F4 CHEMISTRY INTRODUCTION ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS
Jan 03, 2016
F4 CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTIONELEMENTSCOMPOUNDS
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
MATTER
(SUBSTANCE)
CHANGE
(REACTION)
Study of
MATTER
M ETAL M ETAL L OID NON-M ETAL
EL EM ENT
IONICCOM POUND
M OL ECUL ARCOM POUND
COM POUND
M ATTER(SUBSTANCE)
METAL & NON-METAL
NON-METAL
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
M ETAL NON-M ETAL SEM I-M ETAL
EL EM ENT
METAL: characteristic properties
NON-METAL: characteristic properties
METALLOID: characteristic properties
ELEMENTS & SYMBOLS
1 Hydrogen^ H 11 Sodium2 Helium^ He 12 magnesium3 Lithium** Li 13 Aluminium4 Beryllium**Be 14 Silicon5 (Boron) B 15 Phosphorus6 Carbon^ C 16 Sulphur7 Nitrogen^ N 17 Chlorine8 Oxygen^ O 18 Argon9 Fluorine^ F 19 Potassium10 Neon^ Ne 20 Calcium
metals** non-metals^ (semi-metals)(http://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/index.html)
ELEMENTS & SYMBOLS (cont)
BROMINE SILVERIODINE GOLDIRON MERCURYCOPPER PLATINUMZINC TINLEAD BARIUM
metals** non-metals^ (semi-metals)(http://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/index.html)
ELEMENTS (PROPERTIES)
METALSShiny ,strong SOLID Conductor (heat)Conductor (electricity) change shapeSolids (high melting point/ boiling point)(mercury is liquid)NON-METALSSOLID, LIQUID, GAS (low mp, bp) Insulator(carbon has very high melting point)(carbon is a good conductor of electricity)SEMI-METALSSemi-conductor of electricity
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUND
IONIC COM POUND M OL ECUL AR COM POUND
COM POUND
IONIC COMPOUND: characteristic properties
MOLECULAR COMPOUND / COVALENT COMPOUND: characteristic properties
COMPOUNDS & FORMULAE
IONIC COMPOUND- Sodium chloride
(NaCl)- Magnesium oxide
(MgO)- Calcium chloride
(CaCl2)
COVALENT COMPOUND- Water
(H2O)
- Carbon dioxide(CO2)
- Ammonia(NH3)
COMPOUNDS (PROPERTIES)
IONIC COMPOUNDSHard SOLID (high melting point/ boiling point)ELECTROLYTEInsulator of electricity Soluble in water
MOLECULAR COMPOUNDSSOLID, LIQUID, GAS (low mp, bp)INSULATOR of heat and electricitySoluble in non-polar solvent (hexane)
CHANGE
PHY SICAL CHANGE CHEM ICAL CHANGE
CHANGE
PHYSICAL CHANGE: CHANGE OF STATE
CHEMICAL CHANGE: CHANGE OF SUBSTANCE (FORMATION OF NEW SUBSTANCE)
INVESTIGATING CHEMICAL CHANGE
EXPERIM ENT EXPL ANATION
INVESTIGATING CHANGE
EXPERIMENTS: OBSERVATION OF CHANGE (MACROSCOPIC WORLD)
EXPLANATION: NATURE OF MATTER - PARTILCES (MICROSCOPIC WORLD)
CHEMICAL CHANGE (EXPLANATION)
FORMATION OF NEW SUBSTANCE (PARTICLES IN THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD):
- BREAKING / FORMATION OF BONDS
- RE-ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS
- MOVEMENT OF ELECTRONS
PARTICLES IN THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD
ATOM M OL ECUL E ION
PARTICL E
ATOM: BASIC UNIT(UNSTABLE PARTICLE)
MOLECULE: STABLE PARTICLE (OF ATOMS)
