegk—i+ 6 gk feokn`

N`bwkcnon+~ dg N`vv+tg~ i 3 ko+

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo^C X >1 ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo 3 bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko J+



Hos wk ~gee` dge … Bw~g` Bctvg+¼



>99 —

K+± 641+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc"

~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo ckn`vq`voncþk dge dcqw"

tod` q`v N`vvcgktg~R+

(63 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>?#

i + C K+` ?4

ôkto Qã Dfvã 63‛ dg ?8>?%%

Kodo ho q`dcd` ~gv tok qeow~cfeg oe ckivo~nvcqt`% n`b` ge

n`k`ncb+-` +[ eg ho tvo~bctcd` ge ^+¼&[ Qvg~cd+[g dg eo H+

N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo gk ~w oqvgncofeg k`to dg >1 dge

qo~od`% dg hofgv icvbod` ge Gxcec`+ M`f+&¼ dg N`vvcgktg~ ge

tvotod` dg 4 dg Gkgv` dge qvg~gktg oÿ`% wgdokd` gk n`k"

~gnwgknco ~w dcqwtod` ckn`vq`vod` ï eo N`bcn+± Vgqvg~gk"

totcyo Eo ckn`vq`voncþk dg eo cbq`vtoktg Qv`ycknco dg N`"

vvcgktg~ ï eo~ dgbï~ n`kigdgvodo~ g~ wk on`ktgncbcgkt` dg

tokto cbq`vtoknco +[ ge ho eegkod` e`~ y`t`~ dge M`f+[` dg

g~to Qv`y+o s q`v ge nwoe% kcgvo ge 8+±-- Qvg~cd+t[ ongqtov e`~

qeïngbg~ s igecncto~c`kg~ n`k wg eg ~oewdo+

G~tïk+ &+ Eþqgz

\oe bovmgkR ^+`v Qvg~cd+tg dg eo H+ N`bcn+&

Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg eo~ Qv`y+[~

ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqwf+no

Ovmgktcko

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo

>1 X ~`[jc ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo = bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+




" >9= "

K+± 64?+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc"

~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% wg ge y`t` dg ~w qv`ycknco g~tï q`v eo

ongqtoncþk dg Bgkd`zo gk eo Ecmo Ect`voe R+


K+¼ ?7 i+ ?

ôkto Iã Dfvã 63‛ dg ?8>?%%

Q`v eo oqvgncofeg k`to dg >1‛ dge qo~od` dge ^+¬;&& Qvg~cd+*«

dg eo N`bcn* Vgqvg~gktotcyo% ï +¼ ge ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg eo

h`kvo dg n`ktg~tov% ~g ho ck~tvwcd` ~otc~iont`vcob+*[ +[ ge

Gxb`+ M`fcgvk` dg Bgkd`zo ~ècncto ckn`vq`vov~g o eo

ecmo ect`voe% s +g ~w h`k`vofeg Dcqwtod` ho qvg~gktod` ~w

nvgdgkncoe% ~ècnctokd` gk n`k~gnwgknco ge ^+¼*& Qvg~cd+-¬% dg

n`ki`vbcdod n`k e` +[ g~tofegng ge occ± ?6‛ dge tvotod` dg

4 dg Gkgv`< ge onnã~ct dg g~tg M`fcgvk` q+¼ %¬ ge dg Bgk"

d`zo ~g ckn`vq`vg ï eo ecmo ect`voe icvbokd` ge gxqvg~od`

tvotod` dg 4‛ dg Gkgv`+

Ge M`f+&5¼ dg ^+*¼ Iã ~g fg okcbod` dg wk Uïy` qeongv oe

bokcig~tov oe ^+ì Qvg~cd+-*[% qovo wg ~g ~cvyo gegyove` oe

n`k`ncb+t` dg eo H+ N+ V+% +[ ~w y`t` g~ q`v eo ckn`vq`von+¼

ï eo ecmo ect`voe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg Bgkd`zo% dg g~o Qv`yck"

nco fgkgbãvcto wg tokt`~ s tok bwetcqecnod`~ ~onvcicnc`~ ho

hgnh` k` ~è` gk eo mwgvvo dg eo ckdgqgkdgknco% ~c tobfcãk

qovo ~wf~tvogv~g dge hwbceeoktg g~tod` o wg eo hofcok vg"

dwncd` oemwk`~ hcj`~ g~qúvg`~ dg geeo+ i+ c yto+

Ge M`f+*&& ckivo~nvcqt` ~oewdo oe ^+¼&& Qvg~cd+[g n`k eo~ n`k"

~cdgvonc`kg~ wg eg ~`k dgfcdo~+

G~tïk+-- Eþqgz

\oe bovmgkR ^+[&& Qvg~cd+tn dg eo H+ cc

N+ V+ dg eo~ Qv`y+o~ ect`"

voeg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno

Ovmgktcko

( Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo>1 X 6? ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo = bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

G~ n`qco t`bodo dg g~tg Bw~g`+— Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% Dcncgbfvg 6= dg ?361+

G+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Bw~g` Bctvg+



>98 —

K+& 646+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe dg N`vvcgktg~% wg n`k

b`tcy` dge tvcwki` n`bqegt` ~`fvg e`~ qovtcdovc`~ dge n`v`kge

G~qck` gk Gktvg Vâ`~% ho bokdod` vgtcvov qovtg dg eo~ tv`qo~R+

( >1 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>?#

i+ ? ôkto Iã Dfvg 81 dg ?8>?+

Ge ofoj` icvbod` Mvoe gk Mgig dge Gjgvnct` oecod`% tcgkg

ge h`k`v dg dcvcmcv~g oe Gxb` ^+`&& M`f+¼&& s Noq+& Mvoe dg

eo Qv`y+o dg N`vvcgktg~ qovo q`kgv gk n`k`ncbcgkt` dg ^+ G+

+g eo nobqoÿo ~`fvg e`~ gkgbcm`~ dge ~`~cgm` qwfecn` gk

ge Gktvg Vc`~% ho tgvbckod` dge b`d` bo~ ~otc~iont`vc`+ Owk

k` fcgk hofeok qc~od` eo~ tv`qo~ owxcecovg~ ge tgvvct`vc`

ygnck`% nwokd` t`d`~ e`~ hofctoktg~ dg~n`k`ncgv`k gk t`do~

dcvgnnc`kg~ eo qvgtgkdcdo owt`vcdod dge ^+`&& G~qck`% s ~w~

bc~bo~ tv`qo~ eg ofokd`kov`k t`toebgktg+ Eo~ n`qco~ ngv"

tcicnodo~ +¬ ~g odjwktok o ^+ G+% dovïk wko cdgo nofoe k`

~è` dg wg eo dcyc~cþk owxcecov k` ~g ho yc~t` gk eo b`v"

Gxb` ~+`v

tcicnoktg kgng~cdod dg dc~qovov wk ~è`tcv`

qovo vg~tctwcvM`f+`v s Noq+k -

Mvoe dg Jo ge @vdgk egmoe gk eo Qv`y+* dg Gktvg Vc`~% ~ck` tobfcãkQv`y+o dg N`" [ -

+

vvcgktg~ D+k g ge tctweod` M`f+¼-& ~è` ho q`dcd` ~`~tgkgv~g oewnckokd`Qgdv` Igvvã+ [

+ … c" c

o e`~ cknowt`~ n`k qotvoÿo~ vcdcnweo~% n`k eo~ nwoeg~ ~g hok

ckigvcd` otv`ng~ ckjwvco~ o e`~ Qwgfe`~ s M`fcgvk`~ N`kig"

i+ ? yto+ dgvod`~% qgv` +[ eo Qv`y+* dg Gktvg Vc`~ onofo dg dg~"

bgktcv n`k bomkokcbcdod+

Eegkod` gk t`do~ ~w~ qovtg~ ge `fjgt` +& `fecmþ oe ckivo~"

nvcqt`% dg onwgvd` n`k e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo ecmo% s owt`vczod`

q+v gee`~% o b`ygv tv`qo~ ~`fvg ge Gktvg Vc`~ s k` gxc~tcgk"

d` gk t`d` owge tgvvct`vc` wk ~è` gkgbcm` ovbod`% ho `v"

dgkod` gk g~to ignho oe Mgig dg yokmwovdco ~g vgtcvg n`k eo~

tv`qo~ dg ~w bokd` q`v k` tgkgv so `fjgt` dgtgvbckod` ~w

qgvbokgknco gk eo Qv`y+* owxcecodo< s k` tgkcãkdè` o~â

bc~b` eo~ iwgvzo~ dg g~o Qv`y+* +[ Y+ G+ dc~qw~` qovo `fvov

~`fvg e`~ ionnc`~`~ okovwc~to~% qwgdg ge Gxb` ^+&&[ M`f+¼&[[

~c e` tcgkg o fcgk% ecfvov eo~ `vdgkg~ n`bqgtgktg~ qovo +*[

~g vgtcvgk+

Ge Mvoe+ dge Gjgvnct` oecod`% q`v ~c% s o k`bfvg dg e`~

Gxb`~ M`fcgvk`~ q+&[ wcgkg~ ~g hoeeo owt`vczod`% nwbqeg



" >93 —

oe mvot` dgfgv dg tvcfwtov eo~ bo~ gxqvg~cyo~ mvonco~

o Y+ G+ q eo qovtg s gicnncz n``qgvoncþk +± ~g ho ~gvycd`

qvg~tov gk ioy`v dg wko Qv`y+¼ oecodo+ Ge Qwgfe` GktvgVcok` vgn`vdovï ~cgbqvg n`k mvotctwd e`~ k`feg~ g~iwgvz`~

dg Y+ G+% s gk ~w vg~qgtofeg qgv~`ko gkn`ktvovok ~cgbqvg

e`~ dgbï~ n`kigdgvod`~ wk [eomc~tvod` nge`~` dg ~w h`k`v

s dg eo ckbwkcdod dg e`~ ~omvod`~ qont`~ wg igeczbgktg

e`~ wkgk+

Ge Mvoe+ +[ ~wf~nvcfg ~oewdo oigntw`~ob+[ oe Gxb` i" 6

^+`v M`f+*¼& s Noqctïk Mvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~

G~tïk+& Eþqgz+


@icncoe+ — Egmoj` >3+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 x ~`*e% ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo 8 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko#+

Y+¼ F+& — Mf`~~`+



K+± 64>+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe n`bc~c`kod` D+ Bo"kwge Egcyo% wg oqvwgfo ~w n`kdwnto oe ckn`vq`vov~g o eo N`"bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyoR+

(>? dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>?#

N`vv+tg~ Dfvg >? dg ?8>? " Q`v eo k`to iho ?1 dge wg i+ 91 yto+

g~qcvo dge ^`v+ N`b+[` gxtvo`vd+[ dg g~to Qv`y+* ~g ho cb"

qwg~t` ge +g ~wf~nvcfg% hofgv~g qvg~gktod` owge o eo N`"

b`n+k vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+c[`~ °g eo~ Qv`y+o~ Ect`voeg~%

s qv`ngdcd` o icvbov ge 63 dg K`yvg wetcb` ge tvotod` dgickc"

tcy` ngegfvod` gk eo Ncwdod dg ôktocã ge 4 dg Gk+¼ dge oÿ`+g tgvbcko% g ckn`vq`vod`~g o dhï N`b+¼& vgqvg~gktotcyo

n`b` Dcqwtod` dg wko dg eo~ Qv`y+~ n`ktvotoktg~< qgv` +[

g~tg ont` vgoeczod` q+¼& eo wvmgktg kgng~cdod% +[ ge ^`v+

N`b+-c--

bokcicg~to gk ~w nctodo k`to% iwã ~ck eo n`knwvvgk" i+ 9cnco dg e`~ N`b+[`~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% s Gktvg Vc`~% q+&& nwso

ioeto k` ho ~cd` q`~cfeg qv`ngdgv o eo i`vboncþk dg e`~ gxgb"

QõFE+ ^g`+ Hc~t+ — T+ XYC 64



— >=1 —

qcovg~ kgng~ovc`~ q+¼ eo~ vg~qgntcyo~ votcicnonc`kg~ s nokmg

2 ^ck gbfovm` dg gee`% k` qwdcgkd` g~tg M`fk` dg~n`k`ngv

eo~ ygktojo~ wg qv`bgtg eo ckn`vq`voncþk dg ~w N`b+[` o

eo gxqvg~odo N`b+`& vgqvg~gktotcyo% s +± gk yc~to dg geeo~

k` q`dco yoe`vov~g toe ge ckn`kygk[g dg k` q`dgv qvontcnov~g

gk ge b`bgkt` e`~ ont`~ s i`vboecdodg~ dg g~tce`% ge +¬ ~wf~"

nvcfg oqvwgyo eo n`kdwnto dg ~w N`b+-c` n`k hofgv qv`ng"

dcd` o eo qvgnctodo ckn`vq`von+¼ gk e`~ tgvb+[ +g ho dod`

nwgkto% g~qgvokd` ~c% n`b` dgfg g~qgvov~g dg ~w ncvnwk~"

qgnt` bokgj` gk g~tg kgm`nc`% +[ gk nwokt` eegmwgk o g~o

Noqctoe e`~ N`b+d`~ ovvcfo ckdcnod`~ ~g gbqgÿovï gk n`k"

newcve` n`k eo~ qvgdho~ i`vboecdodg~ 2 N`k g~tg b`tcy` vg"

qv`dwng ge +g icvbo oe ^`v+ N`b+-[-[ o wcgk ~g dcvcmg ~w

bo~ ~ckngvo n`vdcoecdod s oqvgnc` dc~tckmwcd`+

^`v+ N`b+nc` gxtvo`vd+` dg eo Qv`y+o dg N`vv+tg~ D+ Bokwge

Egcyo+


dg M`fcgvk`

+

— Egmoj`~% Ecfv` 6>+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`k

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x ^c ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo 3 bce+< n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

U+± F+± — Mv`~~`+Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe


K+& 644+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o e`~ dg ôkto Ig s Gk"

tvg Vâ`~% qv`q`kg wko odcncþk oe tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>?

s wg D+ Bokwge Egcyo g~tï gknovmod` dg kgm`ncov ge o~wkt`R+

â Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>? 0

i+ 97 Ge ckivo~nvcqt` M`f`v dg N`vv+tg~ tcgkg eo h`kvo dg dcvcmcv~g

oe Gxb` ^`v+ M`f`v+ s Noqctïk Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+[ dg ôktoiã

qovo hongveg qvg~gktg% wg dg~gokd` g~tvgnhov nodo ygz bo~

e`~ yâknwe`~ dg wkcþk s n`kivotgvkcdod% wg igeczb+t[ ecmok

o eo~ Qv`y+"-[~ Ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko% bgdcoktg

ge tvotod` dgickctcy` ngegfvod` gk g~o Noqctoe ge 4 dg Gkgv`

dge oÿ` qq+[` gktvg e`~ vg~qgntcy`~ N`bc~c`kod`~ dg e`~

M`f+k`~ dg dho~ Qv`ycknco~<shofcgkd` qv`ngdcd` ge wg icvbo

o wk kwgy` gxobgk dge vgigvcd` tvotod`% ho odygvtcd` n`b`

dg bgk`~ eo g~tcqweoncþk dg wk ovtcnwe`% nwso gxc~tgknco s



— >=? —

odcncþk ~gvco toe ygz s ~ck toe ygz dg eo bos`v n`kygkcgk"

nco qwfecno n`b` n`kdwngktg oe e`mv` dge cbq`vtoktg `fjgt`

ovvcfo ckdcnod`— Toe g~% ge wg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ dg eo ecmo~g n`bqv`bgtok o owxcecov~g bwtwovo+-¬ ~ck `bctcv ~onvc"

icnc` oemwk`% o ~ofgv qovo vg~tctwcv s n`kngvyov ge fwgk `vk

oetgvod` ` qgvtwvyod` gk nwoewcgvo dg geeo~% s qovo ~`~tg"

kgv ~w~ otvcfwnc`kg~ s owt`vcdodg~ egmoebJ& n`k~tctwcdo~<

gktgkdcãkd`~g bcgktvo~ g~to~ vg~qgtgk ge y`t` qwfecn` s ~g

ncÿok oe nwbqecb; dg ~w~ vg~qgntcy`~ dgfgvg~ gk `vdgk o

eo bovnho qèâtcno od`qtodo dg n`k~wk` q`v e`~ qvgckdcno"

d`~ M`fk`~ n`k n`kngqt` oe cbqgvc` dg eo~ qvg~gktg~ ncv"

nwk~toknco~ — Qgkgtvod` qwg~ ge ckivo~nvcqt` dg eo wtc" i + 97 yco"

ecdod wg dgfg qv`dwncv wko bgdcdo ~gbgjoktg n`k~cdgvodo

~ck` n`k vg~qgnt` o t`d`~ e`~ Qwgfe`~ dg eo Vgqwf+[o% oe

bgk`~ n`k n`kngvkgknco o e`~ cktgvg~g~ dg e`~ dg eo ecmo

ect`voe% ho tgkcd` o fcgk owt`vczov gk g~to iho o ~w N`bc~c`"

kod` Gxtvo`vdckovc` D`k Bokwge Egcy[o% qovo wg qv`ngdo

o kgm`ncov ge vgigvcd` ovtcnwe`% fcgk ~go n`b` odcnc`koe

oe ~`fvg dh` tvotod` ` q`v bgdc` dg wk qont` g~qgncoe gktvg

eo~ k`bckodo~ Qv`y+~ n`k ovvgme` o e`~ ovtânwe`~ 4± s þ*[ dge

bc~b` tvotod`% dokd` qovo gee` t`d`~ e`~ qo~`~ wg n`k~c"

dgvg kgng~ovc`~+ G~ q`v e` tokt` wg% ge +« ~wf~nvcfg ~g

oqvg~wvo o q`kgve` gk n`k`ncb; dg ^+ G+ ge ^`v M`f+¼&& sNoqctïk Mvoe o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% v`mïkdèg wcgvo t`bov gk

n`kncdgvonc`k ge qv`sgnt`% s n`kygkncd` dg eo cbq`vtoknco

dg ~w vgoeczoncþk% oqv`fove` n`b` bgj`v iwgvg dg ~w omvo"

d`% s o n`k~gnwgknco ecfvov eo~ dc~q`~cnc`kg~ n`kygkcgktg~

oe vg~qgnt` 2 N`k tok qeow~cfeg b`tcy` ~cgktg ge wg icvbo

ge bo~ ycy` qeongv gk vgctgvov oe Gxb` M`fk` o+¼¼

~g dcvcmg%eo~ qv`tg~to~ dg ~w bo~ ~ckngvo n`vdcoecdod s oqvgnc` dc~"

tckmwcd`+

Gxb` ^`v+ M`f`v s Noqctïk Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+* dg ôkto Iã

Fvcmodcgv D`k G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz% s oe dge Gktvg Vc`~+


dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` ~% Ecfv` 6>+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct` : qoqge dg hce` n`k

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x 6? ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo~ = s 8 bce+:

n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#%

Y+& F+& — Mf`~~`+Hos wk ~gee` dg eo ¬ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoe




" >=6 —

K+& 647% — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe n`bc~c`kod` D+ Bo"kwge Egcyo% qovo wg kgm`ncg wk ovtânwe` odcnc`koe oe tvotod`

dg4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>? R+

(Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>?0

i+ 99 yto% ^ck gbfovm` dg wg ge tvotod` dgickctcy` ngegfvod` gk

g~o Noqctoe ge 4 dg Gkgv` dge oÿ` qvþxcb` qo~od` gktvg e`~

N`bc~c`kod`~ dg e`~ Gxb`~ M`fk`~ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ Ect`"

voeg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko% ofvozo t`d`~ e`~ qwkt`~

wg ~`k dg oqgtgngv~g% s hok dgfcd` tgkgv~g qvg~gktg~ qovog~tofegngv wko oecokzo icvbg s g~tofeg gktvg eo~ bc~bo~% ge

wg ~wf~nvcfg ho odygvtcd` n`b` dg bgk`~ eo g~tcqweoncþk

dg wk ovtcnwe` nwso gxc~tgknco s odcncþk ~gvco toe ygz s ~ck

toe ygz dg eo bos`v n`kygkcgknco qwfecno n`b` n`kdwngktg

oe cbq`vtoktg `fjgt` dg g~tvgnhov nodo ygz bo~ e`~ yâknw"

e`~ dg wkcþk s n`kivotgvkcdod +[ igeczb+-[ ecmok o eo~ qvgck"

dcnodo~ Qv`[dknco~ bgdcoktg ge vgigvcd` tvotod`— Toe g~% ge

wg geeo~ ~g n`bqv`bgtok o owxcecov~g bwtwob+c± ~ck `bc"

tcv ~onvcicnc` oemwk`% o ~ofgv% qovo vg~tctwcv s n`kngvyov ge

i+ 9= fwgk `b oetgvod` ` qgvtwvfod` gk nwoe+o dg geeo~% sqovo ~`~tgkgv ~w~ otvcfwnc`kg~ s owt`vcdodg~ egmoeb+-g n`k~"

tctwcdo~% gktgkdcãkd`~g bcgktvo~ g~to~ vg~qgtgk ge y`t` qw"

fecn`% s ~g ncÿok oe nwbqecb+t` dg ~w~ vg~qgntcy`~ dgfgvg~

gk `vk+ o eo bovnho qèâtcno od`qtodo dg n`k~wk` q e`~

qvgnctod`~ M`f+k`~ n`k n`kngqt` oe cbqgvc` dg eo~ qvg~gktg~

ncvnwk~toknco~ — Qgkgtvod` ge ckivo~nvcqt` dg eo wtcecdod +g

dgfg qv`dwncv wko bgdcdo ~gbgjoktg n`k~cdgvodo k` ~è`

n`k vg~qgnt` o e`~ cktgvg~g~ dg eo~ QvÙïknco~ dg eo ecmo

ect`voe% ~c tobfcãk n`k n`kngvkgknco o t`d`~ e`~ Qwgfe`~

dg eo Vgqwf+no[ ho tgkcd` o fcgk owt`vczov n`b` dg hgnh`

owt`vczo gk g~tg ihï o ~w N`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` o

wcgk ~g dcvcmg% qovo wg qv`ngdo o kgm`ncov ge vgigvcd`

ovtcnwe`% fcgk ~go n`b` odcnc`koe oe ~`fvg dh` tvotod`% `

q`v bgdc` dg wk qont` g~qgncoe gktvg eo~ k`bckodo~ Qv`yck"

nco~ n`k ovvgme` o e`~ ovtcnweg~ 4± s 7± dge bc~b` tvotod`%

dokd` qovo gee` t`d`~ e`~ qo~`~ +g n`k~cdgvg qvgnc~`~ —Oe gignt` gk g~to bc~bo ihï ~g dcvcmg ge wg icvbo o e`~

Gxb`~ M`f+k`~ °g eo~ Qv`y+[[~ °g ôktoiã s Gktvg Vc`~ q`"



" >=> "

kcgkd` gk ~w n`k`ncb+[ ge ckdcnod` qv`sgnt`% s v`mïkdèg

wcgvo t`bove` gk n`k~cdgvoncþk% qovo +¬ n`kygkncd` dg ~w

wtcecdod

sygktojo~ ~g ~cvyo oqv`yove`%

s on`k~gnwgknco

ecfvov eo~ dc~q`~cnc`kg~ n`kygkcgktg~ o ~w vgoeczon+& 2 Oe

n`bwkcnove` ge ckivo~ nvcqt` oe ^`v+ Dcqwtod` dg g~to Qv`" i+ 9& ko+

]knco D`k Bokwge Egcyo+ o wcgk &~g dcvcmg% tcgkg ge qeongv

dg ~oewdove` n`k ~w bo~ dc~tckmwcdo n`k~cdgvoncþk s oqvgnc`+

^`v+ N`bcnc`kod` Gxtvo`vd+¼ dg eo Qv`y+¼ D`k Bokwge Egsfo+

( Ovnhcn` Mgkgvoe dãeo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk: Ecfv`~ n`qcod`vg~

dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` ~% Ecfv` ¬>+ — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`kicecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >1 x 6? ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveckgo = bce+< n`k"

~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

s+& F+± — MV@^^@+

Hos wk ~gW` dg eo ¬ Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~¼

K+± 649+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Qv`yc~`vc` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% o eo N`bc"~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% wg k` tcgkg ckn`kygkcgktg~ qovo eo ckn`v"

q`voncþk dg Bgkd`zo o eo Ecmo Ect`voeR+

( >? dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>?

K+¼ ?6 i+ ?

Qovokï Dcn+¼ >? dã ?8>?

GeM`f+¼¼¼ âktgv+¼

wg ~wf~nvcyg ho vgncfcd` eo oqvgncofegk`to dg eo N`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo ihï 68 dge +[ onofo

q`v eo wg wgdo ck~tvwcd` wg ge M`f+¼¼ dg Bgkd`zo ~ècncto

ckn`c[`vov~g o eo Ecmo dg eo~ Qv`y+[[ ect`voeg~+

Ge ofoj` icvbod` gvg wg dgyg odbctâv~geg gk eo bokgvo

s i`vbo wg e` qvgycgkg ge tvotod` dg 4 dg Gkgv` dge qvg~g

oÿ`+ Gk nwso [-cvtwd eo N`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo qwgdg

qv`ngdgv ï eo vgngqncþk dge Dcqwtod` dge M`f+[[ dg Bgkd`zo

n`ktokd` n`k +« g~tg g~ ge qv`kwkncob+[[ dge M`f+±` dg g~oQv`y+o ~`fvg eo botgvco wg ~g tvoto+

N`k g~tg b`tcy` ge ofoj` icvbod` ~oewdo o eo N`bcnc`k



" >=4 —

Vgqvg~gktotcyo o wcgk ~g dcvcjg n`k oet` oqvgnc` s dc~"

tckm+do n`kncdgvonc`k%

T`vcyc` @vtcz

i+ ? yto+ s 6 \oe bovmgkR ^[~ dg eo N`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~gk feokn` ?

[ j c[

M`fk`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+[~ Ect`voeg~ —gk feokn`R

i+ 6 yto+ N`bwkcnon+~ dge Gktvg Vc`~

( Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`bcâk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"feodo >1 ¼6 X 6? Yo ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+& 64=+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Qv`yc~`vc` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% o eo N`bc~cþkvgqvg~gktotcyo% wg k` tcgkg vgqov`~ o eo ckn`vq`voncþk dg Nþv"

d`fo o eo Ecmo Ect`voeR+

( >? dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>?

i+ ? Qovokï Dcz+¼ >? dg ?8>?

Ge M`f+`v cktgvck` dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg Gktvg Vc`~ wg ~wf~"

nvcyg ~g ho cbqwg~t` dg eo k`to dg eo H+ N`bcnc`k Vgqvg"

~gktotcyo ihï 68 dge N`vv+t` q`v eo nwoe ~g eg oyc~o hofgv~g

qvg~gktod` gk g~o Noqctoe ge Dcqwtod`q`v

ge

M`f+&¼ dg N`v"d`yo n`k ge `fjgt` dg ckn`vq`vov~g o eo Ecmo ect`voe q+[ nws`

ick ~g qcdg ge oygkcb+t± dge M`f+&¼ dg g~to Qv`y+&¼ gk ~w ycv"

twd+ Ge ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg ge h`k`v dg dg~cv gk n`ktg~toncþk

ï eo vgigvcdo k`to dg eo H+ N`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo wg

q`v ~w qovtg k` hos ge bo~ bckcb` ckn`bfgkcgktg q+[* wg

~g odbcto eo ckn`vq`voncþk dg eo Qv`y+* dg N`vd`yo ï eo

Ecmo s ~g homo eo vgngqncþk dge Dcq+[` dg owge M`fcgvk`

i+ ? yto+ + ~cgbqvg wg g~tã dc~qwg~t` ï od`qtov s icvbov ge tvotod`

dg 4 dg Gkgv` dge N`vv+tg oÿ` ~ck eo bgk`v oetgvoncþk gk

t`do~ s nodo wko+ dg ~w~ qovtg~+



" >=7 "

N`k g~tg b`tcy` ge ofoj` icvbod` vgctgvo ï eo H+ N`bc"

nc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo eo~ ~gmwvcdodg~ dg ~w oet` oqvgnc` s

dc~tckncþk bws qovtcnweov+

Tovcyc` @vtcz

D+ @+ dg ^+ G+

Jwok dg eo V`~o@i+c ?+&

\oe bovmgkR ^+[[[~ dg eo N`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ i+ c

M`f±`¬ dg eo~ Qv`y+o~ Ect`voeg~ —( Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bobc~gvct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo >? x ~t -j ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ â` s ?6 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+± 648+ — \ Novqgto n`ktgkcgkd` eo kwbgvoncþk dg yovco~ n`bw"kcnonc`kg~ dge m`fcgvk` dg ôetoR+

(?8>6#

\ novqgto R

?8>6 i+ ?

ÔETO

K+` ?‛ Owt`vczokd` oe M`f+&¼ dg Fwgk`~ Os+~ q+¼ dcvcmcv e`~

kgm`nc`~ mgkgvoeg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno+

6 Onw~okd` ge vgncf` dg d`~ k`to~ +g ~g eg dcvcmcgv`k+

> _wgjïkd`~g dge M`f+&± Fècycok`< s onw~okd` ge vg"

ncf` dg eo k`to gk +[ ~g eg cknewâo n`qco dg eo Vg"

neoboncþk hgnho ï owge M`f+±`

4 Oyc~okd` eo oqvghgknc`k dg Qwnh s Mwgbg~*[

7‛ Dgkwkncokd` eo~ bcvo~ ck~cdc`~o~ s h`~tceg~ dgeM`f+k` Fècycok` s on`bqoÿokd` oemwk`~ d`nwb+[`¼

+¬ e` nwbqvwgfok+ —



— >=9 "

9 Dgtoeeokd` e`~ ~wng~`~ `nwvvcd`~ gk ôeto ï n`k"

â" - yto+ ~gnwgknco dg eo ckyo~cþk dg e`~ okovwc~to~ gkno"

fgzod`~ q`v Qwnh Mwgbg~ s Kodoe+

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ — @`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+ — ôeto+—?869"?8>9< K+& >+ — Novqgto bokw~nvcto% qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jod`feodo ~~ x ?7 ngkt+% (k` g~tï fcgk d`feodo#< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 3 bce+<n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

y+` F+` — N`bo~+


K+& 643+ — \D+ J`~ã Geco~ Moec~tg`% dcqwtod` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% qvg"

~gkto ~w~ nvgdgkncoeg~ o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo R+

( ? dg Gkgv` dg ?8>6#

i+ ? K+& ?"±

ôkto ig Gk+` e"` dg ?8>6

^cgkd` ge +« ~wf~nvcyg h`kvvod` q+&& ge Gxb` ^v M`y+5&&

dg eo Qv`S+o dge Gktvg Vc`~% q+¼ +g eg vgqvg~gktg gk eo N`"

bc~+¬k dg eo ecmo ect`voe% e` hong ~oygv oe ^v+ Qvg~cd+tg dg

geeo ï wcgk ~g dcvcmg% q`kcgkd` gk ~w~ bok`~ eo nvgdgkncoe%

+g onvgdcto ~w k`bfvob+t¼ q+¼ +g ~g eg vgn`k`~no gk owge

novïntgv% s ~g n`k~gvyg dh` M`y+[` n`k eo cktgvygkncþk gk

dh` Nwgvq` dg +g q+&& eo ng~o~+±k dg ~w oktgvc`v Dcqwtod`

novgnâo+

N`k g~tg b`tcy` ge +g ~wf~nvcyg tcgkg eo ~otc~ionncþk dg

~oewdov oe ^v Qvg~cd+tg n`k ge bos`v oqvgnc` [

J`~ã Geco~ Moec~tg`^gnvgt+` Ckt+¼

^gÿ`v D+ D`bckm` Nweegk Qvg~cd+[g dg eo N`bc~+¼¼ Vgqvg~gk"

totcyo dg e`~ M`y+k`~ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ Ect`voeg~


d`feodo >1 x 6? ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ ec o ?4 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Bw~g` Bctvg+¼



" >==

K+& 671+ — @ik+ Mioe+ dge Dâo \dg Jwok Ionwkd` _wcv`mo dc~è"

ycgkd` eo~ iwgvzo~ dg ~w bokd` q`v hofgv tgvbckod` eo nob"

qoÿo R+

(3 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>6#

K+¼ 61 i+ ?

