f f - Marquette University

p.-

rtll

Ii

I i

i !

f II

,

: fB

1

"I II

If

I 4'

f f

I. ii

:f.1

j

II f

... ·

t .il

l C&

I • to

"',1,

• .. .. ~f

o =0 •

f r I w

I It

Jt&.

r Ii

l

I H r

fi IJ

I t

a J

JI I 11

f

Jfd •

I r

f I.

I t

· I

l-.

.. E

0

a; 0

.., ~ !~

if'

t:: -

• ...

... Ii

a

,..

f 0

I ."

..

.. 0

ff ..

~

I f ..

f I

:~,~

.. 3 i~

....

I a

i .. ..

! ....

I f

ct'

Go

i i

.. r It

..

i ..

! : :

II •

I

i •

... I

.. ..

I ,

ti' , I

: i i

.. i

..

I ~

'l«f

.... .. f

rf I

... f

..

I ....

~ 0

I -

i ..

.. .. ..

. •

.. J;;:

..

0 ;!

~

A

f ~

.. J.

Ii

f ..

[ ...

...

.. ..

0 .....

.. ..

f e

I r ..

t 4

.. -

. i

.. .. . f

: I l~

..

J r

t •

• ..

.. f

f I ..

.J.

if ..

! 0

a : 1

.,..

1-'-

.. •

• ..

.. ..

t:= ..

, ..

r r

1-'-

Ii

I If

g

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

I ..

~I ..

..., ..

.. f

.. ..

.. · .. I

f

I ..

.. .

: I

.. l

w

I ..

Ii

I ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ~

.. •

..

J •

· .. ~

{

.. r

, ...

f ..

Jl

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. e.

.. r

.. ..

.. ..

.. ....

*1 •

B

.. : f

•

.. f

.. Ii

..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. .. .

. ..

.. •

.. ..

.. •

f It

...

-! .

. f

" ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ...

.....

.. ..

..

: I ..

•

I , 8

I ..

• ..

.. •

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

f ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ....

..

.. ..

.. · ..

: f ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ...

.. ..

• ..

.. ..

(b

..

,. .. r

ct

' .fi

• ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. •

.. ..

.. •

.. ..

.. ..

.. •

.. ..

· .. ..

.. ..

.. •

• ..

f .. &

.. •

g ..

.. •

.. ..

.. ..

.. ...

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

• ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. •

• ..

... ..

~ ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. .. .

. ..

.. ..

.. ..

• ..

• •

.. ..

.. ..

.. •

.. ..

.. .. ..

..

.. ..

.. ..

• •

C

!i

f;

t ~ ~

W ~

~t!t

5 !O

~

t:

t;

.... .s-

.. '"

4t"'

M

..0

....

,...

w

r I

."

r I I

f I

i r t2

i I r I

i I

I ( i

t II

...

! I

It

f (

• ~

{ is.

.. I

~

,~

• •

... 0

f ..

• ....

• !

to\

.. f 1

f r

J i

I f I '"

I I

i I

I ..

:t. f f

r }

... i

.. ..

• ~

::. ~

.. .,

• •

f ..

I .. i

f •

I •

.. ..

.. ..

.. r

.. I

I ..

1=

.. ..

• ..

, ,

f "" f ..

J ;-

! ..

• ..

.. ..

-..

J I

I ..

I •

-. "

II

i •

i ..

.. •

..

f ~

0 •

• "-..

• I

II'

.. ..

.. .,

.. t:

...,-•

• -

.. -..

C)-

.. •

-. •

• ..

0 f1

...,.

~

~

• ..

...,.

.. ..

• ..

.. ..

.. •

.. '.

.. ..

• f

r. l:t

..

III

• ,.

-. -.

IS

" ..

.. f

.. ..

.. ..

.. .....

..

jil.

-.'

• -.-

-. •

• ..

.. ,.

.. ..

..

f "

• I

• ..

.. -.

.. ,-

.. --

'" •

.. •

..

f -. e

-..

.. •

.. ..

• -.

-. -.

'. .-

• •

" ..

.-•

.. ..

.. •

.. ..

.. ..

.. .,

.. ' ..

.. ..

.-..

.. ..

I •

.. ..

.. ..

.. •

. , ..

• ..

• ..

-fa

-" ..

.. ..

.. ..

• ..

.. ..

.. •

• •

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

• ..

.. ..

• ..

.. •

.. •

.. •

.. to

..

• •

.. ..

.. ..

• ..

• ..

.. '"

.. ..

• ..

.. ..

.. ..

" ..

.. •

.. ..

• •

,. ..

. ' •

.. •

.. •

. -..

.. ..

.. '.

.. ..

'" ..

.. ..

• ..

.. ..

" ..

.. ..

.. •

.. ..

.. ..

-..

• •

.. ..

.. -.. '

..

.. •

• ..

.. •

• ..

-. ..

-. -"

•

• · -

.. .. .. ,

..

.. -.

" ..

.. ..

• ..

-. -.

-. ,.

' .-

-. Ii-

.. -..

-..

-, •

.. ..

.. ..

" •

.. -.

• -.

'. -.-

.. .-

· .. .. -

• •

.. ..

.. •

.. •

§ 'j ~ ~

.. ~

I !t

~

...:t

..., t:!

$

~

e: V

I '"

fO

to.)

...

N

... #'

"

w f

g

e.S I e

~ if

t i

, ~

I I I f

I III

• I

f i!

I A

t:

i e-

-J!.

a I

i f

H

II I

I &

i ...

• Jt.

I A

t

.. '"

• ..

• ..

• ...

I ·f

I

f '" •

.. ..

..

J ~ I

-: ..

II f

A

A

•

I I ..

.. ...

f Co

•

, i

.. •

.. ..

.., ..

..

I f !

.. ..

( .. •

.. f

, ff

.... •

.. •

.. ..

.. •

.. ..

I '"

.. •

.. r ::.

I tt

• ..

'I

.. ..

"

I . , !l~

.. ..

• .,

" ..

! ..

.. ..

.. . r

I a f

.. •

.. ..

• I

.. ..

.. ..

.. .. ~

• •

..

I · f

I

.' ..

! f ..

.. ..

.. 'I

I ~

r J

" ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. : f

1-

'-..

.. ..

=1 .. I

f ..

• •

• ..

.. I

<: t

.. •

• ..

.. ..

" •

... '"

.. ..

.. ..

.. t&

..

I ..

.. ..

.. .-

• ..

.. : f

t::

i H

...

.. It

..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

· I

fill'

.. •

.. •

,. '"

.. ..

.. ..

.. "

• ..

0

: i

... ..

.. ..

I -.

• ..

.. ,.

.. .,

... ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. I

.. ..

• ..

• "

.. ..

• •

.. ..

It. •

... ..

• ..

.. ..

• •

.. ..

.. ..

.. •

... ..

f ..

... ..

.. ..

I •

... •

.. ..

.. •

.. ..

• ..

" .. r

•

" ..

: f ..

.. . '

.. ..

.. ..

• •

.. ..

.. Ii

.. f

..

.. •

• ..

.. ..

• ..

• "

• ..

.. ..

! •

.. ..

... ..

.. ..

• ..

.. ..

• "

.. ..

" •

:1 •

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

• ..

.. ..

• I

.. ..

.. ..

• ..

• ..

.. .-

.. ..

.. "

" •

i .. .

.. ..

.. •

• •

.. ..

.. ..

• •

.. ..

.. •

• .-

.. ..

.. ..

• ..

" ..

.. ..

.. ..

• .-

.. ..

.. ..

• ..

.. ..

.. •

... ..

• ...

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

• ..

.... ...

E

.... ~

t ~

.... ....

..., ...,

~ &

t:: g

~ r::

E

'" ~

Ii

r; !3

8-

~

... ..

'"

i , f , ~

if

I r , 0

i I "

I

J I

.. •

•

1 I

i f

f

J ~ f

~ ::

If

If

J I t

~ I

I :t

..

I I A

I f

r r

~ f

~

• ..

..

I I

[ •

« 1

I r

! I

... ..

.. ..

.. ,. .

... •

• 0

~ I

• ~

... •

.. ..

• tot

!,

•

I I •

:-~

i t

... ,.

.. ..

.. ..

.. f

.. ~

"U

.. ..

• f

• ~

f .. I

i !

I -

.. ..

.. "

.. •

! Ii

i

• fli

t

r •

i !i

I

3 •

.. e-

.. ..

..

I f

~

a g

.. I

.. •

.. f

w

t f

,. I

• I

Ii ~

I "

t •

.. ..

• r:: •

.. i

I '"

.. ..

.. ..

• r

... f

I f

, "

..

f Jt

• I

"" ..

.. ..

.. ..

"

I " r

" <

"

.. ..

.. ..

"

I 4'

t t I

1 I

J I ..

.. ..

I i

,. ..

• ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. I

It

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

• :t

.... f

.. ..

I •

~ ..

r; i

.. ..

.. "

.. ..

.. ..

.. !

.. ..

.. v

r I j

I ~

• "

• ..

.. "

.. ..

" ..

I •

.. ..

I "

.. "

.. •

.. •

• "

I •

" ..

I ..

i •

I r

.. ..

" .'

.. "

• ..

" ..

'I •

" ..

~

.. ..

" "

" ..

.. ..

" I

.. I

" ..

" s-

• ..

i e-

• •

.. ..

.. ..

" •

.. ..

.. •

.. ..

"

I .. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

" ..

1 ..

.. ..

.. ..

• ..

• ..

• •

" ..

.. •

f ..

.. "

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. •

.. ..

.. ..

.. •

'" ..

• ..

.. ..

.. ..

" ..

.. "

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. •

.. •

.. "

.. ...

.. ..

.. ..

.. "

• ..

.. "

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

'. ..

.. ..

" ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. •

.. ..

.. ..

" ..

.. ..

.. ..

" "

.. "

.. •

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

• '"

.. "

.. ..

• ..

" ..

.. •

.. •

" •

• ..

" •

.. "

• ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. •

.. ..

.. ..

.. i

.... ~

.... t;

....

.... i

i i

S ~

fi ~

!::i ~ ~ ~

i ...

.... t

!i

~

..., ~

.. @)

~

N

0-

tI.)

0

-0

~

;1.

I if!

! i f t

.. 1

p,

.!r.

i ..

r til .

.

.. .. I

IJgi

l :

: 1 ::

t i f

::

:::

I:··

....

....

,.

1O

"

••••

· .

. ..

.. ..

. ..

I .. .

.. .

. ..

.. ..

.. ·

.. ..

.. ..

.. r

.. .. .. ·

· .. ..

.. r

· ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. .

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

. ..

.. ..

· ..

. .

.. .

. ..

· ..

..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. .

.. ..

.. ..

-

Cbap\er I

A .. raJ. SUJtftJ ot 1el.1gf.ou"

SOc1al, an4 ECOftOJI10 ComIS.tlO1le in tJae tfortbw.t up t.o 18.30

The binorical "'t.iDe tor the 'backp'ouDd ot tbi. paper ie laid

alOrlI tM Great. Lakee ami the Upper •• e1e.s.ppl, lnclttdlnl a larp

pan of that. N&ion once _an ... 'Ute Old Ifonhwat,,, The orpnlzaUOft

of t.he Iorth.et. Temtol"1 .... b7 no mean_ aD 1n.1&rUtl~ eftnt. in

\be biat.o,., of the new ... tlon, for it •• tWt.e1y _rked the tiHt. step

wat,wud in \be long _rem from 8M 1;0 .....

URUke otMr fl"OnUer "&ioa., 'hie eeeUoft 01 tM --tl"1 had

a.l.n&cI7, about. a hundred ,.aN earlier, at.tained aft 8ool_sian1.1 and

o1v1c .. tu.. 'rench 1d..a1onar1 •• ad traden bad peaet.ftHd \he 1n­

tenor 01 the cont.1Aeat. 'by -T of r1wn a&l4 lake •• a _r17 .e the _441.

of \he lewnt.eeat.b C4m\v7" 'a_nOla repor\a of t,be po8eibillt,1.s

in \be lew WOrld Naohed t.he bo.aIe country, and Praace .s not. Ilow 1n

a ... rt1q bel' c1Y1l ju.l'!l.a4leu.oa 111 a "&1oa .e IM.ci a toll cla1m t.o"

The tint. otf1c1al. ao\ OIl \he part. of trance too clab t.h1. temtor,y

•• cam" out 'b, ,uev S&iIl~8OD on J .. 14, 1611, at sault 5a1nte

Marie" In the pft8eDce, and 1d.\b the GOa .. ' ot all the p:r.:l.ftclpal Indian

t.ribe. aa8elAbled there tor tAIlt. puJ."pO" J ud<l8t. a lal"P 'nmch cleleptJ.on

of both ChUJ'Oh GO st.at.e repJWea'taUwa, Sa1nt. Luacm took fol"ll1i\l po .....

•• 81011 ot the Nol"tih.et in \be __ of \be Uns of 'raace, Lou1e XlV.

'fbi. otficial proolaaUoa .. tollDwe4 up .". eaenal_ uploraUone

and .. t.tJ.Mellite wh10h teDded t.o oontl1"11l FftDch olaS.. in the New Iol'ld.

lumel"OU8 torts were .,.0_<1 lo~ p~ctlon &ad trade.. 1.

1. Edna Xeat,on) lit ila&i ·1IJ;t»W 114· M 3!" it!J!!s.\$, ,26-,'2. 1'tIu -. plan~d at. 'nub cw.t.llft _4 d.'f1l1at.1ol'l by C&t.noUc

f'Juoe SA t.lw heart. ., 1;be _ncaa 00llt1aeat. •.

2

S1aee lI4es1oaar.l ••. ba4 \akea the IN.d. 1& peaet.ra\Ug Jaw the

1at.el"1or of t,M uakllo1m wUdemeu, Nl1clon belag at aU u.. tM1 ..

pr1ma.ry IllDUw. 1t 1s not. ~e1ng t.bat 1a the tar Weat, _eel.daa­

tlcal orpnlzat,lon bad p,.. __ d clY1l oqald,za.t.lon. It 1. knOl4l tbat

\be 'JNlDoh nna bad pleadM eamest.17 with \he Hol;y see for the ereo­

tion ot a Blahopri.c 1a New tnmce. la ~_ or W. plea the

see ot Quebec 1IIU enc\ed 1n 16'9 ldt,b fIIr. LaYal .a 1t.8 11m Bianop.

Pre'doull7 tto We act., \he Ch\lNh in J •• 'l'IUlCtt ... subJect to the

Junad1ot.1on of the Archb1shop of Bouen. With taculti •• from tM8

4rchb18bop t,he tirs' ad.ae1oaari... had peutnwd. 18\0 t.he Great. Lake

Jq1on. Pioneers of t.lds poup wen htMr Isaac Jogue. aM rather

Charl •• BaJ'Dlhaut whet upon in'd.tat.1on tJlOJll t.he Ch1ppe.a, 0_, in

1641, t.o the vio1n1ty where Lake SUpel"101' ..,U8. into Lake Hurora,

and named \be pla.. 5&1111; S&1nt, fiarie. He,... 118ft pthere4 about. 2000

-"faCe. 1n WhO .. preMD_ \bey eftckd a cro •• and tnat.N.Cte4 their

CbippaR7 trieads in the tuDdaMatal.a 01 ChriaU.an1t.7* ~r, .....

lil1OU8 act1v1ti •• 118ft hulpeJ"84 1n \hi. reslon tor __ U. D7 the

ho.t.U1U •• or UM Ir0qv.01a. 2.

2. Jobra G. Sbe&, !i1!!S1% ., lit gaM!~s ~ 1129l.<!\l:!l lBa, 1.25S-2'9, 228-229.

, '1'h1. 1. a t.estim0ft7 to the aeal ot bi. ~.so ...

rather Alloues, ~ _. rel.eued~ _t. out. to e&rl'7 the ta1\h to

o'UMr ViMe. In De_"l" 1669 he ruched GJeen Ba7 1IIhe .. be found

w1nwriq about ~ 1Dcd.au - Pot.ta_tome., sao., loa., gel

W1naeba&oes" Be ~ \OOk ~ of ... r...,rable iooation

gel to'Qftded the 1l1u1en ot st.. '1"8l1ei. xa .... wide, alter \he .aer­

Uan of La Pout.. du Esprit, in 1671, became the center 01 _mon

... U'I1U •• in Wlaconaln. Lat.%' on, in l6SS, tiohola. 'errot .lectM

GfM1!l Ba7 a. the center tor t.be tv t.rade from _N he commanded tM

....... t t.errito17 under til. )lri..acUon. 6

6. ".·0. Shea.' .~atcu I,,;fI6-2117, PeMrL. soanlaD, In&IH,, 2WII f'!!!f$ ""' y:1h ... ~ 1). Mr. Scanlan DOt.. the COId.Dg of Penot to ClNen :say in 168, '"

,,. GIMa Ball ra.u.r All.oue. oaaoed. ito Jahe WOlf Rtwr, _n he

to~ lais ih1rd mt.d.oft UCRg the Foxes. Th18 &. de41oat.ed to St..

JlaJk on April twent,l-t1ttJl. 1670. Oft .. the ewnpll_r tn:vel84 _til

he reachN the laaoouUn8, wIlere he opened the mi •• loa of st • .lues OD

\he tean. ('II the Aa8W8,Ptlon. Thus, witJl untiring seal the tattbhl

1I18.1ou.l7 iabond, eatabl18h1q all the prinolpal mulon peet.. in •

"&lOn wtdon t.o-da7 -.braces the p""nt st.ate ot wtHCU1n. In later

Ute, be extended hi. apcat.olle labon tII01lthwa.rd, wbe... be miJdstered,

tlr8t, 1D _1; 1. now t.be state ot lllJ.tlGls, &Ad t1nall1, in preHnt.

day Ind1tJ.na. As an Apostol1e labor.r he kolds a ,.eord of 10,000 bap­

ti .. adatniate:red to God's moat neg1eo1;ed. children, t.he tint tNt\.

, tO1/' the faith 1n the Korth __ femtor.y.. '1

7. John G. Shea, .2l:. i1t& I, 1Z14-217) 320, 331J JOMph, J. 1'hoap8Oll, "!be D11nol,IIJ..a1oaa, IM'I 9Itt! B.l'~& 1.'7-63. Oft:pap 4.3, 'a-. !hom;peon flOte. \hat. latl1er DueS .. oW *riAl bis apoe.Ue career 100,000 "UWI, 10,000 of Whoa he bapt,l ...

01dD& to .. WU' *1ch ~ Sioux waged. alorc Lake su,.trio1!, Father

Marquette •• to .... 4 to leaw tbeUiPion of tbe 11017 Obo., ... 1d.ih kl.

Huron ohupe wyapd to 1f1oldlUmaeid.nae .. ,.. be est.abl.1abed the BlastOD

ot st. %paUua. fbi. ___ .. 1apoftant __ r top the •• a1oau1 ••

untU the cl..o. ot the ,ftl'lOh period. 'aUleI" ~te nae:h .. 4 at

JIaok1Me am he startled Oft Jd.e las •• ~ down the Mlulss1ppl

1ft 116,. W1th We ..,..,. 1ihe .... 01 VIe Co ... l _n pl.allt.ed 1a tbe

taaet.ea1ppl 'alle7', tol'" up t.o that. .,.ar, RO lII1Hlonal7 had mriled south

ot VIe ... acou.t1na.

Of h1etot1o ute"_ 10'1' ti. paper .. tho. place. Which W1ll be

..u-... ia the ...... of tb1e wr1\1q am! 1Ih1ch Father lfarquette ..

t:1ret k touch on hi. 'YO,... /lOUth_rd. H11 po1nt ot entlwlce trom the

m.aooaa1n tnto Ute .~p1, 1. IaI.'kM b7 \he Clt.7 of Pn1r1. du

Cb1eD, ..... JIthy, be __ 'at.ber ~te ..... t1rs\ priest. \0

0U'l7 the 0l'0 •• to that lec&l1t,. He •• llkPi_ the fir. pr.leet

to 'delt What. 1e ilOW the 5_t.e of Iowa. 1he t1l"$t p1"'1etIJt to buUc1 a

tabeftVlcle tor God 1n Iowa •• thtm 4i,taat in t.1M, btl, GloN in the

mind ot Cod.

W1tll the eJ;pl.Ol'Au.on of tlle Jd.u1 •• 1ppl IU:"r, \he spread .t

1

CatlloUclt:r pro~4 mp1dl.7. Yat.ber Ia~'- ntume4, all .. had

prora1H4, to the Illinois IA~ .. re he beo&Ile the Ap:urUe ot that,

t.ribe. He YislWd thea in t.heir 'Y1llage 01 laskaelda on tile IllJ.noi.

Ii_I" 88d tnstncted them :1a tbe holy .,,.\er1 •• ot ta11ih. Death out.

abort. 111. ute, but the lllJ.no18 In41aaa perMvered 1n \he taith.

(i'IMr rathel'S ~d Id.m. aa4 coa\1auecl t.ae work o£ eVUJpl1u.t1on. I:l

8. John,G. Shea, !iI. au., I:Zl,.;n6, 313-319.

In 1101 La t.totte cad1llac became ~ co.:IlIUldant. ot the "81:._ and

being appo1Dt.ed ~ of a I¢OJected. .. tt.l.eJ8rmt, he 1000de" Det.:oU.

on ltl1.7 n. 1101. FOR ,.t.~ ... _.- 1mm.ed:l.ately, atld. tift

dap labr tJ1e Ohapel ot ~. AQDtt •• built. The a.ooUect ,.\hen

we ... en~ with the spiritual MmSolavat1on of \be \own whUe the

JeMd.t. , .. then _1'8 to take cdlup or the Iadians aatMred aroUDd the

an .. t.tl..,.t. The mtHloMr1ea we". not. in ta~r of \ike pJIOject. tor

--7 ~ IRdlan ""cter bet,wr tl'MUl OadUlac, .... l"t.bele •• , the

new uper.t..nt watit carriad out 10 the det.r:l.ment ot tibe " •• lona. Th ••

\he .Jenl\ a.tabUs .. nts _ \M Great I.ake. 1I8re reclW:e4 to that ot

GfMn Bt.J --... lather Cbardon _0 atat-loned from 1'fQe untU about 1728

'IIheQ De IJ.gne1"7 .et.ro,ed the tort. ead t.ba .s.aa1oa&l7 haci to lea.. ,

,., 1144 .. 1,620-623, 629.

'" MaoldDaC tIlen •• DO loapr a 1'1ook 10 that \he adad.onar1es _ ..

tonsed to bum tJae obapel t.o P"w.t. ,l'Otanat.1on. RO __ I', in 1706

II

, .. \be.- llarel/lt. ".tum ..... t.o _Old.nao and rebtdlt. t,h. chapel,lOcatlng

it. \hie U. on .U1e eouthem abore ot \he ft,1'81t, Whe ... 14ar, in 1712,

Lo~ lNUt a tort. 10

10. Joba G .. Shea, !2a.!1b". 62', 6Z1.

'fbe Ira.d1.a.rw al'OW'ld Debolt, who _d been without a ai.s1OMZ7 from

the U. of the tOURdat,1oa of the place, adlortJ.7t>roke out, in open revelt..

Old teu4a aad jeaJ.oual •• ap1ft an raapan'_ When 'a\ber Oharlew1x

1'1uMd \he North._ 1ft. 1121 he 4eploNd \be Indian situation &~

o.tl9i', t1ad.1n8 thea _\bout. ap1r1'al ... datenoe. Bu' \he 'f1a1tor bad

fta ... \0 reJoice when .. touacl tbe t4a.m18, Pot,t.awatomte., and Ill1noi.

t.r.1bes allIaoat all Ohriat1aniaed. lear Dlttftlt., the H\U"Oa _Mion .....

revived in 1128 with , .. tiler AftIIIftd .. 1& .ehard11n: curse. ~ the oouree of the strual. tor sup",., mM7 of ,he :radians became In­

't01 ... t.a iD&l1ah plottd.n& ... so .. ,. alleaat.ee not on.l.7 from tbe 'nnch

but 1I"0Il ctm.aU.aa1t;y. !he,. tad N... a tool 1a the banda of the enea,..

