Original article FACTORS INIFLUNENCING THE PRACTICE OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT AMONG MYANMAR MIGRANTS IN MUANG DISTRICT, RANONG PROVINCE, THAILAND Ye Hein NaingJ2> *and Ratana Somrongthongl 'College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkom University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 2 No. 379, Bo Gyoke Aung San Road, Pabedan Township, Yangon, Myanmar. +95 55 01 125 ABSTRACT: This study was cross sectional study and was collected in Muang District, Ranong Province, Southern Thailand. Four hundred Myanmar migrants of age range 18-65 years were asked by using self administered structured questionnaire. The objectives of the study are 1). to assess the level of knowledge and attitude towards household waste management and 2). to identify the factors influencing practice of household waste management among Myanmar migrants in the studied area. Most of the respondents 63.2% had high level of knowledge and 61.2% of the respondents had moderate attitude level. Only 16.5% had good practice towards household waste management. In terms of accessibility, 92.5% of the respondents got the information about household waste management from the sources of Thai government and INGOs. Around 90% had public trash bins near their house, 95.8% had household collecting system in their community and 98.2% had scrap buyers in their community. The factors influencing practice of household waste management were age, sex, occupation, educational level, migrant status, family size, monthly family income, duration of staying at current household, knowledge and attitude towards household waste management, availability of household waste management information and availability of scrap buyer. Among predisposing factors, there were significant differences between age, sex, occupation, duration of staying in recent household, migrant status, monthly family income, knowledge and attitude at P-value 0.001, educational level at P-value 0.024, family size at P-value 0.016 and practice towards household waste management. Regarding the enabling factors, there was highly significant difference between availability of household waste information and practice towards household waste management at P-value 0.001. Likewise, there was significant difference between availability of scrap buyers and practice towards household waste management at P-value 0.038 for reinforcing factors. Keywords: household waste, practice of household waste management, Myanmar migrants, Muang district, Thailand INTRODUCTION: Migration is a multifaceted Nowadays, wastes are considered as one and complex global issue which happens in of the most concerning environmental every country all over the world'). Myanmar problems that every organization has to be is one of the South-East Asia countries and aware of. All the organizations that are it shares the border with China, Laos PDR, involved with this problem must co-operate Thailand, India and Bangladesh. A number and try to solve this crisis together because of push and pull factors in Myanmar and it is a problem that occurs at every level Thailand has contributed to the massive ranging from villages to large metropolitans. influx of Myanmar people into Thailand The problem of wastes seems to become since the early 1990's. According to the Thai more severe as time passes due to the Ministry of Labor, as of February 2005, a growth in the country's economics as well as total of 1,284,920 migrants applied for a other developments3). household registration, the first step for Ranong is one of the southern provinces ~ssuilllit: b, work permit2). of Thailand, at the shore to the Andman * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected].+66 800864685 J Health Res 20 10,24 (jtppI 2): 65-70
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Original article
FACTORS INIFLUNENCING THE PRACTICE OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT AMONG MYANMAR MIGRANTS IN
MUANG DISTRICT, RANONG PROVINCE, THAILAND Ye H e i n NaingJ2> *and Ratana Somrongthongl
'College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkom University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 2 No. 379, Bo Gyoke Aung San Road, Pabedan Township, Yangon, Myanmar. +95 55 01 125
ABSTRACT: This study was cross sectional study and was collected in Muang District, Ranong Province, Southern Thailand. Four hundred Myanmar migrants of age range 18-65 years were asked by using self administered structured questionnaire. The objectives of the study are 1). to assess the level of knowledge and attitude towards household waste management and 2). to identify the factors influencing practice of household waste management among Myanmar migrants in the studied area. Most of the respondents 63.2% had high level of knowledge and 61.2% of the respondents had moderate attitude level. Only 16.5% had good practice towards household waste management. In terms of accessibility, 92.5% of the respondents got the information about household waste management from the sources of Thai government and INGOs. Around 90% had public trash bins near their house, 95.8% had household collecting system in their community and 98.2% had scrap buyers in their community. The factors influencing practice of household waste management were age, sex, occupation, educational level, migrant status, family size, monthly family income, duration of staying at current household, knowledge and attitude towards household waste management, availability of household waste management information and availability of scrap buyer. Among predisposing factors, there were significant differences between age, sex, occupation, duration of staying in recent household, migrant status, monthly family income, knowledge and attitude a t P-value 0.001, educational level at P-value 0.024, family size at P-value 0.016 and practice towards household waste management. Regarding the enabling factors, there was highly significant difference between availability of household waste information and practice towards household waste management at P-value 0.001. Likewise, there was significant difference between availability of scrap buyers and practice towards household waste management a t P-value 0.038 for reinforcing factors. Keywords: household waste, practice of household waste management, Myanmar migrants, Muang district, Thailand
INTRODUCTION: Migration is a multifaceted Nowadays, wastes are considered as one
and complex global issue which happens in of the most concerning environmental
every country all over the world'). Myanmar problems that every organization has to be
is one of the South-East Asia countries and aware of. All the organizations that are
it shares the border with China, Laos PDR, involved with this problem must co-operate
Thailand, India and Bangladesh. A number and try to solve this crisis together because
of push and pull factors in Myanmar and it is a problem that occurs a t every level
Thailand has contributed to the massive ranging from villages to large metropolitans.
influx of Myanmar people into Thailand The problem of wastes seems to become
since the early 1990's. According to the Thai more severe as time passes due to the
Ministry of Labor, as of February 2005, a growth in the country's economics as well as
total of 1,284,920 migrants applied for a other developments3).
household registration, the first step for Ranong is one of the southern provinces
~ssuil l l i t : b, work permit2). of Thailand, a t the shore to the Andman
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected].+66 800864685
J Health Res 20 10,24 (jtppI 2): 65-70
6 6 Original article
Sea. To the west, it also borders to
Kawthaung Province, Union of Myanmar.