Ge g~tod` dg ckdcmgknco ï +[ ~g hoeeok vgdwncdo~ eo~

Qv`y+o* dgbokdok cbqgvc`~ob+*[% +¬ hoycgkd`~ã tgvbckod`

eo mvvï+ ~g dc~wgeyo eo iwgvzo dg Ckioktgv+¼ s Nofoeegv+¼ +¬

~g egyoktþ q+¼ gkmv`~ov eo Dc]nc`k Owxcecov dg e`~ Okdg~%n`k ge cktgvg~oktg `fjgt` dg ofvcv eo nobqoÿo ï g~to~ Qv`y+[¼

n`ktvo e`~ gkgbcm`~ dg eo Ecfgvtod s eo~ egsg~% `vdgkodo

q ge Gxcec` ^`v Mvïe+ gk Mgig Fvcmodcgv D+± G~tokc~eo` Eþ"

qgz< gk nwso ycvtwd ge Mvïe ckivo~nvcqt` dgneovo dc~wget` ge

Fotoeeþk k+¼ 6‛ dg Dgigk~`vg~ dg eo ecfgvtod% s Vgmcbcgkt`

k+¼ 6‛ dg Nofoeegv+¼ dg Owxcecovg~ dg e`~ Okdg~ ï gngqnc`k dg

eo~ Fokdo~ dg bú~cn`~% tobf`vg~% Neovckg~ s n`bgto~ wg

dgfgk ~gv gktvgmod`~ ï e`~ M`f+[`" ï +« hok qgvtgkgncd`+

E`~ Mgig~ s @icncoeg~ dg wk` s `tv` nwgvq` +[ hosok qgv"

tgkgncd` ï eo DcU-cnc`k iwkdobgktoe dg Owxcecovg~% qo~ovïk

ï ~w vg~qgntcy` nwgvq`% tok ewgm` n`b` ~g vgoecng eo dc~èw"

ncþk +g ~g `vdgko% +[ dgfgvï qvontcnov~g dge b`d` ~cmwcgk"

tg 2 T`d` ckdcycdw` ~ck dc~tckncþk dg neo~g% dg e`~ Nwgvq`~

gxqvg~od`~ +[ ~gok hcj`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+[~ °g ôeto - Twnwbok% v+ c yto+

ôkt+5¼ dge G~tgv`% N`vdoyo% ôkto Iã s Fwgk`~ Osv+[ +g

wcgvok wgdov~g gk g~to Qv`y+¼ eg~ ~gvï gktvgmodo ~w nãdweo

dg vgtcv` q+¼& ~w~ vg~qgntcy`~ Mgig~% ge dco ?4 dge qvg~gktg

s ï t`d`~ e`~ +[ qgvtgkg~nok ï eo Qv`y+¼ dg Notobovno tok

ewgm` n`b` eo iwgvzo ovvcfg ï owgeeo Noq+[ s ge t`d` dg eo~

iwgvzo~ ckdcnodo~ oe ovvcf` ï eo Ncwdod dg eo Vc`jo gktvg"

mokd` oe M`f+±` dg owgeeo Qv`y+¼ t`d` ge ovbobgkt` q+[ +¬

e` tgkmo gk dgq`~ct`% ho~to +[ ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~gÿoeg eo qovtg

+¬ dgfg vgncycv nodo M`f+&*¼ dg e`~ iv`ktgvc~`~ ï e`~ ~oeyo"

jg~% n`b` qwkt`~ qvgnc~`~ d`kdg eo Qotvco eeobg e`~ ovtânw"

e`~ dg mvvï ï ~w ~gvUïnc`2 Gk ge gktvg tokt` +[ tgkmo ~w

nwbqecb+-[ t`d` e` +¬ ~g `vdgko% e`~ Mgig~ dg t`d`~ e`~nwgvq`~ vgn`k`ngvïk q+&& Mgig dge Gxt`+ Owxcecov dg e`~ Ok"

dg~ oe ^`v N`v`k+c D+& J`~ã Vwcz Hwcd`fv`% ï wcgk vg~qg"



— >=8 —

tovok s `fgdgngvïk qwktwoeb+tg gk t`d` e` vgeotcy` oe ~gv"

ycnc` foj` eo bo~ ~gygvo vg~q`k~ofcecdod< gk eo cktgecmgk"

nco%

+g

owkwg ge ckivo~nvcqt` wgdo of~èwtob+tg ~gqovod`dge bokd` dge Gxt`+ ï ycvtwd dg qgvbc~` +« q+o gee` eg ho

n`kngdcd` ge Gxkc` ^`v Mvïe gk Mgig Fvcmodcgv D+& G~to"

kc~eo` Eþqgz% k` ~g ~gqovg dg e`~ yoecgktg~ +[ n`bq`kgk

i+ 6 ge Gxt` Owxcecov dg e`~ Okdg~% s +[ ~go nwoe iwgvg ge ewmov

d`kdg eg ~go qvgnc~` fotcv~g% g~tovco ncgbqvg n`k~toktg% s

n`b` ~èdod` tgkdvï qovtg gk ~w~ tvcwki`~% þ dg~mvonco~%

qwg~ g~tï gk eo vg~èwncþk ckoetgvofeg dge +[ ho tgkcd` eo

h`kvo dg bokdove`% qj gxcmcve` o~c eo mvotctwd ï eo `fgdcgk"

nco +g eg hok qvg~tod` gk t`do~ ãq`no~ s ncvnwk~toknco~ 2Nwovtge Mvïe gk Twnwbok Gk+¼ 3‛ dg ?8>6%% 2 Jwok Ionwkd`

_wcv`mo 2 G~ n`qc~c 2 Vwcz

G~tï n`ki`vbg

J+ & Bovngeck` Bozcge^gn+` Ckt `

N Bw~g` Bctvg+ — N`qco bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo

>1 Yo X ^C ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 3 o ?? bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko J%


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+± 67?+ — \Oegjokdv` Hgvgdco% oe m`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% qovtc"

ncqo wg ho ~cd` gegnt` m`fgvkod`v dg Twnwbok R+

( ?7 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>6 #

K+& ?8

N`qco Twnwbok Gkgv` ?7‛ dg ?8>6%

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` M`fgvkod`v dg g~to Qv`ycknco tcgkg eo

h`kvo q`v eo qvcbgvo ygz dg dcvcmcv~g oe Gxb`+ ^+[&& M`fgv"

kod`v s Noq+& Mvïe+ dg eo dg ^-[% Sã% okwkncokd` o ^+ G+

wg q`v ge y`t` mgkgvoe dg owgeeo ho ~cd` eeobod` o dg~"



— >=3 "

gbqgÿov g~tg tok dgecnod` novm`: s wg gk ~w bãvct` ~g

hong ge h`k`v dg ìvgngveg e`~ ~gvycnc`~ dg ~w kwgy` dg~tck`%

qv`tg~tïkdèg oe bc~b` tcgbq` eo~ bgj`vg~ vgeonc`kg~ dgobc~tod s fwgko cktgecmgknco+

Ge ofoj` icvbod` e`mvo g~to `q`vtwkcdod qovo ~oewdov

n`k ge bos`v qeongv oe Gxcÿ`+ ^"¼&[ ï wcgk ~g dcvcmg ìvg"

ncãkdèg% e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ dg ~w bo~ dc~tckmwcdo g~tcboncþk

s oet` oqvgnc` 2 Oegxokdv` Hgvgdco 2 Jwok K+ Xcbgkgz 2

@icncoe Bos`v2 Gxb`+ ^`v M`f+¼&& s Noq+¼ Mvïe+ dg eo Qv`"

ycknco dg ôkto Iã<

G~tï n`ki`vbg

J+ & Bovngeck` Bozcgc^gn` Ckt+`

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — N`qco boktc~nvcto+ qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo

>1 X 6? ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo 8 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+± 676+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gk"

totcyo% qvg~to ~w oygkcbcgkt` qovo wg Nþvd`fo ~g wko o eo~

qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ s icvbg ge tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>?R+

( ?8 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>6

K+` ?9

ôkto Iã Gk+¼ ?8‛ dg ?8>6

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg eo ~otc~ionncþk dg dcvcjcv~g ï eo H+

N`bcn+`k dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgk"

tcko% qovo bokcig~toveg wg ge Gxb`+ M`f+[` dg eo Qv`y+2[ dg

Fwgk+~ Osv+~ ho qvg~tod` ~w odygkcb+[[ ï +g eo dg N`vd`yo

~g wko ï eo~ ect`voeg~ icvbokd` ge tvotod` dg 4‛ dg Gkgvþdge oÿ` qq+**5-% n`b` e` k`tovï g~g H+ Nwgvq` q`v ge tgk`v

dge ìcnc` wg gk n`qco ngvtcicnodo ~g on`bqoÿo+



— >81 "

Odbcto eo H+ N`bcn+`k eo~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ dg g~tcboncþk

s oqvgnc` n`k wg e` ~oewdo

G~tïk+±

Eþqgz^+ ^+ dg eo H+ Nþbcn`~ dg

e`~ M`f+k`~ ect`voeg~ dg eo

Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko

Eo n`qco dg g~to vgigvgknco ~g gkn`ktvovo gk eo~ n`bwkcno"

nc`k+~ dg F Os+~

( Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"feodo >1 X ^C ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+± 67>+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Cktgvck` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% o eo N`bc~cþk

vgqvg~gktotcyo% ~`fvg wg k` ~g qv`ngdo% q`v oh`vo% o eo gegn"

ncþk dg m`fgvkod`v qv`qcgtovc`R+

( 61 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>6 #

i+ ? K+& 6

Qovokï Gk+` 61 dg ?8>6

Ge M`f+`&& Cktgv+` wg ~wf~nvcyg tcgkg ge h`k`v dg dcvcjcv~g

oe ^gÿ`v Qvg~cd+[g dg eo H+ Jwkto Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~

M`f"k`~ oecod`~ qovo bokcig~toveg: +[ ge ^+&& N`bc~+5c[ dg eo

bc~bo D+& J`~ã Geco~ Moec~tg`% ho qwg~t` gk ~w~ bok`~

eo oqvgncofeg k`to +[ n`k ihï ?4 dge N`vv+tg eg dcvcjc` ge

gxqvg~od` ^+&& Qvg~cd+tg q`v bgdc` dg eo nwoe ~g ho~g fgv

o ge +g icvbo% +& e`~ Gxb`~ M`f+k`~ dg eo Ecmo ect`voe% oe"

tob+t5â qgkgtvod`~ dg e`~ ~gktcb+[`[ wbok`~ s ecfgvoeg~% k`

qwgdgk ~gv ckdcigvgktg~ ï eo ~wgvtg dg eo Qv`y+* dg Gktvg"

Vc`~% cktcbob+tg ecmodo ï eo~ dgbï~ ect`voeg~% q`v e`~ qon"

t`~ qèâtcn`~ + gxc~tgktg~% s dgbï~ eo~`~ i`vbod`~ q`v eo

kotwvoegzo s eo ~`ncgdod+

Ge ofoj` icvbod`% +¬2 k` qwgdg dwdov wk b`b+-¼ dg eo

fwgko igg dg e`~ M`f+k`~ oecod`~ g~qgvovï n`k t`do n`kicokzo

ge igec~ b`b+tn& dg eo vgwkcþk dg dh`~ M`f+[`[ okwkncodo q`v

ge ^+v N`bcnc`kod` D+& J`~ã Geco~ Moec~tg` o wcgk ho vgn`"



— >8? —k`~cd` gk g~tg novïntgv s qvg~todèg owgeeo iãg s nvãdct`

wg ~g bgvg~g ge Gbfcod` dg wko N`bcnc`k+ tok vg~qgtofeg

n`b` e` g~ eo Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+k[[ ect`voeg~+ i+ c yto+

Gk n`kngwgknco qwg~ dg nwokt` ~g eg qvgfcgkg q`v eo

k`to +g tcgkg ge h`k`v dg n`ktgxtov% s dg e` wg fgvyoeb+tg

eg ho n`bwkcnod` ge ^+&& D+± J`~ã Geco~ Moec~tg` ho dcvcjcd`

wko n`bwkcnoncþk oe H+ N+ dg g~to Qv`ycknco n`k ge `fjgt`

dg +g k` ~g qv`~gdo q oh`vo oe k`kcfvob; dg M`f+&¼

qv`qcgtovc` q`v eo~ vo~`kg~ wg ckdcno eo H+ N`bcnc`k Vg"

qvg~gktotcyo% s ho~to% tokt` wg tgkmo ewmov eo vgwkcþk dg

e`~ Gxcec`~ M`f+câ`~ oecod`~+

N`k g~tg b`tcy` ge M`f+*&[ Ckt+¼ +g ~wf~nvcyg ~oewdo oe

^gÿ`v Qvg~cd+tg dg eo vgigvcdo n`bcnc`k n`k dc~tckmwcd`

oqvgnc`+

T`vcyc` @vtcz

D+ @+ dg ^+ G+

Jwok dg eo V`~o@ie c+`

\oe bovmgkR ^`v Qvg~cd+[g dg eo H+ Jwkto V+ dg e`~ M`f+±&~ |% c

dg eo ecmo Ect`voe —( Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo >? x 6? ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo ?1 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


G+ Zofoeo%

^gvgtovc`+

Hos wk ~gee` dge … Bw~g` Bctvg+ ¼

K+& 674+ — \ Ge Dcqwtod` dg Nþvd`fo% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo%

qvg~gkto ~w dcqe`bo s qcdg ~g eg dg~cmkg dco s h`vo qovo eo

ckn`vq`voncþk R+

(63 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>6<

K-±+ 4" i + ?

^co Igg Gk` 63 dg 8>6

Ge wg ~wf~nvcyg tcgkg ge h`k`v dg q`kgv gk n`k`ncbcgkt`

dge ^+`v Qvg~cd+tg dg eo N`bc~cþk dg eo ecmo dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~

Ect`voeg~ ge Dcqe`bo odjwkt` n`k wg eg ho ckyg~tcd` eo

Qv`ycknco dg N`vd`yo+ Gk ~w n`k~g+¼ ge ^+¼& Qvg~cd+-¬ ~g

dcmkovo o~cmkov ge dco s h`vo q%* ge ont` dg ~w ckn`vq`vo~c`k%

s dgbï~ gignt`~ n`k~cm+tg~



P >86 —

N`k g~tg b`tcy` tgkm` ge h`k`v dg ~oewdoveg s ìvgngv eo~

bo~ oeto~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ dg oqvgnc`+

^+to Igg Gk+` >1 dg 8>6

Dj Jwok F+-& Bovâk

gk feokn`+ ^+v Qvg~cd+tg dg eo N`bc~cþk Ect`voe%

i+ 6 yto Dge M`y+k` dg N`vd`yo

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jod`feodo >1 x 6? ngkt+ < egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 3 o ?6 bce+ < n`k~gvyoncþkfwgko< ~ghoeeo dgktv` dg wko novqgto wg dcng: -- N`vvg~q`kdgknco dg e`~ Dcqwto"d`~ o eo N`bc~cþk+ Oÿ`~ ?8>?‛ s ?8>6+& #+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+± 677+ — \ Vobþk @eoyovvcgto% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vg"

qvg~gktotcyo% on`bqoÿo ~w k`bfvobcgkt` dg Dcqwtod` q`v eo

qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~R+

( >1 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>6

i+ ? K+` ?7

ôkto Q-gã Gkgv` >1 dg ?8>6

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg ge h`k`v dg on`bqoÿov oe ^+-& Qvg"

~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~

dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ Ect`voeg~ wko k`to dge ^+¼& Bckc~tv` dg

Vgeonc`kg~ G~tgvc`vg~ dg Fwgk`~—Osvg~ gk +« eg n`bwkcno

~w k`bfvobcgkt` dg Dcqwtod` q`v dcnho Qv`ycknco+

Ge ckivo~nvct` g~qgvo +[ ge ^+[ Qvg~cdgktg ~g ~cvyo ~gÿo"

eoveg ge dco s ewmov q+[ ge nokmg dg ~w~ q`dgvg~ s dgbï~ +[

tgkmo q`v n`kdwngktg oe `fjgt` dg ~w k`bfvobcgkt`+

Ge ckivo~nvct` ~oewdo oe ^+[ Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk

i+ ? yto+ Vgqvg~gktotcyo n`k eo bos`v n`k~cdgvoncþk s oqvgnc`+

Vobþk @eoyovvcgto

i+ ? ^+v Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`"

fcgvk`~ Ect`voeg~ D+& D`bckm` Nwsgk+( Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"

feodo+ >3 -j X 61 -j ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ ?? o ?> bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk



— >8> "

fwgko< ~g hoeeo dgktv` dg wko novqgto wg dcng< & N`vvg~q`kdgknco dg e`~ Dcqw"

tod`~ o eo N`bc~cþk+ Oÿ`~ ?8>?+% s tB^& #+



Hos wk ~gee` dge … Bw~g` Bctvg+ ¼

K+± 679+ — |Ge mgkgvoe gk jgig dge Gjãvnct` n`kigdgvod`% G~tokc~"

eo` Eþqgz% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% on`bqoÿo eo `vdgk

dge dâo dge mgkgvoe _wcv`mo q`v eo wg dc~èyâo eo~ iwgvzo~ -

s wg n`k b`tcy` dg eo tgvbckoncþk dg eo nobqoÿo dcbctg dge

novm` wg dg~gbqgÿo q`v n`k~cdgvov ckkgng~ovco ~w qvg~gkncoR+

( >1 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>6

K+& ?3 i+ ?

ôkto Iã >1 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>6

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` Mvïe gk Mgig dge Gx+[ owxcecov n`kigdgvod`

~g dcvcjg ï eo H+ N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~

dg eo~ Qv`K"cknco~ ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko% qovo

dgbctcv eo oeto owt`vcdod wg ckyg~tco% q`v wg so eo n`k~c"

dgvo ckkgng~ovco+

Eo iwkg~to mwgvvo ncU-ce ho n`knewcd`: e`~ bcectovg~ ob`"

tckod`~ s ~w~ nþbqecng~ hok ~cd` qgv~gmwcd`~% fotcd`~ s"ok`kodod`~ gk t`do~ dcvgnnc`kg~% wgdokd` bwnh`~ dg gee`~

bwgvt`~ þ qvcnc`kgv`~% s vgiwmcïkd`~g `tv`~ ï eo~ Vgqú"

fecno~ Ygncko~+ G~tïk% qwg~% iwgvo dg n`bfotg e`~ gkgbcm`~

dge `vdgk< s e`~ Qwgfe`~ ovmgktck`~ ecfvg~ dg ~w~ movv[

~okmvcgkto~: wgdo ygkmod` ge wetvojg ckigvcd` ï eo dcmkcdod

dg eo koncþk: vg~tofegncd` ge cbqgvc` dg eo~ Egsg~% s oeco"

kodo~ eo~ Uco~ qovo wg qwgdo g~nwnhov~g ~ck g~tvgqct` kc

fègknco ge y`t`n`bcb ~`fvg

eo`vmokczoncþk iwtwvo dgkwg~tvo qotvco+

G~ me`vc`~` tcbfvg dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~ +[ g~o

ewnho gbqvgkdcdo q+[ n`kjwvov wk qgecmv` ckbckgktg% gk eo

+g k` ~g hok g~nw~od` ~onvcicnc`~% hoso qv`dwncd` tok ck"

bgk~`~ fcgkg~ : s wg oe bc~b` tcgbq` gk +[ ~g dc~q`kâok

ï m`k~wbov ~w~ qeokg~ ecfgvtcncdo~ e`~ tcvok`~ dge cktgvc`v% i+ c yto+

~g eg~ hoso dg~tvwcd` eo n`bfcko~c`k% ovvgfotïkdèg~ dg

eo~ bok`~ eo~ ovbo~ s ge q`dgv+

O tok dcmko gbqvg~o hok n`knwvvcd`% s q`v gee` ~`k onvgg"

? Qwfecnodo gk eo qïmcko >== dg g~tg t`b`+— (-O-% dg eo D+#+



" >84 —d`vg~ ï eo mvotctwd konc`koe s ï eo n`k~cdgvoncþk dg e`~

M`fcgvk`~ oecod`~% e`~ yovc`~ nwgvq`~ dg Gjgvnct` wg hok

bcectod` ï eo~ `vdgkg~ dge wg icvbo< qwg~ t`d`~ hok eeg"

kod` ~w dgfgv% owxcecokd` ï e`~ `qvcbcd`~ s qgv~cmwcgkd`

ï e`~ ionnc`~`~ ho~to gk ~w~ úetcbo~ mwovcdo~+ Vg~qgtok"

d` g~nvwqwe`~obgktg eo ckdgqgkdgknco dg eo~ qv`ycknco~%

vgmvg~ov`k o ~w~ h`movg~ eo~ iwgvzo~ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ sôkto Iã% dgjokd` gk ecfgvtod ï Nþvd`fo s tvokwce` oe

Gktvg"Vc`~+ Cmwoe n`kdwnto ho `f~gvfod` eo Dcyc~cþk owxc"

eco/- dg e`~ Okdg~ gk e`~ qwgfe`~ dg Nws`+ Ickoebgktg% eo

gxqgdcncþk dg~tckodo ï eo~ qv`ycknco~ dge k`vtg dg eo Vg"

qwfecno% oe bokd` dge Gxb` ^"`c& Mvïe D+& Jwok Ionwkd` _wc"v`mo% +g ~g n`bq`kâo dg eo vgigvcdo dcycnc`k s dg `tv`~

nwgvq`~ egyoktod`~ n`k owge `fjgt`< dg~qwã~ dg tgvbckov

eo nobqoÿo n`k wk tvcwki` bgb`vofeg s dgjov oicokzodo~

eo qoz s ~gmwvcdod qwfecno% vgmvg~o ï dc~èygv~g% n`b` e`

dgbwg~tvo eo odjwkto `vdgk dge dco: wgdokd` gk qcã eo

dcycnc`k dg e`~ Okdg~ ï nws` Mgig ~g qvgycgkg eo q`kmo

ï eo~ `vdgkg~ dge Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% q`v

~gv dg ~w dgqgkdgknco+

Q`v g~to ~wnckto vgeoncþk n`bqvgkdgvï eo H+ N`bcnc`k%

i+ 6 wg hofcgkd` dg~gb dg~gbqgÿod` ge ckivo~nvcqt` eo~ iwk"

nc`kg~ dg ~w dg~tck`% ~ck vg~toveg `tvo n`~o +[ hongv qovo

n`vvg~q`kdgv ï eo gegyodo n`kicokzo n`k wg eg h`kvov`k

e`~ M`fcgvk`~ oecod`~< qwgdg so dgq`kgv ge Noÿþk% ~otc~ig"

nh` n`k wg ~w~ iotcmo~ k` hosok ~cd` ckútceg~+

Vwgmo ge Mvïe +[ ~wf~nvcfg% ï eo H+ N`bcnc`k ~g ~cvyo

ongqtov eo~ qv`tg~to~ dg ~w bo~ qvìwkd` vg~qgt`+

G~tïk+ & Eþqgz

i+ ? \oe bovmgkR ^ ^+ dg eo H+ N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg

e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ dg

eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko¬

( Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmcâcoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"

feodo >1 X ^C ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo = bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


F+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+




— >87 —

K+± 67=+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gk"

totcyo% odjwkto wko n`bwkcnoncþk dgTwnwbïk vgeotcyo o eo gegn"

ncþk dg m`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`yckncoR+ -

(= dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>6#

K+` ?=

ôclo Iã Igfvgv` = dg ?^>6+

Tgkcgkd` gk U"c~to ge M`f+*&& s Noq+&¼ Mvoe+ wg ~wf~nvcfg%

eo~ otvcfwnc`kg~ wg q`v ge tvotod` dg 4‛ dg Gkgv` dge oÿ`qq+ââ` g~tïk dg~cmkodo~ ï g~o H`k`vofeg N`bc~cþk% s n`k"

~cdgvokd` wg qovo eegkoveo~ gk nwokt` o eo Qv`ycknco dge

Twnwbok qwgdg n`kygkcv wg ~g tgkmo wk n`k`ncbcgkt`

gxont` dge kwgy` `vdgk dg n`~o~ oeec g~tofegncd`< ge wg

icvbo tcgkg ge f`k`v dg odjwktov gk n`qco ngvtcicnodo eo k`to

wg onofo dg vgncfcv dge Gxcec`+ ^+*¼&& M`f+5&& s Noq+[ Mvoe+ dg

owgeeo QvÒÞknco qovo cktgecmgknco dg g~g H`k`vofeg Nwgvq`+

N`k toe b`tcf` ge +[ icvbo ~oewdo otgktobgktg ï eo H+

N`bc~cþk o wcgk ~g dcvcmg+

G~tïk+& Eþqgz

\oe bovmgkR ^ ^+ dg eo H+ N`bc~+± Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~

M`f+k`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+[[ ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqwf+n¼

Ovmgktcko

(Bw~g`Bctvg+

—@vcmckoe bokw~nvct`<

qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dgeo h`jo d`"

feodo 63 Yj X 6? ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 8 o e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hos wk ~gee` dge … Bw~g` Bctvg+ …

? Qwfecnodo gk eo qïmcko >=8 dg g~tg t`b`+ — (K+ dg eo Dj+

QwFE+ ^gn+ Hc~t+ — T+ XYC 67



>89

- 678+ — \J`~ã Ivoknc~n` Fgkctgz% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþkvgqvg~gktotcyo% wg ho tgvbckod` ~w~ iwknc`kg~ dg ~gnvgtovc`

bcectov dge jgig dge gjãvnct` n`kigdgvod` s qwgdg yèygv oe

novm` dg g~o n`bc~cþk R+

(?9 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>6#

i + ? ôkto Ig ?9 dg igfvgv` dg ?8>6+

Dg~dg wg ge Gxvÿ` ^v+ fvcmodcgv D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz%

m`fgvkod`v dg g~to qv`ycknco% ho hgnh` dcbc~cþk dge gbqeg`

dg mgkgvoe gk mgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`% qvgyco

eo dc~èwncþk dg eo~ iwgvzo~ wg e` n`bq`kâok< ge ckivo~"

nvcqt` nvgg n`knewcd` tobfcãk ~w bckc~tgvc` dg ~gnvgtovc`

bcectov dge gxqvg~od` ~gÿ`v mgkgvoe% wg ~cvycþ dwvoktg eo

nobqoÿo+ Q`v n`k~cmwcgktg ~g hoeeo gk oqtctwd dg yèygv ï

qvg~tov ~w~ ~gvycnc`~ n`b` ~gnvgtovc` ï eo n`bc~cþk vgqvg"

~gktotcyo dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ oecod`~< dg nws` dg~tck` g~tofo

~gqovod` onncdgktoebgktg: s e` q`kg gk n`k`ncbcgkt` dge

~gÿ`v qvg~cdgktg% ~oewdïkdèg n`k eo dgfcdo n`k~cdgvoncþk+

J`~ã Ivok± Fgkctgz

^v+ Qvg~cdgktg dg eo n`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ m`fcgv"

k`~ oecod`~+

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jod`feodo >1 x ~c ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ dg 3 s e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+




— >8=

K+± 673+ — \Eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% o G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz% omvo"

dgng e`~ cbq`vtoktg~ ~gvycnc`~ qvg~tod`~ n`b` mgkgvoe gk jgig

dge gjãvnct` n`kigdgvod` s ongqto eo vgkwknco qvg~gktodo R+

( ?= dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>6 #

ôkto Lã% igfvgv` ?= dg ?8>6+ c

? G~to k`to ~g hoeeo qwfecnodo% tobfcãk% gk Ge Ewngv`% jwgyg~ 8 dg bos` dg?8>6+— (-+Y+ dg eo D+#+

6 Gk Ge Ewngv` ~g egg : ¬ o eo now~o dge `vdgk ho qvg~tod` ^% G+ … < n`b` ~g yg%

g~ bws qgwgÿo eo yovcoktg+—N[+ dg eo D+#+

qïm+ ?

nè+ 6

Eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ oecod`~ dg

eo~ qv`]knco~ dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko ho t`bod` gk

n`k~cdgvoncþk eo k`to dg >1 dge qvþxcb` qo~od`% gk wg

^+ G+ ge fvcmodcgv mgkgvoe D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz% m`fgvkod`v

s noqctïk mgkgvoe dg g~to qv`ycknco s mgkgvoe gk mgig dge

gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`% eg qvg~gkto wk f`~wgj` fvgyg<

qgv` icge dg eo~ `qgvonc`kg~ dg eo mwgvvo wg twy` gknovm`

dg dcvcmcv n`ktvo e`~ bcectovg~ ob`tckod`~ `qvg~`vg~ dg e`~

qwgfe`~< ~w dcnh`~` ick s vg~wetod`% s eo ofdcnoncþk wg

gk n`k~gnwgknco ~g ~cvyg hongv dg ~w oeto owt`vcdod+ Gktg"

vodo eo N`bc~cþk dg eo k`to vgigvcdo% ho dc~qwg~t` wg ge

ckivo~nvcqt` qvg~cdgktg n`ktg~tg ï ^+ G ge ^v+ mgkgvoe ï

wcgk ~g dcvcmg% g~qvg~ïkdèg ~w~ y`t`~< e` wg gjgnwto

n`k ge bos`v qeongv+

O k`bfvg% qwg~% dg geeo% s dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ wg vgqvg"[[U-e

~gkto% igecncto ï ^+ G+ ge wg ~wf~nvcfg% s eg do eo~ mvonco~%

vgn`k`ncgkd` wg ï ~w `q`vtwko dgnc~cþk oe gbqvgkdgv eo

nobqoÿo% k` bgk`~ wg ï ~w yoe`v% ontcycdod s bgdcdo~

fcgk n`bfckodo~ g~ dgfcd` ge me`vc`~` vg~wetod` dg ~w tgv"

bckoncþk+ Vgn`k`ng o~cbc~b` wg e`~ qwgfe`~ dg eo n`k"

igdgvoncþk% s eo koncþk gktgvo% ho n`ktvoâd` wko ckbgk~o

dgwdo ï e`~ gbckgktg~ ~gvycnc`~ wg [ ^+ G+ ho qvg~tod` ï

eo now~o dge `vdgk s e`~ dgbï~ mgkgvoeg~% mgig~% ìcncoeg~

s ~èdod`~ ncwdodok`~ qgvtgkgncgktg~ oe gjãvnct` owxcecov+

O g~to~ iotcmo~ dgfgk ~w ecfgvtod eo~ qv`ycknco~ wg mg"



— >88 "

bcow gkn`vfodo~ foj` ge swm` nvwge s dgfcectod`v dg e`~

~gdcnc`~`~% s q`v geeo~ hok oicokzod` eo ~wso eo~ wg ~g

ygcok obomodo~% ~cgkd` eo bo~ ~þecdo movoktâo dg ~w qgv"

bokgknco ge ongkdvod` qotvc`tâ~b` dg ^+ G+ s dg ~w~ cew~"

tvg~ n`bqoÿgv`~ dg ovbo~ : qwg~ gk ãe n`b` gk wk g~nèe`

ckygkncfeg ivono~ovïk ~cgbqvg eo~ gbqvg~o~ dg e`~ boe"

yod`~+

G~ gk g~tg n`kngqt` wg eo N`bc~cþk ho vg~wget` odbctcv

eo dcbc~cþk dge mgkgvoeot` qvg~gktodo q`v Y+ G+% ï wcgk ge

ckivo~nvcqt` ~oewdo n`k eo bo~ otgkto n`k~cdgvoncþk+

D`bckm` Nwctgk%

qvg~cdgktg+

J`~ã Geco~ Moec~tg`%

~gnvgtovc` cktgvck`+

Gxnb`+ ^v+ M`fgvkod`v s Noqctïk Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco

dg ôkto Iã Fvcmodcgv D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz+

( Ionwetod dg Ice`~ìâo s Egtvo~+—Fcfec`tgno+— * Fcovc` dg eo Tovdg*+ — N`bgv"

ncoe% Qèâtcn` s Ectgvovc`+ — Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% bcãvnèg~ = dg bovz` dg ?8>6+ —K+± 6>8 #%

K+- 691+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Cktgvck` dg Gktvg Vc`~% o eo N`bc~cþk

vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`to ~`fvg eo gegnncþk dg

qvg~cdgktg s ycng"qvg~cdgktg dg dcnho n`bc~cþkR+

( ?= dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>6

c+ ? Qovokï Igf+` ?= dg ?8>6

Ge M`f"k` cktgv+` wg ~wf~nvcyg wgdo cbqwg~t` q`v eo

oqvgncofeg k`to dg ?4 dge N`vv+tg g eg ho dcvcjcd` eo H+

N`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg hofgv ~cd` k`bfvod` Qvg~c"

dgktg qgvqgtw` ge ^"&& Dcqwtod` dge Gxb` M`f"&¼ dg eo Qv`y"o

dg ôkto Igã s q`v Ycng Qvg~cdgktg ge dg ge Gxb` M`f"k[dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~ nwso gegnncþk g~ oetob+tg ~otc~iont`vco

oe wg ~wf~nvcyg+



— >83 "

N`k g~tg b`tcy` ge ofoj` ìvg~g dg kwgf` ï eo H+ N`bc"

nc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo ~w~ bo~ n`vdcoeg~ y`t`~ dg oi"-± s

dc~tckncþk qovtcnweov

T`vcyc` @vtcz

D+ @+ dg ^+ G+

JcEok dg eo V`~o@i+c ?+&

^+ ^+ dg eo N`bcn+``

Vgqvg~gktotcyo

dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~

dg eo Ecmo Ect`voe—( Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo >c x ~c ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo~ dg 3 o ec bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko< ~g hoeeo dgktv` dg wko novqgto wg dcng: &N`vvg~q`kdgknco dãe`~ Dcqwto"

d`~ o eo N`bc~cþk+ Oÿ`~ ?8>?‛ s ?8>> -U J+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+& 69?+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Cktgvck` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% o eo N`kkc~cþk

vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`to ~`fvg eo ckn`vq`voncþk

dg e`~ dcqwtod`~ dg Nþvd`fo s Bgkd`zoR+

( ?= dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>6

Qovokï Igf"` ?= dg ?8>6 i+ C

Q`v eo oqvgncofeg k`to dg eo H+ N`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo

iecï ?4 dge N`vv+-g wgdo cbqwg~t` ge "« ~wf~nvcyg dg ho"

ygv~g vgncfcd` gk ge ~gk` dg eo bc~bo H+ N`bcn+¼-¼ ï e`~

^+ ^+ Dcqwtod`~ dg e`~ Gxcec`~ M`f"k¼[ dg eo Qv`y"¼ dg N`v"

d`yo s Bgkd`zo bgdcoktg ï hoygv ongqtod` s icvbod` ge

tvotod` dg 4 dg Gkgv` dge oÿ` qq+[`

G~tg igec~ on`ktgncb+-5; g~ ~wbob+-[ mvot` q+[ ge M`f"¼« dgeo Qv`y+o dg Gktvg Vâ`~ q`v +g so ~g qvckncqco ï gktvgygv

eo wkcþk Mgk+c dg t`do~ eo~ Qv`y+[[ dg eo Vgqwfecn"o Ovmgktcko



— >31 —

s ge vg~tofegncb+t` dg eo Qoz s ge ~`ncgm` q`v +g tokt` okn"

eok e`~ fwgk`~ qotvc`to~+

N`k g~tg b`tcy` ge

ofoj` icvbod` igecncto ï eo H+ N`bcnc`kVgqvg~gktotcyo s eg ~oewdo otgktob+tg

T`vcyc` @vtcz

D+ @+ dg ^+ G+

Jwok dg eo V`~o@i+c ?+¼

^+ ^+ dg eo Nþbcn`¼

Vgqvg~gktotcyo

dg e`~ M`f+k`~ dgeo Ecmo Ect`voe —

N Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe ycobt~nvct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jod`feodo >? x oc Yo ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 3 s e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko J+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+± 696+— i Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gkto"

tcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`to ~`fvg eo gegnncþk dg qvg~cdgktg s

ycng"qvg~cdgktg dg dcnho n`bc~cþkR+

( ?8 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>6

i+ ? ôkto Ig s Igf+` ?8 dg ?8>6

Q`v eo n`bwkcnoncþk wg n`k ihï+ ??‛ dge bg~ wg n`vvg

eg dcvcjg ge ^`v+ Dqd`+ D+ D`bckm` Nweegk oe M`fgvkod`v

ckivo~nvcqt`% wgdo cbqwg~t` dg hoygv ~cd` k`bfvod` dg

Qvg~cdgktg dg eo H`k+« N`bcn+& V+ dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~

Qv`ycknco~ Ect`voeg~ gk onwgvd` dg 4 dge bc~b` s dg Ycng 2Qvgncd+tg oe D+ D+ Vobþk @eoyovvcgto q`v ge tgvbck` dg ~gc~

bg~g~+ Oe vgn`k`ngve` gk g~tg novïntgveg

o~gmwvo wgeg

~gvï ~otc~iont`vc` dcvcmcv~g oe ^`v+ Qvg~cdgktg gk e`~ no~`~

wg Tcetgvc`vb+tg `nwvvok+



" >3? —

Gktvg tokt` eg qvgtgxto eo~ ~gmwvcdodg~ dge g~qgncoe oqvg"

nc` wg eg bgvgng+

G~tïk+& Eþqgz

\oe bovmgkR ^`v+ Qvg~cdo dg eo H+ N+ V+ dg e`~ M`f+±5¼ dg eo~

Qv`y+o~ Ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+

v Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"

feodo >1 X ^C ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ dg 3 o cc bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

fwgko j+


^+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+± 69>+— \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gk"

totcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`to vgeotcyo o eo ckn`vq`voncþk dg

e`~ dcqwtod`~ dg Bgkd`zo s Nþvd`foR+

( ?8 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>6

ôkto Iã Ifv` ?^‛ dg ?8>62 i+ c

Ge M`f&&& s Noq+± Mvïe+ dg g~to Qv`y+¼ ho vgncfcd` n`k eo

bos`v ~otc~ionncþk eo k`to ìcncoe +[ n`k ihï+ ?4‛ dge n`vv+-[

bg~ eg dcvcmg ge ^`v Qvg~cd+-[ dg eo H+ N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gkto"

tcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+o~ Ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqú"fecno Ovmgktcko honcãkdèg ~ofgv +g ge dco 4 dge bc~b`

iwgv`k ckn`vq`vod`~ e`~ ^ ^+ D D+ dg e`~ dg Nþvd`fo sBgkd`zo gk ycvtwd dg hofgv ongqtod` s icvbod` ge Tvotod`

dg 4‛ dg Gkgv` dge oÿ` qq+[` fox` eo yo~g dg ~w qvgecbckov

dg 6> dg Igfvgv` dge oÿ` >1‛+ G~to n`kdwnto gk t`d` ~gk"

tcd` qotvcþtcno% g~ dcmko ncgvtobgktg dg ~gv cbctodo q`v e`~

dgbï~ M`f+[`~ q+o g eo~ Qv`y+o[ t`do~ g~tãk ecmodo~ n`k e`~

yâknwe`~ dg ivotgvkcdod% +[ g~ eo bgj`v ~oeyomwovdco dg ~w~dgvgnh`~% s ge bo~ ~gmwv` movoktg dg ~w tvokwcecdod s gk"

mvokdgncbcgkt`+



— >36 —

N`k toJg~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ tcgkg ge wg icvbo eo n`bqeongk"

nco dg ìvgngv oe ^`v+ Qvg~cdgktg o +& ~g dcvcmg ~w~ bo~oeto~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ n`k wg eg ~oewdo+