!he We_ .. beaet with .v:u •• _'11 116, wbea England CUIe 1a po.s ......

I$ion of Vlat. long OOftwd. -..rnt.c>17. 11

11.lW:d .. 623-625, 6)0, 6.35.

In spite ot \be 8IIUl7 difficulties the rd..sio_n •• ba4 to eoniend

wit.h, in \bis .... 17 perlod., t.M7 planted 1ft the Nor\hwart. a 'noah catholic

aiYU1.tS.oa u4 oW.Wre, lIh1.ch d.om1ftat.ect t.nat ng1cm tor rea" to COM.

9

'1'be bi8bopa of Quebec bael alW&7. -tcbe4 with can owr the .. nmoM

.t.U"'. 8Ild ta1thtul.lT IIt.i.als\eNCl w \be apl~~ul needa ot their

RbJeota. Tbe ta1\ll had been plant.ed, 1t. 'bad. taken tta roota. 1t .. d­

ed bt.tt. pr1est.l7 harJAs to tend it. 'I'M _nap of el_av-a eaued an

acute 81tuat,10%1 *. the ",urcls weft eeparatoed tN. i.b.d.1" flook in

1"'. for, almost. almulta __ alr wlt.h the loa. «>1 rftaCh power in _'1'-1ea, oe.- the auppnscofl of .... SooiA7 of ie._ wld.oh l.tt the Nof'th.;.

__ w1thou' a Ilnale pr1ea' untU the ,.t.um ot lathe .. warest.. 'a\heN

du J8WJ8.7, a.Qd Le 'nne alone _" SA t.be Upper ColJat,lTt IIIld ~t tor a

abo'" u.. only. !he nppftH10n .f tile 0"*1" SO depl.eMd the Via810ft

ne14 t,bat, JOba 0:UaJ7 Shea '*">ana \he OODd1t,lon 01 V1e Cll1lr'Ch 18 tJ'Ht

tollow.la& CODol.atoa,

..... !be pari_ of .net-rot, bad, indeed, 1t.s priests; ,_ J.tnd.t. 'a_,.. atteaMcl U1e Catholics on \he GJeat, L&Ire ~ ••• tM work of alx-sooft ,...,. .ha \he uld.t of 'athen Jo ...... 4 ~J .. ..eor4ed rather la the pa .... of \he ta1t.hhl de-pan-4, than 1a ,. 11"f'1ng dlUdftu of __ Chvob aacl their paat,on ••• the ftppJ'e83e1"S ot the P~8 of the soc1et1 ot Je.s. in 'Nftell aad. Spanl8b tel"­nto.,., left, man, cI1etrlc\, ~thout Pr1 •• ~1 aad the faith of \he people .s padul.l.;y 71el«1n& to d.eeq au the o.rumbl.1q t.eaafttle •• ohuJ'cM8u .. Darimes. aa of nj,pt as ae\tl1ng on. the land, but 1t _s the dal"kDa •• \bat. PIe--- the daa. ft 12

12. JOM G. SMa, A 1UAlia: !t lIae Gt!tb9M' SJaah.AA qglQSt~ llHl, I: 6.35, 6'7, 641.

!b1a R4 coadit1OD 1. ~ c~ by rather idmuad IkIrke,

1n a lettel' a4dfta .. d \0 tobe Sacre4 ~pt1on of W. PropapnGa of

t.be ,alta in 1791 1n wblch he "call.ed. at.tenUOft to the tact. \bat the

10

Whole Lake "glon ._ in a deplorable eon41t.1= 8ince \he euppreaalon

ot the Jeh1t.8t*. 13

1.3. Rev. Matt.hew J. Walab, -1'0\," l'Jule, An\eeedenu and Deve1opm.eat.," W:iI!i! CUMAJ.! iYt'waw aeJl.!!. IVa 'Z'I' •

.ut.,. the .~un of the Jeeu1' m1 •• 1oAar1ea, t.he French C&t.hoUc

aet.tJ.--.t.. on the \lpf*,. Gt:'Mt. Lakea reM11fed oal7 occ&aloaal 'Visit..

troa It.1aerar'J prl.e.t.s. One such t.ft. ... ler •• , .. UteI' Glbault. _0 .. on

ld.a ., \0 and from. canada and Cabolda, Jd.D1deted kJ the CAthOUC8 at.

Uacld.nac. 14

14. Joaeph J. Thompson, "illinoi8 t 11nt. CiU ..... Pierre Gibaul:t.," l1lL~a.3JbJilft9ntfU.~J1In.Jf. II.80, el9.

'lbe \err1WI7. during \hil '1M re_1Mcl UD.44tr the .)J.r.tadtc\1on ot

\be .... p ot Qtlebeo. l!l1'191 It-~ & part. ot the 41000_ of OOt.1-

_re_ Howftr, atahop OAnoU t • autJtol"1\7 as not. eX-Meed aloq the

upper GJ'H.t. Lake. tmt.U the !rit,Uh rel1nqd.shed tbe m:U1t.&r;r poat,a

which bol'da1*e4 the. The las\ .. \0 be eftOuied .. Va_lIlAC tl"OJl'l

1then. the Bri.Uah vd.\ft4rew a. Ocwber of' 1796. 11th MUsh ew.ouat.1on

tl'OJl ~r1 .. soU, 81abop BuMn, conHmporary o~ of Qubec, telt

ot>l1p4 too 'with ... w Ida ~ clerl7 UItO. 'ftds COIIpelled B1abep

Ca.J1'Oll to t1ll t.hoee _cane1 •• , altbwgh he had pl.ea.ded. With the Quebec

P"late to lea ... bia prie.t. then. Just thfIA be ._ tori.uaa\e ot ha'f'1n&

ftcelftd an aooe.aion of PftI'l.Oh pl"1.na who. he could aene! to oaJ.'e tor

t.be heAch 1nhabltan\. of \hat I'eIlOte reg1on", One of the .. l'NnCA letape.

11

was Father' Gabnel R1chard who "",;. sat .... n 1n September, 1'92, a •

.. adat&at to the m.ae1ona. In 1m 'ather ~_ wa. appoblied. pastor

of ifte DetroI\ pariah and 'a-\heft ·Qa'bnel Mchal'd and .fohn Whet l\IWfI

sent to aid b1lt. l'OV',..,rw lA\8:r, 1801, Father LMadou .. reoal.l.M

t.o Balt.1aore ud 'at.be .. Gabriel Riabard be ... pariah p:r1es' of o.troit

wbe,.. h ... rted a tar naOb:lng inn ...... DOt. only in .plr1tual altair.,

btlt. oult.uRl _d aoc1al a. well. 1S

15 • .John 0.. Shea, !.2&. ~ 11;488-489.

Blahop Carroll ....... waa able to u:t.encl tWa Yil1fta to the .. dlsiiant.

O\lt.po .... _ tberetoftempowered. D:1.abop Deu.' ot Qtaeblc to adldain.er

00nt1:r.\i. at these .. ~tle .. t. ...... ,. he would be in t.he neighbor­

hood ~.rMt II tmdu' _1\ c1~_. at.8bop DeDau.t. aclai.zd.."'nd COIl-

t1l!'MUOO 1.0 l800 and l80l .t net.l"01t., Ra1a1rl River, and other po14ta. 16

"CD "a

16. W,fu II~490 ..

ibM the dlo .... ot Ia~ wa. ereeted ill 1800, \he "&lon of

, .... , Mlch1g8ft ud i'iUoondn ... undar \M J'td"!IHllQlon of l1abop

Flapt. Se 'f'1alte" v. _ttl_ta oecadeul.l.7, •• c1al.17 DetJ"Oit.

At\er t.he dio .... of C1J.lc1mlaU .. erected in the atah of Ohio 1ft 1821.,

Siataop remd.ok beoaae Adllirdatr'ator Apoflt.olic ot lf10ldaaa &ad t.he North-

.at 'l'efTo1WI7_ ru. lett IQd.1ana anel D.l1nola north of Cblo at.Ul

~:r illkop naaet. t s jur1sd1ct.ion until 1825 when \be _Item cow&t.r.r

12

including 'Hstem lUhlOl. and Wl.colls1n. be ... at\ached. to t.tte d1oce ..

or st.. Louis. 11

17. John G. Shea, SI&. ~ 11:620, 622, 629; 111:265-266, '95.

About w. thle the Lake OOwd.17 had quite a spr:l.n1d:1ng of Cathc­

Uca. Along the De\rolt. 11 .... 1' alone wen abollt a IalUldftd tUtJ' famU1ea;

Point St. Ipce numbered about e1pty; sault ~ Varie twenty 01"

t.h1rt.1J aad along the .no ... of Gnen Ba,. GlU$tered about aixt.y tamU1es;

Pra1I'1. du Chien .. t.Ue,.. r&qed from a b\UU.lNd and twent.y to OM Ilundftd

&114 tiny faa1lle.. In lS20 ,.\her li10bari •• tliHated the cat.holic

white populaUon of M1ch1aaA to be about. s1x thoueand. 1'here were

tiYe CathOlic Churches 111 the nat. whOse par1lhioners weft a m1xtUN

or whites, nepoea, halt b~ aad lJl41aDa all dependeDt tor 8pll"1tul.

a.1d upon tho prio.t.. at. Det.l'Olt.-'atdlers RS.. ... :r<l and the Mw17 ordained.

'. __ 1' haM!. ViMent I&d1n. 'I'M Indian population, Ot_ •• , Potta_to-

fI1e, aDd Huron t.riMa in all mmabered about. a1x tJloulil8.ll(i. the .. In-

diana _re NOOpiHd by the Ualteci statos gonmmeat a8 Cathell.a.

The ot.ta •• , about th1s Ume, awn appealed t.o tbe pnll1 .. t at. waab1nI­

ton that. a catholic prien, such as t.he1r fofttat.n.rs had .. be sent

lIIIC'IDg8t \hut too teach nl1g1on, ans, and agriculture. 18

18. John G. Shea, .22.t..,&L., III :)4), 347-348.

In 1$30, .... N1.n& \0 'athol' Jolm.soa' ••• timation, t,u catholio

populaUcm ot GreG Ba7 and Prairie. Chien stood at 1,000 and 600,

relpecU ""17. rtGNert Bat" 1000 .. ma1Aly 06aadien ami halt­bfteU... 0I'eeIl iq ha4 a popu1&\1oa otSOO *1'-•• of .. \he -JOr.U.,. -7 be preawad \0 haw bMa Cat.hol1o aad the ... f1au.re artd pe •• -7 hold goH tor ~. daObles. Ia l830 __ wtd.t.ea ill Vl1acau1a are 11a.ct as .3,000, ., Whom cme-balt ftddR 1ft Ole. aa,. and PJ:oaS.ne _ Chien .. ami .he ot.her ball la tba lead ftslOA. Pol' \be firat-halt of t.M 18)0·. l1beJ'al t1gvea tor t.he C&\hOUc populaUon t.ou.cb on 1,500 wtd.\e_ aad 1,000 :tad1ana. It 19.

13

19. Bay. Peter L. JOhn8Ort, ~ IIaD tor VW ...... Aa!¥t&:9 •• ~lfl.3. 7.

DurJ.na the adldniat.rat.1 ft period. ot S1ahop 'enwick, :religious

m:1niRft.t.1ona Wft ext.ended me,. rrequen\lJ' to the lO&t.tered C&t.bolles

in thetq)por Great Lake N,i-on. 'J.'b.e prela'., Oft his vla1t. abroad in

1824, .. able t.o Moure the _n1ces or t.wo French pneet • ., Fathers

Bell..amr and DeJean, who ..... seat blme41at.l;r to the li1ch1gan tenito".

t,o aid 'ather Gabriel lltchard. 'ather Bel.lam,y _s stationed at Raisin

tift" 1IbUe , .. \he,. Dejean was ••• igned to t.he JIl •• ion on the Huron

liftr. lieho, 1enw1ok oMenG '.ther 'J"aDcl. Viaoeftt. Baf!1.i.n to be .. nt.

Oft a v18it.a.\1on to tlM upper Oftat. Lakes. III AprU, 1825, " .. r

'ftl'J.CU V. Ba.cU.n naJ"ied on b1. north .. at. maCon tour, -1d.n& llac.ldn.ao

the caaler ot btl .. Untie.. '~m t.hat polDt be jeufte;)'ed on to

GJ'Mn 11.7. '*Here t.be ~opl.e had not Mea .. priest. bUt on. in 1'Ut7

para or more." 20. After b1- re\t.tm t.o V&ck1Dao., he v1a1\ed \he

20. Bev. '1cto~ 'If O'Daniel .. l2!! !18t au. J9!ar9 '_!JAIE. Q'P'&t )28, 261, 2'1l.

Ind1aas at. .A.ftft Cloche a tn tlmH. !be olA aalH10u of Saint Ignace

14

aael Sault sa1nte Iari.. were not neglee\ec:t. IIlIo'f8lDbell', 1825 .. at\el"

an ab .... of •• YeD lI01'ltil., the mi •• l0nal7 re\umed &gain to Detrott.

Although Mn1 abuse. had crept in dur:ing that long 1&7 1.n.ie~um,

ht.her francis V. Badin wa. surprised bow the French canadian. and ha.lt­

bnec:ts bact per ... "« .U the Catholic f81th. 'the following ,.a.r .. at.

the adY1M 01 his bishop, he toured the region a second t.ble, including

Prairie <ill Chien and Portage tn his 1 Unera17. Unlort,unakl1, the

labors ot tne mi •• loaar.y were cut abort. b,. Indian d1.turbtmoEls 80 tbat

he bad to re\tlm to Detroit by _y of st.. Louie. 21.

21. BeY. Victor Fa O'l)fm1el, Dlt !Ilfi!t k!« !~ lMJ!ek. ,o,P •• 329.

Witb all these ha.nd1oaps t-bat t.be Ohu'ch had to stru.sgle with to

keep all,. the ta1t.h, ... 1t. onoe shone 10 bl"1Pt17 j she auoeee4ed

as long a. tbe .. old heaoh CarladU.na wre lett uad1st.urbed in their

old M.b1tat.lons and ftO immediate t.1aager tJuteat.n.ed \bftir tait.h. But.

1Iben inroads .ft bedran1u w be ... into \he .. cent-unea old setUe-

lIIBAU b7 .eeta.r1an &&en's trbtm the ancient ta1t.b beca.me traught. with

danaer. W1th the· open1ng of the GJ'N.t ~ ftCion, ami ewn DetO",

t.hie danpr be ..... 1mm1nent..

roftip t.rav-ura had. 1.01'&1 ooa"lented on tile large Catholic popu­

lation 111 the M1.s1A1ppl Valle,.. ~r1ok Ma.rr1at apr.,sed hi. opinion

that. all .-rica _at. 01 the Allegb.e.o.1.e wUl .... atuall" be a catholic

count.ry_ 22. Ou." expnssed e1mil.aJ" $8l\t.iment.s and aBert.." thi.

22. It.A. BUlingt,on, The '1'0\1'."", .gl"U~de l§92::hS60, 122.

u

C&thoUe advance \0 the d1-.1sion ~ t,he, Prete.tanto .. "'.. '!'be ..

remarks drove \he h'o'Mstant8 1rrt.o 6\ ua10n tor \b$ purpoae ot coabatinl

CathoUc1a. In ~e1r igftoranoe 'beT called C&tho11eia 8. .tona ot

COrrupt.ed Christ,iuit.y and preached aga1.rl8t 1t as such. Ae _r17 alii

1820 their nl1,lous ptess qnt, oat a _rn1.Dg Qat. wnll Protestants

seat at.lllonancs and Bibles to the Mississippi Valley, Rome would OCOU­

py the region and tlbuild up a system. ot ignor'8l'lce, priest.cralt, and

euperatit1on ••• n 2). The peralnent. propaganda COIle.ming the West

23. B..A. Billington .. 'tb! ,fl"Ob'k!!tr gRade ;1:800-1$60, 122.

1.d \0 \he ol'l!P'D1ution ot \U a..n.oan 110M 1U.8e10ftU7 Sodety 1a 18.26.,

!bq teaftd. that. .... muld subdue the Protestant outpost.s in the tiIlS!a-

sippi ValleT UDle •• .,.port. eould be _... In the TAr 1829 the

publloa\1on ot the A.H.li.S • .xpftSaM al.anu a\ \he wnad.ri& nWlber

ot CathOlics 111 tM Weat. A ,.poft, trom an qeDt. 10 1.8)0 natea,

·The liM of Ca\hol1o post. 1. b4ttng faat. oompleted'. That aame )"Or

tJ).e Allel"1oa.n Bible Societ.y urpcl that all ProteBtant seet. un1t,o

to combat Roale'. WluellOe, l1kew1u diet the .. ncaa Eduoat.lon .so­

o1e',.,. Protee\aAt~. beoari.e lIlteresWd &ad bctJl Presbyten.ane

ud Bapti8\s considered \he "adYisab1ll \y of ooncent;raMd JD1a8iona17

operat.1ol1 1n \hit ~-'leR t.o oOlibat \he asians 01 Pope17 \hel'8 ft • Publlc

~ weN held. in the ...... rn o1t1.8. to eonsider \he problem. 24.

24. It.A. Billir&gtcn, Ii! PI!l!aH9\ £ru!4e 1800-:M!90. 12O-l22.

The Aaeri.oaa Bible Soe1ety- IIOW caM \0 the tOft by aiding tM

..

16

1I1rd.s\en Oil tbe t7Oft\1.I'. It not onl7 f'llftl1sM4 tile J!d.\des huto the

ftH'l.7 aet.tled cOlllUni U.s but, also wpplell8Dted the salaries 01 JJI1a- .

1aters Who took charp of d1et.r1but1Dg 1ta llterature. At Gnen Ba7

alone, 11t that old cat.hollo se\tlnent, st.phen Peet d1nrlbuted in one

,ear one t.houaand. Bibl.s Md ttve btm<1red Teetaaents. 25 ..

2'_ Lawrence E. Hu~J ~n& !ft0.Moa OR :!!! .'"niUt. 40

In the decades 01 the th1n1ea, \h. DdJd.fSter report.s \)at, at

QJMn la, cae t.1\1rd of U\e popul,ation wa. loman catholic and was 60 ....

cord1.rlg \0 ,..t., t1porant., superstitious, and neked' • ttThe other

two th1rc1a _stly from New England, be thouPt we... '1nuUepnt. qd

fttlud.' .ft

In 18'9 w,. ... min.1eter found PI'a1r1e du Ch1eo t.lfOiooot,b1rds

catholic. ana rearita 1ft btl "pol"t,

-I have not .found & a1ngle tllUllllJ, and but oae or t._ 1ncU:Y1du&la, \Ibo coulcl not nad, ueept, IIDlOIl,I tile &olaaa Oat.hol1C8, 1ifho ate geaerally kept in 1iDol'lAoe, acoord1n& to the paiu of their religion and the defd,pa ot their pr.l..RS. 1t 26.

26. i!14.. 48-49 ..

the charge of "iporenoe" -7 be .... red b,. pointing out. that.

the .e. Jagland iftmd.grsnta had co_ t~ .. _11 .atabl1shed CCDmmit;r

.ere __ .Uoa bad 'Men tlour1atd.nB unlike that ot a tronUer t.own.

na. old O&tb.ol1c eettlements in \be w.at. bad. bad DO neb eplead1d

opportuatU •• , on t.he COIltl'aJ7. \be7 baG __ Id.etntated by mUital7

17

expeditions .a '*\bO\agh they _N hosUle Indians-" A. ca .. of wanton

des\ruoUon .a that. of t.be villag. of ~ateDon which .a deat"yed

b7 the forces under General ~3cott in 1'191. This 'f1llage cona1ated 01

seventy well f'um18hed boJnes. By' tne time that pea" WAS OOl'mid for

these l"OII)W aett.lement.s the 1told t1M Catholics we ... redllced to lI'ftt.-

abedn8.8 and tdHry 11 tI :t1.

'ZI. Jolm GIt Shea.. M!!t2!Z 0(* guaoj&g .$l!!V!!! &a \U. UIiUti SkU', 11,164-16,. .

It.SMU \00 .. that. the CA\bOl1C8 were c~ wit-b. 19aoraoce bf

sectar1aa 1d.n1 .... hecauM 'he1 diu not po..... a knoWledge of ProttUI-

tant1_.

To the Gharp of the "dea1gfta of \beir priest.", Th~. Ford

haa 8. bit. of ,pod. a4Y1ce tor hoteet.aat. rd.D1at.ers .. and i\ is in place

here ... te.,. the author..,. haft had in 1I1n4 l1fhen be lft'Ote his ,"port.

In napJ'Cl to the Catholic priest. in tbe Illino1e COUD"" be v1tesl

" "" .. the priest _8 the adYl .. r and c11NCwr and ~on of b18 nook:. The people looked up to h1a wltb affection and ftft1"el'lce, and he upon them with eoapaasion and tendemea." He •• read1 to tqmp8:tb1.. w.tt.h th_ in aU their aonow, ent.er into all their jop and cOUll .. l thol'" in all t.hei,. perplu1ttes" :Mal:1f good Prow.t.rmt. JJdtd.sMn, who atoutlr bel1ewcl t.heH CathoUc iJr1est8 to be "aaar1 •• ot S8.t.&n, 1fOUld haft 40ae _11 to Wtate the1r dmple hMlWd &00" •• 'to \he ....... of tbell" neck." 28.

28. ~. '01'<1_ I&dfn 0' m1B!ltJ, 137-ue ..

W1t.h a urd.ted ad well oJ'pD1zed ant.l-oa'UlOl1c propaganda in pr1nt

Uld pulpit .. \he ... de .t atO*" preJd.- _,. w1d.el..T M&tteftCl

and ... oal'T1ed to the tl'Oftt1er, tl'ma Mid n& the work ot C&\tlOl1o

Jt1aaloar14/ls .re dUtl(N1t.

II the en4 of tJle ft .. a" .... 1" of \he ~th oent1U7, \he

,rea' • .-1"4 drlw wid. bad beea DlO'f1tla Oft s\eacW.7 Gin. 1'181,

rece1ve4 a 1MW 1mpvl,.. CoItpled with \he t.1araUon ...... s t.he

18

liberal land polic7 of Uw UJd.W $\a .... aovemMl1\, and the rapid.

uUacUoc of Indian Utle. to \be lrmde 1ft t.he Ronh_n. With the

h1gb Uc1e of 1mm1&rat1on co1D.o1d11d the deftl.opant. of ... llOd.es ot

t.ransponaUon. If 14lO,i the En. Cual wtt.h 1.a comeotina links

•• tair17 OOJIplned Il1O that. t.ha ~. tl"Oll lew England uei Xu

10$ had DO dUn. tit,. in naoh1raa the ..... 29

29. Ed. Qbaaniag, A AD.!II Uti! vsa.lti as\l., '.'J1-6'1.

~t na'f1p\1on on ~ H1aal •• 1pp1 11 ... !' alae _caM ... 1"

IlION popul.&I' aAC11ta oJ."aft.. ftrlWnd 1n ."1' b18ber lat.ltlJde., 80

t.hat. 'b7 1823. the Uppttr W.se1 •• 1pp1 .... t.tt8~ arrival of the tint .~

boat. _U.1De .. e tar flOrt.b ... Fort. 8J.wllirlg.. Tb1. 'fOp. theft fI •• tab­

l1shed \he prutlca'bll1t,. of nangatJ.ag \he Upper 14s8i8d.ppl by steam­

.. tn. It bad atUl other tar Ji'HCh1q Nault... !he new _de o.t

t.rauponaUon be __ \he MtvaJ. ouu'e' tor t.be larp q1iI&Iltlt1e.

ot lead toOft to be_Be the trattle of the •• ,ai.sippi. Along thi.

main aftel"1 lIla,..t .ve. of 1aIm.1&ratlon __ d steadil7 nortbward

l' 1nto tM Upper tiu1.4ff1ppi 'aUeT". 30

30. ffJa. J. Pe\enon, ~~ on !f!!I1IRB!£M6!M!eiw4 l:M !.U!r 1M l2 l~' 100...1· ...