The province is the least populated province
of Thailand. The province is comprised of
five districts namely, Muang Ranong, La-un,
Kra-Buri, Ka-Pur and Suk Samran Districts
with the total population of about 177,244,
has about 100,000 migrants, of which
61,895 are registered and the rest are
working illegally (unregistered)4). Among five
districts of Ranong Province, Muang District
holds about 80,000 migrants (80% of all the
migrants in the whole province) 5, 6 ) .
Environment and sanitation in Myanmar
migrant community in Muang District is one
of the public health problems. In addition,
around 35% of the Myanmar migrants have
the risks of unhealthy environment, poor
practice of household waste management,
poor housing sanitation and poor vector
control7). Therefore, it is without question
that Myanmar migrants are very vulnerable
group to environmental health problems.
Although Muang District had quite a lot of
Myanmar migrant people, there was no
baseline data on practice towards household
waste management among Myanmar
migrant. The objective of this study was to
study factors influencing the practice
towards household waste management
among Myanmar migrants in Muang
District, Ranong Province, Thailand.
MATERZALS AND METHODS: This study
was a cross-sectional survey study with
quantitative approach. The data were
collected from some sub districts under
Muang District in March, 2010. The sample
size was 400 Myanmar migrants of age range
from 16 to 65 years old who were the heads of
the households or housewives or the main
face interviews by using self administered
completed questionnaires which were
translated into Burmese language. SPSS
version 16 software was used for data analysis
RESULTS: In this study, about one third of
respondents (38.8%) were in the age group
from 26 to 35 years. Most of the respondents
were females (92.5%) and the rest were
males (7.5%). Over half of the respondents
(55.2%) were housewives. Almost all of the
respondents (93%) were registered migrants.
For educational attainment, majority of
respondents (5 1.8%) finished primary
education and 35% finished secondary
education. Over one third of the respondents
(39.2%) were staying in current households
for 1 to 3 years. As they were working a s
laborer in various sectors, 35%, 280h and
25.5% of the respondents had monthly
family income of 2500-5000 Baht, 7501-
10000 Baht and 5001-7500 Baht
respectively. Only 1 1.5% had monthly family
income more than 10000 Baht. 90.5% of the respondents have the family size 3-6
persons in their household.
More than half of the respondents (49.8%)
had hgh knowledge level and 36% had moderate
knowledge level while few respondents (14.2%)
were having low level of knowledge towards
household waste management.
More than half of the respondents (61.2%)
had moderate attitude and 36.2% had good attitude while 2.5% were having the poor
attitude towards household waste management.
Half of the respondents (51.2%) had
moderate level of practice towards household
waste management, 32.2 % had poor practice
level and good practice level was at 16.5% of the respondents. Table 1: Level of practice towards household
person who did the house works and 100% waste management (n = 400) Level of attitude Frequency %
were w i h g to participate in this study. Good Dractice 66 16.5 Random sampling method was used for data Moderate practice 205 51.2 collection and data were collected by face to Poor practice 129 32.2
J Health Res 20 10, 24(szpp12): 65-70
Original article
In that District, 92.5% of the Myanmar them, over half of the respondents (58.3%)
migrants got the service that distributed sold their household waste such as magazine,
dormation about household waste management old newspaper and etc., sometimes to those
but the rest (7.5%) did not get it. scrap buyers.
Nearly all of the respondents (98.2%) had
scrap buyers in their community but among
Table 2: Association between socio economic characteristics and predisposing factors and practice towards household waste management (n = 400)
Practice N (%)
Predisposing factors N (%) P-value Poor Moderate Good
Table 2: (Continued) Association between socio economic characteristics and predisposing factors and practice towards household waste management (n = 400)
Practice N (%)
Predisposing factors N (%) P-value Poor Moderate Good
Practice Practice Practice
Migrant status Register Unregister
Family income 2500-5000 Baht 5001-7500 Baht 750 1- 10000 Baht >10000 Baht
Good attitude 145 (36.2%) 26 (17.9%) 88 (60.7%) 31 (2 1.4%) *Significant by Chi-square Test
Table 3: Association between enabling factors (availability of household waste management information) and practice towards household waste management (n = 400)
Availability of household waste
Practice N (%)
management N ( O h ) P-value
Poor Moderate information Good Practice Practice Practice
Yes 370 (92.5%) 110 (29.7%) 195 (52.7%) 65 (17.6%) O.O0lX No 30 (7.5%) 19 (63.3%) 10 (33.3%) 1 (3.3%) *Significant by Chi-square Test
Table 4: Association between availability of scrap buyers and practice towards household waste management (n = 400)
Availability of scrap Total Practice N (%)
buyers respondents P-value N Poor Moderate and - -
Practice Good Practice Yes 393 (98.2%) 124 (31.6%) 269 (68.4%) 0.038*
No 7 (1.8%) 5 (71.4%) 2 (28.6%) "Significant by Fisher's Exact Test