G~tïk+& Eþqgz

\oe bovmgkR 8+±[ Qvg~cd+tg dg eo H+ N+ V+ dg e`~ M`f+[`~ °g eo~

Qv`y+o~ Ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqwf+[o Ovmgktcko+

N Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"

feodo >1 X ~`-Cj ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo = bce+< n`tc~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hos wk ~gee` dge n Bw~g` Bctvg+ ¼

K+± 694+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe M`fgvkod`v dg eo

qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% eg n`bwkcno ~w vgkwknco dg mgkg"

voe gk jgig dge gjãvnct` n`kigdgvod` s eo ongqtoncþk q`v eo N`"

bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo J+

( 69 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>6#

Q[[& [ ôkto Iã% 69 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>6+

nè+

Eo qoz mgkgvoe dg wg m`zok h`s t`do~ eo~ qv`ycknco~

dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko% n`k ge t`toe gxtgvbckc` dg e`~

bcectovg~ ob`tckod`~ ge ?+ dg Dcncgbfvg dge oÿ` 68% ho

qwg~t` oe M`fgvkod`v s Noqctïk Mgkgvoe wg ~w~nvcfg gk ge

omvodofeg dgfgv dg vgkwkncov oe bokd` dg Mgkgvoe gk Mgig

dge Gjãvnct` Owxcecov N`kigdgvod`% wg eo h`k`vofeg N`bc"

~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`"

voeg~ eg hofco n`kicod` qovo tok oet` ã cbq`vtoktg `fjgt`+

Ge ho ~cd` eegkod` q`v e`~ hgv`cn`~ g~iwgvz`~ dg t`d`~

e`~ fwgk`~ ovmgktck`~%

swgdo tobfcãk ~otc~ignho eo úkcno

o~qcvoncþk dge ckivo~nvcqt`% ycgkd` ï t`d`~ e`~ qwgfe`~ dc~"

ivwtov dg ~w ecfgvtod s vcmcãkd`~g q`v ~w~ qv`qco~ ck~tctw"



— >3> "

d`kg~+ Ge odjwkt` cbqvg~` wg tcgkg eo ~otc~ionncþk dg

cknewcv vwfvcnod` oe Gxb`+ M`fcgvk` dg eo qv`ycknco dg

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% g~ ge bgj`v d`nwbgkt` wg qwgdg qvg~gktov~g

dg nwokt` onofo dg gxq`kgv+ Q`v ãe ygvï wg ~w vgkwknco

ho ~cd` on`mcdo dg eo bokgvo bo~ h`kv`~o qovo ge ckivo~"

nvcqt`% s g~tg d`feg b`tcy` e` tgkdvï n`k~toktgbgktg dg"

ncdcd` ï ~onvciânov~g q`v eo now~o ~okto dg e`~ qwgfe`~% gk

nwoewcgvo neo~g wg ~g eg dg~tckg+

Ge M`fgvkod`v wg icvbo ~cgktg ge bos`v qeongv gk votcic"

nov oe Gxb`+ M`fcgvk` ï wcgk ~g dcvcmg eo~ qv`tg~to~ dg

~w bo~ g~tvgnho n`vdcoecdod+

G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz

Gxb`+ ^v+ M`fgvkod`v s Noqctïk Mgkgvoe dg eo qv`ycknco

dg Fwgk`~ xUcvg~+

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — ; Ge Ewngv`¼+ — Dcovc` Qèâtcn`% Ectgvovc` s Bgvnoktce+ — Kú"bgv` =?=+ —Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% jwgyg~ 8 dg bovz` dg cH>c#+

K+± 697+ — Tvotod` \dg obc~tod n`kygkcd` gktvg ôktcom` dge G~" qïm+ ?

tgv` s Twnwbïk s gk ge wg ~g n`bqv`bgtgk o ckn`vq`vov~g o --[[- [

eo Ecmo Ect`voe R+

(63 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>6#

E`~ ^gÿ`vg~ Odg`dot` dg M`kdvo% bckc~tv` ~gnvgtovc` dge

M`fcgvk` dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% s ge Dv+ D+ Jwok Fowtc~to

Qoz% bckc~tv` ~gnvgtovc` dge dg Twnwbïk% hofcãkd`~g bw"

twobgktg nokmgod` eo~ nvgdgkncoeg~ wg eg~ novontgvczo dc"

qwtod`~ dg wk` s `tv` m`fcgvk` qovo ojw~tov tvotod`~ dg

wkcþk% obc~tod s fwgko n`vvg~q`kdgknco gktvg obf`~ m`"

fcgvk`~% ï ick dg vgb`ygv t`d` b`tcy` wg now~g ~`~qgnho%

nge`~ s dg~oygkgknco~% wg ho~to owc hok `fvod` n`b`

omgktg~ qvckncqoeg~ gk eo ckiow~to mwgvvo ~`~tgkcdo q`v

gwcy`nod`~ qvckncqc`~< s hoeeïkd`~g ge m`fcgvk` dg Twnw"

bïk kotwvoebgktg owt`vczod` q`v dc~èwncþk oktgvc`v dgt`d`~ e`~ q`dgvg~ dge nwgvq` ~`ncoe% s gk ge dgfgv qvgnc`~`

dg vg~tofegngv ï eo q`~cfeg fvgygdod ge `vdgk% tvokwcecdod%



nè+ 6

" >34 —

s vgq`~` qúfecn`% wg e`~ iwkg~t`~ ~wng~`~ dg eo mwgvvo

hofâok hgnh` dg~oqovgngv: e`~ dcqwtod`~ gknovmod`~ dg

tok cktgvg~oktg kgm`nc` hok n`kygkcd` gk e`~ tvotod`~ ~c"

mwcgktg~ :

?+ — Hofvï gktvg obfo~ qv`ycknco~ obc~tod% oecokzo sfwgko n`vvg~q`kdgknco% nwetcyodo~ n`k vgeonc`kg~ vgigvgktg~

ï e` bc~b`+

6+ — _wgdok e`~ m`fcgvk`~ n`ktvotoktg~ `fecmod`~ ï qvg~"

tov~g vgnâqv`nobgktg e`~ owxcec`~ kgng~ovc`~ qovo ~ì`nov

eo~ vgonnc`kg~ wg n`ktvo eo owt`vcdod ~g egyoktgk gk ge

qgvc`d` wg eo egs dg~cmko ï ~w dwvoncþk+

>+ — ^gvï `fecmod` ge m`fcgvk`% ï wcgk gk ~w no~` ~g

owxcecg% ï ckdgbkczov e`~ mo~t`~ `vcmckod`~ gk ge owxcec`%

e`~ wg ~g hovïk n`k~tov q`v nwgkto ck~tvwcdo+

4+ — Obe#`~ m`fcgvk`~ ~g n`bqv`bgtgk ï n`k~cmkov n`k

t`do ~gmwvcdod e`~ vg`~ wg ~g vgneobgk n`k e`~ vgnowd`~

n`vvg~q`kdcgktg~ ck~gvt`~ gk ge dg~qonh` vgwc~ct`vc`+

7+ — G~t`~ vg`~ nvcbckoeg~ dgfgk ~gv vgqwtod`~% qovo ge

nwbqecbcgkt` dge ovtânwe` oktgvc`v% e`~ wg hok n`bgtcd`

dgect`~ n`bwkg~ þ o~`kodo~ dg ovbo~ n`ktvo eo~ owt`vcdo"

dg~% qgv` k` owgee`~ wg ~g nè`nok gk neo~g dg vg`~ qèâ"

tcn`~ nws`~ dgect`~ n`k~c~tg gk eo `qckcþk+

9+ — ^g n`kycgkgk e`~ m`fcgvk`~ gk wg% ~c eo wvmgknco

dge no~`% s eo bgj`v g~qgdcnc`k dg eo odbckc~tvoncþk dg jw~"

tcnco gxcmg tvo~qo~ov e`~ eâbctg~ dg wko s `tvo jwvc~dcnncþk%

qovo wg k` ~g oygktwvg eo noqtwvo dge vg`% ~g g~qgdcvïk

eo~ þvdgkg~ kgng~ovco~ ï e`~ n`bokdoktg~% ìcncoeg~ s oenoe"

dg~% qovo wg eegmokd` g~tg no~`% owxcecgk ï eo qovtcdo qgv~c"

mkcd`vo ho~to `ftgkgv ge e`mv` dg eo noqtwvo dge vg`+

=+ — ^cgbqvg wg g~to~ qovtcdo~ now~gk qgvjwcnc` gk ge

tgvvct`vc` wg tvo~qo~gk% dgfgvï ckdgbkczov~g q`v e`~ vg~"

qgntcy`~ m`fcgvk`~% n`b` tobfcãk e`~ owxcec`~ wg oe gignt`

~g ~wbckc~tvgk ï ~w ygz+

8+ — K` ~g qgvbctcvï wg% gk wko kc `tvo qv`ycknco% ~g

o~cegk e`~ qvckncqoeg~ mgig~ wg q`v tokt`~ oÿ`~ hok i`bgk"

tod` ge mgvbgk dg eo dc~n`vdco gk eo Vgqúfecno% s qovtcnw"

eovbgktg gktvg gee`~% ho~to n`kdwncveo~ oe dè`v`~` g~tod`

dg w~ov dg eo~ ovbo~ qovo n`bqegtov ~w vwcko+

+

[ 3+ — _wgdo n`bqvgkdcdo gk eo dc~q`~cncþk dge ovtânwe`

oktgvc`v% t`do qgv~`ko wg owkwg k` cbc~to eo noecdod dg



— >37 "

mgig qvckncqoe% tvocmo ge novïntgv dg omgktg qúfecn` þ ~gnvgt`

qovo ~gdwncv% s vgyèwnc`kov ge qoc~% e` nooe ~g hovï n`k~tov

q`v bgdc` dg cki`vboncþk ~wbovco+?1+ — Ge M`fcgvk` dg Twnwbok ~g `fecmo ï qo~ov gk

qv`sgnt` eo ckn`vq`voncþk ï eo ecmo ect`voe% ï eo jwkto vgqvg"

~gktotcyo% tok ewgm` wg eo~ ncvnwk~toknco~ gk wg ~g hoeeo

eo qv`ycknco dgk ewmov ï ~w ck~toeoncþk% qovo wg vg~wgeyo

e` wg iwgvg dg ~w ~wqgvc`v omvod`+

??+— ^g n`bqv`bgtgk obf`~ m`fcgvk`~ ï qvg~tov oe n`"

bgvnc` eo bo~ gicnoz s dgncdcdo qv`tgnncþk% nwcdokd` bwsqovtcnweovbgktg wg e`~ n`bgvncoktg~ dg wko s `tvo qv`yck"

nco ~gok bcvod`~ n`k t`do n`k~cdgvoncþk s owxcecod`~ gk~w tvïk~ct` q`v ~w dckgv`% ~go nwoe iwg~g ~w `qckcþk q`"

eâtcno+

?6+ — G~t`~ tvotod`~ tgkdvïk ge dgfcd` nwbqecbcgkt` dg~"

qwã~ dg ~w votcicnoncþk% eo wg q`v qovtg dge M`fcgvk` dg

Twnwbok ~g cktgvq`kdvï ï eo~ 67 h`vo~ dg icvbod`~% s q`v

eo dge M`fcgvk` dg ôktcom` ï e`~ ~gc~ dâo~ < ~onokd` d`~

gjgbqeovg~ dg gee`~+

On`vdod`~ s icvbod`~ gk Twnwbok ï 68 dg igfvgv` dg

?8>6+ — Odg`dot` M`kdvo — Jwovc Fowtc~to Qoz+ — Twnw"

bok igfvgv` 63 dg ?8>6+ — Votcicnod`— Oegjokdv` Hgvgdco+

— ôktcom` dge G~tgv` bovz` 4 dg ?8>6+ — Votcicnod` —Igecqg Chovvo+ — Qoz% ^gnvgtovc`+

( Ionwetod dg Ice`~ìâo s Egtvo~+—Fcfec`tgno+— -Dcovc` dg eo Tovdg¼+ — N`bgv"

ncoe% Qèâtcn` s Ectgvovc`+ —Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ycgvkg~ ?> dg ofvce dg ?8>>+ — K&+ 8=1 j+

tc+& 699+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`"

bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% ~`fvg ge ~gnvgtovc` qgvbokgktg D+ J`~ã

I+ FgkctgzR+

( 3 dg Bovz` dg ?^>6

ôkto Iã Bz`+ 3‛ dg ?8>6+

Ho ~cd` ck~tvwcd` g~tg M`fcgvk` q`v eo k`to dg ?8‛ dge

qo~od` wg eg ho dcvcmcd` ge ^+`-& Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bcnc`k

Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ Oecod`~ dg hofgv fwget`ï `nwqov ~w dg~tck` dg ^gnvgtovc` qgvbokgktg dg eo N`bcnc`k

ge ^`v+ D+& J`~ã Ivok+[` Fgkctg~+





" >3= —toboÿ` cktgvã~< s nvgg tobfcãk wg g~tokd` ï eo yc~to eo~

ygktojo~ wg vg~wetovïk eo od`qncþk dg dcnh` tvotod`% gk

vozþk dg hofgv ~cd` n`kicvbodo~ q`v eo g~qgvcgknco% g~ g~"

nw~od` dgb`~tvoveo~+

Gk ge ovtânwe` ovvcfo bgknc`kod` ~g hofeo dge ¬ovvgme`

dg eo odbckc~tvoncþk mgkgvoe dge qoc~ foj` ge ~c~tgbo igdgvoe%

~w n`bgvnc` cktgvc`v s g~tgvc`v% ~w koygmoncþk% ge n`fv` sdc~tvcfwncþk dg eo~ vgkto~ mgkgvoeg~% s ge qom` dg eo dgwdodg eo Vgqúfecno% n`k~wetokd` dge bgj`v b`d` q`~cfeg eo

~gmwvcdod s gkmvokdgncbcgkt` dg eo Vgqúfecno% ~w nvãdct`

cktgvc`v s g~tgvc`v% s eo ~`fgvokco% ecfgvtod ã ckdgqgkdgknco

dg noxco wko dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ : t`d` e` nwoe dgfgvï hongv~g

q`v bgdc` dg cb n`kmvg~` mgkgvoe igdgvotcy`¼+ Bo~ ge

tcgbq` gk wg g~tg dgfo vgwkcv~g% ge kúbgv` dg ~w~ vgqvg"

~gktoktg~% s ge ewmov dg ~w vg~cdgknco ~`k o~wkt`~ qvgyc`~

wg dgfgk on`vdov~g gk qvgnowncþk dg eo~ dcicnwetodg~ wg

q`dvâok ~`fvgygkcv< s kckmúk bgdc` bo~ ~gmwv` qovo vg"

b`ygveo~ ~g hoeeo ï jwcnc` dg eo n`bc~cþk% wg ge dg n`knw"

vvcv ï g~tg qwkt` e`~ dcqwtod`~ dg e`~ dgbï~ m`fcgvk`~ n`k

eo~ ck~tvwnnc`kg~ n`bqgtgktg~+ O~c g~ wg onngdcgkd` ^+ G+

ï eo ckyctoncþk% ~g hoeeovco ~w gkycod` gk oqtctwdg~ dg gx"

qgdcv~g ~`fvg wk` s `tv` kgm`nc`+

G~ dg g~qgvov~g wg gktgvod` ^+ G+ dg e`~ cbq`vtoktg~

`fjgt`~ dg eo qvg~gktg n`bwkcnoncþk wcgvo n`ktg~tov dg

wko bokgvo ivokno% bokcig~tokd` eo vg~èwncþk dg n`knw"

vvcv ï ~w e`mv`< þ e`~ ckn`kygkcgktg~ wg ~g e` cbqcdok+

Eo n`bc~cþk dg~qwã~ dg hofgv g~qvg~od` e`~ dg~g`~ wg eg

okcbok% ~g n`bqeong gk qvg~gktov ï ^+ G+ ~w~ bo~ vg~qg"

tw`~o~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~+ *

D`bckm` Nweegk% Qvg~cdgktg+ — Hob`~ @eo"

yovvcgto+ — J`~ã Geco~ N\MRoec~tg`+ — Bo"kccge Egcyo+— D Jwok Fowtc~to Bovck+— Bokwge N`vfoeok+ — J`~ã I+ Fgkctg~%

~gnvgtovc`+

Gxnb`+ ^v+ M`fgvkod`v s Noqctïk Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`yck"

nco dg

(Ionwetod dg Ice`~ìâo s Egtvo~+— Fcfec`tgno— ; Dcovc` dg eo Tovdg¼+— N`bgv"ncoe% Qèâtcn` s Ectgvovc`+ —Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ~ïfod` >? dg bovz` dg ?8>^+ — O-+¼ ^73 #+



i+ ?+

" >38 "

K+& 698+ — \Ge Bckc~tv` dg M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% oe Qvg~c"

dgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`to

~`fvg eo gegnncþk dg qvg~cdgktgs

ycng"qvg~cdgktgdg dcnho n`"bc~cþkR+

( ?1 dg Bovz` dg ?8>6

Fwgk`~ Osvg~ Bovz` ?1 dg 8>6

Q`v eo oqvgncofeg k`to dg ?4 dge qqd` [wgdo ck~tvwcd` ge

M`fcgvk` dg g~to Qv`ycknco dg wg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gkto"

tcyo dg e`~ Mv`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ Ect`voeg~% ho k`b"

fvod` qovo ~w Qvg~cdgktg qgvbokgktg q`v ge tgvbck` dg ~gc~

bg~g~ oe ^`v+ D+& D`bckm` Nweegk s dg Ycng Qvg~cdgktg oe

D D+k Vobþk @eoyovvcgto+

Ge Bckc~tv` wg ~wf~nvcfg ~oewdo oe ^`v Qvg~cdgktg dg eo

N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ Qv`yck"

nco~ Ect`voeg~ n`k ge oqvgnc` wg eg g~ dgfcd`+

Ycngktg Eþqgz

^`v+ Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+[`~

dg eo~ Qv`ycknco~ Ect`voeg~ dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+

N Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` : qoqge n`búk n`k wk ~gee` gk vgecgyg wg

vgqvg~gkto ge g~nwd` ovmgktck`% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo >1 x ^C ngkt+< egtvo

ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ dg e` o ?6 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

G~ n`qco t`bodo dg g~tg Bw~g` —Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% Dcncgbfvg 6= dg ?361+

V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+± 693+ — \Eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôktcom` dge G~"

tgv` ~g ckn`vq`vo o eo Ecmo Ect`voe s k`bfvo dcqwtod` o eo N`"bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo o D+ Wvfok` dg Cvc`kd`+ ^w~nvcqncþk dge

tvotod` q`v Cvc`kd` j+

( ?6 dg Bovz` s = dg Jwkc` dg ?8>6

Eo H`k`vofeg ôeo dg Vgqvg~gktoktg~ dg eo qv`ycknco dg

ôktcom` gk ~g~cþk dg g~tg dco ho ~oknc`kod` s dgnvg"

tod` n`k iwgvzo dg egs e` ~cmwcgktg:

Ovt+` ?+1

Eo qv`ycknco dg ôktcom` ~gckn`vq`vo

ïeo ecmo

Ect`voe% ongqtokd` gk t`do~ ~w~ qovtg~ ge tvotod` dg nwotv`

dg Gkgv` dg bce `nh`ncgkt`~ tvgckto s wk`%



— >33 —

6+ Qvgnãdo~g oe k`bfvobcgkt` dg wk Dcqwtod` ¬% n`k

e`~ q`dgvg~ ã ck~tvwnnc`kg~ kgng~ovco~% ~g vgúko gk ôkto

Iã% ï eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ecmodo~+

>+1 Oe gignt` ~g k`bfvo oe ^`v D+& Wvfok` Cvc`kd`% ygnck`

dg ôkto Iã n`k ge h`k`vovc` dg bce wckcgkt`~ qg~`~ okwo"

eg~% +¬ ~gvïk of`kod`~ dg e`~ i`kd`~ dg eo qv`ycknco+

4+1 ^wqecwg~ã ï dcnh` ^`v+ ~g ~cvyo odbctcv g~tg novm`

gk `f~gwc` dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôktcom`+

7+± N`bwkcúg~g oe Q`dgv gjgnwtcy` qovo ~w nwbqecbcgkt`+

ôeo dg ~g~c`kg~ dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv` Bovz` d`ng dg bce

`nh`ncgkt`~ tvgckto s d`~ 2 Igecqg Igvvokd`% Qvg~cd+[[ —Bowv` Novvokzo% Y`noe ^gnvgtovc` 2 ôktcom` dge G~tgv`

Bovz` d`ng dg bce `nh`ncgkt`~ tvgckto s d`~ 2 núbqeo~g eo

qvg~gktg h`k`vofeg vg~èwncþk 2 Cfovvo 2 Odg`dot` dg M`k"

dvo% bckc~tv` dg M`fcgvk` 2 G~tï n`ki`vbg M`kdvo —

Q`v nwokt` eo H+ Egmc~eotwvo dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôktco" i+ c yto+

m` dge G~tgv` ho ~oknc`kod` q`v egs dg d`ng dg Bovz` dge

qvg~gktgoÿ`

eo ongqtoncþks

votcicnoncþk dge tvotod` dgickc"

tcy` dg oecokzo ìgk~cyo s dgigk~cyo ngegfvod` gktvg eo~

qv`ycknco~ dg Fwgk`~ Osvg~% Gktvg Vc`~ s ôkto Iã< s q`v

nwokt` ho ~cd` gjgnwtod` g~tg ont` gk n`k~`koknco n`k e`

dc~qwg~t` gk ge ovtcnwe` d`ng dge gxqvg~od` tvotod`: q`v

tokt` ge ckivo~nvcqt` Dcqwtod` q`v owgeeo Qv`ycknco% dg"

neovo g~tov ~ègkbgbgktg n`ktvocdo~ eo~ `fecmonc`kg~ vgnc"

qv`no~ dg ~w N`bctgktg n`k eo~ dgbï~ oecodo~ ~`fvg eo

icvbg fo~g dge ~c~tgbo igdgvoe 2 ôkto Iã ~cgtg dg Jwkc` dg

bce `nh`ncgkt`~ tvgckto s d`~ 2 Wvfok` dg Cvc`kd` 2G~tï n`ki`vbg

Fgkctgz

(Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk` — Bgkd`zo+ —?8^="e8>ã+— Egm+ K+& 4+— Gkgv`"Dcncgbfvg+ — N`qco: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`búk%i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo 63 -j x 61 Yo ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgok ~ s 3


Y+` F+`— N`bo~+




" 411 —

K+& 6=1+ — \ Igecqg Cfovvo% oe m`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwg"k`~ Ocvg~% n`bwkcno ~w gegyoncþk oe bokd` dg eo qv`ycknco dg

ôktcom` dge G~tgv` s wg ~w qèâtcno ~gvï wkci`vbg n`k eo~

dgbï~ dg eo N`kigdgvoncþk J+

( ?> dg Bovz` dg ?8>6 #

\novqgtoR GJ M`fgvkod`v dg Eo Qv`ycknco dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`

Mgk‛c D‛k Igecqg Cfovvo

ôktcom` Bovz` ?> 8>6

N`bwkcno ~w gegyoncþk oe bokd` dg owgeeo Qv`ycknco% sbokcicg~to eo n`ki`vbcdod dg eo bovnho wg (~g# qv`q`kg

~gmwcv% n`k e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ +g okcbok ï eo bos`vco dg e`~

Qwgfe`~+

Boj-` = dg ?8>6

Eo n`bwkcnoncþk on`vdodo gk g~to iho

i+ ?Bckc~tg"

vc` dg M`fcgvk`

Bos` =8>6

N

ih`

Fwgk`~ Osvg~Bos` = dg8>6

Eo n`bwkc"noncþk on`vdo"do gk g~to ihï+

Ycngktg Eþqgz

â+ ? yto+

ôktcom` Bovz` ?>‛ dg ?8>6+

Dg~qwã~ dg eo qoncicnoncþk mvïe dg eo Vgqúfecno% wg g~

ge me`vc`~` vg~wetod` dge tvcwki` dg e`~ ecfvg~% eo Qv`ycknco

dg ôktcom` gxqvg~þ wkïkcbgbgktg ~w dgncdcdo yèwktod

dg gkn`bgkdov eo dcvgnncþk dg ~w~ dg~tck`~ oe ~èdod` wg

n`bfotcþ gk ~w dgigkzo+ Eo H`k`vofeg Egmc~eotwvo% gk

n`ki`vbcdod ï g~tg y`t` dg wk qwgfe` omvodgncd`% eg `vdgkþ

gk i`vboeg~ tãvbck`~ hcncg~g ge wetcb` ~onvcicnc` ï ~w Qo"

tvco ongqtokd` g~tg novm`% ~wbobgktg dciânce s dgecnod` nwok"

d` ge ckdcycdw` novgng dg ~wicncgktg~ oqtctwdg~ qovo dg~"

gbqgÿove` dgfcdobgktg+

K` "`f~toktg eo icvbo vg~èwncþk dge wg hofeo dg m`zov

wko ycdo tvokwceo gk eo neo~g dg wetcb` ncwdodok`% o nws`

ick iwgv`k dcvcmcdo~ ~w~ iotcmo~ dg~dg ge qvckncqc` dg eo

ewnho% ho dgfcd` ho dgfcd` qvg~tov ~w `fgdcgknco ï eo~

dc~q`~cnc`kg~ vgctgvodo~ dg eo ^`fgvokco% owk èycdokd` ~w~

bo~ nov`~ cktgvg~g~% nws` m`ng qovgng ckn`bqotcfeg n`k eo

odbckc~tvoncþk dg e`~ kgm`nc`~ qúfecn`~+Nè`nod` so ï eo nofgzo dg e`~ kgm`nc`~ dg eo Qv`yck"

nco dg ôktcom` ge kwgy` M`fcgvk` nwbqeg wk ~omvod`



— 41? —

dgfgv gk dgneovov oe Gxb` ^`v" o wcgk ~g dcvcmg% wg ~w

bovnho qèâtcno ~gvï wkci`vbg n`k eo dg e`~ dgbï~ M`fcgv"

k`~ dg eo N`kigdgvoncþk% s ~w~ ckng~oktg~ tovgo~ dcvcmcdo~ ïeo n`kngnwnc`k dge mvokdg `fmgt`% wg g~ eo `vmokczoncþk

Konc`koe+

G~t`~ ~`k e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ wg okcbok oe wg ~wf~nvcfg

oe tcgbq` dg ~oewdov oe Gxb` M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Os+' o

wcgk tcgkg ge h`k`v dg ìvgngv ~w bo~ dc~tckmwcdo n`k~c"

dgvoncþk s oqvgnc`+

Igecqg Cfovvo

Odg`dot` dg M`kdvo

\oe bovmgkR Gxb` ^`v M`f+&-& s Noq+& Mvïe dg eo Qv`+[* dg t+ c

Fwgk`~ Os+¼

i Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+ —M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ —M`fcgvk`+ —ôktcom`dge G~tgv`+ — ?8?="?^77+ — NojâQGTo: bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot`

>1 -%-% X ~` cj ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo ?1 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< g~tï

qgmodo oe d`nwbgkt` `vcmckoe q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo+ —D@NXTõYâ^T@-`vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo 63 …¼ X 6?

ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko J+

Y+& F+& — N`bo~+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk+


& 6=?+ " \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% oc M`fgvkod`vdg ôkto Ig% wg eo Egmc~eotwvo ho vg~wget` eo ckn`vq`voncþk oeo Ecmo Ect`voe s ho k`bfvod` dcqwtod` o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg"

~gktotcyo o D+ Wvfok` Cvc`kd`R+

( ?4 dg Bovz` dg ?8>6

ôktcom`% ?4 dg bovz` dg ?8>6% Q*[& [

nè+ ?

N`k ignho ?6 dge qvg~gktg eo h`k`vofeg Egmc~eotwvo dg g~to

qv`ycknco ho ~oknc`kod` s dgnvgtod` ~w ckn`vq`voncþk ï eo

ecmo Bt`voe% k`bfvokd` gk n`k~gnwgknco dcqwtod` oe ^v+ D+

Wvfok` Cvc`kd`% ï wcgk ~g okwknco n`k g~to ignho eo ckdcnodo

vg~èwncþk ~wqecnïkdèg ~g ~cvyo odbctcv g~tg novm` s qv`"ngdgv ckbgdcotobgktg ï vgwkcv~g ï eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gkto"

tcyo dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ecmodo~+

Qt<fe+ ^gn+ Hc^T+ — T+ XYC °9



— 416 —

Oe q`kgv gk k`tcnco dge Gxb+ ^v+ m`fgvkod`v s noqctïk

mgkgvoe dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto Iã% ge m`fcgvk` dg ôk"

tcom` ~g h`kvo gk ~oewdove` n`k eo gxqvg~cþk dg ~w dc~tck"mwcd` oqvgnc` — Igecqg Cfovvo — Odg`dot` dg M`kdvo+ —Gxnb+ ^v+ m`fgvkod`v s noqctïk mgkgvoe dg eo qv`ycknco

dg ôkto Iã+

( Ioncectod dg Ice`~ìâo s Egtvo~+— Fcfec`tgno +— * Dcovc` dg eo Tovdg¼+— N`bgv"

ncoe% Qèâtcn` s Ectgvovc`+ — Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ewkg~ ?9 dg ofvce dg ?8>6+ — K+& 6=6#+

K+± 6=6+ —\ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc"

~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`to vgeotcyo o eo dcbc"

~cþk dge mgkgvoeot` dge gjãvnct` n`kigdgvod`R+

( ?9 dg Bovz` dg ?8>6 #

N`vd+o Bovz` ?9 dg ?8>6+

Ge M`f+v s Noq+k Mvoe+ dg eo Qv`y+* dg N`vd+¼ hï vgncfcd`

eo ncvnweov dotodo gk ôkto Iã o 6= dg Igf+± dge n`vv+[g oÿ`%

vgeotcyo o hongv ~oygv eo odbc~cþk dg eo dcbc~cþk +[ hohgnh` dge Mgkgvoeot` gk Mgig dge Gxt` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`%

ge Gxb`+ ^`v+ M`f+[ s Noq+& Mvoe+ dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg ôkto

Igã Fvcmodcgv D+[ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz+

Ge bc~b` ~oewdo vg~qgtw`~ob+tg oe ^`v+ Qvg~cd+*[ ï wcgk

~g dcvcmg% s eg vgctgvo eo~ qv`tg~to~ dg oqvgnc` s obc~tod+

I+ Yczgktg Vgskoiã

Noecx+-& B+& M`k~oeg~

B+ M+

^`v+ Qvg~cd+t5- dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~

M`f+k`~ oecod`~ dg eo~ Qv`y[ dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bobc~nvct`: qoqge n`k ieecmvkko+ i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo >= x 64 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo ?4 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


J6j Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Bw~g` Bctvg+



41>

K+± 6=>+ — Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc"

~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`to ~`fvg eo ckn`vq`"voncþk dg D+ J`~ã I+ Fgkctgz o eo ~gnvgtovâo dg dcnho n`bc~cþkR+

( ?9 dg Bovz` dg ?8>6

N`vd+¼ Bovz` ?9 dg ?8>6+

Ge M`f+k` g ~wf~nvcfg hï vgncfcd` eo Ncvnweov dotodo gk

^tï Igã o ?8‛ dg Igf+¼ dge qvg~gktg oÿ` +-[ ge ^`v+ Qvg~cd+*g

dg eo N`bc~+k vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+&*¼ oecod`~ dg eo~

Qv`ycknco~ dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko% q+&& eo nwoe eg ck~tvwsg

+g gk ycvtwd dg hofgv ~g~od` e`~ ^gvy+~ g qvg~tofo

D+k J`~ã Ivok+â[& Fgkctg~ gk ge Gxt` oxv% n`kigdgvod`% ywgeyg

ï gxgvngv ge gbqeg` dg ~gn+& qgvbokgktg dg eo~ N`bc~+¼¼% gk

n`ki`vbcd+5c dg e` dc~qwg~t` q+[ geeo+

Ge bc~b` oe onw~ov vgncf` dg eo qvgnctodo k`to tcgkg ge

h`k`v dg ho~gv eo~ bo~ oeto~ qv`tgxto~ dg oqvgnc` s vg~"

qgnt` n`k +g eg ~oewdo oe ^`v+ Qvg~cd+tg ï wcgk ~g dcvcmg+

I+ Yczgktg Vgskoiã

Noecx+-& B+& M`kzïegz

B+ M+

^`v+ Qvg~cd+tg dg eo N`bc~cþk

vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`f+±`*

oecod`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+~ dg eo Vgqwf+no

Ovmgktcko

N Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`: qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo

d`feodo >= x ^4 ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo e` bce+: n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+




— 414 "

K+± 6=4+ — \ Ge Dcqwtod` q`v Nþvd`fo% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gkto"

tcyo% wg ~g dc~q`kg o vgoeczov ge ycojg dg vgmvg~` o ~w qv`"

ycknco R+

( ?= dg Bovz` dg ?8>6 #

ôkto Ig Bovz` ?= dg8>6‛

i+ ? Ge ckivo~nvcqt` Dcqwtod` dge Gxb` m`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo%

dg~qwã~ dg hofgv `ftgkcd` dg dcnh` m`fcgvk` eo ygkco qovo

tvo~eodov~g ï owgeeo qv`ycknco q`v ge tgvbck` dg d`~ bg"

~g~% ~g dcvcmg oe ^`v Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk n`k ge ick

dg qovtcncqoveg +[ ~g dc~q`kg ï vgoeczov ~w ycojg< ~cgbqvg

wg k` hoso ckn`kygkcgktg+

Ge wg icvbo ~oewdo oe ^`v Qvg~cd+t[ n`k eo dgfcdo n`k"

~cdgvoncþk

D Jwok FJ& Bovck

^`v Qvg~cd+tg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo

dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ oecod`~ —( Bw~g` Bctvg+— @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"

feodo ~` -o X ^C ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ dg e` o ?> bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk

ftcgko: ~g hoeeo dgktv` dg wko novqgto wg dcng-: & N`vvg~q`kdgknco dg e`~ Dcqwto"d`~ o eo N`bc~cþk+ Oÿ`~ ?8>?‛ s ?8>6& J+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+* 6=7+ — \ Ge Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% oe M`fgv"

kod`v dg ôkto Ig% qovo wg homo gknobckov e`~ qecgm`~ o eo~

qv`ycknco~ dge cktgvc`vR+

( ?= dg Bovz` dg ?8>6#

Qïm+ 6 CC+

nè+ 6

ôkto Iã Bovz` ?= dg ?8>6+

Ge ckivo~nvct`% qvg~cdgktg dg eo n`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo

dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ oecod`~% ~g dcvcmg ï Y+ G+ dg `vdgk dg geeo%

~wqecnïkdèg tgkmo ï fcgk gknobckov ï ~w~ tâtwe`~ e`~ od"