Up \0 1830 t.he OIeat LaD lalion •• atUl .. wUd.emfU'. and. tar

beJOBd \be tl'Ol1t.1er Uae.. He ...... r, with the problem of \RrlBpo$\S.Oft

sol .. tao Uppel" oOUt'l\l7 ~d eo loapr _ i_law" untt.. soc1al.lT

Mel ecouoa1oal.lT the t1ae portended a ckange.. For OIl the t.h.Nshold

of this oo\lfttl7 theN .\God .. new people, wlih BeW intensts and_w

plans.

fb.e take reilOn had. held. 1ta own tor al.aost two centuries with It.

one sup.... lawnal.-peltri.... MUten bacl cAanpd hands bQt. t.U

old world.a& toro. of Fnru1b CUadla.na and. hall-oned.a bad nma1ne4

in the neld. low al"O'Wld 1830, the· .tar 'ft. wa. on the clMUM whUe

the land cla1m .s on the ri". Jolin. Jacob Aaw .. , who sensed \he \rend

ot t.1M, sold out 1ft 18)S to ___ .. laru1 sp«tculator. He was not.

alone 1n tbe n.le. tor \be res10D •• owrl"UD b11umber &ftd land

5p(tc'a.:Iio.... In \beir uplonUons, t-he fur tra4era had $pied: out the

good. l.aNi, \be,. k.'IMw the l'OllWa .t tUl'a1'el &l\d. bl'Ought. back to the

Iu' &lowing aCcoWlta about. \.be new po881b1l1t.1ea ot the noJ'them

COWlt.l"1. On \hell' beau f0llo_d. adwn\unre and hoID.ekers.. i~"

t.be &dw.rloed flU' t.rading post.. bad .. , there, clt.1e. spnng up,

an AadeM populat.ion -. ..... '¥'1ng in, \bu replaeiDg the taet.ors, agent.s,

:int.erpl"9Wn, 8O$r8, and p&c.dters of heneh descent. fuJ" torad.1.q

poat •• ,. locaw..i at PRine ·du Ghien, ~Ba7, aftd KaWd.nac, tAe

latter _8 the oomraerc1a.l oenter ot the Va •• 31 Prairie dtt Cb1en

)1. Harlaa lat.oher, II! 9JIH ,iMIt' 404-405.

ao

aDd Green Bay had tor a tJ.me __ n tRlbs1d1al'"1 stations ot lIack1nac aDd

&8 aueb tAelr eoonom1c a..n4 eoc1al in,,-,.Ra we" related to that place.

An 0_l"Vi •• ot theN old _t.tJ.eraeat.,. \0 about 18)0 td1l olar11'7

\he alt.uaU,on upoG \be &1'1"'1: ... 1 ot .,. ... 1" ..... obelll.

PR1ri. ... Cb1en

Pn1r1e ctu Ohien dates baok to the hwloh paned. Nicholas Peft"Ot.,

Prenen OomaDdant of the Wefl.,. buUt Ion st.. Nlekolu on that ait.e

1D 168S. Father Hennepin had Unpftd theft t1 ft 1M" ear1181"1 and

in l6tfJ be .s followed b7 two .s.n!.t4, 'ather kreR ad Pierson.

Fa"r UUe.at holds the honor 01 celebft.tJ.ng the tint Mus on the

aU.. of Patrie c:ht Cblen. It, Jaeea. a place of nndeooulJ in 17'Z'1

wber1 t_lNuit 'athen 1a ~ wlt.h the expedition or Sioux. ~

paaeed. theft to establish the _.don of st,.. lU.obael. a.t. the present

siie of tIonanac" utm ... ta. 'ta,ean later, 1731 • .men t.he French

a~ anci burned tJle tort. on Lake Pepin, ao. ot the .. men f'ovndeit

a tl'&dlAa post. at the IIOU.th of tbe ~1aeonad.ft at .. r. !Joad1t1onally

1\ 18 beld \hat. th1s enabl.1shment .£o.-d ti.be nuel_ ot tutun Pftlr18

d.u Ch1er.I,. 'ather .aot.bena\ewr 1&78 that. «About. 1180 a permanent

a

settlement beau \0 &rOw up &JI01.Uld the po.\". '2,

32 ...... .leba Bo\henate1aer, "The Nol"theu\em Part ot \he niOC4tae ot st. Louis uad.erl1ahop •• tiM, w, 1It181;

, , .... ,. L. Scanlan, • 'itI J ,aJ. Fa. atory

gi_j~~tJie date 8 ...... ee ebratecl on the 81-' of Pl'&1rJ.. dB Ohien.

!be 1abab1t.&n~8 of Pn.1r1e • ClWm .. re nevlJ' aU Lo-r 0Iaad1~8

eal'1")'1ng on tta.de with \he ladians. B7 1800 the population nnge4 tl'Oll

100 to 1S0, all Mttlera depemt.i.ng Oft tlle tv trade for a liYina. B7

lSU t.be whole sett.lement oontd.ned about Oll8-huncJlted tardll •• , t.h1:ny ...

\110 of \be .. we,. 11'ViDa on the 014 plot. !he .at promtnent trade"

had tbd.r ho.a there. ' There .e all over \he Ior\hwn, the t .. der'.

'fIOrd •• law, the .. noaa law wa. new!" .atoNed. In fact, betore

the _I" of U12 Britiab aen\1meat prew1lAtd. hUrl. du Ohien bad

al_,. been 4Q tmpol't.ant. Indiu pound and no le.. than .1x.t.ho\urand

IAd.taD. ri.alW4 the 'ra~ poat anmaal.l.J. It. •• tjuu .• tOft, of \be

.. at iraport.ance t.o the BriUah to "\&in the good w.Ul of the sa.,..,.. h\ ... ot -.r • .33

",. p.-e,. L. aoanlan, r.rHEY silWII, 167-169.

The I'fIllalOU8 .t!a1za ot t.h1. place bad. 10. bMn MlleClted., and

pl'O_bly 41.-t have the services of a priest since the Noall of

the earq ld.ae1onar1... It. bad been the c-.t.er of JII8ft1 lnd1an c11a­

t~. eA4 aot unill 1617 when peaoe wao re-eaiabUsbed did a Tapp!.at

22

1II18.1oMI7 'Wmt-un nol"'Ulwud. rus was tIaJ'18 Jo."~. _at,

probablJ' he bad been invited \)7 Jarl"Ot, .. Vader tJl'Om PJ'a1r1- du Ch1en.

In reteJ'91lft to bi. ft.!', 'ather l'>uIuuld. wrotes a _t.tJ. .. nt tbree­

hundred leagues d1stant, ..... re unU1 that t.1me then had new,. been

It prleet-It took _ tl'drt.)"-tour da,s t.o reach it&t.'4 Fo,. tb.b1~7

34 ..... John Ro1.beaete1ner, f.e.i. cl\,. 111181.

dap 'ataw Duaand. adnistered to tJw .et. 'orlom floek at Pra1r.l.

du ChieA. Hl. 0_ stolT tollows:

Itl ada:InineJied Bol7 Bap\1811 to a pMt. ~, lars. &ad -.u, U!IOliI wbom there wn ..,. halt-breeds end _..... In abort, all 4&7 :t .. occupied in lille uel"e1ae ot the h017 idn1A!7.. 1'1u.,. ..... oral.7 fttuse4 to ptoft, by ., vialt. PJoote#taA'o __ --1'7 d.a7 to \he 1DstnlOtiOl'UlJ eft1'l the de ... .... aoaftt1;ed.. !he _ ..... ot cI1tteJ'Ht Dationa .,. .xut. in at.teadaDce at " •• , t.be -ftg ....... ~t _ tbelr cbUdnn 1a &l'OUp., __ w 'be baptised, o'\b .... that they lIiSht. bebold a Makita C01ll'&PJ ... I wiU -'I' 1ft a. ward t.bat God bleased. ",. .l'k ... I.,. btQoad .u, I had hoped tor." "

". l!&ia. 11,182; Peter t. Soaalan, lao-lat.

Jl'a\ber DtIUand lert a neoN ot 13' apt.tau, ehUdJoft Mel adult-a;

pertOlWd 1.4 ma.rri.qe CMftfIOllt.·. J and \ll .... d a cuete17 on !la7 6,

1$17. "

36. IbUt, 181.

Ano'ther \ea ,....,.. elapeed betore a aecond .eseqer ot \he Qoapel

23

arr1wc:1, t.b1a t:J.. the tN"ling m18ulonal7 .. 'athe .. 'Nll01. v_ .Bt.41n.

DuIi.Dg t.he 1.820' a Aaltnctan tudJ.1es bepA tro move in, an4. with

tbe .. PJ!!o\estanUaa .. broqb' in.. !Ira. Jul.1an Loekwood, who arr1ftd

in aut.WIIl ot 1824, lmrat41a~ began to oraardze a. PreabyWr.tan Sunday

SCbOol. Bel" -rk "ce1 ... 4 "'. auction of Dr. E. James ud. J * Kindoe,

but. Mr. Iolet. ... opposed t;he~. ae pel'8UAded. t.he IIIDthera, who

un' \helr children w \he school, to w1thG-aw thea be .... t.he purpos •

•• to ... the children ,,. ... \ant. •• , To OO'LUlteract. Mr. Rolette rtthq

b.\roduce4 ad taught t.he cbUdl'en \he Romart catholic C&teob1-.. finding

1lOt.lWlg to their IId.n4s ... ". objectionable 1ft It.... !be scbool .s eli ....

oont1mle4 in the tall. of l42S aad act l'esuect unlli 18,0, when raemb4trs

01 ot.ber deftOJldnat,1ons wd.tM to tona \he Un10n Sunda7 SchOol. 37

37. J ... H. Lockwod, "EaI"17 'J.'.S.a.. and Ewate 1n Wieoona1n, It £gus Q' §$!b &8$:. ae&m ., Wi •• 1;98.

In 1822 the eccle81asUcal hierarahy toNllahd .. new plan wb1ch

•• to take care ot the Nl1gloua aee~ in Pn:1rie du Ohien. In tbat

1MI' tile 1I1a8188 OIl \be Upper lda.1mppl _re _tn.wd by the bishop

of st. Loui.e t.o the La_nat. htAen, with the uncle,..taad1ag that. \be

t1rat establishment. was to be -.de at Prair1. clu Chien.. !'be pl'OJect

•• aleo urged. by Gtmeral Clark. B<nrewr, tbe Lau.r1e\s _" slow 1a

-k1ng a .rt. an4 by tb1s _1"d.i.DG •• t.b.e7 as.seed t.belr opport.un1t.7.

When B1ebop io.U arri1'ed 1ft st.. Lou1, in 1124, DO .epa haG be4m

\&ken t.oW&l"<1 \he pl'Ojeet.ed ... 1on. Bl.op DQ. Botara had bepn to with-

4ft .. _.t ot the pri.st. to Lo_r z...,u1a1ana 80 that b7 \he 'Prins ot

24

1825 theN were but tl .. pries's lett to l'Id.D1.t.er to tot. catholica 01

Ullno1a &Ad tie.uri. TIle .. OOftdlt.lona attect,ed the •• tUement at

P1"&1ri. clu: Obien and once mere 1t ._ len to the _nq of lUnerar.y

miaa1onar1... 'ather ,nnd.a V. :sa4in rd.n1ltered the" tor three sue-

ceaa1w 7Mrs, 1827 .... 1829. In 182'1 he began \he etnactuft of a log church,

bu., hi. work wal 1nt.errup~ by the Red :atl'C1 maasaen. Later, ill ~

8'W11D8l" ot 18)1, Fa\h.rLuta. a ViDoent1an, vieited the place but he

retume<i to 8t.. Louis BOOn after the ~ .aoacre. 38

___ 'l~. ___ ~ __ " ________ ._. _________ .. __ ~ ______ ..

38. Char.. :1.. L. Son'R.1', ··The La_riata 1n IlUnols, R i!inO!$ ~~. aut. lfltrt ... , ItJo6-m; f'.t.er L. soan.l.an, Pr!1rie s.mLM. 201- 2.

'l'hu.a Prairie du Chi_ wa. hopeleaa17 lIId.t.1ng, when all of a sudden

.. son of st. Dom1n1c Mized the opporttane moment t.hat gaft Pralr1e du

Chien at la-t 1t. Nl1g1ous s\awe.

Gl'Ma Ia7

!he. ear17 heIlch P.riod of Gftea D&7 bae alread7 Men refened

t.o on pa,p fl.... It hae &180 'been aenUoned that rather Clt.ardon ..

\he 1&8t .Janit .1$1011&17 .tationed t.here. ttJftle Pox ar of 1128 grw.t-

17 e.aitMrruliNtd \be o,.,..\108a of ... aln1oaa:r1 ••• Sf )9

'9. R.C. ".U ... , "SeWllt,y-'. 1'..,.. Reoollect.lona ., W18COJldrl," 16,s-1$13, .!eaa Ullt QU;I.,t 111:261.

A,updW Grfs..-, a p1oIlMl" ot the model'll ... \1 .... at Gnen

Ba7 sa,._. "1 .. wry oontldtm. \here OOQJ.d not haw been an7 lIl.aloft-

as arie. at OJIeen Ia7 t:rom 1ta settlement, 111 174'), -.\11 h\ber Oa.b:t1el

Mohard. of Detroit Yia1Md tom. Jkq in 1820. It 40

40. 1\.0. Tbwa1us, n8eWDty-\WO tears Rllcollect.lona of Wisconsin," 1695-181" ~&f.22!!!!e it&." P21l,. 111.26l.

There 18 a tJ."&d1Uon \bat &8 late a8 l807 \h miaaion 6ro ••••

at.Ul a\and1ng on the ... at .eIe of ~. river, h&11' VI&'3 bet .... n the ford.

and. Dee PeN Rapids. .. GJoIeea Bq .. tfun, t.hen nearly without ex­

.,t.lOA.all CathOlios t ptMre4 around tb1. eross for church .• rv1oes.

AD ,interne. with Mrs. Mart.1n of .Point. Salnt. Ianace in 1891 "wale

that. ttu.re also oont1rma.t1on .. Moe .s held, when the little creole

obUdren fteel,.. tiPSt ~on from the hand. of .. 11.0p·. 41

41.. Neftlle aac:l1lart.1n, Hew 9I!!Q III, 1634-l340, 231.

Al~O'QIb. ONeil lay •• lett 1d.\heut a pa_or.. the 'Nloh .. t.tleft

did b.olA to \be tl"&41t.10nl of \bet,. ta1\h aM JJd.rld1n& hardobips no ..

ditt1eulU8. \0 _""'" the .ad.n1etn.tiona of prieet.s. Aupet1ne Gr1gnOD:

relates stICh .. 1ne1dent$ Hi. fatller, Charle. 0rJ.&n0n. be!.Ag at. JfackiDac

wben 'atMr ,..,., am",", "_lWfl \0 brirla bi. cWdND up flOm

0JreeD Irq to lIac1da&o ac4 ."" t,Ha bapURd. He sem. tOI" hia w1te

&ad. old.l.dren to be bJ:lOU&ht to llao1d..Mc, Which _s a c:I1etance of 240

JId.les. The t.n., took about. e1x elaTe to Va_l in tail' weather. 42

42. Reuben G. 'ftlwa1tee, .. Snent.y .... two lean Reoolleot.1ona 01 vaSCon4in," 1695-1$1.3, !If' H1Q, co~on!, III:261.

ll'l 1816 ,ort. Howard. ...... ted &nd w1th a. garriaon stationed

there, the Aalenoaaa gn.clual.l7 tU\ere4 1a. 43

43. Ii.B&I Mt\!r!t0tl !l!". 11,2.

26

About. "- middle of \he 1820t s the lapt,!'" il1lNd.on Soci.ty ..

u attempt, to _nd her ldni.,.,. to GIHft .,. as 18 disclosed. 1n t.he

l"eP17 ot a let.ter dated "147 20, 1828 wnt.ten by R. In1D Jr. to the

Bapu.t. K1.81on SOC1.'y 1ft Jew York. It 1. an annel" to the societ.y· s

1nqui,., as to t.b.e 1 .... 11>1.11t1 ot ~ a clel"gylUm and a. ~cher to

Oftea Bay.. the _itAr &l- in""a a deecript10n el GJe- Hal at tb&.t

tiM. Tbe __ s of 1821 .. t.M, \be poptalat4on then consi.ted of

aboat t..l\ne-t~. ca.-dian, aacl balt-hNed., the other touJ'tJ1 was

eompo_cl of lD&Uah an4 AMnoaa. ru. poptalat,ioa, as \be l.t.te.-

as .. n .. , was Q1strtbuted. .'fer a di81;l"1e\ 01 oount.r.y of about. H'¥9t1

.u.s aloq the Pox R1 WI' a&l4 .. adIrd.n1at.erecl to by a lfFnach mln1 .... r

01 CAt.boUc perauasion, In Wbom 1. unt_d. t.he two-told functions of

preaollel' q4 eobool .... tert aad who DOW has a _hool in .. ece8aful

operatiOll". Tbe ingUab Hllool of t.M district •• contiHd to the

\Jn1.t,.d SUMS pm.on. Imn, the 111'1"1", 1lJ'"&ea 1mM4late actiOR

betON the 11"O\1Ad -ulA be oeoup1.d b7 uothel" seet.. 44

44. BellA hench, 11D2!Z !£ !!!II 2!JaH, 63-70.

Fa\ber licb&ret in hi. letter to the PJtOpagat.lo11 of the l'altJJ.

&f.aItch 21., lB26, list. the CatJlol1o taa:U1 •• at. aNen 1&7 .s beJ.n& 84,

ZI

BAd the catholic pcpulaUoa $04.45

4S. Rev. Gabde1 Richard, 1tlA\ter," Aa!!J:!$ • dI: ftO~ • la lol, Int,26.

The Eplacopallaru ..... 800ft on the .pot in thi. m1aa1on 11e14 tOI"

thq haG p~ ton. Baptist 1ft their exploratloa. ot a ad •• 1on 81t...

'the litey. R.F.. cadle, apnt. of the Do_ette and Po_lgn Episcopal. 1Ii.31on­

aq S001n7 •• $\abU.bed .. mlss10n an4 a aohool at Sbartty1o .. 1n 18)0.

'hID rears laUI' it ." remo'M4 to IaYU'iDO.. 46

44. Bella heAOh, !WJ..d.b" 69.

1'M abo_ named Frenon IliDiner ot ca.thol1c per8'WLI1Oll, who 1.

mentJ.oaM a. preacher q(i .oboel_ater pl"Obab17 wa. Hr. Fa".,.l, aa

ox-aealaar1an. U. bad. eqrat.1ated !Wuelt with Rev. B10bard ... per­

Jdt .... ct biIrt to open a CathoUc 8Cbool at QJ."Mft :sa, in 1826. 'a\bel'

l10haN Ptrsonal.l7 d81t.ed tlI'eea f.ta7 in the para ot 1820 and 1823,

celebraUna lIa •• ln ~ b.oae of Peter CIipon. He ___ oed \be bull4-

1n,g of a church 1n tH .... r of 1823, \bou&h the Aruotun •• not

completed. uat.l1 1825 1Iheft 'ather 'ranci. ,. Jad1n, wt10 .pent two _nth.

at Qnea Dq, cledicat.ed \he rae- church to saint hane!. lavier. A

Je&1" laWI', 1fbUe ' ....... l.s oCC1lPJiu.g .. pon1on of the new buUd1:ag,

theclmrcb ••• atro,-.4 b7 tin t.hrough tIOIIIIt carel ...... ot l11e. 47

47. Ibid.., 111;70, HeY. Victor ,. CfDaJdel, !MItt, _Va Edam leS2k, 328.

28

Ap1n Green :sal" •• w:1thOllt a pl.aee ot lIIOrsld.Jh MOreover, \he

la1tJl suffered corud.deftb1.7 tor .. time from tn. annoyances of Fauve1,

who DOt onl7 uflUJped the otlicee of the priesthood but. even practiced

decett on both tAe 1ih1t4. and the naUYes. 'ather 'ranc!. V. Ba41tt

aga1A Y1.1ted the aa:~ol1.c. at Often Bay in 1827. 48

48. Bey. fictor ,. O'DMiiel, .2!&..!l.h, 3S4.

lD 1828. rather DeJeu It.1.a1.Mred to the laithtul there, wt

the -Church in Green Bay d1d. not t.hr1 ft". 49

49. fie". Banjud.n T. 8Ue4, A5!'t.r,taa Aid-lito I!f!GeD Cal!!1&9!h $0.

Yet. aaot.her dancer to the lalth •• the .,..otloD of a sectar.t.an

school t.o wblcb. catholic cb1ldJteft _1'8 sent, accepted r .... 01 char,., and laetnaoted 1a a bereUcal doovine. SO

SO. Bishop JuklOD Kemper, -JO'fII'nAl. of aa Epl.copaUaa 1O. •• 1ona17" t Tour \0 an. Ba7, 1834, SlI I&Da !tRlJ. ... XIV:436. r ., If'

0efta1nl7 \he tl1ckeI1.n& f1&118 ot holy faith .s ever lowering,

and great were the torces o:t e111 ho'ftrifta OWl' the cradle of l .. rlT

CathoUoit,. It. aood shepherd _8 needed to contii'll the wealdlag. and

1Nd tba on 11'1 the 1If&1 of Tftt.h.

f \I

t

I f

I It

f ~

f ....

I I-

~

i l

&

N

" •

I 11

•

'"

I ~

• f

I i

M

• t1

! f I

J Je-

t f

.. f

f •

I I. I

i •

r ,

! OI

l

rJ

I ~

( If

ti

..

IS. •

t)

I i

:l ....

--f

.. 1

i a

~ :.

! a

I ..

i tA

o

A

.. f

~

If

tot

f l

1 Ii

[

.. •

f I

1 I I

I if

g

... ~

" ~ f

t. f

1 i

tL ~

;-I

... • I

1: ~

• et i

fill

! ..

i t

.. i

I ,

a ..

...

I !

• ..

f !:;

~

I I

'II>

, i

J '5.

f t

f l!

l

f :t

f I

;2.

,.. a

tit

j f

a I

• i

! ..

i I

1 ..

,. f

t l!!J

>-

~ M

•

1 l-

t--(

..

a ~

• f r

.. ..

~

.... l

e !

(')

f ..,

,. f

f $

f i

• :I

c+

'U\

..

I •

I

f •

l\.)

Ii

.. ~

! I

~

8 0

! i

f'f'

~

.. I

f f

I !

f r

lit

f!

: ..,

:I g

r I I

I-....

I 8

=-!

i ...

t: j

.. I

I 8

s-a

.. p

.

I ..

~

I j1

f

\\

... OI

l p

.

I I f

8 ('

) ...

'8 !

f r

t 0I

t i

I I

:& l

I •

f i

tit

I ~

.. i

CD

f I

.... ... r

l1'

.. J

t ..

• I

I I

j I

~ ~

b C

't'

f It

::t

fit

I :.

f ~

f !

.. .,..

f 8

l i

, a

t Y'

a ..

;to

•• 1823. 10 prie.' ••• Uoud there, but. ocealiOfl.&U7 OM WO\1ld

co. "&ad keep al1ve .. l1t.\l.e spark, kiadl.e<l eo ~ ,.ra NtO"

b7 \he dnoted .r.IUit. ..... olVU"1.e". Dle people observed tbe ouatom

ot ga\bel'1ng toptMr toJ! pr&Jers aadsing1n8 a8 tlaqht. b7 the early

II1Ia1our1ea. '3 ". Ell_beth 1'. Sa.1.rd, ftla.1n1aceACN ot 1ar17 DaJ'a on lfaclc:1u.o Island" ..

W1 •• JU.d •.. ~lLut XlVel'.

