F I N G E R P R I N T I N G. Introduction Fingerprints are made of ridges on the upperskin of hands and feet of all people and some animals. These ridges.

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IntroductionFingerprints are made of ridges on the upperskin of hands and feet of all people and some animals. These ridges make lines of different size and forms.Everytime a line stops or splits it's called a typica.The amount of typica (with no difference) make it as an identification or not.The amount of typica in many countries is different. In Holland, we require 10 to 12 characteristic points with no difference.

HISTORY

About 1750 years before the birth of Christ, people in Babylon used fingerprints to sign their identity on clay tablets.

The first time ink prints were used was in China around the year 220. And then fingerprints became a forgotten item.

In 1686, a man called Malpighius described  friction ridges in detail.

In the year of 1823 J.E. Purkynje discovered that fingerprints could be classified.

1858    -    Sir William Herschel in India demanded laborers to sign contracts with fingerprints.

1877    -    Sir William Herschel advised to take fingerprints from prisoners.

1880    - Dr. Henry Faulds published in "Nature" in England for the use of fingerprints in crime scenes.

1882    -  Gilbert Thompson used thumbprints in the USA on cheques to avoid fraud.

1892    - Sir Francis Galton published that fingerprints are unique and invariable in his book “Finger Prints” . This was the basics for our modern fingerprinting science.

1897    - Sir Edward Henry introduced the famous Galton-Henry classification system.

1901 – 1910 - A lot of countries started using fingerprints.

1924    - In America the Identification Division from the FBI started.

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There are 2  rules where science of fingerprints is based on:

The prints do not change during a life time. If fingerprints do change, it is caused by flexibility from the skin, growing, dirty finger, scarring, wound, or disease of the skin.

They are unique in that no two fingerprints are same.

TYPES OF PRINTSTYPES OF PRINTS

There are 7 different type of prints which you will see on the next slide.In every type of prints there are lots of differences, the number of lines, their shape or size which make every figure different.Human fingerprint patterns fall into 3 main groups: whorls, loops, and arches.

Loops : 65% of all fingerprints. Whorls: 30% of fingerprints.Arches: 5% of fingerprints.

• Loop pattern have two focal points: Core and Delta.Core is center of the loop.Delta is area of the pattern where there is a triangulation or dividing of the ridges.

Whorl pattern have two or more deltas.

Arch pattern has no delta or core.

FINGERPRINT MATCHING• Fingerprint matching techniques can be placed into

two categories: minute-based techniques.

Find minute points,then map their relative placement on the finger.Problem: difficult to extract the minute points when the fingerprint is at low quality, does not concern global pattern of ridges.  

Correlation-based techniques.overcome some of the previous problems.Shortcoming: require the precise location of a registration point, affected by image translation and rotation.

Transmitting prints to an object.

The most common way is by leaving fat from the finger on the object.

It is also possible that Amino acids from the finger leave their marks.

A mark can be made by a substance on the finger like blood or paint.

Making marks visible

Grease from the fingertip puts a "stamp" of the finger on the glass.

It is possible to simply dry out. But there always will be a small residual left, if the object is not cleaned.

Fresh fingerprints can be detected with powder that will stick on the grease.

Mostly used is aluminium powder.

• Piece of paper: make it visible with a magnetic iron powder (Useful for very fresh marks).

The powder is not magnetic but the lifting brush is.

Ninhydrin is used for older marks. It is a chemical that colors the Amino acids which are left on the paper after contact with the finger.

• metal or plastic object: Cyano-method can be used.

A few drops of superglue, cyano-acrylate, are heated until they vaporize.

The smoke of the cyano will attach to the fingerprints leaving a clear white print.

It must be done in a special space under special conditions.

Do never try this at home because it is very poisonous !

Qur’anic evidenceUnbelievers argue regarding resurrection taking place after bones of dead people have disintegrated in the earth and how each individual would be identified on the Day of Judgment.

Almighty Allah answers that He can not only assemble our bones but can also reconstruct perfectly our very fingertips.

“Does man think that We cannot assemble his bones? Nay, We are able to put together in perfect

order the very tips of his fingers.”

(Al- Quran 75:3-4)

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Why does in the Qur’an, while speaking about determination of the identity of the individual, speak specifically about fingertips?

LET US THINK ABOUT IT

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