— 417 —

jwkt`~ qecgm`~ ìcncoeg~% vgeotcy`~ ï eo ckyctoncþk wg ~g

hong ï e`~ m`fcgvk`~ dge cktgvc`v: gk e` wg g~qgvo wg

qv`ngdgvï Y+ G+ n`k ~w nge` on`~twbfvod`+

Dc`~ mwovdg ï Y+ G+ bwnh`~ oÿ`~

D`bckm` Nweegk%

qvg~cdgktg%

J`~ã Ivoknc~n` Fgkctgz^gnvgtovc`

Gxb`+ ^v+ M`fgvkod`v s noqctïk mgkgvoe dg eo qv`ycknco

dg ôkto Iã% fvcmodcgv D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz+

v Bw~g` Bctvg+— - Ge Ewngv`¼+— Dcovc` Qèâtcn`% Ectgvovc` s Bgvnoktce+— KQ =3>+

— Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% jwgyg~ ?4 dg jwkc` dg ?^>^ #+

K+& 6=9+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`"

ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% eg tvok~bctg eo ckyctoncþk dg eo N`bc~cþk

vgqvg~gktotcyo R+

( 61 dg Bovz` dg ?8>6 #

CCC+ Qïm 6-

nè+ 6(

ôkto Iã% Bovz` 61 dg ?8>6+

On`vdodo% s hgnho q`v eo H+ n`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg

e`~ m`fcgvk`~ oecod`~% eo ckyctoncþk ï e`~ wg owk k` qgv"

tgkgngk ï geeo% gk e`~ tãvbck`~ wg e` k`tovï ge Gxb`+

m`fcgvk` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% q`v e`~ ~gc~ gjgbqeo"

vg~ wg dg owgeeo ~g eg gkycok% n`k cknew~cþk dge tvotod`

dg 4 dg Gkgv`% ho ~cd` gknovmod` ge wg icvbo q`v ge bc~b`

H+ nwgvq` dg doveg qv`kto s ~gmwvo dcvgnncþk: s n`k~cdg"

vokd` ge ckivo~nvct` wg ge Gxb`+ ^v+ M`fgvkod`v dg Nþv"

d`fo% so q`v ge qwkt` nãktvcn` wg `nwqo% so tobfcãk q`v

ge cktgvã~ wg t`bovï gk wk o~wkt` dg tok mvokdg cbq`v"

toknco qovo e`~ qwgfe`~% ho tgkcd` ï fcgk gkn`bgkdov ï

^+ G+ ge gkycþ dg e`~ ~cgtg qecgm`~ wg ~g eg cknewsgk% g~qg"

vokd` n`kicodobgktg wg hovï nwokt` g~tã dg ~w qovtg% ï

ick dg wg gee`~ eegmwgk ï bok`~ dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ ï wcg"



\ novqgto R

— 419 —

kg~ ~`k dcvcjcd`~% n`k eo voqcdgz s ~gmwvcdod wg dgbokdoge cbq`vtoktg `fjgt` wg n`ktcgkgk eo~ g~qvg~odo~ k`to~+

Dc`~ mwovdg ï Y+ G+ bwnh`~ oÿ`~

G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz+

Jwok Bovngeck` Boncge%^gnvgtovc` cktgvck`+

Gxb`+ ^v+ M`fgvkod`v s noqctïk mgkgvoe dg eo qv`ycknco

dg Nþvd`fo+

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — eGe Ewngv` ¬+— Dcovc` Qèâtcn`% Ectgvovc` s Bgvnoktce+—K+± =3>+ — Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% jwgyg~ ?4 dg jwkc` dg ?8>6#+

K+& 6==+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Notobovno% oe m`fgvkod`v dg eo

qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% cknewsg n`qco dg eo vg~èwncþk dg

eo H+ E+ q`v eo wg ~g eg gkn`bcgkdok eo~ vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`"

vg~ s eg hong qvg~gktg eo wtcecdod dge eof`vg` dg eo~ bcko~R+

( 61 dg Bovz` dg ?8>6 #

Ge M`fgvkod`v dg NotobovnoNotobovno Bovz` 61 dg8>6

Cknewsg gk n`qco wko vg~èwncþk dg eo Egmc~eotwvo dg

owgeeo Qv`ycknco ionwetokd` oe M`f+&[ dg eo dg Fwgk`~

Osvg~% qovo vgqvg~gktoveo gk e`~ o~wkt`~ dg Vgeonc`kg~

G~tgvc`vg~< s vgn`bcgkdo eo wtcecdod wg vgq`vtovâo eo Vg"

qwfecno dge eof`v dg eo~ bcko~ dg owgeeo Qv`ycknco+

Bos` =8>6

Eo n`bwkcnoncþk dg g~to iho

Bos` =8>6

N

ih`+

Notob+o Bovz` 61 dg ?8>6

Oe Gxb` ^`v M`f s Noq+-- Mvoe dg eo Qv`y+& dg F+- Osv+-

Ge M`f+c& +g icvbo vgncfg wk ckdgncfeg qeongv oe ck~tvwcv

ï Y+ G+ n`k eo odjwkto n`qco egmoeczodo% +¬ eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+

dg g~to Qv`y+o hï ~oknc`kod` ionwetïkdèg o ick +-- gktvg

Eo n`bwkc" gk kgm`nconc`k n`k eo~ Q`tgknco~ Gxtvokjgvo~ gk t`d`~ e`~nonc`k dg g~to [

… 5…

iho+ o~wkt`~+ Konc`koeg~% vggknovmokdèg q+-& ~w qovtg ge bivo~"

nvcqt` eo~ bcko~ dg g~to Qv`y+¼ +[ ~cgkd` tok cktgvg~oktg~

eo g~no~g~ dg Qvïntcn`~ s iþncd`~ eo~ tcgkgk gk of~èwto ckon"

ncþk% ~cgkd` +[ dg ~w eof`v vg~wetoveo wk ckg~tcbofeg qv`"

mvg~` o eo Vgqúfecno% vg~tïkdèg wkcnob+tg oe +& ~wf~nvcfg

Fwgk`~ Osvg~Bos` = dg 8>6

Eþqgz



— 41= —

o~gmwvoveg ge jw~t` vgm`~cj` +[ eg ho `nonc`kod` eo ckdcnodo

~`fgvoko dc~q`~cncþk ~oewdïkdèg n`k eo bos`v dc~tckncþk

dg ~w g~tcboncþk s vg~qgt` — Bovn`~ Okt+& Icmwgvò

Tod+& Onwÿo

Eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ dg g~to Qv`y+¼ hofcgkd` vgn`k~cdgvod` i c

n`k eo bos`v dgtgkncþk eo egs dg ?? dge n`vvcgktg bg~% wg

hofcãkd`~g qo~od` ï Y+ G+ qovo ~w nwbqecbcgkt`% hoeeþ q`v

n`kygkcgktg `fjgtov eo ickoe n`kdcnnc`k vg~tvcntcyo% +¬ cknewâo

ge ovtcnwe`qvcbgv`: dg~qwã~ dg hofgv `sd` eo~ now~o~% s

b`tcy`~ +g qovo ~w ~wqvg~cþk gxqw~` ge ^+ Bckc~tv` dg

M`f+`% s dc~nwtcdo kwgyob+tg eo botgvco% hï on`vdod` sdgnvgtod`% w~okd` dg eo~ ionwetodg~ `vdckovco~% s gxtvo`vdc"

kovco~ +g vgyc~tg eo vgi`vbo dg dhï egs gk e`~ tãvbck`~

~cmwcgktg~+

Ovt+ ?+1 ^g ionweto q`v qovtg dg g~to Qv`y+¼ oe Q+ G+ dg

eo dg F+~ Osvg~% qovo +g qwgdo gktvov% s gktvg gk vgeoncþk+[

gxtgvc`vg~% s kgm`nconcþk+[ qèâtcno~% n`k eo~ dg bo~ Koncþk+[

gk t`d` e` +[ vgyc~to ge novïntgv dg cktgvã~% s kgm`nc` Ko"nc`koe% ho~to eo n`k~tctwncþk dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+

6+1 Tvok~bâto~g oe Q+ G+ Qv`yckncoe% qovo +[ e` n`bwkcwg

o wcgkg~ n`vvg~q`kdo% dïkdèg ge dgfcd` nwbqecbcgkt` gk

t`do ~w gxtgk~cþk s n`k eo fvgygdod +[ q`v ~w novïntgv

gxcmg 2 S dg ~w `vd+& e` n`bwkcn` ï Y+ G+ q+* ~w cktgecm+'

nwbqecb+-` s ickg~ n`k~cmwcgktg~ 2 Dc`~ Mwã ï Y+ G+ b+[ o+[

ôeo dg ^gnc`k+~ Bovz` ?9 dg ?8>6 2 Bokwge Koyovv` 2Qvg~+tg 2 Iãecx Qâo — ^gnvgtovc` 2 Gxb` ^+ M`f+&& s Noq+¼

Mvïe dg eo Qv`ycknco 2 G~ n`qco

Foeto~ov KovyogzG~nf+` dg M`f+`

C- Ovnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Koncþk +— M`fcgvk` Konc`koe+ — M`fcgvk`+ — Noto"

bovno+ — ?8?="?87^+ — Gkgv`"Dcncgbfvg+ — Nofqgto: bokw~nvcto : qoqge n`k itec"

[oko% i`vbot` >1 -o x ^c ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþkfccgko: g~tï qgmodo oe d`nwbgkt` ~cmwcgktg q`v eo qovtg ~wqgvc`v czwcgvdo+—D`nwbgkt`: `vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`"feodo >1 X ^C ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo~ 8 o ?1 bce+ n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+—N@QCO : bokw~nvcto< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` >` x 6? Yj ngkt+: egtvo ckneckodo%cktgveâkgo~ = s 8 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko J+

s+& F+& — N`bo~+




418 "

qïm+ ? usu & 6=8+— Novto ncvnweov \o e`~ m`fgvkod`vg~ dg qv`ycknco odjwk"

tïkdèg~ wk qecgm` dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo ~`fvg eo odhg"~cþk o eo Ecmo Ect`voe R+

(61 dg Bovz` dg ?8>6#

^v+ M`fgvkod`v D+ K+

ôkto Iã% bovz` 61 dg ?8>6+

Bwâ ^v+ bcþ s g~tcbofeg n`bqotvc`to : tgkm` gknovm` g~qg"

ncoe q`v eo N`bc~cþk dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ dg eo ecmo% dg dcvcmcv

ï Y+ ge odjwkt` qecgm` dg ìcnc`: s oe gigntwove` bg t`b`

eo ecfgvtod dg ck~ckwov ï Y+% wg% otgkdcdo eo cbq`vtoknco dge

o~wkt`% ~g ~cvy[o n`ktg~tov nwokt` bo~ qv`kt` eg ~go q`~cfeg+

^cgkd` eo `vmokczoncþk konc`koe ge feokn` dg e`~ dg~g`~

vè+ 6 dg t`d`~ e`~ ovmgktck`~% dgfg ~gv fcgk vgncfcdo wko qv`"

qwg~to qotvcþtcno% gxgkto dg gkmoÿ` kc ycègknco% nws` ick

g~ oqv`xcbov gktvg ~c e`~ bcgbfv`~ oc~eod`~ dge nwgvq`

~`ncoe< s wg qv`qgkdg ï ~oeyov e`~ ckn`kygkcgktg~ wgbo~ dg wko ygz g~t`vfov`k eo n`k~tctwncþk+ Gk ge dco ~g

ìvgngvïk toe ygz `tv`~ `f~tïnwe`~ dg dcigvgktg kotwvoegzo%

qv`dwncd`~ q`v ge h`vvcfeg ~onwdcbcgkt` dg eo mwgvvo ncyce<

bo~ k` oigntokd` gee`~ ï eo fwgko dc~q`~cncþk wg tcgkgk

e`~ qwgfe`~ dg g~tvgnhov ~w oecokzo% ~gvï iïnce oeeokove`~+

Gk g~tg ~wqwg~t`% ~c Y+ k` qwdcg~g gkycov ~w dcqwtod` ï

tvotov n`k eo N`bc~cþk% ~âvyo~g q`v e` bgk`~ g~qvg~ov ~w

n`ki`vbcdod þ dgigvgknco gkge

qovtcnweov <

s gkt`kng~ovfc"

tvovgb`~ dg n`búk onwgvd` e`~ bgdc`~ dg ~wqecv g~to ioeto+

_wcgvo Y+ eegyov ï fcgk g~to ivokwgzo% s odbctcv eo qov"

tcnweov g~tcboncþk s vg~qgt` wg eg qvìg~o ~w oigntâ~cb`

~gvycd`v s n`bqotvc`to+

G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz+

(Ionwetod dg Ice`~ìâo s Egtvo~+ —Fcfec`tgno+— * Dcovc` dg eo Tovdg-+ — N`"

bgvncoe% Qèâtcn` s Ectgvovc`+ —Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% jwgyg~ k dg jwkc` dg ?8>6+ — cY+*[ >?= j+



413 —

K+& 6=3+ — C Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto

Ig% e` igecncto q`v ge dg~gbqgÿ` dg ~w iwkncþk n`b` jgig dge

gjãvnct` n`kigdgvod` wg vgkwkncþ R+

(6? dg Bovz` dg ?8>6#

N`vvcgktg~% bovz` 6? dg ?8>6+ qïm+ c

nè+ 6

Q`v eo n`bwkcnoncþk ignho 69 dg igfvgv` úetcb` dg ^+ G+

ge ^v+ m`fgvkod`v s noqctïk mgkgvoe dg eo qv`ycknco dg

ôkto"Iã g~ ck~tvwcd` ge wg ~wf~nvcfg% wg ï ycvtwd dg eo

qoz mgkgvoe dg wg h`s m`zok eo~ qv`ycknco~ t`do~ dg eo

Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko n`k ge t`toe g~tgvbckc` dg e`~ gkgbc"

m`~ dg ~w qv`~qgvcdod% ^+ G+ ge ^v+ m`fgvkod`v ï wcgk ge

ckivo~nvcqt` ~g dcvcmg% ~g ho yc~t` gk ge omvodofeg dgfgv dg

vgkwkncov ge bokd` dg mgkgvoe gk mgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov

n`kigdgvod`% wg eo H+ n`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ m`"

fcgvk`~ dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ eg hofco n`kicod` qovo

tok oet` ã cbq`vtoktg `fjgt`+ Ge ho ~cd` eegkod`% ~gmúk e`

ckdcno ^+ G+ q`v e`~ hgv`cn`~ g~iwgvz`~ dg t`d`~ e`~ fwgk`~

ovmgktck`~ wgdokd` tobfcãk ~otc~ignho eo úkcno o~qcvo"

ncþk dg ^+ G+ ycgkd` ï t`d`~ e`~ qwgfe`~ dc~ivwtov dg ~w

ecfgvtod s vgmcv~g q`v ~w~ qv`qco~ ck~tctwnc`kg~+ Bo~ ge wg

icvbo k` qwgdg qvgnckdcv dge oqvgncofeg dgfgv dg bokcig~tov

ivoknobgktg% wg eo odwc~cncþk dg toeg~ fcgkg~ g~ jw~to"

bgktg dgfcdo ï eo n`k~toknco ckiotcmofeg dg ^+ G+ ge ^v+ mg"

kgvoe gk mgig% ï ~w tck` ncvnwk~qgnt` qovo eo dcvgnncþk dg eo

mwgvvo% s ï ~w qvwdgknco ckcbctofeg qovo k` dgjov gkywgetogk e`~ h`vv`vg~ dg geeo kc dg eo okovwâo% ï g~`~ bc~b`~

qwgfe`~ wg hok ~cd` eo qvg~o dge bo~ iwkg~t` dg e`~ gkg"

bcm`~% wg ho n`k`ncd` kwg~tvo novo qotvco+ Eo koncþk

ncgvtobgktg% ï k` dwdove`% qv`kwkkncovï ~cgbqvg n`k vg~"

qgt` ge k`bfvg dg ^+ G+ ge ^v+ mgkgvoe ï wcgk hofeo ge ck"

ivo~nvcqt`% s eo mvotctwd dg ~w~ n`kncwdodok`~ ~gvï gtgvko

~ck dc~qwto+ Gk qvwgfo dg gee` eo H`k`vofeg N`bc~cþk Vg"

qvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~

ho dod` so wk tg~tcb`kc` cvvgivomofeg dg eo jw~tcnco wg eo

novontgvczo ï g~tg vg~qgnt`% odbctcãkdèg ï ^+ G+ eo vgkwknco

gk eo bokgvo bo~ h`kv`~o s ~otc~iont`vco wg ~g odycgvtg +



P 4?1 —

gk eo k`to dg eo bc~bo H`k`vofeg N`bc~cþk% n`k~cmkodo

gk ge cbqvg~`% wg ^+ G+ twy` ï fcgk odjwktov oe ckivo~nvcqt`+

N`ktoeg~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ ~otc~iong ge

wg icvbo q`v~â%

s ïk`bfvg dge qwgfe` N`vvgktck` wg qvg~cdg% ge mvot` dgfgv

dg igecnctov ï ^+ G+ ge ^v+ m`fgvkod`v s noqctïk mgkgvoe ï

wcgk n`ktg~to v`mïkdèg wcgvo ongqtov ge bo~ ~ckngv` qovo"

fcgk% s eo oeto n`k~cdgvoncþk n`k wg tcgkg ge h`k`v dg ~o"

ewdoveg+

Qgdv` Igvvã+

Gxnb`+ ^v+ m`fgvkod`v s noqctïk mgkgvoe dg eo qv`ycknco

dg ôkto"Iã% fvcmodcgv D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz+

( Ionwetod dg Ice`~ìâo s Egtvo~+ — Fcfec`tgno+ — ¬ Dcovc` dg eo Tovdg ¼ + — N`bgv"

ncoe% Qèâtcn` s Ectgvovc`+ —Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ewkg~ ?9 dg ofvce dg ?8>^+ — K+± 6=6 #+

K+± 681+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gk"

totcyo% wg ho vgbctcd` o eo~ qv`ycknco~ e`~ qecgm`~R+

(66 dg Bovz` dg ?8>6#

ôkto Iã Bovz` 66‛ dg ?8>6

Ho ~cd` vgncfcdo eo k`to dge ^`v+ Qvgncdgktg dg eo N`bc"

nc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo n`k t`d`~ e`~ qecgm`~ wg eg on`bqoÿo"

fok% e`~ nwoeg~ bwc q`dgv`~obgktg vgn`bgkdod`~% hok ~cd`

dcvcmcd`~ o ~w~ tctwe`~% ~gmúk e`~ dg~g`~ dg eo H+ N`bcnc`k<

o nws` qvgncdgktg ~oewdo otgktob+t[

G~tïk+ ± Eþqgz

\oe bovmgkR ^`v Qvgncdgktg dg eo N`bcn+¼ Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg

e`~ Gxb`~+ M`fcgvk`~ Oecod`~+

N Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`: qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo

~`jx 6? ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo 3 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


0+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Bw~g` Bctvg+¼



— 4?? "

K+± 68?+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% o eo N`bc~cþk

vgqvg~gktotcyo% wg eo qv`ycknco ~g ho ckn`vq`vod` o eo Ecmo Ect`"

voe s ho k`bfvod` dcqwtod`#+

(4 dg Ofvce dg ?8>6#

ôktcom` Ofvce 4 dg ?8>6+ i+ ? Bckc~"tgvc` dg M`"

Q`v eo cktgvg~oktg k`to dg 3 dge qo~od` dg eo H`k`vofeg tcgvk`

N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo wgdo ck~tvwcd` ge M`fcgvk` dg

ôktcom` ~`fvg eo~ q`dgv`~o~ n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ wg hok dcn"

tod` eo ckyctoncþk dcvcmcdo o e`~ qwgfe`~% qovo n`kygkcv gk

wko ecmo qvgqovot`vco s n`kdwngktg oe mvok vg~wetod` dg eo

`vmokczoncþk konc`koe+ Ygvdodgvobgktg oeec dgfg g~tov ge

tgvbck` dg eo~ o~qcvonc`kg~ dg owgee`~% o wcgkg~% ~w q`~c"

ncþk gegyodo q`kg gk ge cbqgvc`~` dgfgv dg hongv eo igecnc"

dod dg e`~ Ovmgktck`~% n`k~tctwsgkd` g~to Vgqúfecno% dg"

boncod` ckigecz oe bc~b` tcgbq` wg q`~gg ckkwbgvofeg~

gegbgkt`~ odgnwod`~ qovo bgj`vov dg ~wgvtg+

Gk t`d` tcgbq` ge M`fcgvk` dg ôktcom` ho tgkcd` eo ~o"

tc~ionncþk dg hofgv n`knwvvcd` qvg~wv`~` o e`~ eeobobcgk"

t`~ mgkgvoeg~ wg ~g ho hgnh` o g~tg vg~qgnt`< s q`v g~to

ygz eg g~ bws mvot` okwk ncov o eo H`k`vofeg N`bc~cþk i+ c 'to+

wg ge dco wckng dge qvþxcb` qo~od` bovnhþ wk gxqvg~`

o ôkto Iã n`kdwncgkd` n`bwkcnonc`kg~ gk wg n`k~tofok

eo ckn`vq`voncþk dg g~to QvÙ-cknco ï eo ecmo ect`voe% s ge

k`bfvobcgkt` dge Dcqwtod` wg dgfg vgqvg~gktoveo% wg e`

g~ ge fgkgbãvct` qotvc`to D+&[ Wvfok` Cvc`kd`+

Gk g~to ihï ~g ~wq`kg wg eo~ ckdcnodo~ n`bwkcnonc`kg~

hofvïk eegmod` o ~w dg~tck`< s g~to g~qgvokzo tvokwceczo

oe M`fcgvk` dg ôktcom` oe tcgbq` dg ~oewdov vg~qgtw`~o"bgktg ï e`~ ^^+ dg eo N`bc~cþk o wcgkg~ ìvgng eo~ ~gmw"

vcdodg~ dg cb g~qgncoe oqvgnc`+

Igecqg Cfovvo

Odg`dot` dg M`kdvo+

\ ^gÿ`vg~ dg eo N`bc~cþk i+ c

Vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ Oecod`~


d`feodo ~c x °3 -% ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko #

+

G~n`qco

t`bodo dgg~tg

Bw~g`+ — Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% Dcncgbfvg 6= dg?361+

V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+




" 4?6

K+± 686+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg Twnwbïk% o eo N`bc~cþkvgqvg~gktotcyo% wg k` qwgdg odhgvcv~g o eo Ecmo Ect`voe ho~to

wg ~g ck~toeg eo Jwkto vgqvg~gktotcyo dg eo qv`yckncoR+


â" ? Twnwb+k Ofvce 7‛ dg ?8>6+

Ge M`f%`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Twnwb+& tcgkg ge

h`k`v dg n`ktg~tov eo vg~qgtofeg k`to +¬ n`k ihï 3‛ dge qq+5c`

Bg~% ho dcvcmcd` o g~tg M`fcgvk` eo n`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo

dg e`~ Gxb`~% M`f%¼[ oecod`~% vgigvgktg o +& dg wk b`dìvokn` bokcicg~tg ~w vg~èwncþk oe `fjgt` dg eo ckycton&% þ

e`~ ckn`bfgkcgktg~ +[ `f~tgk o gee`% gxq`kcgkd` +& q`v

oh`vo% k` qwgdg gxqvg~ov ~w vg~èwncþk ï ngvno dg eo ckn`v"

q`von+k ï eo ecmo% dg wk b`d` dgncncy`% gk vozþk dg +[ geeo

dgfg gbokov ckbgdcotobgktg dg eo ~`fgvokâo dge qwgfe`:

s ho~to +g k` ~g ck~toeg eo Jwkto Vgqvg~gktotcyo% k` q`dvï

dgncdcv~g ge M`f`[[ +[ ~wf~nvcfg% dg eo bokgvo ivokno wg

~g gxcmg%

i+ ? yto+ Ge t`toe dg~ `vdgk gk +¼ wgd` eo qv`ycknco% dg~qwã~

dge ygkncbcgkt`% s tvcwki` dge Gxgvnct` dg e`~ Okdg~% k` ho

qgvbctcd` eo ck~toeoncþk dge nwgvq` egmc~eotcy`< s tok ewgm`

+g ~g `vmokcng +[ ~gvï bws gk fvgyg% ~g gegfovï ï ~w

n`k~cdgvoncþk eo Jw~to s ovvgmeodo ckyctoncþk dg e`~ ^^% dgeo N`bcnc`k Vgqvg~gktotcyo+

^ck gbfovm`% ge M`f%[-& Dgegmod`% wg ~wf~nvcfg% qwgdg

o~gmwvov o e`~ ^ ^[g~[ dg eo N`bcnc`k% wg ~w~ ~gktcbcgkt`~%

s e`~ dge M`f+`&& qv`qcgtovc`% wg ~g hoeeo ow~gktg% g~tïk

n`ki`vbg~ n`k ge eowdofeg `fjgt` +[ ~g hok qv`qwg~t` e`~

Gxb`~+ M`f%`~ oecod`~ n`b` úkcno bgdcdo% noqoz dg ovvok"

nov dg vocz t`d`~ e`~ gegbgkt`~ dg eo dc~n`vdco s dg eo mwg"

vvo% gktvg qv`ycknco~ hgvboko~:

s q+&& e` bc~b`% oúk% ~goyokzo o okwkncov% +[ ge wetcb` vg~wetod`% ~gvï okïe`m` ï

e` ~w~tokncoe dg eo ckdcnoncþk+



— 4?> —

Ge M`f%¼&& Dgegmod` +¬ ~wf~nvcfg e`mvo% n`k qeongv% g~to

`q`vtwkcdod q%* ìvgngv o e`~ ^^+¬ dg eo n`bcnc`k% ~w~ n`k"

~cdgvonc`k+~ dg vg~qgt`+ —Jwok Fow+-& Qoz

Jwok Kgq`b+*-* Xcbgkgz^gn+¼ gk n`bc~+¼

\oe bovmgkR O e`~ ^^+ dg eo N`bcnc`k Vgqvgngktotcyo dg e`~

Gxb`~ M`fj[`~ oecod`~

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe tkokw~nvct` < qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo hjo

d`feodo 63 Yt X ^c ngkt+ < egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo ?1 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

G~ n`qco t`bodo dg g~tg Bw~g`+— Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% Dcncgbfvg 6= dg ?3Â?1+

V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+

Hos wk ~gee` dge ¬ Bw~g` Bctvg+ …

K+± 68>+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe n`bc~c`kod` D+ Bo"

kwge Egcyo% wg g~qgvo wg eo ncvnweov o eo~ qv`ycknco~% qovo eo

ckn`vq`voncþk o eo Ecmo Ect`voe% dovï vg~wetod`~ R+

( ?6 dg Ofvce dg ?8>6 #

N`vv+tg~ Ofvce ?6 dg ?8>6 2 Ge M`f`v +g ~wf~nvcfg ho

vgncfcd` eo K`to ihï 61 dge qq+[¼ dge ^`v+ N`bcnc`kod`

gxtvo`vdckovc` dg eo Qv`y+¼ o eo +g ho on`bqoÿod` wko

n`qco dg eo bckwto dg N`bwkcnoncþk +¬ dgfg dcvcmcv~g o e`~

M`fk`~ dg eo Vgqúfecno n`k~gnwgktg n`k eo ôkncþk dg 64

dg Igfvgv` s n`ki`vbg o eo otvcfwncþk 7+¼ dge ovtcnwe` ?9

dge tvotod` dgickctcy` dg oecokzo< s hofcãkd`~g icxod` dg"

tgkcdob+tg gk dh` D`nwb+-¼% g~qgvo +¬ ~w vg~wetod` n`vvg~"q`kdgvï o e`~ igecng~ okwknc`~ gxqvg~od`~ gk eo k`to dge

^`v+ N`bcnc`kod` gk t`d` n`ki`vbg~ o eg~ dg~gg~ q`~ctcy`~

dg ~w n`bctgktg% s o eo fwgko dc~q`~cncþk gk +[ bokcicg~to

hoeeov~g e`~ dgbï~ M`fk`~+ 2 Q`v tok oehomwgÿ`~ qvckncqc`~

igecncto ge +g icvbo oe ^`v+ N`bcnc`kod`% ~oewdïkdè` n`k ~w

qovtcnweov n`k~cdgvoncþk s oqvgnc`+

Oe ^`v+ N`b+d` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg N`vv+-[~ D`k

Bokwge Egcyo+

NOvnhcy` Mgkgvoe dg eo Qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~+ — ^gnncþk: Ecfv`~ n`qcod`vg~dg M`fcgvk`+ — Egmoj` ~+ Ecfv` 6>% — F`vvod`v bokw~nvct`< qoqge dg hce` n`k



— 4?4 "

icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo >` X6e ngkt+< egtvo nwv~cyo% cktgveâkgo 8 bce+< n`k"~gvyoncþk fwgko#+

S+& F+& — MV@^^@+

Hoj- wk ~gee` dg eo ¬Dcvgnncþk Mgkgvoedge Ovnhcy`+ — N`vvcgktg~*+¼

K+& 684+ — i Ge M`fcgvk` dg ôk Ewc~% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gkto"

tcyo% vgbctg eo vg~èwncþk dg eo H+ ^+ dg eo qv`ycknco ~`fvg eo

cbq`~cfcecdod dg gkycov wk dcqwtod` q`v ioeto dg vgnwv~`~R+

( ?> o ?9 dg Ofvce dg ?8>6 #

i+ ? M`y+D` ôk Ewc~ Ofvce ?9 dg ?8>6%%Dgegm+d`

Ho vgncfcd` g~tg M`f+¼ n`k ihï ?6 dge +g vcjg eo k`to dg

e`~ ^^+ N`bc~c`kod`~ dg eo~ Qv`fcknco~% vgwkcd`~ gk ôkto

Igã% s vgeotcf` oe eòfeg ick dg vgb`fgv e`~ `f~tïnwe`~ +«

~g qvg~gktgk oe gbfc` dg Dcqwtod`% q`v g~to Qv`fcknco% shgnh` novm` dg eo cbq`vtoknco dge o~wkt`% qo~þ ckbgdco"

tob+tgoe n`k`ncbcgkt` dg eo H+ ^+ ge ìcnc` dg e`~ ^+ ^+ N`"

bc~c`kod`~ s ge tvotod` dcickctcf`% ~ècnctokd` dge H+ N+ eo

bo~ qv`kto dgecfgvoncþk+

E`~ ^+ ^+ N`bcnc`kod`~% o wcgk ge ckivo~nvcqt` ~g dcvcjg%

~g qgkgtvovïk q`v eo~ ihï~+ dg eo voqcdg~ n`k +¬ ~g ho

tvotod` ge o~wkt`% s q`v eo n`qco egmoec~odo +[ on`bqoÿ`%

ygkdvïk gk n`k`ncbcgkt` dge g~tod` oiecntcf` dg eo Qv`fck"

nco dg ôk Ewc~% s tok ewgm` n`b` g~tã qo~` g~tã oeeokod`%

s~g tgkmo wk n`k`ncbcgkt` n`b` dgfg vgnofov~g ge yco"

i+ ? yto+ tcn` n`k wg dgfg ~wf~c~tcv ge Vgqvg~gktoktg% ` fcgk wg

e`~ ^^+ ckdcwgk ge bgdc` qovo +[ oqovg~no vgwkcdo gk

o~`nconcþk g~to Qv`ycknco% ~gvï qwg~t` gk gxgnwnc`k woeg~"

wcgvo dg gee`~ +[ ~go n`kdwngktg gk eo botgvco

Qovo gfctov t`do dceoncþk þ g~tvofc` dg e`~ bwnh`~ o +[

h`s g~tïk g~qwg~to~ vg~èwnc`kg~ cbq`vtoktg~% s qovo +[

eo n`bcnc`k ~g qgv~wodo dge dg~g`% +[ gk g~to qovtg tcgkg%

eo wg gk n`bcnc`k vgqvg~gkt` ~g hong wk nho~+± qovtcnweov%

qovo +« o eo bos`v fvgfgdod% tgkmok o fcgk dh`~+ ^+ ^+ dov

oe +g ~wf~nvcfg eo~ ck~tvwnc`kg~ +[ nvgok n`kfgkcgktg~+



i+ ?