A.bout. 1802 a echOol. .. opeaed. 'b7 11 •• AageliM Adehemu'. a h1Pl7

Ow.wl94 ladl'. wnc. had e_ 1d.'ih \he La hubol.. t&ld.lJ tl'Olll MoDtnal..

aa4 1Iho •• of .... t :1nt1ueaoe _ 'Ule lalaml. tM edv.caUon and oult.ure

wbich .. lmpa.rt.ed bad an eadurina ett •• t ........... 1" w:rk _I con\a'tl8d

by _ ot a.r pupUs, 1tN. 1'ltMr beiDa OM of tbea. Alt.bough tb1,

taa117 ntvae<l to Mont.ftal at\er tbe death ot fir. La harIt.bolae, "th •

.. 4 1Ib10A had been _. by 's.tb.4tr Iaripleu.., aad o1llt.lftte4 by \h ...

cW'f'Otlt. la41 •• , bore a b~old 11\ alter ,an"'.. 54 Later Gnud-

54. lW.abeth r. Ba1l'd, • JI1i.a., 20.

ta~r Soh1adler, a scholarly -.aD, opened a nhool tor boy. in wtdcb

lIIIIl1 ot the Araer10M aettlen ... oeiftd \he1r _.t:Loa" ~ thea

being Hercul •• L. Douaman. About. this Ume too, 1#.1"8. '1" .. opeDed

a schoOl tor tbe tradent daugbt.e1"8. ru. aohool .. the tlm b0ard.­

ing sGbool 1n \he IOrtrhwet 1Ibera tM I1r18, ~ in age tl'Oll t_l ....

to elght.en, wre tauaht. to read, \0 .rite, \0 _, and to de pa.eral

31

bou"',lng. '5

;5. lU1u.beth '1'. &IN, !il.I. ~ 20.

Ifa-cldnac _s tor a long u.s. neglected 1n 1ta ap1r1tUl aftairs

pmclpa.ll.f d_ \0 troublcUl at.' Oettroi\. Veamvh11e tJw P:r&ws\anta

we ... prepari.n.g t,o make estailll1ahmftnt. on tM island. As .... 17 a8 1820,

\be .... J. Morse, a CengnpUonal. m:1n1.Ul" paid hi. Y1s1t. Ii., was

cOMS.uioMd '07 the United states PWl'nMl'lt to go on a t_ 7Un'

tour ot obae ... tlon ud iJlItpeGt.loa 1Iitb a Ylew to dtrd89 a plan tor

thecl'V1l1r.a.\1on of tn. Iftdiane.. For about \., weeks he preaelMd to

a lup aadience in t.he C01U"\ bouse &J2.d ett .. t.ed arrangements tOl"

Bible and t .... ct. Society wri<.. In Jul.l' of 1821 Father Blcbal'd &peat

t.hree weka tb.eft 1n =:18110lI&l7 dut;,. He.. aoon 10110.4 'by an

tmeXpeCt.ed viad.kr .. Williara Montaque Ie"", a PI'e~r!an adrd.atel"',

_t by tI$ UnlW Fenian uu.1eMry SOote',. ~ eaplON \he field.

The W~, 'daita 01 Catbol1cJl'1.alonad.ee bad been noted and

tU ftlNlt of hi. "POrt. to the ro .... lp _pion SOd.tl' .. that the,

took atep. to erect a _aston at. JIaolclaac. In 1$23 D. htr7 ntumed

w1t.h h1. tUt117 ad opeMd a acbool 111 \he old court. Houe. At \be

ol.o .. of the )'Mr he bad an attendanM ot '_lw day pupUa. lA 182;

tbe l1u1on Hou .... bullt tIM,. Iib". 1eJtr7 ooatJ.nued bie work to.,.

, .. 1 ... ,..,... hoJa 1821 .w the mission 010_4. It ... 'UI'ldell' ,he

.... o.f the Alatdean Soard of c:o..d.uloae1'8 tor 'ore1&n I41sftOl'la wit.b

head qa&nen at Ioat.on. At. .. t.1_ \M "bool ha4 an att.a4Moe

of 180 pupUs. 'l'b.e chUdreD £1'011 \be Ylllaae a\tendM as da7 pupUs,

'2 and tho.. tt'Oa taG ..... 1'&1 IDdiU'ld t.ri.bes aa bGartHJl'S. 54

56. Rev. ADto1ne I ..... k, 2!..t.i1b, 11:115-116; .1'.1, Da1'141On, _9 W~.iD. 48-50. .

Mrs. John Unzle Who yJ.$1\ed tbe •• tabU ... t 11'1. September ot 1830

.u- tM toUo1d.ng COI'IMDt.:

"The _.alon •• talJl18hmltnt. .. t.be beloW<! ohU4 and t.be oOma\C'm "'-l" of 1n\eres\ .t t.be In Pl'O\eet.ant taaU1 •• cluftered around. 1t. ~ the H&l. and good. uaaae-nt 01 ur. and 14rs. '8"7, and \be tos\er1nl ~t ot t.be congrep:tJ.on, the school •• 1D &l'Mt repute, _d 11'. was pleasant to obeen\J the .tt.t ot .-tal aAd. ftllg10us oul­t1lft in aubclu1A& the rd..chi_.us, 'trri.clq proptm-81tl •• ot the halt-bned, and rouldng the swlld apat.h7 of t.he paw... Indian. 1t S1

S7. Juliette 1. KiD •• , !.!tt:i!m. 19-20.

!beN •• DC CatohoUo sobocl on t.ke Island., and no •• cattonal

acUY1t." __ p\ tOl' \he 1aat.I'MUon. 1mJ,~4 lq" fI&dam La 1I'811bol .. ,

aa Otta. 'iIIOJIaA ._ tmaban4 ha4 \a'Ulbt. her \0 Nad and wr.tw. IItIt

was her eutoa f.o ,.08f.: .... ala •• • , J'O'Ill'I& pupUe da117 a' _1' house,

\hat. ._ Id.&ht. gift \MIl l •• 80M in rea.d1111 and writing, and also in the

p1"1llelpl •• of tJle lkmtan C&U'lol1o 1"811&1011 to Which abe .s .epl.T a-

""teet. It ,.

sa. a6Sl., 2,).

With t.he locat.:1o.n of the Protestant, • .v.w .... t. on the island

" \be Gatftol1c fait.h .. tueataed w1\b _tbot1on. 1'he gna"" danIe ..

1&7 1a \he t&ct ~t I8ft7 C&\bDl1c ehlldnm ... ,. eeat \0 tJle preab)'ter­

ian Mhool. the r4sa1on house "~ tM .. ry turnate lIIM.re Cat.hol1c

ch1l4ren. ud a.dults wen 1111.4 and cut. into PftabJMnans*'. 59

'9. Rev. Antoine I. Rezek. !b.. ~ II:l?6.

Oootuporar,y Jd.8s1ollaI'1ea, ,athe .. s lU.cbard and De3flU. both l.aa­

_teet t,he situation of Ca~l1c1t.7 OR the leland &8 -7 be -em in

tM1.r let.wrs t.o the Pl'Opagau.cm ot tM Faith. In No""'r ot 1827

'ather 0..,.. wro'k troll ~ to the ""clation at LJons$

""t61 bapt.iH a Vacldnae quatontt pel'8OllMIIIJ pn$q,WJ toute. acbtlt8J _18, ., j1 le dis 1.. coeur um d8 dotIlev, 1.& g_"'\-i08 tuture de Jluldnae _ra touW pa'Owstaak .1 le chose. coat1nuerrt.. Dea p ... ebJ\8r1aa, eout.enu pal' ... oocl'" • r10hea _I'ebamis de New York, Oft 'tabU UM eeole dans 1 'h.. n. NflOi:.-eat. presque pat4.. teas lea ent'ans •• catnell ... , U. lev awn=-t. 1e eat.eok1_ prowatant, leur ~\ .epr1aab1e, pt-r leVa dtaoov8 OApt,iau, 1& rel1&1oa .. leura "",sJ .t _8 ent .. s, de ret.our dans lnra alsens, P"ebent le protestant1_ a leur8 parens, at 1 •• nppllut de .. £&1,. Pl"OtH\aas. 11 n'''' 8. pas 4afta Mac1d.n&o el' ecole oa\bOllcaWh.. On ne YO.U, auoa eatant a ].a MM ... lA. ,,.,-.\aft. atUrent encore beau_up de Se:llYages. Lev ekblJ.saemeat "CEO!t de lew-York plus de ad' 1IUl- piaAftS pal' an. Avec cela. que _ peut,.-on pa8 tain t.. 60

60. MallIe. M PDWtM~ M t! ltd, 111:'22. " , I

34

!.be npp.,. ....... a1ppl vaU.,.

On \he upper M1u1.sfl1ppl mwr, a sWlar change was taking pl:ace

as bad. .en noted on if_ Great Lakes.. lot only the fur t.rade, but the

lead mines bad alec plaJed &rl bq..'Ol'tAnt part in the early hiat.ory of

tne Upper .aslssippl. In tact. tdle lead Jd.nee beeute the determining

factol' in the eul1 .t.t.~t. o.t tbat. :region. Next to pelt-nesl lead

.s the mo.t. import.ant cotJWQCtlt.y ot export. in the Upper Courrt.ry and

even •• rv.d alii currency_

Alt.bough the pftseace of lead between \he li"onain and. IUlno1s

lU:ver8 had lea beeB knOwa w \he Ind1a.n1 beton t,he. ocmtI.n& ot the

whit.. ... , \be, bad sRolln no 1a\e,.st 1ft u.,t. nat.val reaource _tin

ttMl learned 1t.a value trma \Be rnmen, aotaught t.hea the WIe ot

1'J.:N aIM _"wit.h t.o h'talt tar bea.J1n& uS _1 s on a larcer aeale.

thereat\er it became an arUcJ.e of U'attl0 w1t.h both the Indiana and

the tra4el'1h 61

.. ~ .... ~ ............ ----............ ----.... ~--.... --........ ~~----.. ~~~~~~------~~~ 61. 1teuberl G. '!hwa1\ea, "Notes on liar17 Lead Mln!.ftg,n !la,. UIII'. Col1%1

UI:h2ll.

'fhe earU •• t. 'nncbMn to reach the lead mine, •• Jean 11001et"

who "'sll7 saw t.be lead. 4epoal \a in the Oel.ena area 1n 16'4, aacl

rade Ii "POrt of them to b1. soYel"RMnt. 62

62. PbU1.P lWJ.1au, iIlJI!, UJ.&a0~! A tooteM;g 19 U!l!!'L 7

3' Father flennepin t II Map of 1678 places tnese mines in the Fever R1 ver

district -mere Ga.lena now stands. Not long alter Father Hennepin f s

sojourn in that district, Nicholas Perrot, on an cuqJedition up the

la8:nsaippi in 1690, received trom II Miama Chie!, a specimen ot lead

ore \bat the Indians had discovered. Immediately he promised to build,

within twe.nty days, II post belOW the 't~1.00ne1n River. This as probab­

ly Perrot.' 8 post oJ~!.\()81t.e the Dubuque mines. In 1700, Pencout and lA

Sueur on t.beir explorations took not.ice of the l"d. mines which later

became mown as IISnalte Diggings" near Pot;.asi, iasconsin. 63

63. Pet.er L .. Scanlan, f,ra&de 4u Ohien, 14, 16-17.

Qt areat note and significance wa. Jullan Dubuque, a rnmchman

from. Prairie du Chien wb.o on S-pt.ember 22, 1788, obtained from t.he

Foxes 8. ce88ion ot lands on the Mississippi Biver tor mining purposes"

At. one t.ime he held the entire region ot lead deposit.s in IO'fII'a, W1s~

ei.n, and. Illinois, baYing his large t.rading house on the .st side

ot the •• sl.8ippi, the site 01 which toda11s marked by the modem

city of Dubuque. 64 Julian Dubuque conducted a. prosperous business

64. ijistg£l oK DaDa 2meu, 16:;.

in lead and pelt-riee, which be uaual17 wok to St.. Lou1.s him.selt,

ma1d.ng t- canoe t.ripe a year. In 1796, in order not to of tend Span-

ish autbo1"1ties, he secured legal Utle to his claims trom Baron de

Carondelet, and this he held untU his deat.h on MaI'Oh 24, 1810. Pike,

)6

who vi.iteci Dubuque in lOOS.. states that hi. claim to the mines on tbe

we.t aide ot the r1 vel' extended over a strip of territory ot about

twent7-8e"ftn lfts,gues 1n length and one t,o t.hJ.tee leagues in breadth.

On the east side ot the rJ.:ver he met. with more opposition from. wander-;..

ing representatives of' the American Fur CoI\pan)r at Macld.nae, who de­

pended much on the fNpplles ot lead fumiabed to tn .. b,. t.he Foxes. 6;

65. R.G. Thwait.es, "Notes on Early Lead M1n1ng,1t ",ars, mD= ,0011u !9 XUlt28~.

Alter t.he death of Dubuque in 1810, the Indians continued to work

the mine. in. that vicinity.. This is abown 1n a letter to the S-cNtarr

of ~lar wr1tten in 1811 b)" Nicholas BoUv1n in which he states that the

Fox and sacs on the ea.stem aide ot· the river and the Iowa on the wn-

em side bad "mostly abandoned the chase. except to tum1sh th .... lves

With meat and turned their att.cmtlon to the manutaetur1ag ot lead which

,he,. pl'OCU1"e trom. mines sixt.;y miles belOlf Pro.1r1e du Chien M • 'ftleae

are und.Oubtedly the '.""1' River and Dubuque mines. BoUvin urges

the govetnment to int.roduce improved. tool. aDIIftg t.bem to encourage

Indian m1n1ng, but more.. to extinguish the Canadian trade, to prevent

opposition against the American Indians. In We propoa&l be •• not

succea.tul. 66

66 .. Ibid .... 285.

When this area had. become the pl"Opert7 ot t.he United state., the

government drew up a treatT with the Sac. and Foxea, the agreement"

37

which Black Hawk repudlat.ed twe:nty....e1gbt years later, saying that

1t was signed when the Ind1tms were under the influence of liquor.

By this treaty, the Indian., reserving their bunt1ns and fisbing right.s,

ceded all their lands bet.ween the Ulinois and \.isconsin rd. .... rs, an

area or about 300 miles 1n length~ In 1807 the gowZ"l'U'I'1ent reserved

all the mineral lands acquired by t:.18 treaty. 67

67. Philip ~ilJ.1.&ms, Galena, ;g.l~is. Ii ,00&9:21:.e to Histotz, 6.

In 1822 Colonel James Johnson obtained a lease to these mines

from. the government. Taking with him from Kentucky t.wenty white miners

a.nd 150 negroes, t.ogether with a StWPly ot good 'tools, he proceeded up

the river in Keelboats. They etlIlCaIIped sewn miles up the Fever Ri .... r

and \)epa operations on an extensive scale. 68 At this t.1me there were

68. Ibid" 7.

several French and Canadian a.ttlements on FewI' rt1'V'er, the tormer

being tmgapd 1n trade and t.he latter in ra1n1ng and emelt1ng. Until

lan the American Fur Company also bad 8. trading post on that sit-e.

With the presen88 of a. milltary force uncal' Colon.l Jobnaon there was

an assured protectlon against the Indian menace and the satet.y of it

at.tracted new settlers. Immediately I therefore, bords of squatters

and prospectors flocked in from ~,11.ssouri, K.ntu.c~ and fennes"e.. 69

69. R .. G.. Thmtes, 2.a!. c1;t., 290-291.

3S

r.1.th t.h1s colorful background, a pel'lttaMnt settlement was made

at the present sit.e of OOena 1n lan by Jesse VI. Shill, who later

alec founded shullsburg, t.ogether with Df>. Samuel Mu1rand Francis

Bout1Uier. All three had been traders 1n that region. the town _s

not off1eially plotted until 1826, nor 01t101&11y named 'ooena' untU

1827. 70

70. J. 't.. Donahoe, comp., Earll; I1stoR of Qtl~na, st.. Mi.eel' s Par&~h, 13.

A good example 01' how squatters came and how most of -the m1n1ng

towns took abape _ybe illustrated in t.he _t.tlement of Galena.

Ear17 in the spr1ng ot 1823, the JfVlrg1n1&lt J the tirst steamboat

to aacend the Upper Vied.sippi a.bove Galena to Fort. Snelling, stopped

at G&ltma. A Kent.uek,.- tamily bound for the lead mines at Oalena brought

with them "their arms and baggage, cat. and doga, hens and t.'tl1"k.eys;

t.he chUdren too bad their stook ••• A woma.n missionary bound tor the

lHd mines to BOric among tohe IndiMuJ completed the list of known pas-

S41mPrs IT.. 71

71. Wm. J. Peterson, 1~t.&H on \9. YR2!r Hl"',a1ppi t.he ilaW£ ~_e.l"_~lg)t(l-, 91-<; ..

Gal.tma is but. one instance of how rap1dlT towna $prang up in the

lead dla\Ji.ot. Thousands ot &4't'ent.uters wen at.t.ra0te4 t.hither, ooming

at tint. as translent.s to work in 8'U1II'ner and to leave again before the

winter tor their pemanent. home.. Ot.he1"8 stayed or returned to become

'9 peJ"DUlent settlen.

The largest aecesaion. was .de 'between the yean of l825, and

1827, but, t.he fiow still continued the reatte r .. This intlux of adven­

turers led to the search and discoveries of new mines. At thi" new

d1&g1.nga, towns sprang up. Ib;a.mples of such new sett.lements were

Gratiot Grow .. Vinegar HiU, Hazel Gl"een, Nclw Diggings; Shullsburg,

Sins1nawa, Plattenll.e, Sne.ke Hollow, Mineral Po1nt, Dodgeville and.

numerous others. 72

72. Hose. M. strong, J:U.at.ofl of. the 1!mtorz of W&.ooy1n, 119 ..

Galena became the entrepot of all the .. mining towns. From 1826

to 1830 it aradually evolved from a "boora town" to a well established

community_ In 1826 Its streets were la1d out by C. smith, sub-agent

ot the lAtad mines J the tirst poet-ottloe of northern Illinois was

established. t.he first school was opened with Dr.. John Hancock aa

first school teacher. and the f1l"St l"ellgious services held by a Hudson

Bay Chaplain in the bickroQm of a store wit.h attendance ot t.wenty-five

persona. The 01ty grew l"apldl.T tl"ODl .. tew scatt.ered log cabins earJ.y

in 1826 to US nouns and stores by the end ot l.8Zl. The populat.ion

incftaaed tl'O!llOOO in 1826 to 10,000 in 1828. In the ~r8 of 1828

and. 1829_ fony-six new holies, fort,.t1llO stores and waNbouHS. were

built. 7'

73. Philip Williams. 9!4!D!, minot •• A FootnOH to IU.storz" 9-10.

40

The foregoiny 1llustration shows how rapidly the mining diotricts

developed,. attracting settlers or diverse nat.ionalities. The southern

sentiment prevailing a.t first, soon gave away to a northern majorit.y,

80 that by the 1940' s and 18;0' 3 New England imm1grants formed the bulk

of the population. To these two types were added a large n'l.'&fXlber or

foreign 1mmigrants from. Europe. In this foreign accession the Comiah

and. the Irish were the m.oat numerous.. Thes., coming from the depleted

lead mines in England, were experienced rtiners, and were therefore

weloomed by the American Capitalists. 74

74. Philip W11l1am.s, ~ slk.., 8-9.

In Galena, however, with the exception of the -1'17 French, the

lrish-ru.X"1can element pre~ted, nUfllbertng about sewn-thousand

miner. in 1827. Nearb7 waa the Creole Col.«:nay known as Gratiot Grove

wh08e interests had been promoted by a taU.,. of that name residing

in St. Lou.18. these facts indicat.e that the _jo1'"1 ty or the _tt-lera

were Catholics.. The m1nen were not 1nditrerent to their roltgious

obllgatiODS. Early in 1827 'When the town _8 ofticially established,

a coait,ae ot Cat.bollc ..,n petitioned at.sbop Rosat.i for a priest..

A le" weeks later, Father Francis Vincent. Badin while at. Prairie du,

Chien, asked Bishop Rosati tor tacult!e. to adldn1ster 1;0 t.he faithful

in Il11ftOis, but, 'because of an Indian uprising, his mission was cut.

short. at. t.hi8 time. In 1a29 he came again and. sta,.d for "wraJ.

months among the miners. The records in the aret..! ves of Montreal

wst.U)' to his m1nistratlons in Galena, for there are registered the

mamages aad tunerals, twentl-nine baptiams for 1827 and fourteen

tor 1829. Ewn long before the layout ot the city there had been

a mission station at. the nlOUth ot the Fever riTeI'. 'ftl1s mission as

_11 a8 all the trading posts along tM river had been visited by

missionaries as early as 1821. the Rev. stephen Theodore BaQ1n was

there 1n 1325. 75 The" evidences ot religiOUS ministrat.ions show

75 - Rev. J. T. Donahue, £J?:..~, 16

41.

\hat. the HudsOn Bay Chapla.in 'Q,S not the tirst to attend t.o the spir-

1 t.ual 1II&n:t.8 ot these miners. He as perhaps the first. to hold non­

C&thoUc aen1ses at Galena.

Father Lut.z adm1niat.eN4 to the Catholics in Galtma tor a few

months and Sldd Mass the" tor the first. time 1n the bouse ot Mr.

SOulard, september 26, 18)0. <lbe tirst, pastor a.ppointed to GQlena

_a the Nev. John McMahon, who ca.me there on August 22, 18,32. After

ten months ot faithful semces, of inat.Notions and exhOrtations he

died, a victim t.o the cnolera,M'arch 17, 19),. In July of that 7ear,

Pather Van Quickenbome, a. Jewlt from St. Louis, visited Galena.. Ue

seC\ll'8d ti ve acne of land near the c1 t.y, and collected subscriptlona

to build a frute church. 'l'b.e "cond pastor, Pather Fitzmaurice, ar­

rived in *" 18'4. Like hi. predec4u,sor, he too died a victJ.r!t to

the cholera, December 21.. 1334. ae had .. ned both the Catholics a.t

the Galena and Dubuque mirlea and __ eameatly working to get the church

built which had been projected by Father Van Clu1ckenbome, 5"J., in

42

tact. he 11114. collecting subscript.ions t.o have a church erected. at both

of these places. His letter to Bishop RDati reveals t.bat theN were

maJQ' French inbabitant.s residing at Galena tor be bad. to impart in-

stNotions 1ft two lanpage8 on 3UDday •• alternating with an English

sermon at 11&88 and a. French one at VeSpeirs. He found the inhabitants

at Dubuque IIOre zealous and. active in getting a church bd1t than t.hose

at Galena. 76

76. gv. J.T. Donahue • .22J. pit., 16-22 ..

'%'be scoW conditions in the lead distriot did not difter much

tJ'OJl1 other border towns. Vice. so ch&rac\eristJ.c ot the trontier were

not abeent in the mining camp'h Rea.". clr1nk1ng, quarreling and tight ...

ing 1Ie1"e OORIlOn affairs. 77

77. J .. Schater, "1'M Wisconsin t.ead Regions, It !11SGB J:»paaSlY: ,Book. 111:44.

Of Gal .. it 11$ aa1d that \he only question asked ot a newcomer

waa aldaether he would st.ea.l or not,? It the answer .s that he would

not t.hen he was consif1ered. a _17 hoaeet man It. 78

78. Thomas 'ON, Hilt.o&y O,~!. 291.

Fa,\ber 'McMahon depicted the soc1a.l condit.ions in Galena: -the m1ning

camp .. badly in need. of zreto1"Blat.ion. V1M of all kinde &S I"&mpII.nt

43

in too town fUled wi ttl wild. adVenturers; among them also the 'Vice

of gambling". He asserts that he 8. ncees8M in checking gambling.

But, he oonUnuea, "U God grants., 11ke wecese in o-ver-tum:1.ng

the rendezvous or iniquity called bad houses, I shall call rq time

well spent, indeed". 79

79. Rev. J.T. Donahue, 2a.:. ~ 19.

Another writer pictul'e. the rellgiou8 conditions in the camps;

ttAu>ng the population who were living 1n the tem­\ol"1 that. now COft8t1tuted Dubuque Count.7 there was Uttle ot rel1gious eleaent-a.lmoat no tear of God or reprd. tor man. A more 10088 and. godless com­munity than this is described W have been, could acarcel.7 'be concelW1d of. Tbere _s no ncognltion of the Sabbath as & da7 of rest, and i.zI:m,)n.lit,. in eY817 form was bot.h opel1l7 and MereU,. practiced. street tight-a and IlUl'den nen, were not uncolllllOn • • ... (;n SUndays stores, clr!nld.ng and ,ambling aalOOtlS were open, and business and WD\lHments persued with eyen greater Best than otuP Qa7S." SO

80. ij!;,t.oa of RsS9Y! M0!l!k. 602-603 ..