ION: STABLE PARTICLE (FROM ATOMS)
THE ATOM (model)
ATOM(NUCLEUS )
NEUTRONS(n)PROTONS(p)
ELECTRONS(e)
STABLE PARTICLES (FROM ATOM)
n,p,e
+
ION
-
MOLECULE
(stable)
ATOM
ATOMB
ATOMA
CATION
(stable)
ANION
(stable)
MATTER AND PARTICLES
M ETAL M ETAL L OID NON-M ETAL
EL EM ENT
IONICCOM POUND
M OL ECUL ARCOM POUND
COM POUND
M ATTER(SUBSTANCE)
ATOM ATOM MOLECULE CATIONANION
MOLECULE
BOND (BINDING FORCE BETWEEN PARTICLES)
M ETAL L ICBOND
COVAL ENTBOND
IONICBOND
BOND
METALLIC BOND: BINDING METAL ATOMS (METAL)
COVALENT BOND: BINDING NON-METAL ATOMS (MOLECULE)
IONIC BOND: BINDING CATIONS & ANIONS (IONIC COMPOUND)
NAME (SYMBOL / FORMULA)
ELEMENT
COMPOUND
ION
(SYMBOL)
(FORMULA)
(FORMULA)
SIMPLE IONS (FORMULA)
HYDROGEN (H+)LITHIUM (Li+) SODIUM (Na+) MAGNESIUM (Mg++)ALUMINIUM (Al+++)POTASSIUM (K+)CALCIUM (Ca++)
OXIDE (O--) BROMIDE (Br- ) FLUORIDE (F- ) IODIDE (I- ) SULPHIDE (S--) CHLORIDE (Cl-)
CATIONS (FORMULAE)
Iron(II) (Fe++ )Iron(III) (Fe+++ )Copper(I) (Cu+ )Copper(II) (Cu++ )Zinc (Zn++ )Lead(II) (Pb++ )Silver (Ag+ )
Ammonium (NH4+ )
HYDROGEN (H+ )
ANIONS (FORMULAE)
Hydroxide (OH-)Nitrate (NO3
- )Sulphate (SO4
2- )Carbonate (CO3
2- )Hydrogensulphate (HSO4
-)Hydrogencarbonate (HCO3
- )Nitrite (NO2
- )Sulphite (SO3
2- )Permanganate (MnO4
- )Dichromate (Cr2O7
2- )
FORMULAE OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
FORMULA: CATIONx ANIONY
x:smallest number of cations y:smallest number of anions
So that the charges balance one another:
(x)(no. of + charge) = (y)(no. of – charge)
FORMULAE OF IONIC COMPOUNDS (cont)
FORMULA: CATIONx ANIONY
Na+ Cl- x=1 y=1
K+ O2- x=2 y=1
Ca2+ Cl- x=1 y=2
Mg2+ O2- x=1 y=1
IONIC COMPOUNDS (FORMULAE)
IONIC COMPOUND (CATIONxANIONY)
Sodium chloride (NaCl)Potassium oxide (K2O)Calcium chloride (CaCl2)Magnesium oxide (MgO)Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4)Copper(II) chloride (CuCl2)Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)
IONIC COMPOUNDS (FORMULAE) – cont.
Iron(II) nitrate Fe(NO3)2
Iron(III) sulphate Fe2(SO4)3
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3
Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2
Aluminium chloride AlCl3Aluminium oxide Al2O3
Aluminium sulphate Al2(SO4)3
Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3
Ammonium sulphate(NH4)2SO4
COVALENT COMPOUNDS (FORMULAE)
Water (H2O)Carbon dioxide (CO2)Carbon monoxide (CO)Ammonia (NH3)Methane (CH4)Silicon dioxide (SiO2)Sulphur dioxide (SO2)Sulphur trioxide (SO3)
COVALENT COMPOUNDS (FORMULAE) – cont.
Hydrogen chloride HCl gasHydrochloric acid HCl aqueousSulphuric acid H2SO4
Nitric acid HNO3
Ethanoic acid CH3CO2HCitric acid C6H8O7
Ethanol C2H5OHGlucose C6H12O6
Carbonic acid H2CO3
Nitrogen monoxide NONitrogen dioxide NO2
MOLECULES OF ELEMENTS & COMPOUNDS
SIM PL E GIANT
EL EM ENT
SIM PL E GIANT
COM POUND
M OL ECUL E
H2 C CO2 SiO2
CHEMICAL TESTS OXYGEN CARBON DIOXIDE WATER CATIONS – FLAME TEST ANION (CHLORIDE) ANION (CARBONATE)