— 4?7 "

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` oe dcvcjcv~g o e`~ ^+ ^+ dg eo N`bcnc`k

Ect`voe eg ìvgng e`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ dg ~w dc~tckmwcdo n`knc"

dgvonc`k s vg~qgt`+

Okt+& Koyovv`

JtEok Eobo~Bktvþ ^gn+`

^ ^+ dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcfo

dg e`~ M`ycgb`~ Oecod`~

\Eo H+ ^+ dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôk Ewc~% wg q`v ge g~tod` dgqe`vofeg dg eo qv`ycknco

k` qwgdg dg~cmkov dcqwtod` o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyoR+

ôk Ewc~ Ofvce ?> dg ?8>6 "Eo H+ ^+ dg eo Qv`fcknco%

ho vgncfcd` eo k`to +[ Y+ G+ n`k g~to ihï eg ho dcvcmcd`%

on`bqoÿokd` eo +[ e`~ ^+ ^+ n`bcnc`kod`~ dg eo~ Qv`f+~

Ect`voeg~% hok dcvcmcd` o Y+ G+ ck~tokd` o g~to Qv`fcknco%

o eo n`knwvvgknco dge N`kmvg~` Mvïe% n`k ~w Dcqwtod` V+ V+

s otgkdcgkd` eo H+ ^+ +[ ge g~tod` dg ckdcmgknco dg eo

Qv`f+o k` eg qvg~tg odfct\vRc`~ +[ t`bov qovo ~wivomov eo~

qvgnc~o~ dcgto~ dg Dcqwtod` ho vg~wget` ~g g~q`kmo o eo

ckdcnodo n`bcnc`k q`v ge M`y+c5[ Gxgnwtcf`% ge dgqe`vofeg

G~tod` dg eo Qv`f%%¼ s e`~ bwnh`~ dg~g`~ +g eg o~c~tgk dg

n`knwvvcv n`k ge Dcqwtod` +[ ~g eg qcdg dg ckn`vq`vov~g

oe vg~qgtofeg N`kmvg~` dg eo~ dgbï~ Qv`fcknco~% s e`mvov

eo~ fgktojo~ +[ dg ~w ckn`vq`voncþk eg vg~weto: bo~ e`~

vgqgtcd`~ mèqg~ +¬ gk q`n` bo~ dg wk bg~% ho ~wivcd`

eo QvÙ-cknco% q`v eo~ cknwvnc`kg~ dg e`~ Fovfov`~ s eo ioeto

dg N`bgvnc`% eg ckkofcecto qovo e`mvov eo ~otc~ionncþk% dg

~w~ dg~g`~ s +¬ ~c eo N`bcnc`k Ect`voe qwgdg dg oemúk

b`d` oh`vvoveg g~t`~ kgng~ovc`~ mo~t`~ ï wko Qv` ycknco i+ c yto+

ck~èfgktg% s dg~mvoncodo% +[ ~g ~cvfo n`bwkcnove`% qovo

n`k ~w vg~èwncþk% k`bfvov ge nctod` Dcqwtod`% s hongv

t`d` e` dgbï~ +[ n`bfgkmo% ï ick dg e`mvov ge h`k`v dg

~gv wko qovtg dg owge h`kvv`~` N`kmvg~`+ Oe gignt` ~g

dgfwgefg o Y[+ G+ e`~ odjwkt`~ ìcnc`~ +[ `fvok gk eo bo"tgvco — Ge Qvg~cdgktg +¬ ~wf~nvcfg e`mvo g~to `q`vtwkcdod

qovo ~oewdov oe Gxb` ^`v M`fgvkod`v o wcgk ~g dcvcmg+



" 4?9 —

s ìvg~gveg eo~ bgj`vg~ n`kncdgvonc`kg~ dg oqvgnc` 2 IvosFgkct` Ew~gv` Ivgncïgkâg2 Ivos Ivoknc~n` Mos`~` ^gnvg"

tovc`

G~to n`ki`vbg

Eobo~

N Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct`< qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jod`feodo >1 x ~c ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveckgo e` bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko+—N`qco: bokw~nvcto : qoqge n`k icecmvoko% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo ~` x ~c ngkt+<

egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo cc bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko#+


V+ Zofoeo%

^gnvgtovc`+


K+± 687+ — \ Ge dcqwtod` q`v ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% D+ Wvfok` dg

Cvc`kd`% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% qcdg ~g eg ~gÿoeg dâo qovo

~w ckn`vq`voncþk R+


i+ ? ôkto Ig Of+c 64 dg ?8>6

Ge ckivo~nvcqt` tcgkg ge h`k`v dg dcvcmcv~g oe ^v+ Qvg~c"

dgktg dg eo H+ N+ vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`ycgvk`~ dg eo~

Qv`y+o~ ect`voeg~% q`kcgkd` gk ~w n`k`~cbcgkt`% ge hoeeov~g

gegnt` Dcqwtod` dg eo Qv`y+¼ dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% q+¼

vgqvg~gktoveo gk eo vgigvcdo H+ N+

Ge wg ~wf~nvcyg g~qgvo dge ^v+ Qvg~cdgktg% eg ~gÿoeg ge

dco% gk wg dgyo n`knwvvcv n`k ~w~ Dcqe`bo~% ï gigntwov

~w ckn`vq`voncþk+

N`k g~tg b`tcy` tcgkg ge h`k`v dg ~oewdov oe ^v+ Qvg~cd+[[%

s ìvg~gveg ~w~ bos`v+[ n`kncdgvonc`kg~+

Wvfok` dg Cvc`kd`

^v+ Qvg~cd+tg dg eo H+ N+ V+ dg e`~ M`ycgvk`~ dg eo~ Qv`y+~

ect`voeg~

(Bw~g` Bctvg+ — @vcmckoe bokw~nvct` < qoqge n`búk% i`vbot` dg eo h`jo d`feodo

>1 X ^C- ngkt+< egtvo ckneckodo% cktgveâkgo ?1 bce+< n`k~gvyoncþk fwgko< ~g hoeeo

dgktv` dg wko novqgto wg dcng: & N`vvg~q`kdgknco dg e`~ Dcqwtod`~ o eo N`bc~cþk+

Oÿ`~ ?8>?%% s ?8>>+ & <






ÂKDCNG OEIOFÃTCN@

C+—ÂKDCNG OEIOFÃTCN@ MGKGVOE

(N`k fo~tovdceeo e`~ k`bfvg~ mg`mvïicn`~ s dg koyc`~#

Onncþk dg Qoz gk ôktcom` dge G~tgv`:

?9="?93+

Onwgvd` gk ôk Kcnèï~: (yão~g vgw"

kcþk gk ôk Kcn`hc~#+

Onw~onc`kg~ n`ktvo Fwgk`~ Ocvg~: ?>?+

— n`ktvo Nþvd`fo: ?4?% ?46+

— n`ktvo Qoz: '+ ?4?+

Omgktg~ dg qv`ycknco~ gk Nþvd`fo: ?==%

?=8+

"Omgktg dge m`fcgvk` wvwmwos`: 699+

Oecokzo gktvg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~:

8=% 88+

Obãvcno: 9>% ?7>% ?73+

Okovwâo: 7+

Okdg~: ?3?+

Okweoncþk dg ont`~ dg e`~ wkctovc`~:

>66% >6>+

Ovbobgkt`~: 8% ?=% 79% fe% 91+

— nè`bfcok`~: ?=+

— qovo Nþvd`fo: 9=% 98% =?% ?>?+

— qovo eo Vc`jo: 9=% 98+

Ovb`kâo dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ s ôeto: 4%

63% 46+

Ovv`s` dge Bgdc`: ?18+

O~cj` oe mgkgvoe _wcv`mo: ??9+

Owt`vczoncþk dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ o ôeto:

87+

Owxcec`~ o Gktvg Vâ`~: 644% 647+ 649+ 67=%

678%

Fgeeo Yc~to: ?>8+

Fvo~ce: ?73+

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~: qo~~ckt+

Noenhck% nwovtge mgkgvoe gk: 6=8% 6^1+Nobfc`~ gk Bgkd`zo: ??>% ??4+

— qèâtcn`~: 8+

Nobqobgkt` Mgkgvoe gk Ofoeo~: 649+

Notobovno: 8% 67% >3% 41% 4?% 47% ?47% ?78%

?73% ?=4% ?=7% ?==% ?=3% ?39% ?3=% 633% >==%

419+

Nhonþk: 6=?+

Ncwdod dg ôkto Ig: 6>1% 67?% 698% 6=1%

>64% >>1% >>?% >>7% >93%

N`bc~cþk dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ oe cktgvc`v:

41% =4% 83% 37% 3=% 38% ??9% ?>6+

— vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ ec"

t`voeg~: 6>="641% 64=% 677% 67=% 698% 6=1%

6=4% >18% >41% >71% >77% >79% >89% >88% >3?%

>37% >39% >38% 41>% 414+

— cktgvygkncþk gk Gktvg Vâ`~: >7?+

N`bwkcnonc`kg~ n`k ge cktgvc`v: >4% :>7%

N`kdwnto dg N`vvcgktg~: 616% 61>% 618+

N`kmvg~` Konc`koe: 8=% 88% 668% 6>4% 6>7+

N`kygkncþk gktvg +Joycgv Eþqgz s Ig"

ecqg Cfovvo: ?4=% ?48+

— qvgecbckov gktvg N`vvcgktg~ s Gk"tvg Vâ`~: ?67% ?63% ?>=% ?>8% ?>3+

— qvgecbckov gktvg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`"

voeg~: 8="31% ??9% ??3% ?6?% ?66% ?71+-

N`kygkcgknco~ dg N`vvcgktg~: ?8>+

N`kygkc` dg qvã~tob` o ôeto: ?6% ?>% ?9+

— gktvg Nþvd`fo s ge jgig igdgvoe: 68?%

687% 631% 636+ 63>% 63o% 63=% >17+ >?6+

Nþvd`fo: qo~~cb+

N`vvcgktg~: qo~~cb+

N`~to dge ôeod`: 6?6+

Nwvwzú Nwotcï ` Nwkcztc+[: ?>8% ?76% ?74+

Nws`: ?47% 683+

Dgegmoncþk dg vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~ dg

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~: =7% ?14% 6?4"6?8+>?9% >?=%

>6=% >63% >>>% >>9% >>=% >>3% >4=">43% >9>+

419% 41=+

Dgegmoncþk dge Q+ G+ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~:

…696+

Dgvv`to dg _wcv`mo: ?>1+

QWFE+ ^g`+ Hc~t+ — T+ XYC 6=



4?8

Dgvv`to dg wkctovc`~ gk ôktcom`: 6?6%

6?>+

Dcqwtoncþk dg V`jo~: ?71% ?7=% ?9?% 6=4+

Dcqwtod`~ dg Nþvd`fo o eo N`bc~cþk

vgqvg~gktotcyo: >81% >86% >83% 414+— dg N`vvcgktg+~ o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg"

~gktotcyo: 864% >67% >99+

— dg Gktvg Vâ`~ o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg"

~gktotcyo: >96% >9>% >=9+

— dg Bgkd`zo o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg"

~gktotcyo: >??8% >13% >>4% >>7% >77% >83%

— dg ôk Ewc~ o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg"

~gktotcyo: 4?9+

— dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv` o eo N`bc"~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo: >33% 41?% 416% 4??%

4?9+

Gjãvnct` owxcecov dg e`~ Okdg~: >==%>84+— n`kigdgvod`% fègtâk dge: 678"69?%

69=% 6=1% 6==% 6=8+ 684+

— vgkwknco dge jgig: >8>% >8=% >36% >3>%

416% 413% 4?1+

Gegnncþk dg m`fgvkod`v gk Nþvd`fo: ??%

>1% >?% 68>% 68=% 68>% >16+ >1>% >?3% >6?+

— gk Gktvg Vc`~: >7=% >81+

— gk Bgkd`zo: 68% 63+

— gk ôeto: >% 4+

— gk ôktcom` dge G~tgv` : ?9=" ?93% 6?6%

+ 6?4% 411+

— gk Twnwbïk: >=8% >=3% >87+

Gbqegod` dg ~gnvgtovco% novgknco dgwk: ?77+

Gktvg Vâ`~: qo~~cb+

Gkycod` dg N`vvcgktg~: =8% =3+ 8?%8=% ?1?%

???% ??=% ?61% ?6>% ?=6% ?=3"?8?% ?84% ?87%

?8=% ?88% ?36% ?3>% 661"666% 667% 669% 6>1"

6>>% >4?% >46+

— oqv`foncþk dg ~w n`kdwnto: ?89% 6=9%

>93+-

— dcqe`bo: 66>% 664+

— i`kd`~: ?1>% ?89% 6=7+

— cki`vbg~: ?91% ?86% ?8>% ?89% 697% 6=>%

>13% ->?1+

— dg N`vvcgktg~% ck~tvwnnc`kg~: 667%669% 64?% 64=% 648% 676% 67>% 674% >69+

— vgkwknco: ?9?% 614% 617% 613% 6??+

— dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ o Nþvd`fo: (yão~g

N`bc~cþk dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ oe cktgvc`v#:

— n`vd`fg~g~ o Fwgk`~ Ocvg~: 6?% 66%

6=% >7% >9% 7?% 77% 91% 9?% 97% 99% 36% 39%

?>6% ?7?% ?97% ?=1% ?=?

+

— dcqe`bo: 6>+

— qo~oq`vtg~: 7?% 38+

— vgneob`¼: 3>% 34% 3="?11% ??8+

— n`vd`fg~g~ o N`vvcgktg~: 43% 3?% ?1?%

?16% ??7% ?>4% ?79+

— o Gktvg Vâ`~: ?>4+— o ôkto Ig: 64% 67% 3?% ?>c+

v— ~oktoig~ck` o Fwgk`~ Ocvg~: 76+

— qo~oq`vtg: 7>+

G~qoÿo: ?78+

G~wcko: ??3% ?7>% ?+74% 676+

Gxqwe~cþk dg n`vd`fg~g~: ?9+j+

Igdgvoec~b` s okovwco: 9+

— ~w gxtgvbckc`: ?4+

I`kd`~ qovo eo mwgvvo ncyce: ?7+

Ivoknco: ?73+

Iwgvzo~ o Gktvg Vâ`~: >94% >98+

Iwgvzo~ dg _wcv`mo: >==+

Mcv` dg egtvo~ n`ktvo Fwgk`~ Ocvg~:

?8% 69% 44% 43+

NHcgvvo ncyce% tgvbckoncþk: >6% =4% ?18%

?13% 689+

— n`ktvo Qoz: >14+

— gktvg Qoz s _wcv`mo: 67% =9% ==% ?17+

M`so: ?7>+_woegmwos: 8?% 613% 6>3+

Hcj` dg _wcv`mo% d`koncþk oe: >?7+

Ckn`vq`voncþk dg Nþvd`fo o eo Ecmo Ec"

t`voe: >??% >?>% >?4% >?8% >>1% >>?% >>4%

o>7% >41% >=4% >^1+

— dg N`vvcgktg~ o eo Ecmo Ect`voe: 674%

°=3% 681% >64% >69% >4?% >44% >47% >79% >93%

>=1+

— dg Bgkd`zo o eo Ecmo Ect`voe: >19%

>13% >9=% >=>+

— dg eo Vc`jo o eo Ecmo Ect`voe: >4=">43% >7>+

— dg ôk Ewc~ o eo Ecmo Ect`voe: 4?4%

4?7+

— dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv` o eo Ecmo

Ect`voe: 637% 63>% 633% >>6% >>>% >>4% >41%

>38% >33% 41?% 416% 4??+

— dg Twnwbïk o eo Ecmo Ect`voe: 4?6+

Ckdgqgkdgknco Ovmgktcko: ?73+

Cki`vbg dg Igvvã: ?91% ?86% ?8>% ?89+

Ck~tctwnc`kg~ qv`yckncoeg~: >8+

Cktgvygkncþk dg Nhceg: ?3?+

Ckyctoncþk o Fwgk`~ Ocvg~: ?=8% ?=3+

— dg Nþvd`fo o Fwgk`~ Ocvg~: 683+Ctwzockmþ: =+

Jgiotwvo dge gjãvnct` igdgvoe: 6>9% 643%

674% 679+

Jtcjws: >11+

Jwzmobcgkt` dg _wcv`mo: ?4>% ?47+

Eo Vc`jo: (yão~g Vc`xo#+

Ecmo Ect`voe: 8>% ?1=% ?18% ?>6% ?4>% ?8>%

636% 637% >39% >3=% 417% 418% 4?>+

— ect`voe s ecmo wkctovco: ?=>% ?=4+

— ect`voe s N`vvcgktg~: 61?"614% 613+

— ect`voe s Bgkd`zo: 6=6+Ecmo n`ktvo G~qoÿo : ?34+

— wkctovco s Fwgk`~ Ocvg~: ?=9% ?3>"

?33+



— 4?3 "E`vgt`: 63?+

Ewnho cktgvqv`yckncoe: ?4?% ?46% ?8>+

Bodvcd: ?73+

Bokdc~`fs: =9+

Bgdconcþk dg Nhceg: 619+ 618+

Bgkd`zo: °f% 6>+ 63% 47+ ??>+ ??4% ?41% ?4?%

?=4% ?=7% ?==% ?=3+ ?3`% ?3=% 6?tâ% 6=?% 6=6+

6^>% 683% >1?% >1it">13% >>9% >>=% >>8% >74%

>9=% >=>% >>3% >39+

Bgvngdg~% Noqceeo dg: ?97% e-@% ?=?+

Bckc~tv` dg vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~ gkNþvd`fo: 97+

Bcvo~ dg G~qoÿo: ?7^+ ?73% ?34+

— dg Ivoknco: ?73+

Bc~cþk @v` : ?19% ?>9% ?>9% ?41+

B`kt`kgvo~: 73+

Kgm`nconc`kg~ dge tvotod` ect`voe< ?9?%

?94% ?=6% ?8?% 61>% 614% 618% 6??% 667% 668%

6>1% 6>?+

K`m`sï: 64>+

@qgvonc`kg~ bcectovg~ n`bfckodo~ : 9%

=% 8% 3+

@q`~cncþk dg V`~o~ oe N`kmvg~`: 6>â%

@vmokczoncþk konc`koe: ?1% ??% 63% >>%

>=% >8% 4>% 689% >48% >7>% >97+

Qoncicnoncþk konc`koe: >>% >=% >8+ 46+ 4>+

Qom` dg ovbobgkt` o Nþvd`fo< 98% =?+

Qovokï: 81% 88% ?64% ?6=% 6:>8% 6>3% 641% 64?%

64>% 644% 649% 64=% 643+ 671% 6+76% 679+ 67=%

699% >71% >73% >9?% >=>% >=4% >81% bQovâ~: 96+

Qovtcd`~ qèâtcn`~ : >>=+

Qoz gktvg Eoyoeeg s V`~o~ : ?3% 61% 41+

Qeok ewcctovc`: =% 8% ??+

Qvã~tob` o ôeto: ?6% ?8% 69% 44% 47% 48%

86% 8>% 84+

Qvc~cþk dg Qoz: 6==+— dg wk ìcncoe dg Nþvd`fo: ?83+

Qvc~c`kgv`~: ?>?+

Qv`ycknco~ cktgvc`vg~ s ect`voeg~: ?=8+

Qwkto (ôk Ewc~#: ?4?+

Qcbto dge Omwo% nwovtge mgkgvoe gk: 643+

Vgnge`~ dg Nþvd`fo : ?>>+

Vgneoboncþk dg Nþvd`fo: 79"91+

— dg Twnwbïk ~`fvg _wcv`mo: ?44+

Vgiwgvz`~ o _wcv`mo: >4>

Vgeonc`kg~ n`k Nhceg: ?3?% 619"618+

— n`k G~qoÿo: 9>% 94+

— dg eo ecmo wkctovco n`k N`vvcgktg~:?=:>% ?=4% 61?% 616"614% 613+

— n`k Fwgk`~ Ocvg~: ?3+>% ?33+

— dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ s Notobovno : >3% 41+

Vgeonc`kg~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ s Nþvd`fo:

6>% 64% 6=% >6% >>% 96"94+ 99% 9=% ??8% ??3%

?>9+ ?==+ ?88+ ?83% ?31+ 68=+

— — s N`vvcgktg~: >=+ ???+

— — s Bgkd`zo: 63% ??>+ ??4+

— " s ôeto : 46+ 4>% 43+ =6+ =>+

— — s ôktcom` dge G~tgv`: 411+

— gktvg Nþvd`fo s Gktvg Vâ`~: ?>9+

— gktvg Nþvd`fo s Bgkd`zo: 6=?+

— gktvg Nþvd`fo s ôkto Ig: ?>9+

— gktvg N`vvcgktg~ s Nþvd`fo: 87% 3?%

?1?% ?16% ???% ??6% ??+7% ?>9% ?46% ef°% ?7>%

?74%613+

— gktvg N`vvcgktg~ s Gktvg Vâ`~: 8?%

???% ?"64% ?67% ?69+

— gktvg N`vvcgktg~ s Eo Vc`jo: >94+

— gktvg N`vvcgktg~ s ôkto Ig : 89%

???% ?87% >47% >+7?+

— cktgvqv`yckncoeg~: >7% ?19+ ?18% ???%

?>1"?>7+ ?41% ?==% ?=8% ?36% ?3>"?33+

Vgwkcþk gk ôk Kcnèï~: ?19% ?19% ??1%

???% ??6% ??7% ?>9% ?46% ?76+

Vgyèwncþk gk Gktvg Vâ`~: 6>3% 641%64>%

644% 647% >47% >49% >7?% >76% >7=% >78% >73%

>91% >96% >9>% >94% : 98+

Vgyèwncþk dg ?+& dcncgbfvg dg ?868: 9%

c

?9% >?9+ 6+73+

Vâ` Qovokï: 663+

Vâ` Wvwmwos : 663% 6>3% 64>% 644+

Vc`jo:6þ% 47% 97% 99% ?4?% ?47% ?=4% ?=7% ?==%

?=3+ ?39% ?3=+ 691% 6=6% 68>% 68>% 63>% >4=%

>48% >43% >7>% >74% >==+

V`~ovc`% Tceeo dge: 6?% 64+

"ôeâo< >"?1% ?6% ?4% ?9+ ?=% ?8+ 69%6=%4?"4=%

=6% =>%86% 8>% 84% ?48% ?=4% ?=+7% ?==% ?=3%

?39% ?3=% 6?>% >11% >=9% >==+

ôk J`~ã dg Igecncok` : ?>3+

ôk Jwok: 47% ?4?% ?=6% ?=4% ?=7% ?==% ?39%

?3=% 6?8% 68>% >?4">?=+

ôk Kcnèï~: ?19% ?1=% ?_>% ??1"??6% ??7%

?>7% ?41% ?46% ?96% 6=4+

ôkto Ig: qo~~cb+ôktcom` dge G~tgv`: ?49"?43% ?99% ?9=% ?=4%

?=7% ?==% ?=3% ?36% ?39% ?3=% 6?6% 6?>% 63?%

634% 637% 633% >>6% >>>% >>4% >41% >==% >3>%

>37% >38"416% 4??% 4?9+

ôk Ewc~% Qwkto dg: 67% 47% ?=4% ?=7% ?==%

?=3% ?39% ?3=% 6?4% 6?7% 6=6% 68>+

^wng~`~ dg ôeto: >=7+

^wqvgb` q`dgv bcectov o Qoz: ?38"61?+

Tofeodo: ?>1+

Tovwno qobqo : ?9=+

Tvotod` gktvg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ s N`vvcgk"

tg~: =3"8?+

— gktvg Nþvd`fo s Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ : 74% 77+

— gktvg Nþvd`fo s N`vvcgktg~% qv`"

sgnt` dg: 71+



461

Tvotod` gktvg eo~ nwotv` qv`ycknco~ ect`"

voeg~: ?71% ?78% ?96% ?94% ?8?% ?86% ?8=%

6?3% 667% 66=% 668% 6>4% 6>7% 64?% 646% 671%

67?% >64% >67% >39+

— odcnc`kg~: 668"6>1% 646% >9?+

— gktvg eo~ nwotv` qv`ycknco~ ect`vo"

eg~% vgqov`~ oe: 67?%69>% 694% 698"6=1%

6=3% >=1% >=6+

— gktvg eo~ kwgyg qv`ycknco~ cktgvc`"

vg~: ?3>"?33+

— gktvg ôktcom` dge G~tgv` s Twnw"

bïk: >3>"837+

Tvcwki` dg _wcv`mo: 67+

Tvcwki`~ dg e`~ gjãvnct`~ igdgvoeg~: 641%

63?% 633% >14% >17+

Twnwbïk: 7"?1% ?4"?9+ ?4+>"?48% ?=4% ?=7%

?==% ?=3% ?39% ?3=% >17% +>==% >=8% >3>% 837%

4?6+

Wkcþk konc`koe: >>% >7% >=% 46%4>+

Wkctovc`~: 7% ?4% >11% >1?% >14% >17+

Yceeo dg ôk V`wg: ?6=% ?6>?>=+



CE— âkdcng oeiofãtcn` dg k`bfvg~DG QGV^@KO^

On`~to% Ok~geb`: >61+

Onwÿo% Todg`: 41=+

Onhofov% J`~ã Bovâo: ?4% ?7%?9+

Omõgv`% Gw~gfc`: 91+ 9?% 96%97%99%9=%98%

34% 33% ?11% ?>4% ?7?% ?99% ?=1% ?=?% 6=8% 686+

Omwcvvg: =9+

Oen`vto% Bok+c< ?4=% ?48% ?98+

Oebcv`k% ^gfo~tcok dg: ?1>+

Oeyovod`% Vwdg~ckd` Mvoe+: 68%63%>11+

Oeyovvonck% J`~ã T`bï~: >?=+

Oeegkdg% Iow~tck`: 61%69+

Obovceeo% Qgdv` Ycn+¬g : ?66+

Oknh`vgko% T+ B+ dg: =% 3% 8>% ??>% ??8%

?6?% ?71% ?94% ?97% ?9=% ?=?% ?==% ?81% ?36%

6?6% 696% 688% >?7% >?9% >66% >>1% o>9% >7>+

Oktwÿo% J`~ã: ?88% ?83+

Ovowj`% Gkvcwg: ?=4% ?=7% ?==% ?=3% ?39%

?33+

Ovmgvcnh% Ewc~: =1+

Ovvgd`kd`% Neowdc`:" >61+

Otcgkzo% Voioge: 67?+

Otceo: (yão~g _wcv`mo% J: I+ #+

Fodco% Bokwge: ?1+

Fodco% Iv+ Ygktwvo: >61+

Focm`vvc% +J`~ã Mvgm`vc`: ?39% ?33+

Foenovng%J+k V+k "+

93%=?% ?36+

Foenovng% Bovn`~: 696+

Fovvgkgnhgo% Qgdv`: 8?%?64"?69%6>8%641%

644% 647% 648% >49% >7=+

Fgd`so% J`~ã Bovâo: 6?% 66% 6>% >9% 76% ?=4%

?=7% ?==% ?19% ?33+

Fgeo~wgz% Nvg~qâk: >47+

Fgkctgz+ J`~ã Ivoknc~n`: 6>9%+6>=%6>8%677%

6=8% 686% 63>% >16% >19% è4% >89% >37% >3=%

>33% 41>% 417+

Fgvdco% Bokwge: 3% ?49% ?=4% ?=7% ?==% ?=3%

?39% ?33+

Fvof`% Cedgi`k~`: 6?4+

Fvct`~% Bok+c:>47%

>49+

Fv`k: 8+

Fwctvom`+ Qgdv`: 4% =% 3% ?1% ?4% ?=% ?3+

Fw~t`~: 67+

Fw~t`~% Ivokn` Cmk+` : >63+

Nofvoe% Jwok Ivoknc~n`: ?6?% 663% 67?+

Nofvoe% Qgdv` Dc`kcnc` : >3% =7% 81% 86% 89%

?68+ ?7>% ?77% ?9?% ?81% ?87% 6??+

Nokdc`tc% Ivok+n` Okt+¼ : >78+

Novofoee`: 8?+

Novfoee`% Ivos Jonckt`: >43++

Novb`ko% Jwok Okt`kc`: >43+

Novvokzo% Bowv`: >>4% >33+

Novvcgm`~% Gyovc~t`: ?>8% 699% >47% >49+

No~tgeeok`~% Oovþk: ?6% ?>% ?4% ?9% J=% ?8%

69% 47% 49+

No~tcee`: ?>6+

Ngktgk`% Dc`kc~c`: 6=>% 684+ 68=%683%63=+

N`vfoeok% Bokwge: ?4?% >19% >18%>13% >77%

>79% >3=+

N`f`~% K`vfgvt`: >6?+

N`vv`% Bcmwge Noecxt` dge: ?=4% ?=7% ?==%

?=3% ?39% ?33% 611+

N`vvgo~% Ivoknc~n` F+ : 6?9+

Nvg~q`% Okt+` : 661% 6>9% 6=1% 6=4% 63?% >9?+

Nweeg% J`~ã B+: ??4+

NwWgk% D`bckm`: 78% 661% 6>9% 678% 6=1%

6=4% 684% 63?% >44% >97% >=9% >86+ >88% >31%

>3=% >38% 417+

Dgg~o% V`bïk O+: ?9=% ?93% 6?6+

Dgemod`% Ivok+n` : ?=4% ?=7% ?==% ?=3% ?39% ?33+

Dâoz dg eo Qgÿo% Bcmwge: ?1% ?7% ?9% ?91+

Dâoz Ygegz: ?8+

D`vvgm`% Bokwge: >?9% >4=% oc8% 843+

Gnhomõg% Qo~woe dg: 8=% 894+

Gnhgmovos: ?4?+

Gvncefgkmò% Ivok+5"`: >48% >43+

G~qck`: 64>+ 644% 64=% >?7% >49% >76% d`c%

>78% 873% >91% >96+ >9>+

Igcj`þ% N+`gc: 6?6+

Igbokd` =&: ?73+

Igvvokd`% Igecqg: 6?4% >>4% >33+

Igvvã% Qgdv`: =7% =="8?% 89% 8=%83%3?%?1?"?14% ?1="??1% ??6+ ??7% ??=% ?6?"?68% ?>7%

?>9% ?>8+ ?41% ?4?% ?7>"?77% ?9?% ?=6+ ?=3"

?89% ?36% 6>6% 64>+ 64=% 698% 6=>% >44">49+

>79% >91% >9?+ ¼¼% >97% >98% 4?1+



" 466

Icmwgvò% Bovn`~ Okt`kc`: 41=+

Ie`vg~% J`~ã Gwmgkc`: >6?% >6>% >63% >>6+

Ivomwgsv`% Bov+` : 71% 77% 91% 9?% 96% 97"98%

34% 33% ?11% ?>4% ?7?% 6=8% 68?% 68>% 687+

Iwkg~% J`~ã V+ : 683% 63=+

Iwkg~% J`~ã V`wg: 684% 68=+

Iwkg~% EcNcd¼ ôktcom`: >>3+

Mobo% N`v`kge< 6?6+

Moec~tg`% J`~ã Geco~: 661% 677%6+7=%6=1%

63?% >c4% >9?% >=9% >81% >8?% >88% >3=+

Movnâo% Bokwge J`~ã: 696+

Movbgkdco: 8% ?7+

Movvcd`% J`~ã: ?7=% ?94% ?81+

Mos`~`% Ivos Ivoknc~n`: 4?9+

Mce% Ycngktg: 63+

M`d`s Nvwz% Tb~+: ??4% 6?=+

M`kdvo% Odg`dot` dg: ?48% ?43% >3>% >37%

>33% 41?% 416% 4??+

M`kzïegz% Noecxt` B*: >?6% >?4% >61">6>%

>68% >63% >>?% >>6% >>7% >c>% 416% 41>+

M`kzïegz% Mvgm`vc` J+ : 4?% ?91+

M`vvctc% J`~ã Ivoknc~n`: ?48+

M`vvctc% J`~ã Cmkonc` dg: >% 4+

M`vvctc% Jwok Cmkonc` dg: >% 4% =% ?4% ?=%

?3% 44% 43% =>% 84+

Mvoboj`% Jwok Igecqg: ?68% ?7>% ?77%6+7>%

674+

Mõgbg~: >=7% >=9+

Mwcd`% T`bï~: 4% 66% >?% 7>% 9?% 98% 93%

?78% ?73+

Mwcÿozú: ?4?+

Mwkdcok% J`~ã Bovâo dg: ?43% ?98% ?93+

Hgvgdco% Oegjokdv`: >=3% >37+

Hgvgÿú: 64>+

Cfovvo% Igecqg: ?49"?43% >37%>33% 41>% 41?%

416% 4??+

Cfovvo% Ivokn+n¼ Okt+`: 6?6% 6?>% 6?4+

Cmegnco~% N`v`kge: ?>8+

Cvcovtg: 93% =1+

Cvc`kd`% Wvfok`: >33% 41?% 4??% 4?9+

C~o~o% J`~ã Bokwge dg: ?6% 61% 66% 64% 69%

>?% >>% >7% >9% 71% 3?% ?17% ??6% ??7% ?>>% ?79+

Eobodvcd% N`v`kge: ?4?+

Eobo~% Jwok: 4?7% 4?9+

Eovvgnhgo% Qgdv` dg: ?>7% ?>9% ?41% ?46%

?94% 6>>% 6>=% 64?% 677% 673% 691% 69?% 69=%

6=?% 6==% 687% >41% >49+

Eo~nok`% J`~ã: 861+

Eo~tvo% Bok+c: 9=% 98% =1+

Egb`~% Bokwge: 6=>% >18% >13% >>8+

Egsyo% Bok+c: ?=3"?87% ?88% ?36% 614%

617% 619% 613% 6?1% 6??% 661"664% 669%

6>1"6>4% 64>+ 648% 677% 694% 697% 6=1% 6=4%

6=7% 6=9% 6=8% 6=3% >?1% >64% >67% >69% >46%

>44% >47% >71% >79% >97% >=1% >=?% >=>% >3=%

4?+>+

Ecvo: ?>6+

Eþqgz% G~tokc~eo`: ??% ?4% ==%81% 8=% ?1=%

?13% ??9% ?>7% ?46% ?4>% ?+76% ?7>% ?9>% ?87%

?3>% 6>9% 643% 674% 679% 6=8% 68?% 68>% 684%

689% 63?% 636% 63>% 63=">11% >16% >19% >?4%

>?3% >61+ >91% >9?% >9>% >94% >91% >9=% >93%

>=?% >==% >=8% >81% >84">8=% >3?% >36% >3>%

>39% 416% 417% 419% 418% 4?1+

Eþqgz J`vdïk% Vcnovd`: 6>3% 64>% 644+

Eþqgz% Y-cngktg: >38% 411% 419+

Eþqgz Xoycgv: 3% ?1% ?49"?43+

Ew~gv`% Ivos Fgkct`: 4?9+[

Bovck% Igecqg: >61+

Bovck% J+k Fowtc~to: >61% >6>% >63% >>6%

>86% >3=% 414+

Bovtâkgz% J`~ã Jwecïk: 74% 9?% 94% ??3%?>4% ?76+

Bozcge% Jwok Bovngeck`: 634% >>7% >49%

>78% >=8% >=3% 419+

Bozcge% Qvg~f+ Bokwge O+: ?6?+

Bgkdceovzú% D`bckm`: 61+

Bècko: 9?+

Bècko% Qgdv`: >>8+

B`vgk`% G~tgfok J+: =?+

B`vgk`% Vgbcmc` M+: ?1>+

B`to% Ivos Kovnc~` dg eo: >43+

Kodoe: >=9+

Kovyogz% Foeto~ov: 41=+Koyovv`% Okt`kc`: 4?7+

Koyovv`% Bokwge: 41=+

@nobq`% Fwgko Ygktwvo: ?=4% ?=7% ?==%

?=3% ?39% ?33+

@eoyovvcgto% Vobþk: >86% >31%>3=% >38+

@vchwgeo% Qoweck`: >48% >43+

@v`: ?19% ?>7% ?>9% ?41% ?46% >?=+

@vtcz% J`~ã ôkt`~: >1=% >18%>13%>>=%>>8+

@vtcz% T`vcfc`: 64=% 878% >91% 896%">9>%>=4%

8=7% >83% >31+

Qojþk% Ivos J`~ã Egþk: >43+

Qoeonc`% Bokwge: >>>% >>4+

Qoeonc`~% ôktcom` dg: 636% 634% 639% >>>+

Qobqck% Igvbâk I+: ?1>+

Qo~t`vczo% Hcqþect`: 6?8+

Qoz% +J`~ã Bovâo: 7% ?3% 61% 66"6+7% >1% >?%

>>% 71% =4% =9% 3>% 39% 3=% 38% ?17% ?19% ??3%

?>1% ?>4% ?>9% ?41% ?76% ?7>% ?9=% Â=9% ?==%

?31% ?36% ?38% ?33% 611% 616% 6>9% >6>+

Qoz+ Jwok Fowtc~to: >3>% >37% 4?>+

Qgÿoe`zo% Qo~nwoe: >>3+

Qgvgsvo% Vobþk: 86% 8=% ?64% ?69% ?>3% 6?1%

>78+

Qckt`% Bokwge dg T+: ?=4% ?=7% ?==% ?=3%

?39% ?33+

Qâo% Iãecx: 41=+

Qwnh: 6=7">=9+



— 46> —_wgyg d`% Bgenh`v: ?77+

_wcv`mo+ J+ I+: 67% =4% =9%==%?17% CCM% ?4?%

?4>% ?47% 6>4% >1?% 31=% >?4% >?7% >48% >=8%

>84+

_wcv`mo% J+ I+ (oeco~ Otceo# : ?44+

_wcv`mo% Vobþk: >?7+

Voboee`% Hcqþect`: >61+

Vob`~% Qgdv`: 686+

Vgnwgv`% No~cbcv`: >>8+

Vgckoiã% Ycngktg: >16% >1>% >?6% >?4% >?3"

>6>% >68% >63% >>?% >>6% >>7% >4>% 416% 41>+

Vcygvo% Mvoe+ : ?>8+

V`feg~% Bob: >"ce+

V`dvâmwgz% Gbcec`: >61+

V`dvâmwgz% Qgdv`: >61+

V`dvâmwgz% Xoycgv: >61+V`jo~+ J`~ã B+¼: ?71% ?7=% ?9?"?)4% ?=6%661%

6>9% 64?% 649% 643% 678% 673% 69?% 69=% 6=1%

6=?% 6=7+

V`bgv`% No~cok` : ?48% ?43% ?9=% ?98+

V`~o% Jwok dg eo: >91% >96% >9>% >=4% >8?%

>83% >31+

V`~o~% Jwok Bokwge dg: ?3% 61% 6>% 67%

=6% =9% ?1=% ?13% ?>4"?>9% ?41+ ?4?%6>7%649%

>11% >?=% >61% >66% >>4+

V`xo~% Ivok+n` : >3% 81% ?77+

V`x`% Vwdgnckd`: ?=4% ?=7% ?==% ?=3% ?39%

?33+

Vwcz Hwcd`fv`% J`~ã : >==% >=8+

^ïknhgz% Jwok O+& : >6?+

ôvonhomo% Jwok O+: 7â% 77% 91% 9?% 94% 99%

??3% ?>7% ?76% ?=9% ?==% ?31% 611% 616+

ôycd% Dv+: 6?6+

^gmwâ+ Qgdv` Qofe`: 6=9+

^gktgk`% Dc`kc~c` ( yão~g Ngktgk` Dc`"

kc~c`#+^èo% Egþk: 86% 83% ?64% ?69% ?>=% ?>3+

^`~o% Bok+c C~cd+¼: >8>+

^`~o% ^+ M+ : >>3+

^wetïk dg eo Vc`jo (_wcv`mo#: 8+

Tofòdo+ T`bï~ J+: 6?4+

Tgjodo% ôtwvkck`: ?>+

Tgee`% E+ G~tok+`: 6?8+

T`vvg% Jòwâk% dg eo: 6?"6>% >9% 76+

T`vvg~% Ycngktg: >43+

Wvwczo% Jw~t` +J`~ã dg : 6,4+

Yoeegj`% Botg`: >4>+

Ygegz% Doebonc` : 686+

Ygvo% Noec~t` dg: 6>8% 641% 644% 647% 648%

679"678% 699+

Ygvo% J`~ã Cmkonc` dg: 679"678% 699+

Ycob`ktg : >3+

Ycdgeo No~tcee`% +J`~ã: 6=8+

Yc dãeo% Ewc~ B+ : 6?9+

Yceeomvo% Gw~gfc` O+ : 6??% "[4% >97+

Yceegmo~% j[egj`: 79+

Ycyov% Jw~t`: 663+

Xcbgkgz% Jwok Kgq`b+k`< 64>% ">=3% 4?>+

Z`vvceeo% Bovn`~ ^+: 44% 43% =>% 84+

Zúÿcmo% Bovtck: 6?% 66+



ÂKDCNG MGKGVOE

NWOVTO QOVTG

N@VVG^Q@KDGKNCO CKTGVQV@YCKNCOE

S N@K EO N@BC^CÞK VGQVG^GKTOTCYO DG E@^ M@FCGVK@ÊCT@VOEG^ DG EO VGQÚFECNO OVMGKTCKO

Qïmcko~

K+± ?+ — \D+ Jwok Cmkonc` M`vvâtc% n`bwkcno wg ho ~cd` k`câcfvod`

m`fgvkod`v dg ôeto% gk vggbqeoz` dg D+ J`~ã Cmkonc` M`vvctc

wg tgvbckþ ~w bokdot` R+ — (? dg Bovz` dg ?863 # >

+K+& 6+ — \K`to vg~gvyodo dge M`fgvkod`v dg ôeto% oe M`fcgvk` dg

Twnwbïk% ~`fvg wk`~ qecgm`~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ s eo bovnho ycn"

t`vc`~o dge mgkgvoe D+ J`~ã Bovâo Qoz% g ckycto o dcnh` m`fcgvk`

o wko n`bfckoncþk bcectov qovo otonov o e`~ omgktg~ dg eo dg~`v"

mokczoncþk dge qoâ~R+ — (?3 dg >Covz` dg ?863# 7

K+& >+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg Twnwbïk% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôeto% gk

vg~qwg~to o eo k`to dg ?3 dg bovz`: wg q`v oh`vo eo~ d`~ qv`"ycknco~ dgfgk i`bgktov wk nobfc` gk Notobovno% g~qgvov eo `nw"

qoncþk dg Nþvd`fo% e`~ b`ycbcgkt`~ n`k~gnwtcy`~ n`ktvo _wcv`mo(ge ~wetïk dg eo Vc`jo# s eo `nwqoncþk dg ôkto Ig q`v eo ckiok"

tgvâo oe bokd` dg Fv`yk+ ^g hongk n`k~cdgvonc`kg~ ~`fvg eo~

iwgvzo~ R+ — ( 4 dg Ofvce dg ?863 # =

K+± 4+— \Ge M`fcgvk` dg Twnwbïk% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôeto%

wg% gk yc~to dge b`ycbcgkt` dg eo~ iwgvzo~ konc`koeg~ — dge mg"

kgvoe Qoz — ~`fvg ôkto Ig s Nþvd`fo% ho eegmod` eo `q`vtwkcdod

dg wg ~g qvgqovg o ~gnwkdov eo onncþk s% gk n`k~gnwgknco% n`bc"

~c`ko o D+ Bcmwge Dâoz dg eo Qgÿo qovo on`vdov e`~ bgdc`~ n`k"

dwngktg~R+— (?6 dg Ofvce dg ?863# 3

K+± 7+ — \Ge Bckc~tv` Mgkgvoe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo n`bwkcno%

oe dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ge nobfc` dg m`fcgvk` `qgvod`% s wg ~gmg~tc`ko eo vgokwdoncþk dg eo~ vgeonc`kg~ n`k eo qv`ycknco dg

ôkto Ig qovo eegmov o~â o n`k~tctwcv eo Vgqúfecno R+ — (69 dg

Ofvce dg ?863 # ??