The above 111ustatlons show that society in the mining camps

needed a good monl litt. The,. lacked the epil"it.ual bread ot lite

which on17 the Church could a1 ve. Her m1ss1onarie& bad surveyed the

field but were neftI" able to l'1Jla1n very long, and then ttl.,- were

otten haIlpered b,. Indian disturbances.

44

settlement of tk>dem Dtlbuque

Both \be Presbyterians and lKet.bodiets were aaU". in the lead

region ex:\tm.ding tbeir _niM. to the weet. side of the dYer. The

Rev. E. Kent. a. missionary ot the A.it.M. SCo1et)", at.ationed at G&lena,

claimed t.o have dellvered the f1rst sermon 1n Dubuque in an unliniahed.

log cabin on August 2 .. 1833. Two well known :tJethodists 4i:nnee, Rev •

.8. Randle and J. T. Mitchel connected with the Qalena mission, att.ended

to t.he m1ners at Dubuque. 8J.

81.. Rev. M.M. Holtmann, AnJd.91! Qv.buSllfb }&7l::\8ll, 203.

In 1834 a. Kethodtst. c1reu1t preacher "can to hold .rvioes once

a month in Dubuque. 'l"he Het cla1u to haft organized t.he first re-

lig1OU8 Sl'OUP in that. place. ItI' .. a itetbo4i8t 'Cla •• • .s tormed, con-

eist.ing of tour MeIIlbers, and t.b18, 1t. 1 •• !at.<! by lOme, wa. the

~t of \he tirst. re11giou. orp.n1satlon in Dubuque!!. 82

3.2. H1stoa o£ 0J!!9W! Coetrl. 602.

The Catholic Church holds an earUer date and a. more a.ccurat.e

record of her work and theNfore deRma first place in this field

of _8.ona17 actt 'd.~. Just atter the Y1l.l.&ge of Dubuque had been

established bJ' the IIl1l'lers, there arriftd, 1n J\ll.7 of 1833, 'ather

Van Qu1okenbome J S.J. He celebnted Has. 1ft the ho. of a Mrs. Bl"Opl'q,

bapt1wd -.rl7 children and bl.ssed .ftraJ. marriages. '1'0 t.his priest

., goes the credit tor organ1zing t.he present CathedJ'al Parish of Dubuque.

"Betore bis arrival in Iowa, no priest 01" 1Id.rd..st.er ot anT denom1n4tlon

had e .... r pertormed a. ChrieUan ceremony wltb.1n the limits of the present

state." a3

8:3. Rev. Matthias M. Hoftmann, CenHnn1!l Hl!i9rx ot ~he A[!h41ocese of Dub'Uau., :3.

Wlt.h the olose of ihe Black Hawk War, 18;32, a new era opened 1n

the history of the Upper Mississippi Vaney. Not. onl,. were the Indians

wbdued, but. the territory explOited dul"1n8 the _1" received wide a.d­

ftrti..-nt by those who had taken part. in the et.ruggle.. Colortul

d.escr1ptlona were circulated. in ea-stem newspapers; books and pamphleta

supplemented personal accounts. 84 rue new impetus eat in mot.ion a

84. Reuben, G. Thwaite., Ih! $\Or: o£ W&!E9,sln, 191-192.

great. ..... of imd.gration. The red. man had to make place tor hi.

preterred white brother and with his depart1.lN, We t1M t.be Fox

IndSans, the Black Hawk Purcha ... s thrown open to the wh1t.e settlers

in June of 1833. 85 A l.u.d hunge". tara populat.ion began to ANUl

85. Rev. Matt.h1as M. HottmaM, Anl4e RI!msM, 200 ..

• _t.ward 1n eyer increaalng JWJIber.. ~'la.,.. after wave rolled on tor the

aut, two decades.

'the .ra1aers, too, crossed. to tbe wet ot the river and occupied

46

the old Fnmch and Spa.n1ah mines so that With the ,.ar of 1833 all

traces of Spa.n1sh, 11'.14:.m, and Indian oocupat1on disappeared quickly

and tON"'&" ~

In the lead dietnot t.he SOWl'nllll8llt 1n~duoed a new system of

law and o ... r. All 'Ifho wtlbed to ent.er the old lIJt1nee of Spain" had

to .eOUJ"!l a pend. t, and the smelters had to have a l1cense from the

gow1"lJ!I8nt in. order to operate lawtully. Arr3 others found in the new

purehaH wit-bout theM endenoes of authont., had to be report.ed. 86

86. Rev. tath1a8 M. Hottmann, !Qt:1Q.1J' P9ta!9u, 201.

The miners them_lws got together an4 orpnilled a 'fillage goftm­

ment. in orcler to tunction as a la1lftW.l.7 established coDlllUnity. From

this nucleus de_loped tbe modem ott.y ot Dubuque. 'nult same ,ear,

lS3), a.tMr the Indian title had been hl.l7 extinguished there arrived

at the ra1.n1.ug district about 500 people, 1S0 of these came from the

"lion around 00 ... etT

W7. Ibid"

IlllIlI1sranta, not interested in the lead mines, settled on the

nch l.an4a which lOR so eoplou81y had to otter to the white pioneers

who oa.IIIe in que8t of the 8011. New COlaludties grew by leaps and

bounds, and. soon this seotion of Iowa wUdemess, was changed into

a prosperous terr1tory.

,., ~ith t.his big jump across the front,ier line and the onward rush

t.o the ijeat., t.he Church tace4 a new problem: Where t.o get laborers.

tor "'he _a\ miasion field? The two bishops on t.he frontier, Bishop

Roaati at ~'t.. Lou1s, and Manop Fenwick at. Cincinnat.i, wen Illtrainiag

their eftorts to meet the situation.

Bishop HDeat.l' & appoint.ment.& were tNatrat,ed. tor, after he had.

made heroic etfons 'too get a priest. atat,iO_4 200 mUea from his see ..

in rapid aucceas10n death claimed two or his appoint.eea.. The cholera

bad been oameet wen w1th General Soott'. anv d.ur1rla trhe Black Hawk

War, and. t.bis d.Naded. peat wrought great hawc, cl.aim1rlg a good nUlllber

of priostly lifts. Up nort.h in Biahop 'emd.ckt • dio"", in parishee

sao or IIOre miles away from bi8 see, the Pl"Oael.yt1z1ng reyer was in

tke air. 'l'he heretics were ravaging \be told ot Chr1st. and no shepherd

_. near t.o .t.a~ t.he wolt.. 'ather Dejean bacl gone back to Franee 80

that b~ taU of 1830 \Mre was not one prie.t stationed in tbe whole

Nort.hwest trom the Sault Go'WIl to Green lay, nor a:q one along the

Mlas1881ppi from Prairie du Chien do_ to st. Lou1s. In t.b1s stretch

ot terr1tol'T theN .a st.anding but, one ctmroh, and that at Macldnac.

'ortunate~, this one temple of God had survived the struggle tor

eupremac;y in the 18th centUl7. The ta1t.btul scatt.ered throughout

that region were l.angu18h1ng tor want of Sp1rit,ual food. The situ­

at10n _S critical. However, mabop Fenwiok finally sol_a t.he problem.

After some mat,Ul"e and. ld. .. 4eUberat1on \he enol. of the RaIl tell on

the Dew17 ordained Dom1n1oan rnar, 'ather SatI:lael C. llazzuohell1.

'ather Holtmann pays t.ribute to .Biahop iosat,1 tor appointing

Father MaslUchelll to the northem minions in his diocese. It-l'

equally be applied to Bishop Fenwick tor the choice or1g1na~d with

him.

"Had Mshop Roati done nothing 81 .. tor the taith in the Northweat. tba.n appoint bis teUow Italian, tbe pntle-born Milanese sa.muel Charles )4a.eeuchelli. to 1\.. missions, this region woul4 ow him a debt ot et.emal gratitude.. Iazzuehell1-saint, scholar, areb1t.ect and artist, prie.t ot God and gentleman of ,he tl'Ont,1el" world.; he peraorU.tieci. physical and spintual COUftgeJ Ms tongue was a. tire ot elopuence; his brain W8.8 11 vehicle of t.he wisdom of t.he Lord." as

88. Rev. Mathias M. Holtmann, Cbtu.rch foooi!rs of t.ne Nonnwest., 68.

4S

Father Mazzuchelli fulfilled t.he hopes ot both ot these bishops

and accomplished even more \ban bad. been expected of him. 'l'hat Bishop

Fenwick understood t.ne critical. situatiOn of the Ch:ureb in the Great,

I..ake "gion is seen from an e'Vidence, show.1ng \bat he at one time bad

had in .mind ot sending another 'Well knoe and. prominent priest. to

Mackinac. This w.a Father Mullon, ot great orator1al ability, who was

to silence Mr. Verry at that plaoe. Father Mullora had been wr1ting

in the SbUboUc Telearam 1ra det.nse of the charges made by' a tew see­

tarian joumals and Rev. ~l.:I. FetTy, who grossly misrepresented t.he

Church, had hurled the 'fil.es\ charpe against everytJling Catholic. S9

89. Rev. Victor 1". ()1Datdel O.P., Tn. !lei Rev. Edward Feswictc, 406.

Biahop Fenwick had discerned in Jiazzu.cnell1 an able suhat1t.ut.e

who shortly proved himself capable of handling \he crit.ical. s1tUI'iLt1on.

Cha.pter II

IAs.Lonarz :ln, the Grea.t Lake Iteeon 18;'0-11334

Father Samuel Charles Mazzucbelli. C.P.

Fatl'te .. Samuel Charles laszuclleUl was born in 7Jilan, Italy on

No ..... r 4, 1006 ot a notable wealthy tamU;y who .. ancestors .. back

in the Hvent.eenth and eighteenth centune., had distinguished them-

IMlve. in the fields of art, literature, numismatics, and oratory ~ 1

1. Sister Roaema17, IlFather S.C. kzzucMll.1", CUhoY.c nerald. 25. ____ ._~ ___ ~ ___ .. _~"._~-._~__ _,_c· ____ "~ __ _

YoWll Samuel, riohl7 gUted and talented, in MlW>1l7 with his

tamil.7 tl"&d1t1on, received the customary ol.a.8s1ca.l education. rue

fact can be interred from Ma •• chel11' s !!!!Pks. Wr! ti08 of his tare-

_11 vieit to his tather he st.ates t.hat Ita SOft tilltillina his mission

upon. earth, renders to his lather tbat t1"Ue and just recompCtnse which

is due tor a.ll care and anxieties spent llpon his education It. 2

2. Rev. Samuel C. Mazzucbelli, 1!emo!!l!. 12.

The bo)"t" early 8chool....a.a7S coincided with the tUl"bulent Napoleon-

ic U.s, which necessitated his being sent \0 a boa.rding school in

8w1tserland. Nothing i8 known. definitel)" ot the educational eour.s

he pursued prior to his entrance int.o the Dominican Order. Upon

49

inquiry about his early education, the writer W6.S told t.hat he was

taught principles rather than be1n.g CJ'W'11med with facts as 1s done

1n the American system ot educa.tion. IlGiven principles in the 801-

en_., the ms, ha applied them as We pre.ented new problems,

and new opportunities. II To th!. 'basic training must be: ad.ded his

classical eavironmant., his obeerring .,. 1;.0 wbich beauty appealed,

bis "\anti .. memory, his t.ireless energy and rfu.ourcelulneas, 3

J. Si.ter PascMla, O .. P., }fe!&:er, sent to \be writer from the archI .... vist ot Saint Clara Convent, Sinsinawa.

so

all ot theae endowment a were to play an important role in his misdon­

e:17 career on the frontier.

Already at \be age ot .. venteen be applied tor acJm1ss10n into

t.he oonvent of the f'nar Preacbers at Faensa where he received the

white hahit. ot Saint Dominic on uctober 6, 182.). Brotber Agustin,

aa he 11&_ now called in reUg1oD, pronounced bis solemn. 'YOWS the

following year, December Q, being henceforth dedica.ud to the service ---

ot God. In 1825 he was sent to the cOllvent ot saint Sabina 1n Rome,

Where tor three years be was <wwted to his s\udies in preparation

to tbe clerical state. It was tbere that the Re't'erend Fnc:ler1ck

Rase, Bishop Fenwick1 til vicar general, while solioiting candidates

tor the .American nd..as1on field in 1827, met the 10UIlg student.

Father Veld, then head or the Dominican Order. appointed Jlaazuchell1

tor the miasions in the United states, under the jurisdiction of the

5l

bishop of Cincinnati. In l828" atter he bad reoel ved the sub-diaconate

at the band ot Pope Leo VII, he revisited his natlve city to take

leave or his lather and of his tamily. 4

4. Sister Rosemary, 22.t. git •• Z7.

While at home and on his travels he paid fareweU visits to the

agnitioent churches and sanctUAries ot Florence, Bologna, Milan.

Hcmlo, and Paris. these 11I.Onumtmts J which tiom t.he apa had been the

glol'7 ot rellgion and art." deeply impressed the young trial' in 80

much that the, became bis inspira:tion to build churches in the tar

a_y mi.sslon field. He tell$ us that "G04 nen made use of the m8mory

of his temples to excite 1n one an arelent desire to build them wher-

ever the Catholic faith spread!!. 5

5. Rev. Sam.uel c. lifa20auehelli J Mem.olsrs. 14.

With 'ather Rese I 1;he Dominican trial" journeyed from Rome to

Lyons, Franc., .1'8 he was lett alone tor two months in tbe little

seminary of Saint Nicholas. Hoftwr" tJd8 4elay _s of the gl'eatest

advant.ap in acquir.1ng a pracUoal knowledge in the .Frenoh language

which beca. a.lmost indispensable to him alter his ordination in the

eDn'cise of his m1n1.8try. Because of Father BeM t 8 prolonged <lela,.,

Mazzucbelli had 1;,0 make the YO~ across the AtJ.antic without him.

He seeu1"eG passage on the Anl.erican ate.sb1p, Edward Queenel, which

52

eet AU on vctober 5, 1829. 'ive weeks la.\er it docked in New York

and from there the t.wenty--two year old fr1a.r made his way to Cincin­

nati. Biahop Fenwick received his young bl"Other in religion with

Fatherly care and his first concern was to have him instructed in the

English l.arlg1lAge to prepare him tor hi. future labors. the trial'

when Bishop Fenwick sent him to Saint Rosets Convent in Kentuck)", lit

distance of two-hundNd miles. This trip .11 to initiate Mazzuchelli

in tohe mode of his future m1ss1o&.'\17 1Ift,",l., tor trent Louisville to

Bardstown, he was obUg.d to ake the .,tretch or 1Ihirty-eight mUes

on horaeback. It was the triar'" "tint riding le.son!!, the tatigue

of which conlined him. to bed tor two dA)'s. Good Bishop P'laget ottered

him bospital.lt.,.. until his strength ha.d "tumed. 'fhf)n he sent the

lOUDI DoId.nican on with lit guide to ;:;,a.1.nt Rose's Convent, which was

tilteen mUes from Bardstown. 6

6. ReT. Samuel C. Uauucbelll, !!Eia. 15-10, 19.

MaeDcnelli did not remain wry long with the Dominicans in Ken­

tucky. u .... he seemed not to have liked the place, dQubtless because

ot the eccentric goftrnment of good Father Uunos" J 7 and early in

7. aeT. Victor F. "'Daniel, Do!lY!atcan Provine. 0' St. Joseph, 216.

March n. _. t.ranstered \0 St. Josephts Conftn\ in Ohio. When he set

out on hi. retum voyage on the tlrst of ;'e'bl"Wil17, di Yine ProvidenCe

onoe more interposed and detained the young ecclesiastic tor a month

53

in Bardstown) ~,!a.zzuehelll oalls it "a happY' circumstance tor one who was

glad to profit by s11ch delaytf if Here t.he friar saw miseional7 lite in

action in a most edifying -7, the example of which he carried with him

to the northweet,em tronUer. The saintly cOMpanionship of Bishop Flaget

inspired h1m wit.h piety a.nd apostolic zeal. Back in Dhio, the Dom1n1ca.n

continued his studies in theolog and in i.ngl1sb if In the beginning of

1830 be couuen.ced t.o g1 ve a course in eatheon.tical instructions in the

Church ot st. Joseph, in order to gain practice in English and in preach­

ing. In July, 1830, he was ordained to the d1aconat.e after which he be-

gan to preach regular sermons at High Mass. Bishop Fenw1c.k recalled him

to C1nc1QnaU for the preparation to the holy pnestbood to which he was

elevated em September 5, 1830. A.bout a month later the prelate sent him

to tbe lIDs1P oo:rthem part. of his diocese, Mackinac, where the need was

most urgent, a. distanoe of 800 mUes from Cinc1nnatl. 8

6. nev. Samuel C. MalzucheUl, !t!!2trs, 11-2.3.

Thus by degrees had God prepared the newly ordained priest to be His

inst:l"'Wltent. in sav1ng the faith in t,he wildem.ess of a tar away land.

Fatner (;tDan1el eval_tea \be future ot \he Dom:ln1oan priest:

lI'l'he lOung levite, sent 1;0 uacld.laac .. Jdchigan, set. out, on his journey to \he the nortlnleat" where be was to gain world-wide renown, lInte his name in lett.ers et gold on tbe paps ot our American Catholic hist.or,y, and earn bim the title ot "Bo.Uder ot t.he~'est.. 11 9

9. Rev. Victor ,. O'Daniel, DoIdnican Province of st. JOMel, 21.6.

S4

Minist.rations Among the Catholics atlllacld.rw.c

,:¥heft Father Y.aszucbelll amwd on the scene ot his labors in

vetobar of 1830, the whole Nomwest. Territory along the Great Lakes

and Upper M1esies1ppi did not have a single priest. Five priestu were

laboring in BOuthem Michigan, the North _s st.ill tbe bome of tbe

savages, a forest wUderness where the C0'!!!Yl8 des bo1~ and tradera

held a&1_ His 'Va.t pa.r1sh ext.ended from tbe sault on Lake superior

to the !t1asi.88ippi River with nu_roua mission stations at.tached to

hi. resident one at JlaQld.rw.c. The rflOst nort.hern 1U.sBion was sault

Sainte Marie, ninety miles north ot l¥ack.Ulac. Point St. Ignace ••

three miles north. of Mackinac. To the south _8 Gft$n Bay, over t_

bundred miles a_y; and still another ,"111'0 hundred m:lles from Green

Bay was Prairie du Chien. R.ougbl.y the parish bad a diameter of £1 ve-

htU'ldred mUes, with one lone priest t.o attend that territ.or;y. His

perish10Dere wre a scat.1;ered people, a heterogeneous flock composed.

of 'rencb-Canacti.ans, halt-breecis, and savage.. Hi. closest priest.17

companion was hundreds of mUea a_y. The solltary priest _s tortu-

nate to find one ~l"Cb in his wide mission field, the cl'ru:rch of St.

Anne, lIh1ch the old French at UAcldnac had. preMJ."'Yed quite intact.

Around this build1ng t1 ft-hunclred eoula Wlln.. grouped, and the mission­

a.ry noted that the faith had been kept alive by the oocas.ional priest.­

ly v1s1t.s but. it was without. the "llght.a which make it eo rational.

and. attJ"act.lve. lt 10 The young priest eamenly strove to re-kindle

10. Rev. Suuel C. Mazzuehell1 .. MeElra. 26.

S5

these qualities by giv:i.ng frequent instructions on the dootrine of

Christ. He moreover strove to impress upon the peoples' minds the

great.ne8S or God and the holiness ot religion br celebrating the tes­

t.! ve days of \he Church in a V\'U"'y solemn manner thus a.waken.ing in

them a love tor the things ot God and an appreCiation for the spirit.

ual lUe. In spite ot all theft ettorts, his parishioners remairled

indifferent tor some time 60 that even on Christmas day only a tew

received the Sacraments. However, Fa.ther Mazzuchelll was not dis-

couraged. By persistent efforts in re-bu:11ding the spiritual life

in the hearts ot his people pe bad the consolation. before a year

had passed, to behold a notable change among his parishioners at

Macld.n&c. U

11. Rev. Samuel C. Mazzuchelli .. Me.m.oirs, 24-2:7.

Inditference and bad morals were not the only problems the young

priest bad to cont.end with. Mr. Ferry, the Presbyterian minister,

had long been carrring on a pxogJ"8.a of converslon with the object ot

diSPOSftS8ing the Cathollcs ot their falth. A eontemporal")' and resl-

dent ot the island ot that period writes:

uProaelytlng seemed to pervade the atmosphere ot the estabUshment. (PresbJt,erian Mission House) Every one seemed to teel. 1t her duty to make a convert dally. For a. while tho Presb)"t,erians had .tull away; then the Roman Catholics took a decided stand against. them.. If 12

12. Elizabeth T. Baird, .2l?:. 01t..» lIV:46.

50

\\!'hen Bishop Fenwick in com.pa.V with Father Mullon visited Mackinac

tor the fir8t. time on June 7, 1929, to. adm1nis\er Confirmation .. M:r.

Ferry forbade all catholic children who attended his school to go

to church .. evan on Sunday 8.8 lo.ng &a the hi8hop atayed on the leland. 1.3

1.3 .. Rev. Antoine I. Rezek, 02. cit .... 11:180.

¥~itb the presence o.f a. resident priest On the Island, the Phsby ...

ter1an aWd.ster realieed the intluetlee would cheek his proselyting

program.. To tort.1t7 himself against lIbat seemed to him a. new dan$)el"

and to hold his own good pla.ce, M proposed to a.ttack Catbolie doctrine

by inaugurating a. series of lectures. Be81zm1ng with JanUAry of lS31,

be presented these .... ry Sunday from. eight to toen o· clock in the nen-

1ng for six successive weeks. The attacks were vile too the core.

Father ilazzuchell1 knew weU how to wield the spiritual sword and

_s not 810w in answering th.e assault of his adwraa17. Personally

he att.etlded the lec!;.Ul'eS ot the Presbyterian minister so ae to be

able to answer the charges. Nobly he defended his faith not with

six but with fourteen well planned diaeoUf'aes. 14

14. Rev. Samuel C. MazzueheU1 .. Memcirs, 2S-29 • •

ru. controversY', at first. intended to weaken the Cat-holie Chunh,

had quiie tbo contral"1 ettect.. Ita 1mm.ediate and beneficient result.

brought. 1.nt.o the t.rue told tohne con ... ",. of notable atanding namely,

57

Samuel Abbot-the village president, lI,.ani'la Tanner-ward ot Lt.. John

K. Pierae, brother of James K. Pierce, Presieent ot the United Jta.WIiJ,

and PatricK M.oGulpin--the blind patriarch ot the I81&''1<1. 1,

15. ~li.ter ;.rosemary, 0.1'., op. oit., 29.

These were the direct results of the religious cont-rovers)", In­

directly it hacl yet. a w1.der Wluence. It led to the conversion ot

lIIIIm1' Pl"Oteetants; the Catholic fldth became better known; the i gno­

rant we" enlisbtened; error and doubt were dispelled. For the tutb­

ful on the whole it was somewhat like a religious reY1va1. 1he church

wa. better attended, and the Sacram.ents lIDre frequently received. !~

ligion was bl'OUght into greater ftfteratloft and the priesthood ._

greatly ,..speoted.. The spiritual ,ain ettected also a material gain.

The church was enlarged by adding a. new sanctuary.. and a ho'lUM was

built tor the resident priest. A complete renovation ot the ;.lackinae

church bespoke tbe new Ute that had been infused into this part ot

the Myst.ical Body ot Christ. 16

16. rtev. Samuel C. Mazzucbelli, MeJIOirs, 4).

