Factorial ANOVA 2 or More IVs. Questions (1) What are main effects in ANOVA? What are interactions in ANOVA? How do you know you have an interaction?

Factorial ANOVA

2 or More IVs

Questions (1)

What are main effects in ANOVA? What are interactions in ANOVA? How do

you know you have an interaction? What does it mean for a design to be

completely crossed? Balanced? Orthogonal?

Describe each term in a linear model like this one:  

ijkjkkjijk ey )(

Questions (2)

Correctly interpret ANOVA summary tables. Identify mistakes in such tables. What’s the matter with this one?

Source SS Df MS F

A 512 2 (J-1) 128 128

B 108 1 (K-1) 108 54

AxB 96 2 (J-1)(K-1) 48 24

Error 12 5 N-JK 2

Questions (3)

Find correct critical values of F from a table for a given design.

How does post hoc testing for factorial ANOVA differ from post hoc testing in one-way ANOVA?

Describe a concrete example of a two-factor experiment. Why is it interesting and/or important to consider both factors in one experiment?

2-way ANOVA

• So far, 1-Way ANOVA, but can have 2 or more IVs. IVs aka Factors.

• Example: Study aids for exam– IV 1: workbook or not– IV 2: 1 cup of coffee or not

Workbook (Factor A)

Caffeine (Factor B)

No Yes

Yes Caffeine only Both

No Neither (Control)

Workbook only

Main Effects (R & C means)N=30 per cell

Workbook (Factor A) Row Means

Caffeine

(Factor B)

No Yes

Yes Caff

=80

SD=5

Both

=85

SD=5

82.5

No Control

=75

SD=5

Book

=80

SD=5

77.5

Col Means 77.5 82.5 80

X X

X X

Main Effects and Interactions

• Main effects seen by row and column means; Slopes and breaks.

• Interactions seen by lack of parallel lines.

• Interactions are a main reason to use multiple IVs

Workbook (Factor A)

86

84

82

80

78

76

74

Mea

n R

M T

est S

core

No Yes

Without Caffeine

With Caffeine

Factor B

Single Main Effect for B

2.0 1.0

Factor A

25

20

15

10

5

0

Mea

n R

espo

nseSingle Main Effect

B=1

B=2

A

1 2

B1

2

10 10

20 20

(Coffee only)

Single Main Effect for A

2.0 1.0

Factor A

20

16

12

8

4

0

Mea

n R

espo

nse

Single Main Effect

B=1

B=2

A

1 2

B1

2

10 20

10 20

(Workbook only)

Two Main Effects; Both A & B

2.0 1.0

Factor A

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Mea

n R

espo

nse

Two Main Effects

B=1

B=2

A

1 2

B1

2

10 20

20 30

Both workbook and coffee

Interaction (1)

2.0 1.0

Factor A

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Mean R

esponse

Interaction 1

B=1

B=2

A

1 2

B1

2

10 20

10 30

Interactions take many forms; all show lack of parallel lines.

Coffee has no effect without the workbook.

Interaction (2)

2.0 1.0

Factor A

25

20

15

10

5

0

Mea

n R

espo

nse

Interaction 2

B=1

B=2

A

1 2

B1

2

10 20

20 10

People with workbook do better without coffee; people without workbook do better with coffee.

Interaction (3)

2.0 1.0

Factor A

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Mea

n R

espo

nse

Interaction 3

B = 1

B = 2

Coffee always helps, but it helps more if you use workbook.

Labeling Factorial Designs

• Levels – each IV is referred to by its number of levels, e.g., 2X2, 3X2, 4X3 designs. Two by two factorial ANOVA.

• Cell – treatment combination.• Completely Crossed designs –each level of

each factor appears at all levels of other factors (vs. nested designs or confounded designs).

• Balanced – each cell has same n. • Orthogonal design – random sampling and

assignment to balanced cells in completely crossed design.

Review

What are main effects in ANOVA? What are interactions in ANOVA?

How do you know you have an interaction?

What does it mean for a design to be completely crossed? Balanced? Orthogonal?

Population Effects for 2-wayPopulation main effect associated with the treatment Aj (first factor): jj

Population main effect associated with treatment Bk (second factor): kk

The interaction is defined as , so the linear model is:

ijkjkkjijk ey )(jk)(

The interaction is a residual:

kjjkjk )(

kjjkjk ..)(

Each person’s score is a deviation from a cell mean (error). The cell means vary for 3 reasons.

Expected Mean Squares

E(MS error) = 2e

(Factor A has J levels; factor B has K levels; there are n people per cell.)