L+& 9+ — \N`kygkc` ngegfvod` gktvg ge M`fcgvk` dg eo qv`ycknco dg

ôeto% n`b` dgegmod` dge dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% s D+ Oov`k No~tgeeok`~%

vgeotcy` o wk qvã~tob` dg 71 bce qg~`~ wg g~tg úetcb` gktvgmo

qovo `vmokczov wko iwgvzo ovbodo dg~tckodo o n``qgvov n`k ge

gjãvnct` dge mgkgvoe Qoz R+ — ( 68 dg Ofvce dg ?863# ?6

K+± =+— \Ge M`fcgvk` dg eo qv`scknco dg ôeto% oe dg eo dg Fwgk`~

Ocvg~% do nwgkto dg t`d` e` `fvod` n`k eo qv`ycknco dg Twnwbïks D+ Oov`k No~tgeeok`~% o âck dg ovbov bce h`bfvg~ s dcvcmcve`~

oe qwkt` wg dg~cmkg ge mgkgvoe QozR+— (?? dg Bos` dg ?863#+ ?4

K+± 8+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg ôeto% oe Bckc~tv` dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`"vg~ dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% oyc~o hofgv mcvod` wko egtvo

dg 71 bce qg~`~ o ioy`v dg D+ Oov`k No~tgeeok`~ R+ — (61 dg Bos`dg ?863# ?=



— 467 —Qïmcko~

K+* 3+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Qv`yc~`vc` dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ n`bwkcno% oe

@`fcgvk`dg Nþvd`fo% eo qoz ngegfvodo n`k ge n`bokdoktg mgkg"

voe dg nobqoÿo+ \#+ Jwok Bokwge V`~o~+ Ge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fon`ktg~to wg eo ho dcvcmcd` oe Mgkgvoe Qoz R+ — ( = dg Jwec` s ?=

dg Om`~t` dg ?8"63 #

-+ + + ?3

K+& ?1+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg Fwgk`~Ocvg~% n`bwkcno wg ho k`bfvod` o e`~ ~gÿ`vg~ Fgd`so% dg eo

T`vvg s Zÿÿcmo gk neo~g dg gkycod`~ gxtvo`vdckovc`~ qovo q`kgv

tãvbck` o eo mwgvvo ncyceR+ — (?1 dg Jwec` dg ?863# 6?

K+& ??+ — \Dcqe`bo dg e`~ Dcqwtod`~ dg Nþvd`fo% ~gÿ`vg~ Fgd`sos dg eo T`vvg% ngvno dge M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% qovo tgvbckov

co mwgvvo ncyce R+ — ( ?1 dg Jwec` dg ?863 # 6>

X+& ?6+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% eg n`bwkcnoge g~tod` dg owgeeo qv`ycknco s eo ~oecdo dg gkycod`~ ngvno dg

ôkto Ig s dg ~w m`fcgvk`R+ — (?6 dg Jwec` dg ?863# 64K+± ?>+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% qovtcncqo oe dg ôeto% wg

~g ho on`vdod` ge of`k` dg eo egtvo q`v yoe`v dg 71 bce qg~`~

iwgvtg~ o ioy`v dg D+ Oov`k No~tgeeok`~ R+ — (?4 dg Om`~t` dg

?863# 69

K+& ?4+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþv"

d`fo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo n`bwkcnoncþk dg ?6 dg jwec` dg ?863 swg omwovdo ge ovvcf` dg e`~ gkycod`~ R+ — (?8 dg Om`~t` dg

?8"63# 6=

K+± ?7+ — \ D+ Vwdgnckd` Oeyovod` qovtcncqo% oe M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~Ocvg~% wg ho vgnoâd` gk ~w qgv~`ko eo gegnncþk dg M`fgvkod`vQv`yc~`vc` s wg ~w bovnho ~gvï dg n`ki`vbcdod o eo qèâtcno dg

e`~ qwgfe`~ wg tcgkdok o n`k~tctwcv~g j+ — (6= dg Om`~t` dg

?863# 68K+± ?9+ — \Ge mgkgvoe D+ J`~ã B+ Qoz qovtcncqo% oe M`fcgvk` dgFwgk`~ Ocvg~% ge k`bfvobcgkt` vgnocd` gk ~w qgv~`ko q`v wkokc"

bcdod dg ~wivomc`~ s o~gmwvo wg n``qgvovï ontcyobgktg gk eo +

n`k~tctwncþk dge qoâ~R+ — (?= dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?863# >1

K+** ?=+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg Fwgk`~Ocvg~% eg igecncto q`v eo tgvbckoncþk dg eo mwgvvo ncyce s eg qcdg

homo yoegv ~w ckiewj` o e`~ ickg~ dg n`k~tctwcv eo VgqúfecnoR% —( 67 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?863 # >6

K+± ?8+ — \Ge Bckc~tv` Mgkgvoe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% n`ktg~to%

oe dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg eg ~gvï bws mvot` oe m`fcgvk` dg ~w qv`"

ycknco n`knwvvcv o ioncectov eo oqgvtwvo dg n`bwkcnonc`kg~ n`k eo~

qv`ycknco~ cktgvc`vg~R+ — (-67 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?863# >4

K+± ?3+ — \Ge Bckc~tv` Mgkgvoe dg Nþvd`fo% o e`~ gkycod`~ ngvnodge M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg k` yonceo gk gktvov gk eo ecmo

qovo `fvov n`ktvo e`~ ~oeyojg~% qgv` wg q`v ge b`bgkt` novgng

dg nofoeeodo R+ — ( 8 dg @ntwfvg dg ?863 # >7

X+& 61+— \Ge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~Ocvg~% n`ktg~to eo k`to gk wg do nwgkto dg eo tgvbckoncþk dg eo

mwgvvo ncyce s ~g n`bqeong q`v e`~ qv`qþ~ct`~ gkwkncod`~ dg vg~"

qgtov eo~ ck~tctwnc`kg~ dg nodo qv`ycknco s ge i`bgkt` dg ~w fcg"

kg~tov R+—( ?> dg @ntwfvg dg ?863# >9

K+& 6?+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg Notobovno% oe dg eo qv`yck"nco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% onw~o vgncf` dg eo dg~cmkoncþk vgnoâdo gkge mgkgvoe Ycob`ktg y ~g qv`q`kg n`ktckwov eo~ vgeonc`kg~ obc~"t`~o~R+ — ( 61 dg @ntwfvg dg ?863# >3

K+± 66+— \Ge M`fcgvk` dg ôeto% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~%

eg igecncto q`v eo tgvbckoncþk dg eo mwgvvo ncyce s hong y`t`~ q`veo `vmokczoncþk konc`koe ~`fvg eo~ fo~g~ wg ~g hok ckdcnod` R+

—( 64 dg @ntwfvg dg ?863 # 4?



469

Qïmcko~

K+& 6>+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg ôeto% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~%

vgneobo eo ~otc~ionncþk dg eo~ egtvo~ nws` qom` ~g bokdþ ~w~qgk"

dgv s wg eo vgqwe~o eo n`k~cdgvo n`b` wk ont` q`n` obc~t`~`R+— ( 8 dg K`ycgbfvg dg ?863# 44K+&* 64+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo% mgkgvoe J`~ã B+ Qoz% oe M`"

fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% eg qovtcncqo ge gkyâ` dg wk n`bc~c`kodò ick dg ngegfvov wk tvotod` h`kv`~` s fgkãicn` qovo obfo~ qv`"ycknco~R+ — ( ?? dg K`ycgbfvg dg ?863# 43

K+± 67+ — \E`~ Dcqwtod`~ dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oe Bckc~tv`

dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% onw~ok vgncf` dg eo

k`to n`k wg ~g eg~ dcvcmcþ ge qo~oq`vtgR+ — (?> dg K`ycgbfvgdg ?863 # 7?

K+± 69+ — \Ge Dcqwtod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig% oe Bckc~tv` dgVgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% dcng hofgv eegkod` e`~ `f"jgt`~ dg ~w bc~cþk s qcdg qo~oq`vtgR+— ( 67 dg K`ycgbfvg dg ?863#+ 76

K+& 6=+ — \Ge ^gnvgtovc` dg M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo% oe M`fgvkod`vdg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% n`bwkcno wg ho ~cd` votcicno"

d` ge tvotod` ngegfvod` gktvg obfo~ qv`ycknco~R+ — (69 dg K`"ycgbfvg dg ?863 # 7>

K+*& 68+ — \Ge ^gnvgtovc` dg M`fcgvk` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo%

oe dg eo dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg ho dg~cmkod` o D+ Bovcok` Ivo"

mwgcv` s D+ Oegj` Yceegmo~ qovo ge nokjg dg e`~ tvotod`~ ngegfvo"

d`~ gktvg obfo~ qv`ycknco~R+ — ( 7 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?863# 77K+± 63+ — \Ge Bckc~tv` ^gnvgtovc` dg M`fcgvk`% dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg

cmwoe neo~g dg eo dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ongqto eo ìgvto dg ckdgbkc"zov e`~ mo~t`~ now~od`~ q`v ge vgtv`ng~` dg eo~ ovbo~ dg~tckodo~

o owgeeo qv`ycknco s qcdg ~g egyoktgk e`~ gignt`~ dge dgnvgt` dg

?8 dg k`ycgbfvg% ~`fvg cktv`dwnncþk dg ovbobgkt`~% n`k vg~qgnt`

o Nþvd`foR+ — (9 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?863# 79K+± >1+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo n`bwkcno% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg ho dg~cmkod` o e`~ ~gÿ`vg~ D+ Bovcok` Ivo"

mwgcv` s D+ Gw~gfc` Omõgv` gk neo~g dg gknovmod`~ dg kgm`nc`~

dg owgeeo qv`ycknco n`k b`tcy` dge ~gnwg~tv` dg ovbobgkt` s`tv`~ o~wkt`~R+ — (61 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?863 # 91

K+± >?+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` ^wf~tctwt` dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg eo qv`ycknco

dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% gk n`ktg~toncþk o eo ncvnweov dg ?6 dg dcncgb"

fvg% igecncto o eo qv`ycknco q`v hofgv `ftgkcd` wk m`fcgvk` egmoeR+

— ( ? dg Gkgv` dg ?8>1 # 96

K+± >6+ — \ Ge Bckc~tv` dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Nþvd`fo n`bw"kcno% oe dg M`fcgvk` s Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~%

wg ho k`bfvod` o D+ Bovcok` Ivomwgcv` s D+ Gw~gfc` Omõgv`

qovo wg vgneobgk ~`fvg ge dgnvgt` dg ?8 dg k`ycgbfvg vgeotcyò eo cktv`dwnncþk dg ovbo~ oe cktgvc`vR+ — (?9 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>1#+ 97

K+& >>+ — \ Kgm`nconc`kg~ dg e`~ n`bc~c`kod`~% D+ Gw~gfc` Omõgv` sD+ Bovcok` Ivomwgcv`% ~`fvg ge ovbobgkt` dgtgkcd` s wg dgfâo

qo~ov o Nþvd`fo R+ — (?9 dg Gkgv` o 67 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>1#+++ 9=

K+± >4+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` dg ôeto% onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`to gk wg ~g

n`bwkcnofo ge k`bfvobcgkt` dg D+ Jwok Bokwge dg V`~o~ n`b`m`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~R+ — (66 dg Gkgv` dg

?8>1# =6

K+± >7+ — \Dge N`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% ?;+ Qgdv` Igvvã% oe m`"

fgvkod`v dg ~w qv`ycknco% ~`fvg eo bovnho dg ~w~ mg~tc`kg~ s ge

g~tod` dg e`~ n`kiecnt`~ R+ — ( Igfvgv` dg ?8>1 # =4

K+± >9+ — \Ge n`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~+ D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% oe M`fgv"

kod`v dg ~w qv`ycknco% gk i`vbo qvcyodo eg do nwgkto dge g~tod`dg eo ewnho gktvg Qoz s _wcv`mo s ~`fvg ge gkn`bgkdov oe M`"

fgvkod`v dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ ge gknovm` dg eo~ vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~R+

— (Igfvgv` dg ?8>1# =7



— 46= —Qïmcko~

K+& >=+ — ( Dg D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% oe M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% gk wg

ongqto ge k`bfvobcgkt` dg n`bc~c`kod` ngvno dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ dgFwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vâ`~R+— (> dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>1#+ ==

K+& >8+ " \Ge Q+ G+ dg N`vvcgktg~% oe H+ N+ Q+ dg eo qv`ycknco% eg

qovtcncqo ge k`bfvobcgkt` dg D+ Qgdv` Igvvã n`b` dcqwtod` ngvno

dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vâ`~ qovo ngegfvov qont`~ dg

oecokzo ìgk~cyo s dgigk~cyoR+ — (> dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>1# + + =8

K+± >3+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~% oe dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% kg hok`bfvod` o D+ Qgdv` Igvvã n`k obqeco~ ionwetodg~ qovo ngegfvov

wk tvotod` R+ — ( 8 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>1 # =3

K+& 41+ — \ Ge N`bokdoktg Mgkgvoe s Dgegmod` dge M`fcgvk` dg Gk"

tvg Vâ`~% oe n`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% wg k`

g~tï ionwetod` qovo dgecfgvov gk o~wkt` dg tok oeto tvo~ngkdgknco%

qgv` wg ho gegyod` t`d` oe M`fgvkod`v gk nobqoÿo qovo wg

vg~wgeyo e` bï~ n`kygkcgktgR+— (?9 d` Igfvgv` dg ?8>1# 81K+& 4?+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe dg N`vvcgktg~% wg ~g

hoeeo dg~g`~` dg oicokzov e`~ qeokg~ qovo eo ~gmwvcdod dg obfo~qv`ycknco~ R+ — ( 61 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>1 # 8?

K+± 46+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg ôeto% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~%

wg eo ~w~qgk~cþk dge qom` dg eo~ egtvo~ ho nè`nod` o eo qv`"

ycknco gk eo ~ctwoncþk dg hoeeov~g ~ck bgdc`~ qovo eegkov ~w~

`fecmonc`kg~ s g~qgvo `ftgkgv jw~tcnco dg eo Egmc~eotwvo dg Fwg"k`~ Ocvg~ R+ — ( 66 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>1 # 86

K+± 4>+ —iGe Q+ ®+ dg N`vvcgktg~% o eo H+ ^+ dg Vgqvg~gktoktg~

dg eo bc~bo% eg odjwkto d`~ k`to~ dge m`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo s~g eg qcdg wko n`ktg~toncþk R+ — ( 66 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>1 # 87

K+& 44+ —\ D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz% o Qgdv` D+ Nofvoe% wg ho vgnc"

fcd` oe n`bc~c`kod` Igvvã s eg ho gxhcfcd` eo d`nwbgktoncþkvgeotcyo o e`~ on`ktgncbcgkt`~ dge cktgvc`vR+ — (64 dg Igfvgv` dg

?8>1# 89

K+& 47+ — \Ge m`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig% oe dg eo

qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% wg ho ~cd` vgn`k`ncd` ge n`bc~c`kodÌgvvã gk ~w novïntgv qúfecn`% ~g ho dg~cmkod` o Qo~nwoe dg

Gnhomõg n`bc~c`kod` dg ôkto Ig s wg ho ~cd` icvbodo eo n`k"

ygkncþk qvgecbckov qovo ge tvotod` dg oecokzo ìgk~cyo s dgigk"

~cyo wg ~g ngegfvovï gktvg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~% bcgktvo~ ~g

vgúko wk nwgvq` konc`koe wg dã eo i`vbo dg M`fcgvk`R+ — (64dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>1 # 8=

K+± 49+ — \Ge m`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe n`bc~c`"

kod` D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% onw~o vgncf` dg e`~ ovtânwe`~ qvgecbckovg~dge tvotod` dg oecokzo gktvg eo~ nwotv` qv`ycknco~ dge Qovokï seg hong oemwk`~ vgqov`~R+— (6= dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>1# 88

K+± 4=+ — \Ge Q+ G+ dg N`vvcgktg~% o eo H+ ^+ dg Vgqvg~gktoktg~ dg

eo qv`ycknco% vgbctg e`~ tvotod`~ qvgecbckovg~ ngegfvod`~ n`k eo

qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig j eg hong ygv eo n`kygkcgknco dg wkcv~g

o eo N`bc~cþk Bgdcod`vo dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ wg yo qovo n`kncecov

eo~ qv`ycknco~ cktgvc`vg~ wg ~g hoeeok gk ewnhoR+ — ( 6 dg Bovz`dg ?8>1 # 83

K+± 48+ — \ Ge Gkycod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oktg ge M`"fcgvk` dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% ~`fvg n`knewcv e`~ tvotod`~

dg ovb`kâo s n`kivotgvkcdod y eo icjoncþk dg wko gktvgyc~to n`kge ~gÿ`v Igvvã R+ — ( > dg Bovz` dg ?8>1 # 31

K+& 43+ — \E`~ N`bc~c`kod`~ dge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo% oe Bckc~tv`

dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% vgneo"

bok dg eo~ bokcig~tonc`kg~ h`~tceg~ dg wg iwgv`k `fjgt` eo k`nhgdge nwotv` dg bovz` R+ — ( 7 dg Bovz` dg ?8>1 # 36



— 468 "

Qïmcko~

K+± 71+ — \ E`~ N`bc~c`kod`~ dge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo% oe Bckc~tv`

dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% n`k"

tg~tok ~w k`to dge dâo 9 s okoeczok e`~ novm-`~ wg ~g hongk n`kb`tcy` dg e` onogncd` o e`~ N`bc~c`kod`~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ gkNþvd`fo s ~ècnctok wko n`ktg~toncþk qvgnc~o o eo vgneoboncþk

gktofeodo s gk no~` n`ktvovc` wg ~geg~ gxtcgkdok e`~ qo~oq`v"

tg~ R+ — ( = dg Bovz` dg ?8>1 # 34K+± 7?+ — \E`~ N`bc~c`kod`~ dge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo% oe Bckc~tv`

dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ~g

wgjok dg wg k` hok vgncfcd` n`ktg~toncþk o ~w k`to dge dâo =

dg bovz` s otâvgmok wg ge ??% ge d`bcncec` dg wk` dg e`~ n`bc"

~c`kod`~% iwã ycèod` q`v wko bwetctwd< vgneobok wko vg~qwg~to

Y gk no~` kgmotcy` ~g eg gxqcdok e`~ qo~oq`vtg~ R+ — (?> dg Bovz`&dg ?8>1 33

K+&- 76+ — \ Ge N`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% oe M`fgv"

kod`v dg ~w qv`ycknco% qcdg ck~tvwnnc`kg~ n`k b`tcy` dg eo~ ck~c"

kwonc`kg~ dge gkycod` dge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo wg ~g hoeeo gk

ôkto Ig R+ — ( ?> dg Bovz` dg ?8>1# ?1?

K+± 7>+ — \Ge N`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% oe Gk"ycod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% wg g~qgvo

þvdgkg~ dg ~w m`fcgvk` qovo tvok~bctcveg ge oyc~` wg ho qgdcd`R+

— ( ?> dg Bovz` dg ?8>1# ?16

K+± 74+ — \ K`to dg D+ Vgbcmc` M+ B`vgk`% o e`~ Gknovmod`~ dg eo

honcgkdo qúfecno dg N`vvcgktg~% wg% n`ki`vbg oe qgdcd`% ~g eg

ivokwgovïk oe n`bc~c`kod` dg g~o qv`ycknco ngvno dg Fwgk`~Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vâ`~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% nwokt`~ owxcec`~

dg dckgv` ~gok kgng~ovc`~ R+ — (?> dg Bovz` dg ?8>1 # +++ ?1>

K+± 77+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~% o ~w gkycod` gxtvo`vdckovc`

ngvno dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~% n`v`kge bos`v D+ Q+ Igvvã% eg

ionweto qovo wg owt`vcng oe dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ o `fjgt` dg wg

dg~qonhg eo~ vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~ n`k eo~ q`tgknco~ gxtvokjgvo~R+

—( 6 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1# ?14

K+± 79 — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe gkycod` gxtvo`vdckovc`

dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% D+ J`~ã B+ C~o~o+ eobgkto ge nh`wg

~okmvcgkt` gktvg e`~ mgkgvoeg~ Qoz s _wcv`mo nwokd` bgdcofokeo~ qv`ycknco~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ s ôkto Ig R+ — ( > dg Ofvce dg

?8>1# ?17

K+± 7=+ — \ K`to dg V`~o~% Eþqgz s Igvvã% dcvcmcdo oe mgkgvoe Qozdg~dg ôk Kcnèï~% q`v bok` dg @v`% gk eo wg eg ~wmcgvgk eo

n`kygkcgknco dg onoeeov e`~ vgnge`~ wg ckiwkdg ~w q`dgv bcectov

s dgjov o e`~ qwgfe`~ oenokzov e` wg nvgok wg bgj`v i`vbovï

~w igecncdod ncgvto s g~tofeg R+

—( ?6 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1# ?19

K+` 78+ — \ K`to dg V`~o~% Eþqgz s Igv[ã% oe mgkgvoe Qoz% s o wg

~g vgicgvg eo qvgngdgktg% gk eo wg ~g Yg gxqecnok eo~ kgng~cdodg~

wg dgtgvbckov`k eo i`vboncþk dg eo Ecmo Ect`voe s ~g eg hongk

k`tov e`~ vgnge`~ `vcmckod`~ gk ge hgnh` wg Nþvd`fo boktcgkg

wko mvok bo~o dg iwgvzo ovbodo% b`tcy` wg dgtgvbcko ge qg"

dcd` [dg movoktâo~ R+ — ( ?6 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1# ?1=

K+± 73+ — \ Ge n`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% oe m`fgv"

kod`v dg ~w qv`ycknco% eg qovtcncqo ~w eegmodo o ôkto Ig% eo

n`kygkncþk ngegfvodo n`k Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ s e` `fvod` gk eo~ vgeo"

nc`kg~ n`k Nþvd`foR+ — (?= dg Ofvce dg ?8>1 #+ + % H@K+& 91+ — \ Ge n`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% oe gk"

ycod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg Nþvd`fo% wg dg~qwã~ dg eo vgwkcþk ngeg"

fvodo gk ôk Kcnèï~ n`k eo~ `tvo~ tvg~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~% gk wg~g vg~èycþ ofvcv dcvgntobgktg wko kgm`nconcþk n`k ge M`fcgvk`

dg Nþvd`fo% nwoewcgv n`bqv`bc~` wg n`ktvojgvg eo Qv`ycknco

dg N`vvcgktg~ ~gvâo gxtgbq`vïkg` R+ — ( ?= dg Ofvce dg ?8>1#+ ??1



" 463 — [

Qïmcko~

K+± 9?+ — \Ge n`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% vgbctg

oe M`fgvkod`v dg ~w qv`ycknco eo n`bkkcnoncþk qvgngdgktg dcvc"

mcdo oe gkycod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg Nþvd`fo R+

— (?= dg Ofvce dgJ8>1 # ??6

K+& 96+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` qv`yc~`vc` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Bgkd`zo% oe

dg eo dg Fogk`~ Ocvg~% do nwgkto wg ho nodwnod` eo odbckc~"

tvoncþk wg vgmco owgeeo qv`ycknco s wg dgneovo hoeeov~g dg~"

ecmod` dg e`~ oktcmw`~ n`bqv`bc~`~ gk eo n`ktcgkdo cktg~tcko o

wg iwã ovvo~tvodoR+ — (?= dg Ofvce dg ?8>1# ??>K+& 9>+ — ( Ge gkycod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo%

D+ J`~ã B+ C~o~o% oe n`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã%

wg o qg~ov dg e` on`vdod` gk ôk Kcnèï~% eo kgm`nconcþk n`k

eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo dgfg n`bqvgkdgv o eo wg ~g hoeeofok

gknovmod`~ e`~ d`~ n`bc~c`kod`~ R+ — ( ?8 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1# +++ ??7

K+± 94+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgk"

tg~% onw~o vgncf` dg eo n`kygkncþk qvgecbckov ÿvbodo ge 6> dgigfvgv`% votcicnodo% s n`bqovtg ~w~ dg~g`~ ~`fvg tgvbckoncþk dg

eo mwgvvo ncyce R+— ( ?3 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1 # ??9K+± 97+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o ~w n`bc~c`kod`% D+ Qgdv`

Igvvã% wg ~g ~`vqvgkdg q`v eo ioeto dg n`bwkcnonc`kg~ ~`fvg

eo n`kygkncþk qvgecbckov wg ~g dcng ÿvbodo ge 6> dg bovz` qqd`+ R+—( 61 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1 # ??=

K+± 99+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo% oe M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco

dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg gk otgkncþk o ~w vg~qwg~to dg 6 dg ofvce

k` qwgdg qgv~wodcv~g dg e`~ k`feg~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ s oeto qèâtcno

dge m`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ R+ — (64 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1 # ??8X+± 9=+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe H+ N+ Q+ dg eo bc~bo%

eg odjwkto ge tvotod` qvgecbckov ngegfvod` n`k Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ ge

6> dg bovz` qovo ~w ~okncþk R+

—(

69 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1#

??3s+± 98+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o ~w n`bc~c`kod`% D+ Qgdv`

Igvvã% onw~o vgncf` s dgywgeyg votcicnodo eo n`kygkncþk qvgecbc"

kov ngegfvodo n`k Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ s eg oqvwgfo eo n`kdwnto `f~gv"

yodo n`k ge gkycod` dg Nþvd`fo-R+ — ( 68 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1# ?61K+& 93+ — \Ge H+ N+ Qgvbokgktg dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~%

owt`vczo oe Q+ G+ qovo wg qwgdo votcicnov oe tvotod` qvgecbckovwg% gk ~gc~ ovtânwe`~% ho ~cd` ngegfvod` n`k Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ ge 6>dg bovz` dg ?8>1 R+ — ( 63 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1 # ?6?

K+& =1+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o ~w n`bc~c`kod`% D+ e*g"

dv` Igvvã% eg qcdg vgbcto eo n`kygkncþk qvgecbckov ÿvbodo n`kFwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg `fvo gk ~w q`dgv% q`v k` hofgv wgdod` d`"

nwbgkt` oemwk` gk eo ~gnvgtovcoR+ — (63 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1#++++ ?66

K+± =?+ — \Ge m`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o ~w n`bc~c`kod`% D+ Qg"dv` Igvvã% qovo wg vgmvg~g o ~w qv`ycknco o cki`vbov ~`fvg

e`~ q`vbgk`vg~ dg eo mg~tcþk s vgncfcv kwgyo~ ck~tvwnnc`kg~ o ick

dg qv`~gmwcv eo~ kgm`nconc`kg~ wetgvc`vg~ n`k eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`"

voeg~% wg dgfgk tgkgv eo bï~ mvokdg ckiewgknco gk eo now~o qú"

fecnoR+ — ( 63 dg Ofvce dg ?8>1 # ?6>K+± =6+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe n`bc~c`kod` dg eo qv`"

ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% wg% gk qvg~gknco dge `f"

jgt` dg ~w bc~cþk% ho dg~cmkod` o D+ Qgdv` Fovvgkgnhgo qovowg n`kjwktobgktg n`knwvvok o eo no~o dg m`fcgvk` s qwgdoojw~tov~g ge tvotod`R+ — ( ? dg Bos` dg ?8>1 # ?64

K+** =>+ — \N`kygkncþk qvgecbckov ngegfvodo gktvg eo~ qv`ycknco~

dg Gktvg Vâ`~ s N`vvcgktg~ qovo i`vbov qovtg dg eo ecmo ect`voe%

t`d` foj` ge ~c~tgbo igdgvoeR+ — > dg Bos` dg ?8>1 # ?67K+± =4+ — \Ge n`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% vgbctgo ~w m`fcgvk` eo n`kygkncþk qvgecbckov ngegfvodo n`k eo qv`yck"nco dg Gktvg Vâ`~ ge > dg bos`R+ — (4 dg Bos` dg ?8>1# ?6=



4>1

Qïmcko~

L+& =7+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Qv`qcgtovc` dg N`vvcgktg~ gk nobqoÿo%oe M`fgvkod`v dgegmod`% eg qovtcncqo wg e`~ b`ycbcgkt`~ ~`k~otc~iont`vc`~

swg ho vgncfcd` e`~ tvotod`~ qvgecbckovg~ ngeg"

fvod`~ n`k ge m`fcgvk` dg Gktvg Vc`~ ge > dg voo[`R + — ( ?1 dgBos` dg ?8>1 # ?6=

L+± =9+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Qv`qcgtovc` dg N`vvcgktg~% gk nobqoÿo%gkyâo oe M`fgvkod`v C[gegmod` eo n`kygkncþk qvgecbckov ngeg"

fvodo n`k Gktvg Vc`~ qovo wg eo H+ ^+ owt`vcng ~w votcicnoncþkR%

— ( ?1 dg Bos` dg ?8>1# ?68K+± ==+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~

gegyo% oe H+ N+ Q+% eo n`kygkncþk qvgecbckov icvbodo n`k GktvgVâ`~ o e`~ gignt`~ dg ~w oqv`foncþkR+ — ( ?6 dg Bos` dg ?8>1#+ ?63

K+± =8+ — \K`to dge M`fgvkod`v ^wf~tctwt` dg Nþvd`fo% o e`~ M`"fgvkod`vg~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig% Gktvg Vâ`~ s N`vvcgktg~%

wg n`ktg~to eo dg ?6 dg ofvce% cki`vbïkdè`~ dg e` `fvod` q`vge mgkgvoe D+ J`~ã Bovâo Qoz

s~g wgjo dge ~gnwg~tv` dg ovbo"

bgkt` dg~tckod` o Nþvd`fo% dg eo n`kdwnto dg eo n`bc~cþk bg"dcod`vo s q`v úetcb` g~qgvo wg% o qg~ov dg eo n`k~tctwncþk dg eo

ecmo dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~% Nþvd`fo k` vgngeo ~`fvg ~w novïn"

tgv kc tgbg wg qgecmvg ~w ~gmwvcdodR+ — (?4 dg Bos` dg ?8>1#+ ?63K+± =3+ — \K`to dge M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo% D+ J`~ã Bovâo Qoz% oe

dg ôkto Ig% D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz% gxqvg~okd` ~w~ fwgko~ dc~q`"

~cnc`kg~ honco eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ s wg n`kico gk eo mg~tcþkdge ~gÿ`v @v`R+ — ( ?7 dg Bos` dg ?8>1# ?>7

K+± 81+ — \K`to dge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% gk nobqoÿo% oe dgGktvg Vâ`~% gk wg odjwkto votcicnodo eo n`kygkncþk dg > dg bos`dg ?8>1R+ — ( ?= dg Bos` dg ?8>1# -+

+ ?>=K+± 8?+ — \Novto dge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe M`fgvkod`v dg

Gktvg Vâ`~% gk wg eg odjwkto eo n`kygkncþk dg > dg bos`% votc"

icnodo< ~g vgicgvg o eo~ `nwvvgknco~ dg eo Fokdo @vcgktoe s eg

qcdg ~gÿoeg wk qwkt` dg eo iv`ktgvo qovo wko gktvgyc~toR+ — ( ?=

dg Bos` dg ?8>1 # ?>=

K+& 86+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Gktvg Vâ`~% onw~o vgncf` oe dg N`"vvcgktg~% dg eo n`kygkncþk qvgecbckov dg > dg bos`% votcicnodoR+

— ( 66 dg Bos` dg ?8>1 # ?>3

K+& 8>+ — \D+ Qgdv` Eovvgnhgo% dg~dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig%

vgbctg oe M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~ eo n`bwkcno"ncþk wg dge M`fcgvk` Qv`yc~`vc` dg Bgkd`zo eg gkyâo ge M`fgv"

kod`v Dgegmod` dg Nþvd`foR+ — (6= dg Bos` dg ?8>1# ?>3

K+± 84+ — \K`to dge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig+ oe mgkgvoe D+ J`~ã

Bovâo Qoz+ gk wg eg gxqvg~o n`b` dg~qwã~ dg eo n`kdwnto `f~gv"

yodo gk eo~ qv`ycknco~ dg Bgkd`zo% ôk Jwok s Eo Vc`jo% eo~

qv`ycknco~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig% Gktvg Vâ`~ s N`vvcgktg~

dgfgk tgbgv wko ckyo~cþk wg homo qgecmvov ~w g~tofcecdodR+

— (6= dg Bos` dg ?8>1 # ?41K+± 87+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgk"

tg~% ~`fvg eo~ kgm`nconc`kg~ n`k Nþvd`fo s wg g~ ckdc~qgk~ofeg

wg ~g vgúkok nwokt` oktg~ e`~ dcqwtod`~ dg eo~ nwotv` qv`yck"

nco~ ecmodo~ qovo i`vbov eo n`kygkncþk dgickctcyoR+ — (63 dg

Bos` dg ?8>1 # ?46K+± 89+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Twnwbïk% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwg"

k`~ Ocvg~% qcdg ~g vgbcto foj` g~nèto oe mgkgvoe _wcv`mo qovo

~gv jwzmod` q`v wk tvcfwkoe konc`koe% gk otgkncþk o ~w~ mvokdg~

nvâbgkg~R+ — â >1 dg Bos` dg ?8>1 # ?4>

K+± 8=+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` Qv`yc~`vc` dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôktcom` dge

G~tgv`% oe dg eo dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% gkyâo eo n`kygkncþk ngegfvodogktvg D+ Joycgv Eþqgz s D+ Igecqg Cfovvo ge 69 dg bos`R+ — (?

dg Jwkc` dg ?8>1 #++++- ?49



" 4>? —Qïmcko~

K+*& 88+ — \ Ncvnweov dge M`fcgvk` dg Fogk`~ Ocvg~% oe M`fgvkod`v

dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% gk wg eg qovtcncqo ge k`bfvobcgkt`

dg D+ J`~ã Bovâo V`jo~ gk noecdod dg dcqwtod` qovo wg i`v"boecng ge tvotod` dg oecok+o ìgk~cyo s dgigk~cyo n`ki`vbg o eo

n`kygkncþk qvgecbckov ngegfvodo n`k g~o qv`yckncoR+ — (6 dgJwkc` dg ?8>1 # ?71

K%& 83+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~Ocvg~% wg eo n`bc~cþk ho wgdod` vgdwncdo o eo qgv~`ko dg D`kGk~gfc` Omõgv`R+ — ( 7 dg Jwkc` dg ?8>1 # ?7?