A word -1 'be Hid ot Mr. Fer17' 8 mission school on the lsi.he.nd.

1\ writer, contempora17 nth its origin note., "For a while the scbool

seemed t.o prosper, but. soon the etfort. of the teachers were divert.ed

to anot.her channel." (proselyting ). 17

17. Llizabetb. T .. Baird, op. cit.., XIV:46.

58

A writer notes that in August ot 1827 t.here were twelft pupils in

the boarding sohool, and

"'there had been ...... ru intereating cases of COftwr­s1on. h*encb priests oeca.ssionally visited this region and opposed the mission to the extent of their power ••• 'J.'hul the nU.saion grappled at once With hea.t.hen1sm and eo:rruptec fON of ChrisUanity. It has a history written in the lives ot men and women who lett their iPlprint upon all this region. It mad.e Mackinac a. St. Columba' 8 island ot the West.·' 18

18 • .1.11. Davidson, U~ W11S!9ftsin, SO.

Another source claims that "hlll'ldreda of Ind1an cl:d..ldren were 10-

structed. and. prepared tor usefulness and ottaeMd." (it) opened foun-

tains of W1uence whoae streams w1ll blese the world to the end ot

t,1m.efl. 19

19. ~ r:&oneel and HiQer1ca1 CoMeot.10ns, VI1393.

,:Mite in contradiction 'to the above etat.ement on the education

of the Indians, Blaop Kemper ftmIarks tbat:, \bere were "wry te." full

bloods in. that achool lt• (Hr. Ferryts at Mackinac). In addition he

states that the ItGofttnment baa giwn land, a. farm and ROW allows

300 aDd toraerly ,OJ dollara 't , which of course should haw been uaed

tor the Indians. 20

"

20. at.shop Jackson Kemper, iov:na1, Wl', Hi.,. CoaJ:!, XIV:406, 408.

S9

'1'he Presbyterian mission closed t.owa.ro. "he en4 ot the 18.30' a.

Bowever. t.be old Misaion Church 1a atill s\&nding, but. void and empty,

only a reminder of the past.. The Church ot st. Ann t.oo, 1s yet. standing,

alt.bough not the oame building which P'at.her Mazzuchell1 enlarged.

The present building i$ a more eubatantial and larger st.ruot.ure. st.

Ann's cathOlic Cnurch is still ..xertlng it.s spiritual influence et:J

zealously infused by t.he Dominican m1ss1onary. The oongngation has

been blessed, almost. without interruption, with a resident. pastor.

The faith that had been rebuilt from tbe old root.s ot earlier evangeli­

zation has lived and blossomed ever since its revival. The suocessors

of 'ather Mazeucnelll have continued his noble work down to our day.

Thus the old French cult.ure was _Yeo. and the at.tempts t.o break

1t.. cont.1nuity was pJ'eftnt.ed by the arrival of Father Mazzucbelll.

Point st. Ignace

Point st. Ignace _s attached to the Church of Mackinac but sepa.­

rat-ed from the IalaAd b7 a distance of about three m:Ues. Father <iu

Jaunay Who lett on duly 3, 176" wa_ the last stat1onaJ'l priest. at.

t.hat place. Sit.tlers began to mpft 1n clurin& tbe 18201 s, since the

place had DON at,t.ract.ion tor the 'Whites t.ban a home among the halt ...

breed popvlat.1on on the leland.. llhen 'ather f1'8llcis Vincent Badin

visited Point st,. Igance in 182,5 he could still see t.races of t.he fo·r­

mer Jesuit College, once a Hat. of cult.ure in the northern wild.mess.

The spirit.ual wants of st .. Ignace were a"ttended from fI.a.ckinac island

60

untU 1.8J6 when the 1nba.hit.a.nts built a uhurch ot their own. 'l:he

holy S&crU'i08 or t.he Mass could be celebrated there again from 18.)7

on, however. Point st. Ignace did !Wi;, pt a. resident priest until 1854

when Bishop Baraga placed the Rev. s.. C&r1. there as pastor. 2l

21. Rev. Antoine Rezex. H&sioq or the l)iOceM or sagt Saini+) Marie &, *~\B. 11:125-126.

Father MazzucheUi, who at.tended Point st. Ignace regular17 trom

Macld.n&c, tOtLncl 1t inhab1ted by about 200 Catholic whites and lMl17

Ind1ana. ~ of the old Canad1ans bad. not :reee1 ved the sacraments tor

ntwenty, thirt.11 or even forty 7t*rs". Here again Father }la.zZ'Uohell1 t s

preHnce and i.n!'luenee 'WOrked wnders.. i)" 1832 h. bad the conso1a.t1on

ot adll1 tting t.o the Saora.-nt.s or Penunce and hol)" Col'lll1ln1on sore than

a m.ulC:ired souls who J but a tew months before, bad been in a state ot

almost total ignorance of their faith. In 1832, one aged penitent

who bad 'been tlYla1 lrom the Sacraments tor tOrt.7 years, although baret-

17 able to walk, tottered aclOSs the ice trom. St. Ignace to Mackinac,

to make his peace 'With God. 22

22. i.e ... Samuel C. Maszuchelli, MepIOir~, 70-7).

Tbe .. _re the visible -.nitestationsot the meroy or God through

hi. 1d.n1.t.er. Verily hi. _s the IfVolee of one crying in the t'Jilder­

nees", Do .,. penance and return to yoU' Maker tor the Ki.ngUom of God

61

is a.bout to be 8st.abUahed in the wUds ot \he northem forests.

sault Sainte Marie

Sault Sainte flarie was another one of Father lIazzuchelli' s stations

on the Great La.kea. 1'b1e mission had been without a priest since the

withc.b:'&wal ot the Jesuit , .. there trom the straits, 1706 to 1834.

Although there were alway-s so_ wigwams on the shore" t.here were never

enough t.o attract a missionary to settle there_ 23 As late as March

23.Hev. Antoine Rszex, £I?:..!!b., 11:4.3 ..

21, 1826, .., have the record of 'father lu..chard who lists the catholic

families tor this pla" as twenty and the C4t.holic population aa one-

hundred twnty. 24 The bB:pUSIIal record shows the m1nistrations of

24. Be.... Gabriel Mchard, "Letter", llft9!le. de 1ft. f.F.OR!!at.ion d.! l:! F'ti, 111:326.

itinen.1"7 priests, am.ong t.hem Father h'anc18 Vincent. Badin who was

there in 182). Father lese also attended ~_ in 18)0. 25

25. Rev. Antoine Rezek, .2.e.!. ~1t., 11:44.

Fathe .. Mazzuchelli made his tirat visit to this place in August

ot 18)1" 'VO)'aging from U'aokinac in a bark canoe" a distance of ni.llety

62

mUes ana two days travel. He pthere<1 his lltt.le flock under an

oak tree, ruld so preached the word of God, tirst. in the open and later

also in the United. St.a.tes tort. The fruits of his fint v1sit. were

scanty. There were a. few confessions, a. few marriages solemnized.

and ~ children baptised. 26

26. R4v. Samuel C. Ma~zuchelli, MeEt!"s, 62-6) ..

The mias10na.ry made an effon to attend his flock a.t Sault Sainte

Marie twice a. year. 0n August 15, la32 he ret.umed to g1 VEl e. six day

miasion to these long neglected pa.rlahonen. The results were lm'.>st

gratif)1.ng. Du.r1ng thia stay he blessed thirty-two _mages Which

had been e1vily contracted. To fac1l1t.a.te his work, he refused even

the least stipend that was ottered. Z7

Z{. Rev. Samuel O. tla.zzucbelll, Memc>1rs, 11.

About the year 1821 the Baptists _de an establishment at the

Sault with t.he Rev. Abel Benghaa in ch.&l"8e. Later in Noftmber ot

that. same :yea.r ReT. Jeremiah Poner, a. fietbQd.1st preacher began work

at that place. 28

28. John N. Davidson, "Missions on Chequamegon Baytf, i~la. lUat. ColJ..1' XIleW.

At Sault sainte Marie, aa e""r)'Wbere else, the forces of b1gotZ7

6.3

were aotive. At. one time, early in Ju.ne of 183.3 while Father Mazzuehel1i

was canoeing up from the iJ1nnebagoes on Lake Huron, a d1st.a.nce of' over

tour-hundred miles, beaded tor Sainte Marie, the black-robe was spied

from a distance by the Baptist minister.. This narrow minded preacher

immediately ran back to the village to spread the !lsad t1d1ngsl1 to

his co-workers in order to tell the Ind.1aru. not to s1n against the

Great Spirit. by assisting at tbe Catholic services. The etfect that

these wamings produced _13 quite contraq to their expectations. The

houH could not aecomodate all the audience of the Cat.hollc priest,

so tba t t.he services bad too b4t conducted out. in t.he open under t.he

genial shade of an old oak tree. 29

29. ijsv. Samuel C. Mazauche1l:1, ileE1n, 94-95.

Father Ma2lzuchelll had planned to bu1lcl a church at Sa:alt sainte

Marie, a8 he found that an absolute nec •• sity to give pe~ce to

b1s 'WOrk. To Bishop RoA" he wrote on 8epteDaber 29, 1832, flAt. the

;;ault. 8a.1nt. Marie I hope to have a church built. next spring". 30

30. IlJ.1ne&s C!thol!c Hist,oncal Revie., 11:282.

No doubt Father's bn.t stay on that aol!"tbem rim. of his parish

prevented his plans tl"Om being nal1sed. It Hems his ltOrK at Saul.t

Sainte krie ended in the summer of 1833. tor the last baptism recorded

b,. him i.s dated. Jul, 2J of that year. At this time t.he spiritua.l

64

adm1n1stration ot sault sainte Marle 8S entrusted to rather Haetcher,

a Redemptonst Father, who became its tirst reaident pastor 1n the

summer ot 1834.. He was the one who built the church but it was short-

11 bunted by t.he enemies ot the faith. In spit.e or Proteat.ant. cppo-

sitlon, the faith was taldng on new Ute. Bishop Reee was able to

confirm oa.e-hundl"ed persons at that place on July .31, 1634.. 31

31. Rev. Antoine Rezek, OR, cit ... 1:339; II145.

Four years later the Catholic population had increased to two-

hundred SOuls. The attempt to win over thil Indians to sectaria.nism

UGO proved tutile, a.s may be .. en in a letter or September 25, 1836:

"Anglican missionaries have made every effort to draw the Indians to them, untortunate1y they suooeeded in aeducing too many.. However, the mieslon of sault sa.1nt.e Ma.rie 18 now Rear1y ex­t.!net, for althOugh the Protestants expended con­siderable sums for many years past and have employed th1"Mts and promisee to seduoe \.he Indians, they have Dot succeeded in ohtaining amongst t.hem men than thirty pl'OselytAs. the m1n1tJtar, discouraged at the little progress he has been able to make, bas abandoned his pOst, and it i& Aid (he) does not intend to return. If 32

.32. Mgr. Gaulaln, tfl.et.ter", fWlals of !tge propyat1on of the Fa.1!;h, 1:.479.

Thu. bad Father Mazzuebelli' s ettorts contributed in saving the

traditional faith planted at. Sault sainte Marie in the aeventeent.h

centur,y.

During Father Mazzuehelli' s administration in this nort.hem part

of his pariah be administered 2lJ baptisms.

!tHis lirat baptism is recorded on t.he 19th ot November 18.30 and the last JulY' 30, 1833. 'l"hese bapt.isms included ages ranging trom 1nf<:l.nts to rUty 11tars. Patric.k MeGW.p1n, 'being :received 1nto the Church at. the age of n1nety-one. n '3

33.. Rev 41 Ant.oine Rezek, ~ ~ I! 337 ..

Upon inquiry b)' the wrlt.er, St. Ann's Rectory, Mackinac Island,

sent. on February 18, 1946 the following parish record giving Father

Mazzuchelli oredit. tor t.1'le adm1n1stratlon of 2lS bapti$ID.$~

"1830 .. .. .. • .. • .. <I .. .. .. .. .. .. • 7 1831 • .. • .. • • .. .. • .. • • .109 18)2 • .. • .. .. .. .. • .. .. .. • .. .. 48 1$33 .. • .. • .. • • .. .. .. .. • .. 54" 33a

6,

33a. Letter, Rev. Joseph Ling to Sister M. Donata, S.S.M., February IS, 1946.

66

Green Bay

scarcely bad Father Ifazsuchell1 arr1wd at Macldnac when he con ...

tacted Green Bay. a,. 8. letter. dated wctober 22, 1830, he informed

the people of that settlement or his appointment as their new I-l8.stor.

Not knowing tbat he would be able to visit t.hem personally before winter,

he urged Mr. Porlier to collect. subscriptions for the erection of a

church in that place.. '4

34,. Rev. s.c. Uazzuchelli, "Lett.ern , Wis. H~st. 001*':1 XIV:l66.

Cont.rary to his expeotations the mis.1onary did haw an opportu­

nit.y to I'ftcn Green Ba,. befoN the cloM of t.he na:v1gat1on season and,

accord1n&J.y, set sail for Gften Bay on Noftmber 1. 18)0. Not haYing

a church in which to gather his flock, be celeb1'6ted the holy Sacrifice

of the Mas. in a garret. Cnl1 a few individuals a~l.d themselves

ot his presence by rece1 ring the sacramenta. The greater number of

them exhibited a rather indUterent. attitude toward their bol1 faith.

Tbey were Catholics by n.ame only. Theft also were many, ewn older

ones, who had not yet received the SaCJ"E1m8nt of Bapt1sm; "17 tew were

round who had receiwd holy Communion; to many the Sacramen.t of Uetrl ...

IIOIlJ was ur:UDlt)'wn. As elsewhen, 00 here too, the vice ot dl"W'lkenness

and it.s concomitant evils.re a cause of degradation. '5

35. Rev. SMluel G. MazzucbelU, Memoirs, 26,1.6, 47.

This sad .te.to of things convinced t.he priest. t.hat a church was

all absolute necessity in order to rebuild the faith in this part of

61

his parish. He therefore took immediate steps to increase subscriptions

and pt tbe work started. He himself drew the plans tor the newed.­

itice. Letters were ruehecl'toe tne bishop "garding the site that was

oftered him. Back at ·1>facldnac, he ca.rr1ed on his direotions by cor­

respondence telling Mr. PorUer tio increase subscript.ions and to haw

ti .. nDer prepared tor a chuJ'cb 60 teet long and 3, fee' wide.. 36

36. by. Samuel C. Maer6uchelli, IlLetterau , Wis.!ilst" 2211p IVh167-16S.

Eal"lT in *7 or 18:;1 the missionary lett Mack1nae tor Often Bay

where be _8 soon joined by Biabop renwick, both set to work to con­

duct a three weeks miasi.on.. !he two ze&lous missionaries preached

and beard confessions all day lOftS and so_t1mes intio the night. At

this time B.I8.ft7 ret.umed to tt. sa~nts who bad been a-7 for ten,

t_nt.y or thiny ,..rs. B1shop 'en'Wick administered Confirmation to

one-bundred. and five persona. '7

37. Bev. samuel C.. A4a.zauchelll, Meseirs, 46-47 .. . -

With the revival of the interior lite the exterior e41Yice of

the Church neared i \8 completion. By October of that ,...1" the bulld­

ing stood ready. tor roofing and the following autum. 18)2. it ••

completed at .. oost. of 20,000 francs. This Church of Saint John the

Eva:ngelist, or Gothid design, was the first. catholic Ohurch built.

by Fat-ber Mazsuchell1 in Wisconsin. 'the coat of t.he buUding was

partly defrayed by cont.ribution and partl1 t.hrough the aid of the

Propagation ot the Faith • .38

38. Rey. Samuel C. Mat'.zucheU1, !r!amolr!h 61.

68

Toward the close of the rear 1832 the Redemptorist lathers mln­

isterecl too the taithtul at Gfe9n Bay and 1t~$ en"ri,1"OWJ. Then after

toul"teen sm\hs or serdae they _re sent up north to M&ck1nac and

Arb... Cl"Ocbe. This released 'a.t.her MazZttchelli trot.'1. the can or the

nonhem pen1naula and he spent. the winter of 1833 at. Green Ba,. in ...

atruct.ing and strengthening the ta1thtul in their holy religion.

B7 Easwr he bad the consolation of -.1ng almost all his parishioners

approach the 'fabJ.. of the Lor<!. 39

.39 •• v. samuel C. Mazzuchelli, M!F1[s, 103.

Education _8 not neglecte4. Mrs. n .. 1', wbc .bad been appolnted.

by Bishop Fenwick 1n 1$)0, 8. conducting the cathOlic school at Onen

Say with great. aat1atactlon 80 that the .Prelate could write in July

or 1832; "That the school &.t Gre~n Bay is ruled and does well. Madam

Fisher 10 .'VOted and constant at her posts". 40

• II.'

40 • .Rev •. Peter L. JOMson, ~ cit .. 39.

69

In MQvember of 18" 'ather Maz~ucbeUl 'brought the Poor Cares

to Green Bay where they opened the .t'1rst Siaters· school in Wisconsin.

Although their stay.. short J less than \-we years, their example

__ most edifying. During the rage of the cholera, 1'ib1eb was most

tatal at. Green Bay the "Siaters of Poor Clal"85 under the guidance of

the well known catholic pritlst, Father &f.aazuchelli, went. trot'll ho'tlM to

house tending t.be sick and ever bur:ying the dead tJ. 41

41. DeboNh B. Martin, ffDoctor l+1ll1am Beaumcmt:His Life in tiac!dnac and W1Mona1n", lB22-1S3S, (liS, liNt of H.1st." IV:Z78; Rev. Samuel c. MazMlClwlli, Mca>1rs, 10,3. 'l'h1s 1&8t source &1$0 t.eUl!:l of the Poor Cares opening , a school &t Green Bay.

f r •••

In Sept.9mber ot 18.32 Fatber Mas_chell1 made his t1rtt visit to

Prairie du Chien. From Green Bay he made the long jou.l'ne1 of two

hunc.lJ'ed and twenty-tl'We miles on hone_ck and was aCOOlupanied by

James Duana Doti) t,he J~e of t.h& ~~18con81n Territo:-y from 1823 to

18,32. }'.)ar1ng t.heir trawl of eight days" tJiey probablT stopped at

thw .1. of present Gal' lIad1$Oft because tbat. locat1on _8 one of

Jud&e Dot.y's ta'fOrite ~ places. 42

42. James D. Butler, "Father MazllUCbeU1", ~:i!., lqst. C~tJ:.J XIi:1S6.

Upon \he arrival at. the ae"tle~nt, of Paririe du Chien, the mis­

sionary found Catholics 1:)7 name only and no sign ot a church. For

fifteen days he instructed the people 1n the principal tl"lJ.ths ot the

faith .. but the Napen_ to his Hal was negati,". Only a tew went

70

to contession and a lesser number to holy Communion. Thtt priest at

this. time t.bought of erecting a church at this mission station, how-

ever, since lw was domiciled at ;,,~ackina.c, tour-hundred miles a:way,

the plan seemed impracticable.. Father ret.umEld tor the winter to the

northern part of his parish. 43

43. Rev. samuel C. 'fiazzuchelll, Memoi;!. S2-8J.

One writer thinks that Pather Mazzuchelll at this tir.te also visit.ed

the ute of ttllwaukee. The year 18)2, is oom.et1mes propotled as the

date on Wb1ch the first Mass 14aS said in. tbat place I becauee of the

tact relAted in the following incident:

"l'h'8.. ii&rga1"Ot vteeway died on April 13, 1868, at tM advanced age of 123 at Bay Settlement ..... In June 1830 {lSJ1) Bishop FenwiCK J.'IItce1wd bel" into the Church, bapt.ized. and cont'1rmed. her. One year after her bapUIIJIU she traveled via ce.n.ce to U1l­waukee in oNer to ""lve ho17 CmaJrdon Which •• received in the bouse ot SolOl1ll:)n Juneau." 44

44. Rev. ;:~eter L. Johnson, 2e.I. J.!..L., 17 ... 18.

.§!!eUM-Uop, of the 199Hm!

Indian MOe. Around Maold.Dac

While , .. \her r~fazzuoheU1 _8 re-bu11dlng t.he faith among the

White people, he was no 1 ••• concerned about. the spirit.ual welfa.re

of the natives. The ecattered _ttlemen\$ along: the Great Lakes,

an 1nwl"ld.xture of Cb1ppe_., Ot.tawas and Menom.1nee., w&re Yiait.ed

by the m1sA01l&l"1 bu. lI1Ul1 of them al.Bo came to uackinac to recel WI

their instnctiona. To facilitate their conversion he invited them

71

to church on fest.ival days. <.in We oocu1on they were permit.ted t.o

chant the Psalu at. Vespers alt.e.t'1l&te17 one verse in Latin and the

other in Indian. This ~de of chant. had a great. effect. on the emotion­

al lite of the savages. In the spring of 1$32 tUty converts had

been _de to the f'al t.h. 45

45. ReT. Samuel C. Maszuchelll, IeEl!:!, 70.

The ad.sion given at. Sault Sainte Marie 1n August of 1832 bad also

been a success among the savages, tor a.t tbia t1m.e tany Ind1.ans or t.he

Chippewa t.ribe were bapt.ized. By 18:n t.he number of naUfts, chiefly

Cbippeas, who had been baptized by the missionary was about sixty. 46

46. *bid" 77, 142,

.fAt.e 1n December of' 1832, M&8zuchelll made a. visit to (';ld Arbre

12

Cl'Oche where he: l"emBlned for tbNe days and ett •• ted mueh good. Idols

were alltlO78d and a few InQ1.a.ns were baptised. 41

47 .. Rev. 5aJmae1 C. Mazzuehelli, ~4e;f06rs, 84-?J8.

At the close of Father Mas_chelli t s adm1nistration in the nonh

ot the Gnat Lakes in 1833 his Indian COAftrt.S numbered 125 w1th an

additional, but larger number of halt-bl"Mds, whOse lot had not been

much difterent from that at the sa'Yages. It 10 held that tbe. new

Chr1sttans for the most part. persevered in the tait.h and practice of

good worka. J\lJ!IGst. all. adults _re practical. catholics. 48

ItS. Rey. Samuel C. MazlUchelll, !!!Pits, 142.

Hia e"fQnpllcal labors among the MeDo.m1nee Indiana are not less

noteworthy. 'to the" he attended. when on bis tour of the southem

mia.lone.

The tJ:enom1nee IncHana

Father Ma$Z\lcheUi on hi. tint m1as1onary tour to anen Bay in

No'VUber ot 1830 found the Menomineea .. ttered along the Fox riwr.

Hi. first contact w1 t.h \bie tribe -.8 hopeful. for the1r nne." dis­

position aSINNd. him ot auCce88. It .,reo.,.r consoled hta tor the

1ndUtennt relig10us attitud.e found among the white population. Moral

conditlons a.mong the S&yages as found up to the t.ime ot the arrival

of regular missionaries bad been deplored by many wrlters of preYiouo

73

periods. Father *szuchelU, too, describes the deg1"&ded condition

to which the Indian was reduced because ot his contact with t.he white

man.. He:

"had leamed all evil habit.s, t.hett. vengeance and a consuming desire tor strol'l6 cirink. In short. bnmdy _. the un1 versal article ot exchange WhIch could buy ~h1ng tl'Omthe saw.ges. ewn morality, and was the cause of indescribable excesses; 1n a word that liquor was to thea what lIOne,. 1s aDK.IDg ci:vilir.ed people .. H 49

49. Rev. Sumel C. Mammabeill, ~1'8, 47.

'ather G. iu'CMrd in bis report. t-o Blahop C&rroU, September 1199,

on \he conditions ot t.he etta_a at MacJd.nae remanus, \bat they were

addict.ecl to \be Wle of lirewa'ter. \hat they cared Ye17 little about

religion. 11188&" 80IIUI ot them dnmk when I wa,s at tbeir Y1ll.age; and at

the island, some· were to be seen ""1'7 day intoxioa1ied in the streets

or on the abore". Mr. Vfhite in l'd.s !fe!!!.&rs nows \bat the", ncan be

I'lO P1'Ospects of making the Indiana Chrl..u&r1s as 10111 &s the liquor

...u preuila". Even the traders aoknowledged the fa.ct, but persisted

in auppl11rlg t.hn with it tor tear of losing their trade. It is said

that ItEngli8h rum haa d •• tro;red more Ind1aDs than ever did the Spanish

lI1IIO rd It.. SO

so. Rev. Ant-oine Rezek, H&d9a Qt the PJ.o." of 3a'i!tt. SfdAtte Marte &: *!lW.UMe. 1I:172-173. - . .. .