E(MS A) = 1

2

2

J

Knj

j

e

E(MS B) = 1

2

2

K

Jnk

k

e

E(MS Interaction) =

)1)(1(

)( 2

2

KJ

nj k

jk

e

Note how all terms estimate error.

F TestsFor orthogonal designs, F tests for the main effects and the interaction are simple. For each, find the F ratio by dividing the MS for the effect of interest by MS error.

Effect F df

A J-1,

N-JK

B K-1,

N-JK

AxB

Interaction

(J-1)(K-1), N-JK

errorMS

AMS

errorMS

BMS

errorMS

ABMS

Example Factorial Design (1)

• Effects of fatigue and alcohol consumption on driving performance.

• Fatigue– Rested (8 hrs sleep then awake 4 hrs)– Fatigued (24 hrs no sleep)

• Alcohol consumption– None (control)– 2 beers– Blood alcohol .08 %

• DV - performance errors on closed driving course rated by driving instructor.

Cells of the Design

Alcohol (Factor A)

Orthogonal design; n=2

Fatigue (Factor B)

None

(J=1)

2 beers

(J=2)

.08 %

(J=3)

Tired

(K=1)

Cell 1

2, 4

M=3

Cell 2

16, 18

M=17

Cell 3

18, 20

M=19

Rested

(K=2)

Cell 4

0, 2

M=1

Cell 5

2, 4

M=3

Cell 6

16, 18

M=17

M=2 M=10 M=18

M=13

M=7

M=10

Factorial Example Results

Intox2 beersnoneAlcohol Consumption

25

20

15

10

5

0

Driv

ing

Err

ors

Factorial Design

Rested

Fatigued

Main Effects?Interactions? Both main effects and the interaction

appear significant. Let’s look.

Data Person DV Cell A alc B rest

1 2 1 1 1

2 4 1 1 1

3 16 2 2 1

4 18 2 2 1

5 18 3 3 1

6 20 3 3 1

7 0 4 1 2

8 2 4 1 2

9 2 5 2 2

10 4 5 2 2

11 16 6 3 2

12 18 6 3 2

Mean 10

Total Sum of SquaresPerson DV Mean D D*D

1 2 10 -8 64

2 4 10 -6 36

3 16 10 6 36

4 18 10 8 64

5 18 10 8 64

6 20 10 10 100

7 0 10 -10 100

8 2 10 -8 64

9 2 10 -8 64

10 4 10 -6 36

11 16 10 6 36

12 18 10 8 64

Total 728

SS Within CellsPerson DV Cell Mean D*D

1 2 1 3 1

2 4 1 3 1

3 16 2 17 1

4 18 2 17 1

5 18 3 19 1

6 20 3 19 1

7 0 4 1 1

8 2 4 1 1

9 2 5 3 1

10 4 5 3 1

11 16 6 17 1

12 18 6 17 1

Total 12

SS A – Effects of AlcoholPerson M Level

(A)Mean (A)

D*D

1 10 1 2 64

2 10 1 2 64

3 10 2 10 0

4 10 2 10 0

5 10 3 18 64

6 10 3 18 64

7 10 1 2 64

8 10 1 2 64

9 10 2 10 0

10 10 2 10 0

11 10 3 18 64

12 10 3 18 64

Total 512

SS B – Effects of FatiguePerson M Level

(B)Mean (B)

D*D

1 10 1 13 9

2 10 1 13 9

3 10 1 13 9

4 10 1 13 9

5 10 1 13 9

6 10 1 13 9

7 10 2 7 9

8 10 2 7 9

9 10 2 7 9

10 10 2 7 9

11 10 2 7 9

12 10 2 7 9

Total 108

SS Cells – Total BetweenPerson M Cell Mean

(Cell)D*D

1 10 1 3 49

2 10 1 3 49

3 10 2 17 49

4 10 2 17 49

5 10 3 19 81

6 10 3 19 81

7 10 4 1 81

8 10 4 1 81

9 10 5 3 49

10 10 5 3 49

11 10 6 17 49

12 10 6 17 49

Total 716

Summary Table Source SS

Total 728

Between 716

A 512

B 108

Within 12

Check: Total=Within+Between728 = 716+12

Interaction = Between – (A+B).Interaction = 716-(512+108) = 96.

Source SS df MS F

A 512 2 (J-1) 256 128

B 108 1(K-1) 108 54

AxB 96 2 (J-1)(K-1) 48 24

Error 12 6 (N-JK) 2

98.5)6,1,05.( F14.5)6,2,05.( F

Interactions

Choose the factor with more levels for X, the horizontal axis. Plot the means. Join the means by lines representing the other factor. The size of the interaction SS is proportional to the lack of parallel lines.