K+& 31+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe gkycod` gxtvo`vdckovc`+

D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% eg vgbctg% q`v cktgvbgdc` dge M`fgvkod`v Dgeg"

mod`% yovco~ n`bwkcnonc`kg~ gktvg D+ J`~ã Bovâo Qoz s D+ G~to"

kc~eo` Eþqgz s oe bc~b` tcgbq` dc~q`kg wg vgmvg~g ckbgdcoto"… bgktg o qv`~gmwcv ~w n`bc~cþk oktg eo~ `tvo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`vo"

eg~ R+ — ( = dg Jwkc` dg ?8>1# ?76

K+± 3?+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~%

oe M`fgvkod`v Qv`qcgtovc` dg eo bc~bo% wg ~g lo gktgvod` dg

eo n`vvg~q`kdgknco gktvg D+ J`~ã Bovâo Qoz s D+ G~tokc~eo`

Eþqgz s wg D+ Qgdv` Igvvã g~tï q`v ~oecv qovo ~w dg~tck` R+— ( ?? dg Jwkc` dg ?8>1 # ?7>

K+± 36+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe M`fgvkod`v dg ôktoIg% eg okwknco eo~ dc~q`~cnc`kg~ qovo eo ~oecdo dge n`bc~c`kod`D+ Qgdv` Igâvã s wg g~qgvo wg ge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo gk"tvovï gk vozþk R+ — ( ?6 dg Jwkc` dg ?8>1 # ?74

K+* 3>+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg N`vvcgktg~%% oc M`fgvkod`vQv`qcgtovc` dg eo bc~bo% wg n`k eo ~oecdo dge ìâncoe dg ~gnvg"

tovâo qovo ge n`bc~c`kod` D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% wgdo ~ck g~nvcfcgktg

oemwk` R+

—( 67 dg Jwkc` dg ?8>1 # ?77

K+± 34+ — \ Ge Gkycod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oe M`fgvkod`vdg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% omvodgng eo otgkncþk wg ho bg"vgncd` ~w n`vvg~q`kdgkncoR+ — (69 dg Jwkc` dg ?8>1# ?79

K+& 37+ — \Ge Bckc~tv` ~gnvgtovc` dge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~% onw~ovgncf` dge k`bfvobcgkt` dg D+ J`~ã B+ G`xo~ qovo ngegfvov ge

tvotod` +gktvg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~R+ — (> dg Om`~t`-dg ?8>1#+ ?7=

K+± 39+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Notobovno% oe Bckc~tv` dg Vgeonc`kg~

Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% onw~o vgncf` dg eo~ k`to~ vgeotcyo~

o eo~ bcvo~ dg G~qoÿo s ìvgng t`do neo~g dg owxcec`~% s wgg~tï dc~qwg~t` o nwoeg~wcgvo neo~g dg `vmokczoncþk konc`koe wgwcgvok dov~g eo~ qv`ycknco~ ovmgktcko~ vgwkcdo~ gk N`kmvg~`mgkgvoeR+ — ( 9 dg Om`~t` dg ?8">1 # ?78

K+& 3=+ — \Ge n`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% oe M`"fgvkod`v dg ~w qv`ycknco% eg vgbctg ge cki`vbg wg bokcicg~to

ge vg~wetod` dg ~w mg~tcþk ngvno dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig sGktvg Vâ`~ R+ — ( ?> dg Om`~t` dg ?8>1 # ?91

K+± 38+ — \ K`to vg~gvyodo dge Bckc~tv` dg M`fcgvk` s Vgeonc`kg~

Gxtgvc`vg~ dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% o ~w n`bc~c`kod`D+ J`~ã Bovâo V`xo~% gk wg ~g eg tvok~bctgk e`~ ovtânwe`~ wg n`k"

ycgkg ~g cknewsok gk eo n`kygkncþk dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~%

odgbï~ dg eo~ ck~tvwnnc`kg~ wg tcgkg vgncfcdo~R+— (?9 dg Om`~t`dg ?8>1# ?9?

K+* 33+ — \ Ge N`bc~c`kod` dge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo% oe Bckc~tv` dgM`fcgvk` s Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% qcdg ~w qo~o"

q`vtg qovo qo~ov o eo Fokdo @vcgktoe gk otgkncþk o wg k` ~ghok otgkdcd` ~w~ vgneob`~ i`vbweod`~ q`v eo gxqwe~cþk dg yovco~

qgv~`ko~ dge cktgvc`v% gk ~w bos`vâo dg Nþvd`fo R+ — (4 dg ^gq"tcgbfvg dg ?8>1 # ?94



4>6 —Qïmcko~

K+& ?11+ — \ D+ V`bïk O+ Dghg~o% oe M`fgvkod`v dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~%

eg qovtcncqo% n`k eo d`nwbgktoncþk on`bqoÿodo% wg ~g hoeeo n`k~"

tctwcd` gk ge M`fcgvk` dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv` q`v dgegmoncþk dgewg e` gjgvnâoR+ — (9 o 3 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1# ?99

K+& ?1?+ — \Ge N`bc~c`kod` dge M`fcgvk` dg Nþvd`fo% D+ Gw~gfcÒmõgv`% oe Bckc~tv` dg M`fcgvk` s Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Fwg"k`~ Ocvg~% wg ho vg~wget` yovcov dg dg~tck` s qcdg ~g eg vgbctowk kwgy` qo~oq`vtg qovo Nþvd`foR+— |?1 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1#+ ?=1

K+& ?16+ — \ Ge N`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~% o ~w M`fcgvk`% eg vgbctgn`qco dg e`~ kwgy`~ ovtânwe`~ wg ge M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ho qo~od` o ~w dcqwtod` D+ J`~ã Bovâo V`jo~ s QotvþkR+— (?>dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1# ?=6

K+& ?1>+ — \ E`~ Omgktg~ dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ dg ôeto% ôk Jwok% ôkEwc~% Bgkd`zo% Notobovno% Twnwbïk% ôktcom` dge G~tgv` s Vc`jo%

~g dcvcmgk oe M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~ qovo gx"

qvg~oveg wg tcgkgk þvdgkg~ tgvbckoktg~ dg ~w~ vg~qgntcy`~ M`"fcgvk`~ qovo ofvcv n`bwkcnonc`kg~ ivokno~ s obc~t`~o~ n`k e`~ dg

eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~R+ — (?> dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1# ?=>

K+± ?14+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo% D+ J`~ã B+ Qoz% vgbctg oe

M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~ wk qecgm` ~w~nvcqt` q`v e`~ omgktg~ dg

eo~ qv`ycknco~ cktgvc`vg~ s gknovgng ge qv`qþ~ct` dg qoncicnoncþk

wg okcbo o t`do~ eo~ qv`ycknco~R+ — (?4 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1#+ ?=7

K+& ?17+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg eo

qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% cknewsg wk qecgm` dg e`~ omgktg~ dg

ôeto% ôk Jwok% ôk Ewc~% Bgkd`zo% Notobovno% Twnwbïk% ôk"tcom` dge G~tgv` s Vc`jo ckyctokd` o ofvcv n`bwkcnonc`kg~ s ogkycov wk omgktg dcqe`bïtcn` qovo ge ovvgme` dg eo~ dcigvgknco~

gktvg eo~ qv`ycknco~R+ — (?> s ?4 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1# ?=9

K+± ?19+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~ oyc~o% oe dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~%

hofgv k`bfvod` o D+ Bokwge Egsyo% ~w n`bc~c`kod` gk vggbqeoz`dg D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% wg vgkwkncþR+ — ( ?4 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1#+ ?=3

K+± ?1=+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o D+ Bokwge Egcyo% eg

qovtcncqo wg% q`v gxnw~oncþk dg D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% ~g eg ho dg~cm"

kod` Dcqwtod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg N`vvcgktg~ ngvno dg eo~ qv`yck"

nco~ ect`voeg~ qovo ngegfvov wk qont` dg oecokzo% gktvg geeo~% wgeo~ q`kmo o nwfcgvt` dg t`do omvg~cþkR+ — ( ?4 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg

?8>1 # ?8?

K+± ?18+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~ gegyo% oe H" N+ Q+ dg eo

qv`ycknco% ge cki`vbg dg D+ Qgdv` Igvvã vgeotcy` o eo kgm`nconcþk

wg ~g eg gkn`bgkdþ ngvno dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~ dg Fwgk`~

Ocvg~% Gktvg Vâ`~ s ôkto IgR+ — (66 dg ^gqtcgbfvgdg

?8>1#++ ?86K+± ?13+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe dg N`vvcgktg~% onw~o


Qgdv` IgvvãR+ — (6> dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1# ?84

K+± ??1+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe dg N`vvcgktg~% onw~o


D+ Qgdv` Igvvã s qv`bgtg ~w vgn`k`ncbcgkt` R+ — (67 dg ^gqtcgb"

fvg dg ?8>1# ?87

K+± ???+ — \K`to dg D+ Qgdv` Igvvã% oe M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco

dg N`vvcgktg~% gk wg onw~o vgncf` dg hofgv~g oqv`fod` ~w n`k"

dwnto s qcdg ecwcdoncþk dg ~w~ hofgvg~ s mo~t`~R+ — (69 dg ^gq"

tcgbfvg dg ?8>1 # ?87

K+± ??6+ — \ Ge N`bc~c`kod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~ oktg e`~

m`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~% vgkwknco oe novm` iwkdod` gk eo ioeto dg n`k`"ncbcgkt`~ ~wicncgktg~ dg eo~ botgvco~ gk nwg~tcþk s gk eo ontctwd

`f~gvyodo q`v Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ honco ~w vgqvg~gktodo R+ — (6= dg

^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>1# ?8=



— 4>> —Qïmcko~

K+- ??>+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~

Ocvg~% qcdg gxqecnonc`kg~ q`veo qvc~cþk dge bos`v Ïktoÿo

seo

gxqotvconcþk dg tokt`~ ncwdodok`~ n`vd`fg~g~ R+— (4 dg @ntwfvg

dg ?8>1# ?88

K+¼ ??4+ — \Ge Q+ G+ dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% oe H+ N+ Q+ dg

eo bc~bo% qovo wg vg~wgeyo ~`fvg eo k`to dge Bckc~tgvc` dg Vg"

eonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Nhceg% gk eo wg ~g qv`q`kgk oemwk`~ bg"

dc`~ qovo n`knewcv eo mwgvvo ncyce gktvg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ovmgktcko~R+

—( = dg @n"twfvg dg ?8>1 # ?31

K+& ??7+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% oe dg eo

qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% onw~o vgncf` dge k`bfvobcgkt` dg D+ Bo"kwge Egcyo R+ — ( ?9 dg @ntwfvg dg ?8>1 # ?3?

K+& ??9+ — \ Ge Q+ G+ dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% gkyâo oe H+ N+ Q+

dg eo bc~bo% n`qco dg n`bwkcnonc`kg~ vgncfcdo~ dg Nþvd`fo% ôk"

tcom` dge G~tgv`% ôkto Ig% sdg D+ Bokwge Egcyo% o ick dg

wgdgecfgvg e` wg hoeeo q`v n`kygkcgktg ~`fvg o~wkt`~ tok cbq`v"

toktg~R+ —(6? dg @ntwfvg dg ?8>1# ?36

K+& ??=+ — \E`~ omgktg~ dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ cktgvc`vg~% vgwkcd`~ gk

Nþvd`fo% vgbctgk% oe M`fgvkod`v dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ge tvotod` ng"

egfvod` ge >? dg om`~t` dg ?8>1 q`v kwgyg qv`ycknco~% gk ge nwoe

~g nvgo wk ~wqvgb` q`dgv bcectovR+ — (6? dg @ntwfvg dg ?8>1#+ ?3>

K+± ??8+— \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg eo dg

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% qovtcncqo wg gk nwbqecbcgkt` dge tvotod` dg >?

dg om`~t` dg ?8>1 iwã qwg~t` gk q`~g~cþk dge ~oqvgb` bokd`bcectov R+ — ( 66 dg @ntwfvg dg ?8>1 # ?33

K+& ??3+ — \Ge mgkgvoe D+ J`~ã B+ Qoz vgbctg% oe M`fgvkod`v dg

N`vvcgktg~% ge tvotod` ojw~tod` ge >? dg om`~t` gktvg e`~ omgktg~

dg eo~ qv`ycknco~% s wg wgdþ ck~toeod`ge

~wqvgb` bokd` bc"ectov s qwg~t`% ge wg ~w~nvcfg% gk q`~g~cþk dge bc~b`R+— (66 dg

@ntwfvg dg ?8>1# 61?

K+* ?61+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% o e`~

omgktg~ dcqe`bïtcn`~ dg eo~ qv`ycknco~% vgwkcd`~ gk Nþvd`fo% wg

g~tï q`~gâd` dg e`~ bc~b`~ ~gktcbcgkt`~ dg n`kn`vdco% qgv` wghoeeïkd`~g qgkdcgktg eo icvbo dg wk tvotod` gktvg eo~ qv`ycknco~

ect`voeg~% ~w n`kdwnto dgfg gbokov dg dcnho kgm`nconcþk% ~ck wg

q`v g~t` ~g gknwgktvg dc~toktg dg ongqtov eo ckyctoncþkR+ — (69dg @ntwfvg dg ?8>1# 616

K+& ?6?+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~% oe dg ôkto Ig% wg D+ Bo"kwge Egcyo k` ho wgvcd` ongqtov ge k`bfvobcgkt` qovo n`knewcv

ge tvotod` n`k eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~R+— (69 dg @ntwfvg dg ?8>1#+ 614

K+& ?66+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o D+ Bokwge Egcyo% egongqto eo vgkwknco foj` eo ~gmwvcdod wg gk `tvo `no~cþk k` dg"

jovï dg qvg~tov ~w~ ~gvycnc`~ gk `f~gwc` dg eo qv`yckncoR+ — (69dg @ntwfvg dg ?8>1# 617

K+* ?6>+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~% oe Bckc~tv` dg Vgeonc`kg~Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Nhceg% omvodgng eo bgdconcþk ìvgncdo q`v g~g m`"fcgvk`% qgv` wg hoeeïkd`~g qgkdcgktg eo ngegfvoncþk dg wk tvo"

tod` gktvg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~% q`~tgvmo ge o~wkt`% q`v nkokt`~w n`kdwnto dgfg gbokov dg g~to kgm`nconcþkR+— (69 dg @ntwfvgdg ?8>1 # 619

K+± ?64+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþv"d`fo% gk vg~qwg~to o eo wg eg vgbctâo eo dg e`~ omgktg~ dcqe`"bïtcn`~ vgwkcd`~ gk g~to úetcbo% eg gxqvg~o e`~ qv`qþ~ct`~ dgN`vvcgktg~

s eg qovtcncqo wg so ho n`ktg~tod` o dcnh`~ omgktg~R+— (69 (âg @ntwfvg dg ?8>1# 618K+& ?67+ — \Ge m`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe dg eo dg

N`vvcgktg~% onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`tcnco dg eo vgkwknco dg D+ Bo"kwge Egcyo R+ — ( > dg K`ycgbfvg dg ?8>1 # 613

QõFE+ ^gn+ Hc~t+ — T+ XYC 68



— 4>4 "Qïmcko~

K+± ?69+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~% n`bwkcno oe dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~%

wg D+ Bokwge Egcyo k` ho wgvcd` ongqtov ge k`bfvobcgkt`

qovo n`knewcv ge tvotod` n`k eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~R+ — (3 dgK`ycgbfvg dg ?8>1 # 6?1

K+± ?6=+ — \D+ Ivoknc~n` Okt`kc` Cfovvo% oe M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`"

ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg dg~qwã~ dg hofgv ~cd` dgvv`nod` ge

n`v`kge Dghgzo iwã gegnt` M`fgvkod`v qv`yc~`vc` dg eo qv`ycknco

dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`R+ — (4 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>1# 6?6K+± ?68+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg ôk Ewc~% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~

Ocvg~% eg vgy`no eo owt`vczoncþk qovo mg~tc`kov e`~ kgm`nc`~ gxtg"

vc`vg~ bcgktvo~ k` ck~qcvg bos`v n`kicokzo o t`d`~ e`~ qwgfe`~ dge

cktgvc`v ecmod`~ n`k eo bcvo dg n`k~tctwcv ge qoc~R+ — (7 dg Dc"

ncgbfvg dg ?8>1# 6?4K+± e63+ — \Le Bckc~tv` dg eo Mwgvvo dge M`fcgvk` dg Bgkd`zo% oe

dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg ~g

eg vgy`no eo owt`vczoncþk qovo n`kdwncv eo~ vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~R+— ( 68 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>1 # 6?9K+± ?>1+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôk Jwok% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwg"

k`~ Ocvg~% eg vgtcvo eo owt`vczoncþk wg q`v ~w qovtg tgkco qovobokgjov eo~ vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~R+ — (4 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>?#++++ 6?8

K+± ?>?+ — \E`~ Dcqwtod`~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vâ`~%

gkyâok oe M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~ ge tvotod`

~w~nvcqt` ge 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>? s gxqecnok e`~ b`tcy`~ q`vwg ~g

ho ngegfvod` ~ck eo n`knwvvgknco dge dcqwtod` dg N`vvcgktg~R+ —( 9 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>?# 6?3

K+& ?>6+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o e`~ m`fcgvk`~ dg Fwgk`~Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vâ`~% eg~ k`tcnco eo dg~cmkoncþk dg D+ Bo"kwge Egcyo gk novïntgv dg n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` o `fjgt` dg

eegyov odgeoktg ho~to ~w n`knew~cþk ge tvotod` qgkdcgktg% s wg so~g eg hok gkycod` ge dcqe`bo s eo~ ck~tvwnnc`kg~R+— (?> dg Gkgv`dg ?8>?# 661

K+± ?>>+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o eo H+ V+ dg eo qv`yck"

nco% n`bwkcno eo kwqyo dg~cmkoncþk dg D+ Bokwge Egcyo gk noecdod

dg n`bc~c`kod` qovo wg eegyg o nof` eo kgm`nconcþk qgkdcgktg

n`k eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ s eg qcdg dgecfgvg ~`fvg geeoR+ — ( ?>

dg Gkgv` dg ?8>? # 66?

K+± ?>4+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% o D+ Bo"kwge Egcyo% eg n`bwkcno ge k`bfvobcgkt` dg N`bc~c`kod` gxtvo"

`vdckovc` qovo eegyov odgeoktg eo~ kgm`nconc`kg~ qgkdcgktg~ n`k

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vâ`~< eg odjwkto ge dcqe`bo s eo~

ck~tvwnnc`kg~R+ — ( ?4 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>?# 666

K+± ?>7+ \Dcqe`bo dge N`bc~c`kod` dãeo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~oktg eo~ qv`ycknco~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vâ`~R+

( ?4 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>? # 66>

K+± ?>9+ — \ Ck~tvwnnc`kg~ dge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~ o ~w N`bc~c`"

kod` oktg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vâ`~% D+ Bokwge EgcyoR+

—( ?4 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>? # 664

K+± ?>=+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% o ~w n`bc"

~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc`% D+ Bokwge Egcyo% eg k`tcnco eo vg~èwncþk

dg eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ ~`fvg ge h`k`vovc` wg dgfg dc~ivwtovR+

(?4 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>? #669

K+± ?>8+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ dg ~w

qv`ycknco% qo~o n`qco dge tvotod` ngegfvod` gktvg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~%

ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vâ`~ s dgbï~ d`nwbgktoncþk qgvtckgktg qovo wg

vg~wgeyo ~`fvg dcnh` tvotod`R+ —( ?7 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>?# 66=

K+& ?+>3+ — \Eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ dg N`vvcgktg~% oe M`fgvkod`v dg ~w

qv`ycknco% eg qovtcncqo e`~ vgqov`~ s omvgmod`~ wg g~tcbo n`kyg"

kcgktg~ oe tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>? J+ —(?8 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>? #+ 66=



" 4>7 "Qïmcko~

K+& ?41+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% o e`~ Dc"

qwtod`~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vâ`~% eg~ qovtcncqo e`~vgqov`~ oe tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>?% e`~ wg wko ygz ~oe"

yod`~ ge Dcqwtod` qv`ngdgvï o eo n`knew~cþk dg dcnh` tvotod`%

~wf~nvcfcãkdè` n`b` n`vvg~q`kdgR +—

( ?3 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>?#+++ 663

K+& ?4?+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% o ~w n`"

bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc`% D+ Bokwge Egcyo% eg vgbctg eo d`nwbgk"

toncþk vgeotcyo oe tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>?% qovo wg oeeo"

kod`~ e`~ vgqov`~ g ckn`kygkcgktg~ qv`ngdo o icvbove` gk e`~ tãv"

bck`~ wg n`vvg~q`kdgR+ — (?3 dg Gkgv` dg ?8"Je # 6>1ââ+± ?46+ — \Ge n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg N`vvcgktg~+ D+ Bokwge

Egcyo% oe M`fgvkod`v dg ~w qv`ycknco% wg ongqto ge novm` n`k wg

~g eg ho ckyg~tcd`R+ " ( 66 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>? # 6>?

K+& ?4>+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig%

oe M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% wg D+ Bokwge Egcyo ho ~cd` vgn`"k`ncd` gk ge novïntgv dg N`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` ngvno dg e`~

M`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~R+" (? dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>?# 6>6

ââ+± ?44+ — \Ge N`bc~c`kod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% o e`~ dg

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% ôkto Ig s Gktvg Vâ`~% q`kg gk ~w~ bok`~ ge k`b"fvobcgkt` y[ qcdg eg ckdcwgk eo `q`vtwkcdod qovo n`bgkzov eo

tovgoR+ " ( 6 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>? # 6>>

K+& ?47+ — Novto n`kicdgkncoe dg ^+ G+ ge ~gÿ`v M`fgvkod`v dg eo

Qv`ycknco \dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~R% oe ~gÿ`v mgkgvoe _wcv`mo% \gk wgeg odjwkto ge tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>? s eg gxqvg~o ~w `qc"

kcþk ~`fvg eo vgwkcþk dg wk N`kmvg~`R+— ( > dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>?#+ 6>4

K+± ?49+ — \Eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ M`fcgvk`~ dg eo~ qv`"

ycknco~ ect`voeg~ k`bfvo oe fvcmodcgv D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz mgkgvoe

gk jgig dge gjãvnct` oec+cd`R+ — (?7 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>?#+ 6>9K+& ?4=+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` Dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo

N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo ck~toeoncþk s gegnncþk

dg owt`vcdodg~ dg g~o n`bc~cþkR+ — (61 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>?# ++ 6>=K+& ?48+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg eo Qv`ycknco dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe Qvg~cdgktg

dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo ck~toeoncþk sgegnncþk dg owt`vcdodg~ dg g~o n`bc~cþkR+ — (6? dg Igfvgv` dg

?8>?# 6>8K+& ?43+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`"

bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% gxq`kg eo ~ctwoncþk dg ~w qv`ycknco n`kb`tcy` dg eo~ ~wfegyonc`kg~ vgncgktg~ s qcdg owxcec`~R+ — (66 dg

Igfvgv` dg ?8>? # 6>3K+& ?71+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` Dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo

N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% odjwkto ge fègtâk dg ge tvcwki` dge gjãv"nct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`R+ — (66 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>? # 641

K+& ?7?+ — \ Ge N`bc~c`kod` Gxtvo`vdckovc` dg N`vvcgktg~% oe M`fgv"kod`v dg ~w qv`ycknco% eg n`k~weto ~`fvg ~c dgfg ck~c~tcv gk e`~

vgqov`~ oe tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>?% ` dgfg ~wf~nvcfcve` gkotgkncþk o wg so ~g hoeeo votcicnod` q`v e`~ `tv`~ M`fcgvk`~R+

( 66 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>? # 64?K+± ?76+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc"

~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% eg qcdg owxcec` dg tv`qo~ gk otgkncþk o e`~

b`ycbcgkt`~ dg Vcnovd` Eþqgz J`vdïkR+ — (6> dg Igfvgv` dg

?8>?# 64>K+& ?7>+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe Qvg~c"

dgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% on`bqoÿo d`nwbgkt`~ s qcdg

owxcec`~ n`k b`tcy` dg eo ckyo~cþk dg Eþqgz J`vdïk% Wvwczo s`tv`~R+ — ( 64 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>? # 644K+± ?74+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% oe Qvg"

~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% ~`fvg e`~ owxcec`~ qovoGktvg Vâ`~R+ — ( 6= dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>? # 647



" 4>Õ

Qïmcko~

K+¼ ?77+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod`dg eo qv`ycknco% qovo wg gegyg o eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ eo novto dge

n`bc~c`kod` Egcyo% o e`~ ickg~ dg vg~èygv ~`fvg geeoR+ — (? dgBovz` dg ?8>? # 649

K+± ?79+— \Ge M`fcgvk` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc"~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% wg ~oedvï ge ~gnvgtovc` dge mgkgvoe G~qck`qovo dov gxqecnonc`kg~ dg oeto cbq`vtoknco s `ftgkgv kk owxcec`~wicncgktgR+ — (? dg Bovz` dg ?8>? # 64=

K+± ?7=+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` Dgegmod` dg N`vvcgktg~% o eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+dg eo qv`ycknco% vgbctg eo d`nwbgktoncþk dge n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo"

`vdckovc`% D+ Bokwge Egcyo% qovo wg ~g ~cvyo dgecfgvov ~`fvg ge

o~wkt` R+ — ( 4 dg Bovz` dg ?8>? # 648K+& ?78+ — \G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg"

~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` s ongqto ge k`bfvobcgkt` dg mgkgvoe gkjgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`R+ — (9 dg Bovz` dg ?8>? #+ 643

K+& ?73+ — \Eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ dg N`vvcgktg~% oe M`fgvkod`v Dgeg"mod` dg eo qv`ycknco% wg ~g dgfg ck~c~tcv gk e`~ vgqov`~ qwg~t`~oe tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>?% s ~g eeobo eo otgkncþk ~`fvg

eo n`kdwnto qvgncqctodo s ycègkto wg hok od`qtod` eo~ `tvo~ tvg~

qv`ycknco~ oe ~wf~nvcfcve`R+— (= dg Bovz` dg ?8>?# 671K+± ?91+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg N`vvcgktg~% oe M`fgvkod`v

dg eo qv`ycknco% vgbctg n`qco dg eo vg~èwncþk dg eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+

n`k dg~tck` oe n`bc~c`kod` Egcyo s vgeotcyo oe tvotod` dg 4 dggkgv` dg ?8>? R+ — ( 8 dg Bovz` dg ?8>? # 676

K+& ?9?+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~%

oe n`bc~c`kod` D+ Bokwge Egcyo% eg vgbctg n`qco dg eo vg~èwncþk

dg eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ vgeotcyo oe tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>? R+— ( 8 dg Bovz` dg ?8>? # 67>

K+* ?96+— \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig% oe Qvg~cdgktg dgeo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dge k`bfvobcgkt` vgnoâd`

gk ge fvcmodcgv mgkgvoe D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz n`b` jgig dge gjãv"

nct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`R+ — ( 3 dg Bovz` dg ?8>? #+ 674

K+± ?9>+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg

eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo dg~cmkoncþk dg

D+ J`~ã Geco~ Moec~tg` n`b` ~gnvgtovc` dg dcnho N`bc~cþkR+ — (3

dg Bovz` dg ?8>? # 677ââ+± ?94+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Gktvg Vâ`~%

oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo

dg~cmkoncþk dge fvcmodcgv mgkgvoe D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz n`b` jgig

dge gjãvnct` n`kigdgvod` R+ — ( ?1 dg Bovz` dg ?8>? # 679

K+± ?97+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Gktvg Vâ`~%

oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dge

k`bfvobcgkt` dg D+ J`~ã Geco~ Moec~tg` n`b` ~gnvgtovc` cktgvck`

dg dcnho n`bc~cþk R+ — (?1 dg Bovz` dg ?8>? # 67=

K+& ?99+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Gktvg Vâ`~%

oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% wg g~ wvmgktg ge

owxcec` dg nofoeegvâo wg ho ~ècnctod` R+ — (?1 dg Bovz` dg ?8>? # 67=

K+± ?9=+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig+ oe Qvg~cdgktg dg

eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% vgbctg ge fègtâk kúbgv` 4 dge gjãv"

nct` n`kigdgvod` R+ — ( ?1 dg Bovz` dg ?8>? # 678

K+* ?98+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg


nct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod` y qovtcncqo ge egyoktobcgkt` dg eo qv`"

ycknco dg eo Vc`jo R+ — ( 6Â dg Bovz` dg ?8>? # 673

K+± ?93+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig%


kúbgv` 9 dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod` R+ — (68 dg Bovz`

dg ?8>? # 691



" 4>= "

Qcmckw

L+& ?=1+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig%

oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% gkyco ge fègtâk

kúbgv` = dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod` R+ — (7 dg Ofvce dg

?8>? # 69?

K+& ?=?+ — \Ge Bckc~tv` dg M`fcgvk` s Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% wg ~g

ho dgegmod` gk e`~ tvg~ Bckc~tv`~ ge bokd` dg eo qv`ycknco% dwvoktg

eo ow~gknco dge m`fgvkod`v tctweovR+ — (9 dg Ofvce dg ?8+>?#++ 696

K+& ?=6+ — \Ge n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ BokwgeEgcyo% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% n`bwkcno e`~

vgqov`~ qwg~t`~ q`v eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ dg ~w qv`ycknco oe tvotod`

dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>? s g~qgvo wko ~èwncþk ~otc~iont`vcoR+

— (8 dg Ofvce dg ?8>?# 69>

K+& ?=>+ — \Ge n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Bo"kwge Egcyo% oe M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg ~w qv`ycknco% eg hong

~ofgv e` n`bwkcnod` oe qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gkto"

tcyo R+—( ?? dg Ofvce dg ?8>?# 697

K+& ?=4+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe Qvg~cdgktg

dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% wg ge M`fcgvk` @vcgktoe ho gk"

ycod` o D+ Gyovc~t` Novvcgm` gk noecdod dg omgktg qèâtcn` ngvno

dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ dg Gktvg Vâ`~ s N`vvcgktg~ s qcdg ck~tvwnnc`kg~

oe vg~qgnt` R+ — ( 61 dg Ofvce dg ?8>? #+* 699

K+± ?=7+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg [okto Ig% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg


nct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod` R — (67 ¬cg Ofvce dg ?8>? # 69=K+& ?=9+ — \Eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~%

oe n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg N`vvcgktg~% n`ktg~to o e`~ vgqo"

v`~ `qwg~t`~ oe tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>?%s

wg eo n`k"

dwnto dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ oecodo~ k` ho ~cd` ycègkto s qvgncqctodo%

gk otgkncþk o e` dceotod` dg eo~ kgm`nconc`kg~ s o eo gxc~tgknco

dge q`dgv bcectov dg Nþvd`fo R+ — (6= dg Ofvce dg ?8>?# 698K+& ?==+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig% oe Qvg~cdgktg

dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% gkyco ge fègtâk kúbgv` 3 dge

gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`R — (6= dg Ofvce dg ?8>?# 6=1K+& ?=8+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg Bgkd`zo% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþv"

d`fo% eg qovtcncqo wg vgtcvo ge n`ktckmgktg dg tv`qo~ s wg ge

qont` dg wk qovtcd` k` qwgdg ecmov o eo qv`ycknco gktgvo% n`k"

dwnto wg so hok od`qtod` ôk Jwok% ôk Ewc~ s Eo Vc`joR+— ( Bos` dg ?8>? # 6=?