Joseph Snel.ling in his 1ett.er to the seCJ'!Iet.a.ry ot ~lal', writ.es on

the liquor pl'Obla:

"In the year ot 1825 there were deli'Ve!'$d by contract to the Agent. of the north American fUr Company at. Mackinac three thou9&f1d, t.hne hu.ndred gallons of whiskey and two thOusand five hundred. .of high wines. The British tN.ciers are not generally restrained by any ll¥):ral rules after they pass the boundary, practioe it without. scruple whenever .opportunities ocour, and be who haD the most 'Whisky, generally carries ott tne 1'IIP8t turs ••• The neighbor"­hoed .of the trad:1ng houses where 1td.sky 1s sold, presents a disgusting scene .of drunkenness, de­bauChery, and m1sel')" It it 1s the fruitful source .of all our d1lticult.1es, and of nearly all the murders committ.'td. in th. Indian country. In rq route trom St. l')eters to Ws place .. I passed Prairie ciu Chien. Grten Daf .. and BlaoldnacJ no language can a..scribJ the SOItnfIS ot vice which there present themselves. Herda 0.1 Indians are drawn together 07 \be fascinations of whisky, and the,. exhibit the most degra4ed plcttU'8 of human nat.1U'e I ever wi. tnessed ••• ;ia1king three mile. to town daily, I bad daUy opportun1Uea .of seeing the road literally strewed with the bodies of men, women, and childrt':<tl, in the last. atage .of intoxi ... cation, brutal intoxication. If '1

-------------------------------------------------------------------

14

51. J'O Snelling, "ETUs Qf the Use of Liquors in Fnr-Trade lt, ~iis, Hist.

Coll~,-, U:J82-.384~

The .. condition. pla.1nly show the probleme with which the mi ....

sionar1es were contJ'Ollted in asstmd..ng the 1IOric: ot evangellzat.ion.

Father Mazzuchel1i at one t.ime" early in 1834, won a }_omin_

fa.m11;y to tJ;18 told of Christ by an a.ct. of chant.y. He ,ave hiB own

proYls1orus of rood \0 a mother" who with her children was on the point

or stanaUon because t.h. father, a.ddicted t.o s\rong drinks, had sold

all. his fish to the 1iIb1t.e man tor brandy. Shortly after, the woman

with her husband and chUdrun were received into the Church at Green

Bay.

The tirst. COAwrt.a aaollg the Indians nl.lD1bered twent.y-three of

the Menominee t.ribe located about 250 roUes from hk\eldnac. These

received the ;:lacra.m.ent ot Baptism in t.be spring of 1S31, scarcely

six months after !lazzuehelli' s arrival. He tells us that the prin­

cipal. purpose Bishop fenwick h",d in mind when he sent hun to this

75

part ot hi. diocese, wa.s the oonversion ot t.M Menominee t.ribe to the

Catholic td.t(~. Henee, the Menominee. became the object ot his special.

care and solicitations. By his charit1, his zeal, his humility, his

spirit of self-saorifice and devotion t.o duty, he became aJ.l to all.

As a de'VOt.ed shepherd he went in search of the erring sheep of h.is flock,

visiting them in cam:? or ngwam, eating With them, sleeping with them,

eftl" 1nn.ructing, teaching, ~ort,:l.ni unt.U poacluall;y the depraved

child ot nat.ure wa. lifted to t.he plane ot tne relenerated ohild of

grace.

I.J January 1834 he bad Obr1at.1an.1zed., wit.h the help of \he Re­

demptorista,ltOre than s1x-b'w14red; t.wo-hurulred. titt.l ot thee. were

rvgW.ar oomm.un1eanta. larly in t.he __ month of that ;rear he journey-

ed acro88 the sn01JS to thw shores ot Lake lI1nnebago 'llbere the uncon­

verted had pitched their tent.8. Going trom hut. t.o but 1mp&rt1ng the

teach1.ngs 0IChri.9t" he elt.cud the (lonverd.on ot fift.y I'leOphit.es.

By spr1ngt.1me 0t 1834" t.be Chr.S.a1;iAn Indians in \be Green Da1 miaalon

numbere4 one-thousand. 52

;2. Rev. S.C. MazZllchelli" ~1rs, 49-51, 10, 14, 106, llJ-U4.

76

vaw halt ot the MetlOm1nM triO. bad been Christ.ianized b7 Fa\her

Mazzuob.elll in the brief space of t.1me he worked among them. The

whole t.ribe would haft been converted. shorUy bad. his pllm been aocep-

ted bJ the pvel"tlB1ent.

On Ootober 21., 1831 .. the mission&l'1 su.bm1tt.ed his plans tor the

educa.tion and oivilizat.ion of the }"fenomin .. trl.be to Col. S.C. Sham-

bough, United States Indian Agent. His object. was the instrnction

or the Whole tribe, grown peraons &s well &1 children and to these,

\each not what is useful to some ind1'¥1duals but what is useful and

auitable to the majority. A site for a town, selected in the heart

of t.heir oountry, was to be the center of edncat10n and culture. His

plans were both i4eal and practical &8 t.he following excerpt. shows:

It ••• a misdon bouse tor OoY8 and girls, two school rooms tor men and women, and "veral houses tor Indian ta.tn11ies a.re to fOJ"!,n \he beginning of the town. The land. in its neighborhood is to be divided in several portions, and iach family that set.tles in t.he t.own will have one, and proper means to cul­tiva.te it. But these a.nd other proposed allUl"e11\l8nt.s wUl not be able to induce the lncl1ans to forset. woods and live in societ.y.. Theil" mora.la must ti.'rn be Nfonad in 80M degreej and their minds eultlvat.d: this then 18 the principal object ot the priest. wbo settles among them.. ffS)

53. Rev. Samuel C. }lazzuebeUi, Le,t.eE. (pboto.tat), 18.

Father bzsuehelli t.hen explains bow he would pl'Ocftci in grat\1ng

a Christia.n cult.'tU'e:

nTo tacl1itat,e and. promote all clY111za.t.i()o .. 1n

the beg1nn1ng I'lO other langua.ge shall be spoken in the school but the Menom1r1ee in which l.&ngu&ge the teacbers will first. teach tne Ind lans to read and to w:rit.eo. The Menom1nees in several. in.tarlees expressed tbair alUClaty to know how t.o read Indian.. A new Test.ament., a ph,.r book wit.h a large collec .... t.ion ot h1mns are to form the Indian reader. Arith­metic, the map of the U.s., its hist.ory and t.he sing­ing of hymns wUl be another branch of Indian educa­tion. The art. ot building house. will be taught too tbem by a carpent.er, as well a.s that. of agr1culwre by' a tarmer.. 'l'be prinoipal branch ot education tor temales after Nading and wr1t1ln1 is t.hat. of au kinds of useful needle work. The teachers are pr:t.nc1pally to apply themselves to the In­etruction of grown penons, because t.hey are the _in object in view. to this end. t.he school rooms aN t.o 'be raised in the center of t.he towns \hat. .""1'7 one may easil7 at.tend. it.. The Catholic school &lllDft8 the Menomin.ees proposed t.o board and dre ss II8I'l7 of the. children aocording to the means a.tford.ed: and a. correct aocotmt. gi wn of their number, progress, and of the nece.aa17 expenses, whenever it. shall be iU.lked. To 1D<luce the !fenominees to live in society 80_ ot ttie ea.iest musical instruments are inwnded to be the aports of youth: and otten inc\1lcat.ed to all to attach themselves to the govemment of the u.s. and to look upon it as the support. of their l1~rty-never to enter 1ntoo war with other nat.iolls, and other like tJ11ngs t.ending to the pl"OltCtion of peace and union. II '4

54. Rev. samuel C. ).{a_mohal11, Lelter, (Photostat), 19 ... 21.

Father Mas.uehelli had teachera available to statf the school

and intOl'lU the goft1"nll8nt ot the preparations in progress $

.aNow I think proper to remark to 7011, sir, that there are sawra1 Wachers leamed in the English and French, but especially in the Indian languages who are willing to ae'VOte themselves to their instructing of the Menominee &s soon as a Catholic school is established among them. MOreover it. is worib obaening, tba\ the,. 18 al.nady prepared a Menominee Indian spelling book-part of the

71

new Test .. ament., fif\y h1mns, ... raJ. psal.m.s, prayers and a Chri.st1an cat.ocblsm in t,he Menominee language l all th.1.ngs are 1n D.IIfUluscr1pt., Nady tor print, lor the use ot Indian Catholic school." 55

55. Rev. samuel c. MM~zuchelli, J::!tm, (Photostat), 22.

It 1s to be regret.ted thiitt t-he above pl&n was not aupported by

18

the goftl"l'U8ent as had been expected. The Indians were tor it and public

opinion was in favor ot a catholic Indian aiD810n tichool. According

to Fat-hel" lIazlUcnelli the Wluenctt ot religion alone had the power

lito improve the inteUect.ual and moral condition ot the aavages".. In

spite of all efto",::; the tlC&tholicMlas101l wau detrauded ot that aans

which would haft tacU1tated the conversion ot the entire tribe ff • 56

56. Rev. Samuel C. Mazmcbelli, !F!?lrs, 121-122.

Colonel Sbambough. in sending rather' a letter on to Lewis Cass,

Sec. ot ~ar, personally pJ.eaded tor justice in thiu matter. The result

of his appeal was t.hat a part ot the Indians- annuities were alloted

to the cathoUc sebool. ftSut. the lion's alloca.t.ion, $2000 per ,..r

wnt to the Episcopal school, lihUe Bishop Fenwick reoeived $1000 per

,.ar for three distinct. missions, ot which aum he gave $200 tor the

eohool at 0 .... Da1. fI 57

57. S1at.er aonmar;r, (; .. 1") ... "Bav .. Samuel bzmchelll", £t,thoMR HeW<h fen. SUl?p11' ~.

79

A school to,r the Indians bad been opened a.t G:reen. Bay in the

summer of 1831 by Bishop Fenwick: and Father kzzuchelli. By order

of the Prelaw, June 24, 19:31, !~rs .. RosaU. Dousman was appointed

principal with Miss. Elizabet.h Grignon as her assistant. The regula. ...

tions tor \he school weN as tollows:

"All poor Indians to be admitted Ift.tu1tously tor all instructions .... 'l'he objeet of this school i$ to inculcate indust.ry, moralit7 and Chr1aUan piety-a.nd \0 teach the an of spelling, rea<li.ni and writing etc.. 'I 58

59. ~~i.22af1n H,stori.:):f0~9ii:0tl. XIV:184; Iiev. Peter L. John4on, ")11"$. lohn Dousman", ~c l1er&l~: Terc. SURPl., )9. giftS the ea.me ..

This was the t1rst school taught by la7 _men establ1shed in

'.1isconsin tor the oivilization of t.be Indians. Wit.h1n OM year from

its foundation, a1sbop Fenwick uo\e trom Detroit August 22, 18)2 to

Rev. lame. Whitfield, commenting on its pl'Og".8~ fiAt Orreen Bay the

Indian School contains between eight.y and ninety pupils, It and \hen

adds that these Indians aN the most Itsimple, innocent, humble and

docU. part. r• of hie flock.. 59

59. ReY. Victor 1'" .. O'Daniel .. llW &sbt Bel. ~ ren!fic,k, 42l.

W1th oae-thousand Christian Indians aad prospective govemment aid

of $2100, Menominee Ind1aJl ann.ties tor education, Father MazZ'Uchelli,

in 1334, began t.he structure of a frame buUd1ng large enough to aerve

80

exclusively tor the inst.ruction ot the Indiana. The Menominee Chiets,

too .. encouraged the project and Asked the government to have their

annuti •• tor education apJ)lied toward that school. 60

60. llev. 8amuel C. MazzucheUi, Mt!2irst Sl, 12.1..

rather Mazzuehelli had applied earlier for aid and hoped that the

financial support 8Qon would be forth coJ:ll.ing. However, a second appeal

was _de 1n wb1ch the pnest pointed out to the government represent&-

ti,,8, that his petition to Colonel Sha.mbotlgh was Nt aside, !theoause

some one had falsely reprel3Etnt.ed facts". FurtJlermore the Indians per-

si8tent.l7 asked that a Black Robe be eent. to them and retused. to send

their cbllcb'en to the Episcopallan soboolJ tJ1e fleo.ominee Chi.fs declared

it an injustice to pay ,,2000 to other than ~ Catholic Clergr who

alone m1n1etered unto them in tbeir soatwrea. w1.pa.ru; n. fu.rther

peUt10ned that the account 'be paid Which he pl'Osented as head of the

CathOlic mi •• ion at. One lay. 61

61. Si.tor itosema17, !.b.. Sl..v 84 ..

The petition which the Catholic priest, a. SUperintendent of' the

C&\bOUc mission pl'8M1lted tor payments _8 signed by Chi.rs of the

Menominee Nation as Itcorreet and just .. anel \bat the "said SUJIlS ought

t.o be pa.1d" out. of the "'tund appropr1&t.eel and set apart. in our Treaties

nth the United S\at.es, tor the purpGN8 of a1<l1ng in t.he ec1ucat.1on of

th

Sl

the people of our NatIon, or out of our annuities" .. (Signed .. November,

1(34). 62

62. i~a.!CO,5!1n Hiatt Cotd!ctlops, XIV ,191 ... 192.

ru8 bUl of iJ,OSO _8 rejected by Oolonel Bold, United :;tat.es

Indian Agent, wbo indorsed the bill as taUow~u

6,3. ;tbid:

"Revd. Mr. L!azzuchelliJ 5 ale agaim,t. the Menominee Nation of Indians $1080.00. .Preaented by Mr. Jos. Oicld.nson at. the attomey at the Revel. Mr. )!azauchelli. The whole Chiefs of t.he Menominee Nation of Indians assembled in CotmeU, say that the1 know nothing about. t.ne wit.bin paper J and refuse to pay t.his account. G. Bo,.d

u.s. Ind. At.n

It seems rather ungrateful that the Menom.1nee Indians ehOtlld

ehow themHl ves 80 d1tJlo,al to their spin t.ual benetactor. However ..

it wa. pl'Obably not so much through the ingratitude of the Indians

aa it was thrcugft t.be l*untr1end.ly influence of t.he Indian Agent that

Father Kazsuchelll _. not pa1d". 64

64. 12-. 9!t.bollc ~at. "1'... V: '4.

Big Wave, an old Chief, wa_ betriendeQ by Col. Bold .. the official

guardian. On the occanon of Bishop Kemper'a tour to Gnen Bay, Big

'~~veJ with a few Menominees and Chippewas .. accompa.rlied Col. Bo)"d to a

82

general assembly where they we" encouraged to uae their influence

to get. oblld.ren to at.t.end \he ipisoopa.l.1a.n SChool. Big V~aft, the

principal epeaker tor the a&vatles, responded and promised to do his

u:t.moet t.o pt. a larger at.tendance tor \hat. school. 65

65. 81ah ..... op .... J. aO.k. son.. };'emper, is!!:I1.M o£, anJeKO~ !Aal!0naa' 8 'f~'F to ~ :a&x .. ¥ils. Hlet. coU., XIV~ •

'a\her .!i£azzuchelli repeatedly u:ezoted bis Wluenee to obtain

just.ice tor t.be Ind:1ans. 'Ms i8 interred from a letter in the Nation­

al Arch1...... addressed to Father kzsuchelli trom the \'hlr Department.

bJ C.!. Hards, dated WAY 2';, l$35, being a reply to Fathert s let.ter

of May 10, 1835. Pan. of this co,,"spond.ea.ce reacis:

"Upon t.he application of Judp Dot7, the last session of Congress, ibe I!fU.m of $SOO was allowed to the Catholic School at. Gl"M8 Say, froa. the appropriat.ion tor elY111zing t.be Indians. 'the whole al1owan~ Il."'Om this tund. tor the support ot Catholic School$, amoun:t.s t.o $l8OO. This tl"'tll.t, 1d.l.l .at1sfy JOu of the dispoa1tlon ot the govern­ment. to extend the aaae encouragement. to cat.holic 1net1t.ut.lons, as to those ot otber sects, whenever ciJ"C'WBStances render U. proper. It 66

66. C.A. Harris .. Lflte£, (Photostat), l(ul)9-14O.

Apparentl,J' t.he fIQm solicited .s not. appropriated tor the Catholic

India.nSchool at. Green Bay, beoause that institut.ion was forced to

01088 for lack of funcia in 18'5 .. the same ;year the petit.ion had been

addn888d t,o t.he ffar Department. ... James aut.ler confirms the statement

when he n:marks: "He la.bored much among t.he llenominses, a.nd claimed,

though without success, the annuit.yof $2,000 appropriated by the

Un1t.ed States to.r their instru.cUonlt• 67

67. James D. Butler, "Father SSmnel Mauuehel.ll lf , ,.~!t Rist.. eo:y.., UVrl60.

MeanwhUe the Ep1scopallan bouse /I engaged in the edacatio.n ot

ohlld.ren most17 t.bose of white traders, had been glClating OftI' the

83

rich suba1d)r awarded to 1ts school, ao that its director could write

to Colonel Boyd in June of lS.33, "wnen I t.hink of the genel'OUs gifts

of the Dal'P.U or liar in tawr of t.his establishment I can only regret

that so tew Uenom1.nees are sent to it". 68

68. Sister RoMma:ry, (j.P -, Si.:. clt«, 84.

'nIe Henom1.nee Indians, o.n the whole, were inditferent or even

bitterly opposed. to tb&t establl~t. The trench too, disliked the

projec\, because it was contF&J!'7 to their traditio.nal faith. SO~omon

Juneau, When petitioned to. use hits intluenee in obtaining scholars, Wl'Ote:

!>tAs to. the little savages whom you ask about. tor 111'. Cadle, I have

spoken t.e several. and they \ell me with great satistaction that they

a.re much happier in their present situation tJum in learning geosraphyn .69

69. Ella H. Nev.Ule and }lartins, Histone G!!!n Bal, l634-184Q, 234.

84

'!'he Episcopa.lian school, no doubt. exeroiHd a. benevolent intluenee

tl'Otll \he t.h1.e of it.s operation 1829, unt.U 1t.s cloee, 1839. It pro-

Inssed for t.he very reason that. it had the material support. whlch

\he Catholio one lacked, and 1t closed when that was withdrawn. Of

the .rit.e of the .hool Bishop Kemper writes:

ttls it nothing t.o have rescued more than 200 children trom degradation and vice and lprance a.nd death-­to teacn them the a.rts and t •• lings of civilized lite and t.be pr1nc1ple$ of Gospel? •• Many of these cbUdl'en aJ'8 real. Indians bam in our cn. (church), but who wld (would) be ignorant ot knowledge and our l.a.nguage were it not tor the school. f..nd lIIlIUV hom heat.hen exh1b1t 'b7 their conduct and writings an evidence of the Oospel upon their souls." 70

70 • .B1ebOp Jackson Kemper, Jo\Q3'Y!l,ft&'s, !y:$\, Co*lJ,' I1V:414.

The above report. lauds \he good that. had been done 1n t.hat school,

however, 1t •• only a temporary affair. Hr. E1l1s a teacher ot the

achool at Gnen Bay nsited Ur. F6l"l7'. school at Uacld.nac to become

acquainWd with the beet _t.hod ot orpn1z1cg an Indian scbool. Mr.

'.1T7 ad;v1aed aaa1net i\ candidly, adm1tt.1ng \hat his school:.

"which had bMn put in operation at great. expense, had ta1led ot the obJeot sought, and that; h. bad a.l.ftad¥ reeel wd instructions to r.c:luce 1\ in ."'1"$ as fast as i\ could be done.. and eventually discontinue it. ent1rely; that ldth all their endeawre they Mel been able to .. cure \he entrance into it of comparatively ... ry fe .. !nd1an Chtld'ren; that \he great proportion of t.heir nearly 200 attendants _re c1l11d.ren of Ind1an tra4«n."8, who were fta.ping aU the benef1 ts of eduation from. 1fh1eh the

8, ln41an ch.Udren were being al.lm>et wholly excluded. It 71

71. J.U. Davidson, V9DH1d ¥i&!eS!b ttn., 49.

Another author remark au "The result ot the school d.1d not meet

with expectations. tt 72

72. Ella H. NeY1lle, and Martins, !R.L sJ.b, "7.

Father Mazmleb.ell1 referring to "hat. acbool in a letter ot AprU

11" 1836, S&1liU "'l'be govel"ftlD8nt bas tor f1 ... ,..n supported an Epis­

copaUan ad..s1on tor the l€euom1nee., which bas d.one no\b1ag _" then

,.._lve4 the mcmey ancl send .xapraUona to .,_ab1ngton If. 73

73. Rev. S.C. MazlUAhelll, ll1.et.Hrl1 • .,l! 0,( 12!!. Ser. " 2l::3l.4.

COlonel. c. ~:nu.tU."7.f tvthel" teAU1 •• to the tal11U'e ot the

8Obool 'Wtlen he writes:

flAt Shant,. '10_ tbef'e _., 8ft Epiaoopal JAatd.on, -1"7 ablyeon4ttete4 by Bev. Mr .. cadlA. The pl'08pect ot entoroing c1v1l1aUon was cena1nl.y discouraging, and. in eMftdnat10n ot the sebool, \hough it. exh1biwd Ute pl'OOta ot ptrHftl"8llCe, .ad benevolence, ot it.s oonchIoton, lett no room. \0 doubt tbe entire taUu.re ot a I!JCheIlIIe so dear to AJatl"ioa.n philanthropists. If 74.

74. Col. Charl •• mut.tl ... ,. .. flReoollectiOllS ot a Tour'l'brougb. Wisconsin in 1.832", 1~1,. lit_i., QoQ., 1:70.

IR spite of _t.eF1al. d1sadwmtages the Catholic Church managed

to keep a 1&7 apoetolate active among the lfenominees. Mrs. Dou_n

and. her two daughters devot.ed tJle1:r ille tbe to the noble work. of

1nat.1'\lc\1Jag ttds Indian t.ribe. Their e4wsatJ.OMl ded1oatlon lasted

from 1825 to abou.t 1871. 7S

86

?S. lWt'. Pewr L. Johnson, !'Kn .. John Douaran", 2tth2l:&2 Herald, 1~~J.: ~uPitl!LI '4. .

Upon \he examination ot a let.ter of ilr. Louie Gr1poa to BUbop

Ieee in 'ebru&l7 of 18)6, l' can be W~ that. \he school for Ibe

In41&n.a .s opened again in 'titM apr1ng of 1836 w.lth Min. Elisabeth

QrigraoD as teacher. Judge Doty bad _ tuna. tor tJtat purpose to

be paid 8 ... 1")" s1x mont.hs, and. Louis GriIflOA asked to haw them paid

b7 the quarter so as to a.ceQmmt;)date the npport of his daughter.. 16

76. W&s!29Sf1e ij1stor1!!:l Coll!!DloQa, XIV;201 .... 202.

Thu the plan tor Christ1aa1zin& t.he MeAominee nation .bad been

put on a sound tOundat.1on, Which in pari. .at. be attribu:\ed to Father

:tIaa.noheill. He bad minutely out.l.1ned the cUlT1cuJ.um to be followed

1ft 'the pl"Ospecti ve mission school. Fu.rthe1'm01"e" his wrk 11 Wd on

in the l1teratW"e used in the field of In41an education. He COiapUed

a MenOl'ld.nee catechism tor t.bat nation.. P1.aall,., he had buUt a chapel

and alar tor this tribe at Kaukauna, and his priestly adm1a1..trat1ons

_" COI'ltinued by his ~ccessor.. 77

7'1. W'&!iAAltn !!&s\., 9!;Qu XlV ,191.