If interactions exist, the main effects must be qualified for the interactions. Here, effect of alcohol depends on the amount of rest of the participant.

Intox2 beersnoneAlcohol Consumption

25

20

15

10

5

0

Driv

ing

Err

ors

Factorial Design

Rested

Fatigued

Review

Correctly interpret ANOVA summary tables. Identify mistakes in such tables. What’s the matter with this one?

Source SS Df MS F

A 512 2 (J-1) 128 128

B 108 1 (K-1) 108 54

AxB 96 2 (J-1)(K-1) 48 24

Error 12 5 N-JK 2

Proportions of VarianceWe can compute R-squared for magnitude of effect, but it’s biased, so the convention is to use omega-squared.

70.7282

)2(2512)1(. 2

.

totalSSerrorMS

errorMSJASSest Ay

15.7282

)2(1108)1(. 2

.

totalSSerrorMS

errorMSKBSSest By

13.7282

)2)(1)(2(96)1)(1(. 2

.

totalSSerrorMS

errorMSKJAxBSSest AxBy

Planned Comparisons

Cell Mean C1 C2

1 A1B1 3 -1/3 1/2

2 A2B1 17 -1/3 -1/4

3 A3B1 19 -1/3 -1/4

4 A1B2 1 1/3 1/2

5 A2B2 3 1/3 -1/4

6 A3B2 17 1/3 -1/4

-6 -12

B1 v B2 No alc v others

Planned Comparisons (2)

The first comparison (B1 v B2) has a value of –6. For any comparison,

6666.2/9

62)()ˆ(.

2

j j

jerror n

cMSVarest

348.76666.

6

)ˆvar(.

ˆ

estt

j j

jgg

g

gg n

cw

wSS

22

;ˆ

)ˆ(

3333.2

9/6

2

)3/1()3/1()3/1()3/1()3/1()3/1( 222222

gw

1083333.

6ˆ)ˆ(

22

g

gg w

SS

Note this is the same as SS for B in the ANOVA.

Note 7.348 squared is 54, which is our value of F from the ANOVA.

(critical t has dfe)

Planned Comparisons (3)We can substitute planned comparisons for tests of main effects; they are equivalent (if you choose the relevant means). We can also do the same for interactions. In general, there are a total of (Cells-1) independent comparisons we can make (6-1 or 5 in our example). Our second test compared no alcohol to all other conditions.

12ˆ

375.2

16/12

2

)4/1()4/1()2/1()4/1()4/1()2/1( 222222

gw

75.)375(.2)()ˆ(. gerror wMSVarest

86.1375.

12

)ˆvar(.

ˆ

estt

This looks to be the largest comparison with these data.

Post Hoc TestsFor post hoc tests about levels of a factor, we pool cells. The only real difference for Tukey HSD and Newman –Keuls is accounting for this difference. For interactions, we are back to comparing cells. Don’t test unless F for the effect is significant.

nK

errorMSqHSD JKNJaA ,,

nJ

errorMSqHSD JKNKaB ,,

For comparing cells in the presence of an interaction:

n

errorMSqHSD JKNJKaAB ,,

Post Hoc (2)

In our example A has 3 levels, B has 2. Both were significant. No post hoc for B (2 levels). For A, the column means were 2, 10, and 18. Are they different?

07.32/134.4)2(2

26,3,05. qHSDA

nK

errorMSqHSD JKNJaA ,,

A: Yes, all are different because the differences are larger than 3.07. But because of the interaction, the interpretation of differences in A or B are tricky.

Post Hoc (3)

For the rested folks, is the difference between no alcohol and 2 beers significant for driving errors? The means are 1 and 3.

n

errorMSqHSD JKNJKaAB ,,

63.5163.52

26,6,05. qHSDAB

A: They are not significantly different because 2 is less than 5.63. Note: data are fictitious. Do not drink and drive.

Review

• Describe each term in a linear model like this one:

How does post hoc testing for factorial ANOVA differ from post hoc testing in one-way ANOVA?

Describe a concrete example of a two-factor experiment. Why is it interesting and/or important to consider both factors in one experiment?

ijkjkkjijk ey )(

Higher Order Factorials

• If you can do ANOVA with 2 factors, you can do it with as many as you like.

• For 3 factors, you have one 3-way interaction and three 2-way interactions.

• Computations are simple but tedious.• For orthogonal, between-subject designs, all

F tests have same denominator.• We generally don’t do designs with more

than 3 factors. Complex & expensive.