K+& ?=3+ — \Ge n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ BokwgeEgcyo% oe M`fcgvk` dg ~w qv`ycknco% eg vgbctg eo n`ktg~toncþk dgeo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg 6= dg ofvce qqd`+ s g~qgvo wkovg~èwncþk ickoe dg ~w qovtgR+ — (4 dg Bos` dg ?8>?# 6=>

K+& ?81+ — \Ge dcqwtod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ oeo N`"bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% D+ J`~ã Bovâo V`jo~% o e`~ `tv`~ dcqwtod`~%

wg dgfg ow~gktov~g q`v wk bg~ ` d`~ q`v voz`kg~ dg ~oewd R+

— (9 dg Bos` dg ?8>?# 6=4K+± ?8?+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg N`vvcgktg~% o ~w n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdc"

kovc`% D+ Bokwge Egcyo% ~`fvg ~w~ gbèwbgkt`~R+ — (= dg Bos`dg ?8>?# 6=7

K+* ?86+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o ~w n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`v"dckovc`% D+ Bokwge Egcyo% oqvwgfo ~w~ mg~tc`kg~ oktg eo N`bc"~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~ m`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~R+ — (= dg Bos`dg ?8>? # 6=9

K+± ?8>+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig%oe qvg~cdgktg dg io N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% gkyâo ge fègtâkkúbgv` ?1 dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod` vgeotcy` o eo qvc~cþkdge Mgkgvoe QozR+ — ( ?7 dg Bos` dg ?8>? # 6==



4>8 "

Qïmcko~

K+& ?84+ — \ Ge fvcmodcgv mgkgvoe G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz% oe M`fgvkod`vdg Nþvd`fo% wg owk k` ~g ho `ftgkcd` wk vg"wetod` dgnc~cy`%

~ck dg~g~qgvov q`v gee` dg eegmov o wko tvok~onncþkR+ — (66 dgBos` dg ?8>?# 6=8

K+± ?87+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg N`vvcgktg~% oe n`bc~c`kod`gxtvo`vdckovc` dg eo qv`ycknco% D+ Bokwge Egcyo% wg ho qo~odò eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ t`d`~ e`~ gegbgkt`~ dg eo kgm`nconcþk n`k

eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyoR+ — ( 69 dg Bos` dg ?8>? # 6=8

K+± ?89+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg N`vvcgktg~% o eo H+ ^+ dg

V+ V+ dg eo qv`ycknco% gegyo e`~ oktgngdgktg~ dg eo kgm`nconcþk

dge n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc`% D+ Bokwge EgcyoR+ — ( 69 dg Bos`dg ?8>?# 6=3

K+± ?8=+ — \Ge fvcmodcgv mgkgvoe D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz% oe qvg~cdgktg

dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% cki`vbo ~`fvg e`~ vg~wetod`~ dg

eo~ kgm`nconc`kg~ qoncicno~ gktofeodo~ n`k ge M`fcgvk` dg Nþv"

d`fo% owkwg gk geeo~ owk k` ~g ho n`bqvgkdcd` oe gjãvnct` ko"

nc`koe ~wfegyod`R+ — ( >1 dg Bos` dg ?8>? # 681

K+± ?88+ — \N`kygkc` ngegfvod` gktvg ge M`fgvkod`v Cktgvck` dg

Nþvd`fo s ge Mgkgvoe gk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`%

bgdcoktg ge nwoe ~g q`kg gk qgvignto ovb`kâo n`k eo~ qv`ycknco~

ect`voeg~R+ — ( >1 dg Bos` dg ?8>? # 68?

K+± ?83+ — \Ncvnweov dge Dv+ J`~ã V`wg Iwkg~% o e`~ m`fcgvk`~ dg

Bgkd`zo% ôk Jwkk% ôk Ewc~ +s Eo Vc`jo% wg ho ~cd` ckyg~tcd`

dge novm` cktgvck` dg M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`foR+ — (= dg Jwkc`

dg ?8>? # 68>

K+& ?31+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig%


kúbgv` ?6 dge gjãvnct` owxcecovn`kigdgvod`R+

— (??dg Jwkc`

dg ?8>? # 684

B+± ?3?+ — N`bwkcnoncþk ìcncoe o e`~ ^+ ^+ Gxngegktâ~cb`~ M`"

fcgvk`~ dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% Notobovno% Twnwbïk s ôeto% \gk

wg qovtcncqo eo n`kygkncþk ngegfvodo n`k ge mgkgvoe gk jgig dge

gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod` ge >1 dg bos` dg ?8>?R+ — (?7 dg

Jwkc` dg ?8>? # 687

K+± ?36+ — \Ge Dv+ J`~ã V+ Iwkg~% oe M`fgvkod`v dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~%

wg ho ~cd` gegmcd` qovo eo qvcbgvo bomc~tvotwvo dg eo qv`yck"

nco s gxqvg~o e`~ bgj`vg~ y`t`~ dg ~ckngvo obc~tod o ick dg qv`"

b`ygv n`k eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ ge bï~ qv`kt` e`mv` dg eo

`vmokczoncþk konc`koeR+ — ( ?9 dg Jwkc` dg ?8>? # 68=

K+± ?3>+ — \E`~ Dcqwtod`~ dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg e`~

m`fcgvk`~ ect`voeg~% oe Mgkgvoe gk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`k"igdgvod`% wg k` ~g hok q`dcd` qv`kwkncov ~`fvg ge tvotod` ngeg"

fvod` n`k Nþvd`fo% q`v hofgv eegmod` n`k otvo~`R+ — (?= dg

Jwkc` dg ?8>? # + +631

K+± ?34+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v qv`yc~`vc` dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% igec"

ncto oe Mgkgvoe gk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod` q`v ~w

tvcwki`R+ — ( 6> dg Jwkc` dg ?8>? #63?

K+& ?37+ — \Ge Mgkgvoe gk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`% oe

M`fgvkod`v Cktgvck` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% wg eo dgb`vo

gk eo n`knew~cþk dge tvotod` dge >1 dg bos` k` `f~to qovo ge

ãxct` dg eo kgm`nconcþk% s wg g~ bï~ `q`vtwk` ge gkyâ` dg wk

dcqwtod` oktg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg ôkto IgR+ — ( 6 dg

Jwec` dg ?8>? #636

K+± ?39+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Cktgvck` dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% oe M`"fgvkod`v dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig% wg eo qv`ycknco tcgkg cktgvã~

gk i`vbov qovtg dg eo Ecmo Ect`voe qgv` wg k` qwgdg k`bfvov

dcqwtod` q`v k` hofgv egmc~eotwvoR+— (7 dg Jwec` dg ?8>?# 634



— 4>3 —Qïmcko~

K+& ?3=+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Cktgvck` dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% oe M`"

fgvkod`v dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg eo qv`ycknco dg~go gktvov o eo

Ecmo Ect`voe s wg nwokd` ~g vgúko eo egmc~eotwvo gkycovï wkdcqwtod` o ôkto Ig+ Dgegmo o Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ eo~ vgeonc`kg~ gxtg"

vc`vg~R+ — ( 7 dg Jwec` dg ?8>? # 637

K+& ?38+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v cktgvck` dg Nþvd`fo% oe Mgkgvoe gk Jgig

dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`% onk~o vgncf` dg eo n`bwkcno"

ncþk vgeotcyo o eo dgb`vo dg eo votcicnoncþk dge n`kygkc` dg >1dg bos` s wg g~qgvo ~g vgúko eo egmc~eotwvo dg eo qv`ycknco

qovo gkycov wk n`bc~c`kod`R+ — ( 7 dg Jwec` dg ?8>?# 639

K+± ?33+ — \Ge Mgkgvoe gk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`% o

eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% gkyâo eo k`to dge M`fgvkod`v cktg"

vck` dg Nþvd`fo s wg k` nvgg kgng~ovc` dgecfgvov ~`fvg ge n`k"

ygkc` dg >1 dg bos`R+ — ( ?4 dg Jwec` dg ?8>? # 63=K+± 611+ — \Ge Mgkgvoe gk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`%

oe M`fgvkod`v dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% wg qovo gktvov o eo EcmoEct`voe qwgdg gktgkdgv~g dcvgntobgktg n`k eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg"

~gktotcyo gxc~tgktg gk â[okto IgR+ — (?4 dg Jwec` dg ?8>?&%++ ++ 638X+& 61?+ — \Ge Mgkgvoe gk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`%

odjwkto n`bwkcnonc`kg~ wg onvgdctok ge tvcwki` dg e`~ igdgvoeg~

gk Eo Vc`joR+ — ( ?4 dg Jwec` dg ?8>?# 633K+& 616+ — \Ge mgkgvoe gk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvo -`%

oe mgkc voe Vwdgnckdw Oeyovod`% wg eo qoz k` cbqecno wko tvgmwon`k e`~ wkctovc`~% q`v nwokt` g~t`~ k` `fvok dg fwgko ig oe n`k"

ycdov o _wcv`mo wg eg hcncg~g eo mwgvvo< omvgmo% wg ge gjãv"

nct` konc`koe so k` gxct[tgR+ — (?4 dg Jwec` dg ?8>?# >11;-+& 61>+ — \Ovgkmo dge n`v`kge D+ Ycngktg Vgckoiã oe t`bov q`~g"

~cþk dg eo qvcbgvo bomc~tvotwvo dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`foR+

( = dg Om`~t` dg ?8>? # >16K+± 614+ — \Ge Mgkgvoe gk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`%

oe M`fgvkod`v qv`qcgtovc` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% ~`fvg eo~

movoktâo~ wg g~tcbg kgng~ovco~ qovo g~tofegngv eo oecokzo n`keo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~R+ — ( 3 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?# >14

K+& 617+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg Bgkd`zo% oe Bckc~tv` dg M`fcgvk` sVgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% cknewsg wko vg~èwncþkq`v eo nwoe eo qv`ycknco ~g ckn`vq`vo o eo Ecmo Ect`voe s k`bfvodcqwtod` qovo wg ojw~tg n`k eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo ge tvo"

tod` dg oecokzo R+ — ( 3 dg Om`~t` o 6= dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>? #+ + >19K+± 619+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ dg eo

qv`ycknco% wg ho eegmod` ge n`bc~c`kod` C#+ Bokwge Egcyo qovocki`vbov qgv~`koebgktg ~`fvg eo~ kgm`nconc`kg~ n`k eo N`bc~cþkvgqvg~gktotcyo s eo n`kygkcgknco dg eo ckn`vq`voncþk o eo EcmoEct`voe R+ — ( ?1 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>? # >13

;â+± 61=+ ""\ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo% o eo ~oeo dg V+ V+ dg ~w

qv`ycknco% gknovgng eo n`kygkcgknco dg odhgvcv~g o eo Ecmo Ec"t`voe R+—( ?6 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?# >??

K+& 618+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oe Mgkgvoegk Jgig dge gjãvnct` owxcecov n`kigdgvod`% wg k` dgfgk vgn`vdov~ge`~ n`kygkc`~ dg >1 s >? dg bos` qqd`+ q`v novgngv dg `fjgt` swg ~g ongvno ge dâo dg odhgvcv~g ~ègbkgbgktg oe ~c~tgbo igdg"voeR+— (?6 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?#++ >?6

K+& 613+ " \ Ge mgkgvoe D+ Jwok Ionwkd` _wcv`mo% oe Bckc~tv` dgVgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ s M`fcgvk`% omvodgng eo o~cmkoncþk dg ncgkqg~`~ bgk~woeg~% q`v nckn` oÿ`~% qovo mo~t`~ dg gdwnoncþk dg ~whcj` Vobþk R+ — ( ?4 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>? # >?4

K+± 6?1+ " \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôk Jwok% oe dg Fwg"k`~ Ocvg~% wg eg owt`vczo qovo dcvcmcv e`~ kgm`nc`~ dg mwgvvo svgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~ R+ — ( ?7 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?# >?9



— 441 —Qïmcko~

K+± 6??+ — \ D+ G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo dg

eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~% do nwgkto dg eo ~ctwoncþk gk wg ho wg"

dod` eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% dc~qwg~to o odhgvcv~g o eo EcmoEct`voe R+ — ( ?9 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>? # >?8

K+* 6?6+ — \Ge n`v`kge D+ J`~ã Ycngktg Vgckoiã% oe M`fgvkod`v dg

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% okwknco wg ho ~cd` gegyod` oe vokm` dg M`fgvko"

d`v qv`qcgtovc` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`foR+— (?9 dg Om`~t` dg

?8>?# >?3

K+± 6?>+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg eo dg

Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% on`bqoÿo wko vg~èwncþk dg eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ wg

dgneovo kwe`~ s dg kckmúk yoe`v e`~ ont`~ dg eo odbckc~tvoncþk

qvgngdgktg R+ — ( 61 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>? # >66

K+& 6?4+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`vvcgktg~% oe n`bc"

~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc`% D+ Bokwge Egcyo% qovtcncqïkdèg wg … eo

H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ e` ho ionwetod` qovo odhgvcv~g s onngdgv oe tvotod`

dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>? s wg ~g ckn`vq`vg o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gk"totcyo vgwkcdo gk 8okto Ig R+ — ( 61 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?# >64

K+** 6?7+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe n`bc~c`kod`% D+ BokwgeEgcyo% eg dcnto eo~ ck~tvwnnc`kg~ vgeotcyo~ o eo odhg~cþk oe tvotod`

dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>? s o eo ckn`vq`voncþk o eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg"

~gktotcyo dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ ect`voeg~ R+ — (61 dg Om`~t` dg ?8>? #+ >67

K+± 6?9+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg Fwg"

k`~ Ocvg~% cknewsg wk dgnvgt` dg eo egmc~eotwvo owt`vczokd` o g~tg

úetcb` qovo dcvcmcv e`~ kgm`nc`~ dg mwgvvo s vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~ R+

— ( 61 s 6? dg Om`~t` dg ?8>? # >6=

K+& 6?=+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwg"

k`~ Ocvg~% eg gkyâo n`qco dg eo vg~èwncþk dg eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ gk

eo wg e` ionweto o gktvov gk eo Ecmo dge tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv`

dg ?8>? s hong qvg~gktg wg g~qgvo ~w n`k~gktcbcgkt` qovoeo

vgbc~cþk dge dcqwtod`R+ — (61 s 6? dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?# >>1

K+& 6?8+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% oe dg eo qv`ycknco

dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% on`bqoÿo n`qco dg eo vg~èwncþk dg eo egmc~eo"

twvo ckn`vq`vokd` eo qv`ycknco o eo Ecmo Ect`voe s owt`vczokd`

oe dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ eo mg~tcþk dg eo~ vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~R+ — (61

s 6? dg Om`~t` dg ?8>?# >>6

K+± 6?3+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto

Qg% ~`fvg eo odhg~cþk oe tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>? s ge gkyâ`

dge dcqwtod` R+ — ( 6? dg Om`~t` dg ?8>? # >>4

K+& 661+ — \ Ge M`fcgvk` dg Bgkd`zo% oe Bckc~tv` dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gx"

tgvc`vg~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% bokcicg~to eo kgng~cdod dg wko owt`vcdod

mgkgvoe s gknovmo o Fwgk`~ Ocvg~ eo~ mg~tc`kg~ dg e`~ kgm`nc`~

dg qoz s mwgvvo s vgeonc`kg~gxtgvc`vg~ ?+

— (69dg Om`~t` dg

?8>?# >>9

L+* 66?+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôk Ewc~% oe dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% gkyâo

n`qco dg eo vg~èwncþk dg eo ^+ dg V+ V+ q`v eo nwoe owt`vczo o

g~tg qovo gktgkdgv gk e`~ kgm`nc`~ dg qoz% mwgvvo s vgeonc`kg~

gxtgvc`vg~ R+ — ( 6 s ?1 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>? # >>8

K+& 666+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg

eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% gegyo eo~ ~ècnctwdg~ dg ckn`vq`voncþk

o eo Ecmo Ect`voe dg eo~ qv`ycknco~ dg Nþvd`fo s ôktcom` dge

G~tgv`R+ — ( 7 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>? # >41

C~+& 66>+ — \ Ge N`bc~c`kod` dg N`vvcgktg~ ngvno dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~%

ôkto Ig s N`vvcgktg~% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% qcdg ~g eg

~gÿoeg dâo s h`vo qovo wg qwgdo icvbov ge tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv`

dg ?8>?%`fjgt`

dg ~w n`bc~cþkR+— (9dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>?#+ >4?

K+¼ 664+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo% oe dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% wg ho

`vdgkod` eo bovnho dg wko dcyc~cþk qovo wg `fvg o eo~ þvdgkg~

dge mgkgvoe _wcv`mo R+ — ( ?= dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>? # >4>



— 44? "

Qïmcko~

K+* 667+ — \ Eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% oe M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgk"

tg~% og" dg~dg ge 63 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg 5 ?8> ? ~g nwgkto o ~o qv`"

ycknco gk eo Ecmo Ect`voeR+ — ( >1 dg ^gqtcgbfvg dg ?8>?# >44K+& 669+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto Ig%

oe dg eo dg N`vvcgktg~% ~`fvg eo ckn`vq`voncþk dg g~to úetcbo o eo

Ecmo Ect`voe s e`~ ~wng~`~ onogncd`~ gk Gktvg Vâ`~ n`k b`tcy` dg

eo ontwoncþk dge n`v`kge G~qck`R+ — (9 dg @ntwfvg dg ?8>?# >47K+± 66=+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Eo Vc`jo% oe dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% eg n`"

bwkcno eo ionwetod ~oknc`kodo q`v eo V+ Q+ dg gktgkdgv gk e`~

kgm`nc`~ dg qoz% mwgvvo s vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~ s eo dgnc~cþk dg

ckn`vq`vov eo qv`ycknco o eo Ecmo Ect`voe R+ — ( ?6 s ?> dg @ntw"

fvg dg ?8>?# >4=

K+& 668+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôkto

Ig% n`k~cdgvo wg n`vvg~q`kdg o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo ovfc"

tvov eo~ bgdcdo~ qovo oeeokov eo~ dcicnwetodg~ gk Gktvg Vâ`~ R+—

( ?= dg @ntwfvg dg ?8>? # >71K+& 663+ — \ Ge Bckc~tv` dg Vgeonc`kg~ Gxtgvc`vg~ dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~%

oe M`fgvkod`v Qv`qcgtovc` dg ~w qv`ycknco% gkyâo eo n`bkkcntncþkdge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg ôkto Ig q`v eo wg ~g cki`vbo ge

nobfc` dg m`fcgvk` ygvcicnod` gk Gktvg Vâ`~J+— (7 dg K`ycgb"

fvg dg ?8>? # >76K+& 6>1+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe dg Eo Vc`jo% onw~o vg"

ncf` dg eo vg~èwncþk q`v eo wg ~g ckn`vq`vo o eo Ecmo Ect`voeR+

— ( 68 dg K`ycgbfvg dg ?8>? # >7>K+& 6>?+— \Ge dcqwtod` dg eo qv`ycknco dg Bgkd`zo% D+ Bokwge

N`vyoeïk% o eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo% qvg~gkto ~w~ nvgdgkncoeg~R+

— ( >1 dg K`ycgbfvg dg ?8>? # >74K+± 6>6+ — \Ge n`bc~c`kod` gxtvo`vdckovc` dg N`vvcgktg~% D+ Bokwge

Egcyo% oe m`fgvkod`v dg ~w qv`ycknco% wg icvbþ ge tvotod` dg 4dg gkgv` dg ?8>? s ~g ckn`vq`vþ o eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo%

o qg~ov dg e`~ vgqov`~ wg tgkâoR+ — (?1 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>?#+ >77K+± 6>>+ — \ Vg~èwncþk dge H+ N`kmvg~` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% gk wg ~g

dgneovo cegmoe s kwe` ge k`bfvobcgkt` dg M`fgvkod`v hgnh` gkeo qgv~`ko dge n`v`kge G~qck` s ~g dg~cmko o D+ T`vcfc` @vtcz

gk novïntgv cktgvck`R+ — (?> dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>?# >7=K+& 6>4+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Cktgvck` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% oe dg ôkto Ig%

wg q`kg o ~w~ þvdgkg~ eo~ tv`qo~ s gegbgkt`~ n`k wg nwgktoqovo n`knewcv n`k eo~ iwgvzo~ dge n`v`kge G~qck`R+ — (?4 dg Dc"ncgbfvg dg ?8>? # >73

K+& 6>7+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe dg N`vvcgktg~% tvok~bctge`~ d`nwbgkt`~ vgeotcy`~ o eo noâdo dge n`v`kge G~qck` gk Gktvg

Vâ`~ R+ — ( ?4 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>? # >91K+± 6>9+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Cktgvck` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% o eo N`bc~cþk

vgqvg~gktotcyo% wg ho dg~cmkod` o D+ J`~ã Geco~ Moec~tg` gk vggb"qeoz` dg D+ Okt`kc` Nvg~q` n`b` dcqwtod` o g~o N`bc~cþk R+

—( ?4 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>? # >9?

K+¼ 6>=+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe M`fgvkod`v Cktgvck` dgGktvg Vâ`~% onw~o vgncf` dg eo dgq`~cncþk dg G~qck` s eg gkyâoiwgvzo~ qovo qv`~gmwcv eo onncþk< wg g~tï ~otc~ignh` dg eo dg~cm"koncþk dge dcqwtod` o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyoR+ — (?7 dg Dc"

ncgbfvg dg ?8>? # >96K+± 6>8+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe dg eo qv`ycknco dg N`"

vvcgktg~% wg n`k b`tcy` dg e`~ ~wng~`~ dg Gktvg Vâ`~ eg qcdg

dc~q`kmo dg 711 h`bfvg~ dg nofoeegvâo qovo `nwqov Bokdc~`yâ R+

— ( 66 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>? # >9>K+¼ 6>3+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk

vgqvg~gktotcyo% wg ~g igecncto q`v e`~ vg~wetod`~ wg g~qgvo qovoeo iwtwvo `vmokczoncþk dge qoâ~ R+ — ( 64 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>? #+ >97



446 —

Qïmcko¼

K+& 641+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc"~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo ckn`vq`voncþk dge dcqwtod`

q`v N`vvcgktg~ R+

— (63 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>? # >99K+& 64?% — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc"

~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% wg ge y`t` dg ~w qv`ycknco g~tï q`v eo ongq"toncþk dg Bgkd`zo gk eo Ecmo Ect`voeR+ — (63 dg Dcncgbfvg dg?8>? # >9=

K+± 646+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe dg N`vvcgktg~% wg n`kb`tcy` dge tvcwki` n`bqegt` ~`fvg e`~ qovtcdovc`~ dge n`v`kge G~"qck` gk Gktvg Vâ`~% ho bokdod` vgtcvov qovtg dg eo~ tv`qo~R+—( >1 dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>? # >98

K%± 64>+"[ \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe n`bc~c`kod` D+ BokwgeEgcyo% wg oqvwgfo ~w n`kdwnto oe ckn`vq`vov~g o eo N`bc~cþkvgqvg~gktotcyo R+ — (>? dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>? # >93

K+± 644+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% o e`~ dg ôkto Ig s Gk"tvg Vâ`~% qv`q`kg wko odcncþk oe tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>?

s wg D+ Bokwge Egcyo g~tï gknovmod` dg kgm`ncov ge o~wkt` R+— ( Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>? 0 # >=1K+± 647+ — \ Le M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe n`bc~c`kod` D+ Bokwge

Egcyo% qovo wg kgm`ncg wk ovtânwe` odcnc`koe oe tvotod` dg 4 dggkgv` dg ?8>? R+ — ( Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>? 0 # >=6

K+± 649+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Qv`yc~`vc` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% o eo N`bc~cþkvgqvg~gktotcyo% wg k` tcgkg ckn`kygkcgktg~ qovo eo ckn`vq`voncþk

dg Bgkd`zo o eo Ecmo Ect`voeR+ —(>? dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>? #+ + >=>K+± 64=+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Qv`yc~`vc` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% o eo N`bc~cþk

vgqvg~gktotcyo% wg k` tcgkg vgqov`~ o eo ckn`vq`voncþk dg Nþv"

d`fo o eo Ecmo Ect`voeR+ — (>? dg Dcncgbfvg dg ?8>?# >=4K+± 648+ — \ Novqgto n`ktgkcgkd` eo kwbgvoncþk dg yovco~ n`bwkc"

nonc`kg~ dge m`fcgvk` dg ôeto R+ — ( ?8>6 # >=7K+& 643+ — \ D+ J`~ã Geco~ Moec~tg`% dcqwtod` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% qvg~gkto

~w~ nvgdgkncoeg~ o eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo R+ — (? dg Gkgv`dg ?8>6 # >=9

K+± 671+ — @ik+ Mvoe+ dge Dâo \dg Jwok Ionwkd` _wcv`mo dc~èycgkd`

eo~ iwgvzo~ dg ~w bokd` q`v hofgv tgvbckod` eo nobqoÿo R+ — (3dg Gkgv` dg ?8>6 # >==

K+± 67?+ — \ Oegjokdv` Hgvgdco% oe m`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% qovtc"

ncqo wg ho ~cd` gegnt` m`fgvkod`v dg Twgwbïk R+ — (?7 dg Gkgv`dg ?8>6 # >=8

K+± 676+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gkto"

tcyo% qvg~to ~w oygkcbcgkt` qovo wg Nþvd`fo ~g wko o eo~ qv`"

ycknco~ ect`voeg~

sicvbg ge tvotod` dg 4 dg gkgv` dg ?8>?R+

( ?8 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>6 # >=3

K+± 67>+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Cktgvck` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% o eo N`bc~cþk

vgqvg~gktotcyo% ~`fvg wg k` ~g qv`ngdo% q`v oh`vo% o eo gegnncþk

dg m`fgvkod`v qv`qcgtovc` R+ — ( 61 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>6 # >81

K+± 674+ — \Ge Dcqwtod` dg Nþvd`fo% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo%

qvg~gkto ~w dcqe`bo s qcdg ~g eg dg~cmkg dâo s h`vo qovo eo

ckn`vq`voncþk R+ — ( 63 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>6 # >8?

K+± 677+ — \Vobþk @eoyovvcgto% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vg"

qvg~gktotcyo% on`bqoÿo ~w k`bfvobcgkt` dg Dcqwtod` q`v eo qv`"

ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~R+ — (>1 dg Gkgv` dg ?8>6 # >86

K+± 679+ — \ Ge mgkgvoe gk jgig dge Gjãvnct` n`kigdgvod`% G~tokc~eo`

Eþqgz% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% on`bqoÿo eo `vdgk dge dâo

dge mgkgvoe _wcv`mo q`v eo wg dc~èyâo eo~ iwgvzo~ s wg n`kb`tcy` dg eo tgvbckoncþk dg eo nobqoÿo dcbctg dge novm` wgdg~gbqgÿo q`v n`k~cdgvov ckkgng~ovco ~w qvg~gkncoR+ — ( >1 dg

Gkgv` dg ?8>6# >8[



— 44> "

Qïmcko~

K+- 67=+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gk"

totcyo% odjwkto wko n`bwkcnoncþk dg Twnwbïk vgeotcyo o eo gegn"

ncþk dg m`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`yckncoR+ — ( = dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>6 #% >87

K+- 678+ — \J`~ã Ivoknc~n` Fgkct`z% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþkvgqvg~gktotcyo% wg ho tgvbckod` ~w~ iwknc`kg~ dg ~gnvgtovc` bc"ectov dge jgig dge gjãvnct` n`kigdgvod` s qwgdg yèygv oe novm`

dg g~o n`bc~cþk R+ — ( ?9 dg Igfvgv` dg R 8>6 # >89

K+± 673+ — \Eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% o G~tokc~eo` Eþqgz% omvo"

dgng e`~ cbq`vtoktg~ ~gvycnc`~ qvg~tod`~ n`b` mgkgvoe gk jgig

dge gjãvnct` n`kigdgvod` s ongqto eo vgkwknco qvg~gktodoR+ — ( ?=

dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>6 # >8=

K+& 691+ — \Ge (c`fgvkod`v Cktgvck` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% o eo N`bc~cþkvgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`to ~`fvg eo gegnncþk dg qvg"

~cdgktg s ycng"qvg~cdgktg dg dcnho n`bc~cþk R+ — (?= dg Igfvgv`

dg ?876 # >88K+* 69?+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v Cktgvck` dg Gktvg Vâ`~% o eo N`bc~cþk

vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`to ~`fvg eo ckn`vq`voncþv dg

e`~ dcqwtod`~ dg Nþvd`fo s Bgkd`zoR+ — ( ?= dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>6 #+ >83

K+& 696+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gk"

totcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`to ~`fvg eo gegnncþk dg qvg~cdgktg

s ycng"qvg~cdgktg dg dcnho n`bc~cþkR+ — ( ?8 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>6 #+ >31

K+- 69>+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gk"

totcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`to vgeotcyo o eo ckn`vq`voncþk dge`~ dcqwtod`~ dg Bgkd`zo s Nþvd`foR+ "

( ?8 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>6 #+ >3?

K+± 694+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`"

ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% eg n`bwkcno ~w vgkwknco dg mgkgvoe gkjgig dge gjãvnct` n`kigdgvod` s eo ongqtoncþk q`v eo N`bc~cþkvgqvg~gktotcyoR+ — ( 69 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>6 # >36

K+& 697+ — Tvotod` \dg obc~tod n`kygkcd` gktvg ôktcom` dge G~"tgv` s Twnwbïk s gk ge wg ~g n`bqv`bgtgk o ckn`vq`vov~g oeo Ecmo Ect`voeR+ — ( 63 dg Igfvgv` dg ?8>6 # >3>

K+¼ 699+ —\Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`"bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% ~`fvg ge ~gnvgtovc` qgvbokgktg D+ J`~ãI+ FgkctgzR+ — ( 3 dg Bovz` dg ?8>6 # >37

K+± 69=+ — Ckyctoncþk wg hongk e`~ Gxck`~+ m`fcgvk`~ oecod`~ oeo~ dgbï~ dg eo Vgqúfecno Ovmgktcko+ — (3 dg Bovz` dg ?8>6#+ >39

K+± 698+ — \Ge Bckc~tv` dg M`fcgvk` dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% oe Qvg~c"

dgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`to~`fvg eo gegnncþk dg qvg~cdgktg s ycng"qvg~cdgktg dg dcnho n`bc"

~cþkR+ —( ?1 dg Bovz` dg ?8>6 # >38

K+& 693+ — \Eo H+ ^+ dg V+ V+ dg eo qv`ycknco dg ôktcom` dge G~"

tgv` ~g ckn`vq`vo o eo Ecmo Ect`voe s k`bfvo dcqwtod` o eo

N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo o D+ Wvfok` dg Cvc`kd`+ ^w~nvcqncþk

dge tvotod` q`v Cvc`kd`R+ — (?6 dg Bovz` s = dg Jwkc` dg ?8>6#+ >38

K+± 6=1+ — \ Igecqg Cfovvo% oe m`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`ycknco dg Fwg"k`~ Ocvg~% n`bwkcno ~w gegyoncþk oe bokd` dg eo qv`ycknco dg

ôktcom` dge G~tgv` s wg ~w qèâtcno ~gvï wkci`vbg n`k eo~

dgbï~ dg eo N`kigdgvoncþkR+ — (?> dg Bovz` dg ?8>6 #+ + + [+ + + + 411

K+** 6=?+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% oe M`fgvkod`vdg ôkto Ig% wg eo Egmc~eotwvo ho vg~wget` eo ckn`vq`voncþk o

eo Ecmo Ect`voe s ho k`bfvod` dcqwtod` o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg"

~gktotcyo o D+ Wvfok` Cvc`kd`R+ — (?4 dg Bovz` dg ?8>6# 41?

K+& 6=6+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc"~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`to vgeotcyo o eo dcbc"

~cþk dge mgkgvoeot` dge gjãvnct` n`kigdgvod`R+— (?9 dg Bovz`dg ?8>6 # 416



444 —Qïmcko~

K+& 6=>+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Nþvd`fo% oe Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc"

~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% onw~o vgncf` dg eo k`to ~`fvg eo ckn`vq`vo"ncþk dg D+ J`~ã I+ Fgkctgz o eo ~gnvgtovco dg dcnho n`bc~cþk R+— ( ?9 dg Bovz` dg ?8>6# 41>;-+*; 6=4+ — \Ge Dcqwtod` q`v Nþvd`fo% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gkto"

tcyo% wg ~g dc~q`kg o vgoeczov ge ycojg dg vgmvg~` o ~w qv`"

yckncoR+ — ( ?= dg Bovz` dg ?8>6# 41?K+& 6=7+ — \Ge Qvg~cdgktg dg eo N`bc~cþk Vgqvg~gktotcyo% oe M`fgv"

kod`v dg ôkto Ig% qovo wg homo gknobckov e`~ qecgm`~ o eo~

qv`ycknco~ dge cktgvc`vR+ — (?= dg Bovz` dg ?8>6# 414K+± 6=9+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% oe M`fgvkod`v dg eo qv`"

ycknco dg Nþvd`fo% eg tvok~bctg eo ckyctoncþk dg eo N`bc~cþkvgqvg~gktotcyoR+ — ( 61 dg Bovz` dg ?8>6 # 417

K+± 6==+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg Notobovno% oe m`fgvkod`v dg eo

qv`ycknco dg Fwgk`~ Ocvg~% cknewsg n`qco dg eo vg~èwncþk dg eoH+ E+ q`v eo wg ~g eg gkn`bcgkdok eo~ vgeonc`kg~ gxtgvc`vg~ seg hong qvg~gktg eo wtcecdod dge eof`vg` dg eo~ bcko~R+ — (61 dg

Bovz` dg ?8>6# 419K+¼ 6=8+ — Novto ncvnweov \o e`~ m`fgvkod`vg~ dg qv`ycknco odjwk"

tïkdèg~ wk qecgm` dg eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo ~`fvg eo odhg"

~cþk o eo Ecmo Ect`voeR+ — ( 61 dg Bovz` dg ?8>6 # 418K+& 6=3+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto

Ig% e` igecncto q`v ge dg~gbqgÿ` dg ~w iwkncþk n`b` jgig dge

gjãvnct` n`kigdgvod` wg vgkwkncþR+ — (6? dg Bovz` dg ?8>6#++ 413K+± 681+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôkto Ig% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gk"

totcyo% wg ho vgbctcd` o eo~ qv`ycknco~ e`~ qecgm`~R+ — ( 66 dg

Bovz` dg ?8>6 # 4?1

K+± 68?+ — \Ge M`fgvkod`v dg ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% o eo N`bc~cþkvgqvg~gktotcyo% wg eo qv`ycknco ~g ho ckn`vq`vod` o eo Ecmo Ec"

t`voe s ho k`bfvod` dcqwtod`R+ — ( 4 dg Ofvce dg ?8>6# 4??

K+& 686+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v Dgegmod` dg Twnwbïk% o eo N`bc~cþk

vgqvg~gktotcyo% wg k` qwgdg odhgvcv~g o eo Ecmo Ect`voe ho~to

wg ~g ck~toeg eo Jwkto vgqvg~gktotcyo dg eo qv`yckncoR+ — ( 7 dg

Ofvce dg ?8>6 # 4?6

K+± 68>+ — \ Ge M`fgvkod`v dg N`vvcgktg~% oe N`bc~c`kod` D+ Bo"kwge Egcyo+ wg g~qgvo wg eo ncvnweov o eo~ qv`ycknco~% qovo eo

ckn`vq`voncþk o eo Ecmo Ect`voe% dovï vg~wetod`~R+— (?6 dg Ofvce

dg ?8>6 #4?>

K+± 684+ — \Ge M`fcgvk` dg ôk Ewc~% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo%

vgbctg eo vg~èwncþk dg eo H+ ^+ dg eo qv`ycknco ~`fvg eo cbq`"

~cfcecdod dg gkycov wk dcqwtod` q`vioeto dg vgnwv~`~R+

—( ?> o

?9 dg Ofvce dg ?8>6 #4?4

K+& 687+ — \Ge dcqwtod` q`v ôktcom` dge G~tgv`% D+ Wvfok` dg

Cvc`kd`% o eo N`bc~cþk vgqvg~gktotcyo% qcdg ~g eg ~gÿoeg dâo qovo

~w ckn`vq`voncþk R+ — ( 64 dg Ofvce dg ?8>6 # 4?9

Âkdcng oeiofãtcn` 4?=



IG DG GVVOTO^

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QEGO^G D@ K@T VGB@YG

NOVD^ @V ^WQ^ IV@B THC^ Q@NLGT

WKCYGV^CTS @I T@V@KT@ ECFVOVS

Facultad de Filosofia y Letras. Documetnos Para La Historia a Tomo XVI Relaciones Inter Pro Vinci Ales. La Liga Litoral (1829-1833). 1922.

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