ORIGINAL ARTICLE Fabrication and electrical characterization of highly ordered copper nanowires Gurmeet Singh Lotey • Sanjeev Kumar • N. K. Verma Received: 25 August 2011 / Accepted: 18 September 2011 / Published online: 30 September 2011 Ó The Author(s) 2011. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The template-assisted electrodeposition tech- nique has been employed to synthesize highly ordered: uniformly dense, well-aligned, parallel and homogeneous copper nanowires. Their morphological studies have been carried out using the scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The X-ray diffraction study exhibits cubic structure of the nanowires and their preferred orientation along the direction [111]. Their ele- mental composition has been done by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The photoluminiscence spectra of copper nanowires show two excitation peaks at 209 and 268 nm; both these absorption pathways yield fluorescence at 296 nm. Their UV–Vis absorption spectra have been found to give a prominent peak at 570 nm. The current–voltage characteristics of the nanowires reveal their non-linear behavior. The impedance spectroscopy has also been car- ried out and it shows an increase in their impedance at higher frequencies. Keywords Electrodeposition Nanowires Nonlinear behavior Impedance Introduction One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures such as nanotubes, nanowires, nanobelts have been extensively studied not only for their novel physical, chemical, electronic, mag- netic, and electrical properties but also for their prospective applications in future-generation nanodevices. Among the various hierarchical structures, 1D nanostructure arrays, perpendicular to the substrate, are of significant interest. The 1D nanostructures are ideal building blocks for nanoelectronics (Liu and Bando 2003) since, in the archi- tecture of nanodevices, they can act both as interconnects and device components. The miniaturization of basic device elements, using different types of junctions, leads to the vast success in microelectronics industry. The primary goal of nanoelectronics industry is to achieve similar functionality at nanoscale. However, the basic problem arises when the essential device elements are joined toge- ther by 1D nanostructures to form multi-terminal nanode- vices eventually leading to complex circuits. Thus, the study on highly ordered metal nanowires is of great moti- vation (Zhang et al. 2005; Zach et al. 2000). The metallic nanowires have potential applications in a wide range of advanced fields (Zhang et al. 2005; Zach et al. 2000; Toma et al. 2010; Mehrez and Guo 2004; Wildoer et al. 1998). Due to accessibility and exceptional properties such as good strength, admirable malleability, and superior corro- sion resistance, copper is the third most broadly used commercial metal after iron and aluminum. Furthermore, copper has outstanding electrical and thermal conductivity second to silver. Therefore, copper nanowires are of par- ticular importance. With the fast reduction in size of electronic devices, copper nanowires play a vital role as interconnects in nanoelectronics and optoelectronic devi- ces. The number of methods used for the fabrication of such nanowires, includes vapor deposition (Liu and Bando 2003; Zhang et al. 2005), reverse micelle system (Lisiecki et al. 1996), electrochemical synthesis (Liu et al. 2008; Bicelli et al. 2008; Zhang and Wong 2009), ion-beam G. S. Lotey (&) N. K. Verma Nano Research Lab, School of Physics and Materials Science, Thapar University, Patiala 147 004, India e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]S. Kumar University College of Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala 147 002, India 123 Appl Nanosci (2012) 2:7–13 DOI 10.1007/s13204-011-0034-z
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Fabrication and electrical characterization of highly orderedcopper nanowires
Gurmeet Singh Lotey • Sanjeev Kumar •
N. K. Verma
Received: 25 August 2011 / Accepted: 18 September 2011 / Published online: 30 September 2011
� The Author(s) 2011. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract The template-assisted electrodeposition tech-
nique has been employed to synthesize highly ordered:
uniformly dense, well-aligned, parallel and homogeneous
copper nanowires. Their morphological studies have been
carried out using the scanning electron microscopy and
transmission electron microscopy. The X-ray diffraction
study exhibits cubic structure of the nanowires and their
preferred orientation along the direction [111]. Their ele-
mental composition has been done by energy dispersive
X-ray analysis. The photoluminiscence spectra of copper
nanowires show two excitation peaks at 209 and 268 nm;
both these absorption pathways yield fluorescence at
296 nm. Their UV–Vis absorption spectra have been found
to give a prominent peak at 570 nm. The current–voltage
characteristics of the nanowires reveal their non-linear
behavior. The impedance spectroscopy has also been car-
ried out and it shows an increase in their impedance at