To 'ather MazzucheUi also goes the bonor of ba:ving the tint.

book prlnted 1n~1aconsin, It. was probably i •• ued in December 1;33.3,

tor it was intended tor distribution in the )'ear 18':;4. This publl ....

cation was an Indian Almanac tor the 1,ienom1n.ee N&t1~n of Indians,

ftrendered by s1gnsequally uaeful to those among the Natiws who are

unable to read the1r language, published at Green Bay 150 copies -

$18.00". 76

87

78.. Doql.as C _ McMurtrie, "Early p~ in W1econa1n'lt, W¥1s 1 !Y- ot H1~J7.t IVI:I02-104.

rue Qocl.lm8nt _s not brought to light until about 19':U, when it

was identified by the ref'erenoe found in the Wiaoonau Historical

Coll!otlou. The b1ll whicb the above i\M oont.ai.ned 1s dated. Nowm­

ber 1834. 'ather lI&IIIsucheU1 spent the winter 0 t 1833 at Green :sal'

and. t.he ItQreen Bar Il1telllgencertt "&an its operation on December 11,

133.3. Accord.ingly, the Halous Uiaa10l\al'7 was the tirst \0 aftU him-

self ot \hat instl"l.lm8llt of eult.ure.. The Al.manac .. about 4 x 6 1/2

inches 1n 81ze and contained tourt.een unnumbered leawa. u'!'be solita".

.sun1 ving specimen ot the Al.manac pl'inted tor en ungra. tatul nation of

Indians nearly IlL century ago •• one of thoM land marks of our Mrl:r

$8

history wb1ch are deserving or t,bov,ghttul p"senaUon. It 79

79. Dou.gl.as C. llcHurt.rie, 02~ .f!.L., 145.

Ano\her reterence to the A.l.manac 1s found in a. notA written on

June 28, 18.34, b7 Fatherlfazzuehelll at Green Ba.,. to Louis Grignon,

in whicb be asks him to "procure the rentainder of the .A~cslt.

(s.1ped Father lassucheUi). SO

80. Vl1!22D!in w,.tor1ca;t 22UtCiieB!, XIV a 1S'7 •

i7 18.34 \he l1Sht of grace had ettect.4t4, as al.reaq had betm

noted, one thou.aaad Menomi.ue Indtans who lIIere num1;.lered among God t 8

adopwd ehUd:J'\'Jn through \he _T1ngwa\ers of bel,- Baptia. In 18'4,

too, a helping priest was sent to 'a\her " •• chell1 in the pereon

ot h~r VaQ del' B~ who took care of that mission field tor 80_ ,..an. The tormer mieslonal"1 Withdrew lIOn and more trom hi. beloftd

natlon.

The 1ut noteltorth7 visit to \he ~" tnbe took place in

l.8l7. wb1m Father Ua,uucbeUl was on his· W&1 to Green BaT. COming

up trom. Galena, a distance of tour huad.red &Cld t.wnty zd.le., be stopped.

at \he _dous miadons to m1ra1.st.r to the Catholica. At Lake .iinneb&go

..... be found the UenomiAees enpge41n flab1n8, he celebrated ""ss

amongst them once mn during which he di.t.ributed tony-two hel,­

Couaun1ons to lUa spiritual children. They bad not forgotten the

truths pn&cbed to thea tour OJ" t1 ve yean earlier. 81

81. 5anmel C. Mazzuchelli, ."'te, 109 ..

Another episode conti",,, the truth that most ot his oonverts

persevered 1n the faith. In June of 1840 wbU. B1ahop Lorae was on

his confirmation visits at Green Bay, he was met. b7 a deput4UQn of

MenomiMe Indiana who begged him to par ~ a visit. A fn days

89

later t.he;y etROrted him from Green Bay to their v1ll.e.ge, Little Chute I

where there llwd about t1ve hundred, almost aU of them Catholics,

soma of \hem oonwrted ,.aI'S before when 'ather l/Iazzuchelli had labored

~th_. 82

82. Rev. Mathias M. Hoftmann, l!.!n9!r8 01; Hit Cbvsh of ~ Nonbwe.t., 142.

'ather Mazzuehelll personal.l1 gi'Ves a good wstimoll7 of the

Christian Indiana. In .. letter of 1836 to General Jones he makee

a ret.reDce to \be Menom1nees:

nThose among the MeaOJtd.ftees Who labor, raise more t.ban enough, and haft the abundance (see Mr. Bruch: report Deeember 14, le,s) an those whom I and other priests bapt.l .. d and. iuat.ruted., tho .. who frequeBt, the ca\bol1o ct:mrch at Green Bay .. 'l'ftt.h i8 Mftr 8"\e4 a8 it i8 b7 predjudioed and. covetous men. ff 8)

8). Rev. Samu.el C. Mas_cheUl, ItLetwrlt I Ae1s of ~O!!!, UI:314.

90

Accepting Chr.1sttmdty, they became 8. aettled selt-sustaining

coaunity, the result ot Fa1;b$r M'assuehell1' s apostoUc labors. His

1ntluence 11'988 on in the descendants of his Chti.st,1a.n1$ed lJ{eno.'1dneea"

It. -7 be ment.ioned that Mr. Boyd., Indian Agent, 80 hostile to

CathOlic missionaries, changed his attitude in later yea.rs.

If Father Bonduel had been preaa1ftg (Jeneral Jone. to reoollll8ftd him tor nUil.ppoint..at.. Boyd na,d, ebOwn bi.msell' -'l"I untrieruU.y t.o Fat.her U&2iZU­

GheU1, 'ather Bond.uel t 8 pred.oea~r among tn. flenomineee, bo.t he had ~d in bis at.t1t.u4e toward the catholic mt8aioQ&ri.es. In a previous le\ter, Bonduel had Written Jones. 'Bo7d.tE) conduct bas been tor some years past. and is at present exemplary; and his la~ in tho midst of many priyat.1one ot domestic comf'o~. which their present position creates:. show. herselt a model ot Chr18~ ian resignation and an honor to our church ot Which ahe bas become at woJ"t.h1 .-..bel' .. tWr a cl.ose st.udT ot 1t_ doctrines and. moral precep\8 tor t.1IIO years. It 84

84 •• 0_ 9!H40.a.cJAatonC3l ~, vIn:4S.

"

Anot.ber l'nd1an tribe t.,hat was to teel the Wluence ot the miQ1on-

8:17 apostolic .s \be ~f1nnebago nation. P'a\D.er *zzucbilli .made an

exploriDc trip 1;0 \he Portage ... early... 1832, 80 be at.ated in bit

let.ter to l1ehop RoaaU trom Pra11"1e du Chien. 5ept.ember 29, 1832:

"Next week I abal.l lea'ft this place t.o 'f1s1t \be Indian. at fo", Win-

ne'bago It. as

8S. W!g0le Ca\bo11S H1et,. a.v1ew, II:283.

91

tbe WiMebago Ind:l.atus

!be II1ssion of the w;1nnebago Ind1ans bad been entruSted to Father

MazaucheUl by Bishop Fenwiok in 1$32 and the ad1ldJ;d.stration rene.c

this command on July 25, 18)3, tel.l1ng the m1ss1onar;y t,o dewte him­

aeU with &ll earn.awas \0 the oortftl'8ion of that tribe. 86

86 .. :in. SUmel C. idasAchelli, M!lE1r~, 91, 98.

Tbe nait. to \he Wlmebagoes on AprU. 16, 183.3 _8 unde:rt.aken,

-1'811 to "t1nd out the a\.ate ot thingsll eo as to raa.ke plMs tor the

future. (...n his arriw.l at. th. Indian eet .. U .... t. ot Deea.r1, he found.

about a btmdred. tud.l.1es in that vUlap, nestl.ed about eight mUes

trom Fort, ~1Mebago. b priest. describes these savages 8S 8 bard­

h_rt.ened people, i.mmoral and vicious; add1cted to drunkenness,; lese

susceptible to the truth t.han other t.ribes he had delt. with; and more

disposed to put ott their GOnYel"Sion. neftrtbeless, ~ evangelizer

proceeded 'With hi. instnm1.;iofts t.hrough his most trustworth;y interpre-

ter I Plene Paquette. i:U.hin tbl"&e weeks t.ileDty-t.bree _... prepared

to r.c:e1w the S&cl"&lIlent. ot Baptism among them eight adults. Th ...

had leamed t.he l':JaHr Noster, Ave Maria, and t.he Creed, all of which

'ather had Uanslated into the Winnebago tongue. The teaching 8S

AQt a s1mple matter since the 'tl1nnobago d1aleot. had. no worde to ex.­

pnss the doct.r:I..M ot the ~at holT Tr1n1t;y. To supplement t.his

92

deficiency the missionary had to use compound words to explain t.b8

dogma. S7

87. H.ev. Samuel C. Mazzuchelli, Memoirs) 91-93. I

Thus t.tle first. seeds ot the t( .. lth had been sown a,mong the ~~1n-

nebagoea in the spring ot IS)3 and Fat.her Ml.zmcnell! modestly passed

on to m1n1.r at o·ther posts of' lU.$ large pari8b.

80_wr" bis $nort stay at Port.age haa lett its iDlprint on the

aands of time tor his po_rful lntlwmce OWl' immOrtal souls 88

recorded 1n a llwl"8J'7 work ot that period.

A contemporary residant. of' Portage, Mrs. Jobn Kinzie, supplemented

1n her work, ·;'4au-bun. the missionar,yt is modest note ot llslight. success!'!

on bia 11r8t nsit to that p~ce. The author's comment a.pparently 1s

a reterence to the JDiaAonaryts na:f.t. ot April 183.3, because the Kinzie

tamily lett. Fort. Winnebago tor Detroit b;y -7 ot Green Bay on the

.moming of Ju.l7' 1, 183', $8 and 'ather !f.a.zzueheUi's second vidt

88. Juliette A. Kinzie, ~f!!-btm. 342.

took place in August ot 1833.. ftl"s. Kinzie's comment throws l'llOre light

on the influence of the 4t'f&ngel1zer. She 1. rather astonished at his

success, and lucidly remarks:

'*1 have never heard that. Christ.ian missionaries .. 'With all their etforts to convert t.hem .. have made

soh progress in enlightening their mind upon the doctrines ot the Gospel. Mr. Maaauchelll, a. Roman Catboli.c priest, accompan1ed by Miss. Eliza.beth Gr1gnon as int.erpreter, made a mission'" ary visit to the Portage during our :residence there, and, atter some instructions to them, about torty consented to be baptized. Christian names were given to them with which they seemed much pleased; and not les8 80, with the little plated orucifixes which each reoeiY.d, and which the women lIOre about their necks. These they seemed to regard with a devot.ional te611ng; but I was not. eurriciently acquainted with their la.nguage to ga.ther from them whether the;- understood the doctrine the SJDlbol was designed to convey. Certain it is, they expressed no wish t.o learn our language, in order that they might gain a. tuller knowledge ot the Sa:vior, nor any solicitude to be taught more about Him than t.helbad reoei".d during the missiona.ryt s ahort 'Visit .. 89

89. Jull1et.t.e A. Kinzie, W~B"'aY£b 343.

93

The author turt.her relat.es the powertul intluence of his instructions

wtdch .. witnessed in her own home, while ha.ving one of Fa.ther Mat&zu­

chelli's neoph1tes engaged in household duties. This convert had

neei ved the name ot Charlotte in baptism and happened to be busy

in the washroom when Mrs. Kinzie inspected the work. Charlotte bad

been 'WOrking diligently; almost t.e&rlng her arms ott in the exertion

ot ptt.ing \be clothes olean.. Accoi'd1ng to custom, Jlrs. KinEie thought

ot giving her a stimulant eo a.s to reli.". her uhausted condit10n.

The tollowing is an account ot Mrs. K1ns1e' s episode that sM recorded

tor posterity;

"I poured out a. win-...glass full, and, carr;ying 1t out, ottered it to the woman. She took it with an expression ot gl"Ht plMau.re but in carrying it to her lips, she stopped abort, and exclaiming

'Whisk .. " 1mmed1a.tely retUl'l'led it. to m.e.. I would aUll have pre.sed. It upon her; tor, in my inexper1ence~ I really believed. it was a cordial .. needed; but, pointin& t.o her oftcltu, she shook her head and returned to bel" work. I neel wd this as a lesson me" powerful t,ban twenty .8:mtDnfh It _s the first t.1me in J.Itf ille that. I bad ever seen'spir1.t.uous liquors rejected upon a rel1g1ous principle, and it made an impres­alon upon me that I never torgot.tt 90

90. Juliett.e A. Kinzie, 22.L ~ 344.

94

Mrs. Kinzie mentIons another convert of t.his period named Agatha,

\be __ person t.o 'Whom Fa\her MazBUchel.li "ten "a maiden or s1ngu-

lar modeny, al-78 occupied with her work". 91. In t.h1s narrative

91. Rev • .:)amuel C. MazzucheUi, M!Eir" 101.

the author point.s out bow the reUgious instructions which the neophi te

ha4 recel 'No. were a consolation to her in her sorrow8 ane! mDl"OOftr

u.pheld her in the trials and sutrel"1ngs \hat betell her. 92

92. Juliet.t.e A. lU.nlie, ~1fau-bw1, 475.

The above accounts sAoW that Father Vaz.zuchel1i' s teachings were

pl'Oduct1w of good result.s. The converts be had _de lived \hell"

faith 80 that in their eMmplary live£! the words of Cbrist are 'VerifIed,

"So let your Ught shine that a.ll -7 see ;your good work. and praise

" JOur Fat.her fino 1s in heaven It (Mat. 5. 16). The 1nfluence of the

missionary' 8 saint.lin.ss rad1at.ed through them and eftected their imme-

diatft surrourui.1ngs.

CJn the occasion of his second visit. to t.his tribe, which occurred

in August ot 1833, the missionary translaWd, for the convenience of

his conYens, all the important pra:yers and h:mns, funcla.mental \0

CAtholic ille, into the ~i1nnebago l.a.nguage. Yes, at this time, even

bis instructions were tranBlat.ed ,..". Pierre Paquettte for the benetit

of the newly baptized. SO fruitful was tb18 ministry that he had the

oonsolation of adding t~hundred Christian Indians to the told of

Christ. No doubt there were DlIllll1 more Charlotte. and Agathas in his

"cond group ot converts, the notable ODe mentioned is Chief Deoari

himself. 93

93. Bey. ~l c. Maszuche111j: ~lre, 99-101.

At t.h18 time t.oo, August of 18)3, Fa\her wanted to leave a. strain

of permanency in his work. He therefore compUed a litt.le ~annebago

Prayer boolc tor his Indian neopbites, Which should remind them of the

law of \be Great Spint when the m1881ona17 could not be with them.

He called his little work, ~!!9ra Aramee Wawe.kake.ra, W1mlebago Pta". ..

Book. 'fbis consisted of eighteen pages, c:onta1n1ng, bed<les the ord1-

nary prayers of catholic life, \he Ten COtm1fill<iments, the fTe.pts of

the Church, 8, Hymn calling the Sinner t.o Repentanoe, H)'mns to the

Hol;y :&.ucbar1st. and to *r.Y, Inwca.t.ion to the Holy Ghost and to Jesus;

96

the pr.lnc1pal "Truths ot Faith 1n the form of a dialogue, lastly the

alphabet, and the modeot l"IlCkon1ng.1! 94

94. Rev. Samllel C. lfaemcbelli, !2.t. ~ 101.

Six bundred mUes the mls3$.onal'7 tnyeled :in the interest ot the

propagaUon of the faith, to haft bis JflD4eat llttle work printed at.

Detroit. Not only _. the trip a manitestatton of his religious zeal

in behalf or the faith but also a land mark on the frontier 1n the

art of printing. This was "\he first. publlcation-of a text in any

of the d1&lects in. the Siou.an family". 95

9;" James C. PUling, FMbYtQmP1Jz:~' 5¥ S!2S!a k!9a!I!s, 1--11 iv.

The earllest record of the 310uan languages 18 the voea.bula.Z'7 of

'a\her HeDnep1n compUed about 1680. Tbe earU.st \ext. is tbe ,'d,nne­

bago Pra,-.r Book ot Father Mazzuchelll published in Detroit in 1833.

The contents of \he book aft as tollow8: "Title wrae blank 1, prayers,

pp. 3-9; ~., pp. 10-14; eat.eeb1mn on \be pJ"incip1es of faith, pp.

15-16; alpb.abet and numerals, p. 11; words ot one syllable and c. p.

18." 96

96. Ibid:

Father MazzucneUi probably would have mr1cbed Ind:1a.n literature

91

by the production of more works ha.d he not. been \Old 'OJ" his superiors

t.hat his apostola.t.e among the SaV&ies was to be only temporary, unt.il

o\her priests could be round tor that field. 'the minist.rat.ions among

the Americans and Ca.nad1ans over so widell' acattered an area had been

at.rictJ.;y confided to his pastoral care,. 97

97,. nEtv. Same1 C. Mamsuohelli, MeJl!Oi£!, 109.

Yet no one oould haw done more t.ban Father Mazzuche1l1 did during

\he bri.t period of time t.hat he worked amongst the savages. In the

spring ot 1834, Bishop Bese sent Fat.her Van cler Bl'Oek c.P., to assist

the lone missionary 1n hi. m1n1st.n.t1ons of 2000 scattered Catholics.

This aid made it. possible to extend a third. visit to the iiinnebagoes,

and a tourth one in the month ot September of tha.t year. A. log church

had al1"8a.q been constructed by Piene Paquette, and now t.he education

of the 8&Y&ge3 was commenced by Father l4azzuchelli. 98

98. ilG,4,:" 132; fSrt.aa 8u1wr , 1, ment.ions t.be building of the church by Paquette.

In bis plan of educating t.he 'fl1mlebagoes, t.he priest was hampered

by the same ditficulUea as he had .t. nth in his work among th.e

Uenol'l1neeo. vn his retum to Green Bay he bad taken 1t1t.h him t.wo

l'd.nnebago ;routhe ot about tourteen "ears of age, in order to haw

t.hem trained in a Cat.holie h.ousehold 80 as to enable t.hem to go back

and teach nading and writing in their own language and in this way

98

impart t,he trut.hs of C&\hoUelt1'to their Olm tribe. But he,.. again

at,"r three months time, t.he pro jeet had to be abandoned for the lack

of lunds. 99

99. Rev. Sam:uel C. MazRcheU1, 'MelllOi£8. 101.

Father MammeneUl further interest.ed himself in t.he;";innebago

savages by applying tor t.he superintendency of the sohool which the

govemment by virtue of the Rock Island tz-.at.y of 1832 had pJ"Omiaed

t.o build a.t. Prairie du Chien and support it. tor t.hirty years at an

annual CK>at of tb.1"ee thousand one hUl'ulred. and tUty doUa.rs. The

missiona1'7 bad endeared himself t;o the chiets on bis first. visit and

they in turn asked t.he government. to establish the school on the

Barribault Riftr, where most OJ.' the.ir nation Uwa. The following

is in part the speech ot r~b1rllng Thunder, a W1nraeb&go chiel, addressed

to the President of the Unite<l ~1t,atee in behalt' ot So Black Robe l

"You are aware, and .. nob our great. 'a\her, the President, to know, t.hat. IDI1n7 ot UII have joined the Catholic Church and haft beCOII8 Cbrist.1ans. Many more of our nation seem Oesirous of beooming civ.1l1ze<l tJuoougb exertions of our friend here, dreased in black (Mr. Maznob.eUi, tho cathoUc priest) • _, tn.relont. hope \hat. our prqwrs ., be granted b7 our areat. Father, the Pre.ident., we w.Ul. then be able to have our obUdren educated among us, and. 1n the Catholic td:t.h, ., have ne"er had any 00. unt.il 1&\811 to teach U4 t.he word of God. We begin to see t.he light. and we wish t.o know more of our Great Father above. ~'ie want. Mr.l.Jazzuchelll to I'GlIIdn with us and the

99

school established among us. 11 100

100. Aer1can Gat-holie Historical Besearehes, 1.11:61; 'fi.ev. S.C. Mazzu­chell!, t{emo1~s, 129, mentIons t.he t.ransa.ct.ion of Indian lands to the U.5. gow~t, __ ~n ~~~~2~. _____ ~ ______ ~ ___ _

Mr. Kinzie sent the petition ofiih1rllng Thunder in beha.lf or

the~i1nn.ba.go Nation, to Go.mor Porter at Detl"Oit, adding his Olm

comment:

ftThe demand ls lIlOft than :reasonable, and, it granted, w:Ul no doubt conduct much to the happiness or tb&t natlon. 1I.arlT have joined the Cathollc Church and bid rail' t-o beooae good, members of IOclet7. They beg your influence in the accomplishment of their wishes. II 101

101. American Catholic Historiel !!!!!rS!s, X11:60.

Both t.he petition and Mr. Kinzie 1 s letter were given to Governor

PONr bJ 'ather MazzucheUi on July 1, 1S3.3, at Gnen Ba,.. "Whirling

Tbunder's speech ft8 to be forwarded. '01 the Governor to the President

of t.he UD1ted su..tes 1n accordance with the request or the chier. rt 102

102. Sieter Rosemary, ~ ott., 85.

In the summer or 1834 the chief's again petitioned the Indian

agent, capt. lloCabe that a cathol1c priest be appointed supe:r1ntencient.

100

ot their school. 103 Father }.fa.mohelli in his let.ter to President

103. Re". Samuel c. Mazzuehelli, Memoirs J 129.

Jackson !"eit.rat-es that statement: ftCaptain McCabe wrote several. times

t.o the Gow1"l'1l'll81'lt recoamend1ng ., appointment". 104

104. Rev. Samuel C. Mo.snehelli, te,t,t,er, 1. (Photostat)

In spite ot this pleading, a CalY1n1stic minister, Mr. Lowry,

&s appointed as superint.endent ot tbat school and the wishes ot the

Indians -.re disregarcled. The scbo~l waa buUt not wbere the Indians

wanted it, but whe~ the Indian agent, Mr. 5't.reet looated it, that

is .at ot the Mi..ai.sippi, on the YeUow Riftr. Again the Indian

tunds were allotted to benelit. a sectarian faculty. tt!r. LOwry with

his wit. and sons "came 1nt,o possession ot a t1M d.wel.l.ing,a.s much

land as be desired, and the ato:resaid a.nnual sum with other sources

ot revenue". 10;

lOS. Bev. ~l C. Mazzuehelli, Memoirs .. 129.

To obtain justice tor the Indians ,Father Ms.zwebelli DOW appealed

directly to the President ot the United stateD. From st. Louis, May

10, 1835 J he addressed President Jackson stating his grievences:

ffThe Winnebago an "'17 much dissatisfied ot their schOol built by the Go_mment on the Yellow River, about a miles trom h"a1r1e du Chien, under the ~r1ntendencT of the Rn. D. LoWJ7 placed. in

'tWlt otfice aga.inst their wlll. Tl\e tact 18 that ne the a.gent. COuld not perl'Nf.ide t.he Indians to put their chlld.ren into that school. A.s a proof of Ws I reter you, Sir, to tne rewrts of 1;he Winnebago school _de to Mr. Elbert Herring on the .31 December, 1834, by the Rev. Lowry Ilirnaelf, wn.re he states that t.he pro.peets of the school i8 diseourag1n.g, and that the Indians declined Mnding their eh11are;n, and concluded 'by asking the Government addit.1onary bu11d1ngs while those already erected a.re of no uae to the Indians. It 106

106. Rev. samuel C. MAzl;UcheUi, Let.te~, 2. (Photosi#at).

101

!\ muon brighter and a more hopeful picture is contained in the

same let.ter shoYfing what had been doae 80 tar with the savages with-

out t1nanc1al aiel trom the government and theretore, should have merited

attention:

"That the dinnebago wished to have me the Superin­\andent of their school is not only eddent from what, 1 stated, but also from the school I have opened last winter on the wst b&nk ot the 'fJis­consin i1 ver near Port id.nneb.ago. For several months it was at.tended by no less t.ban 1.3 1:.0 20 Indians besid.e some half Indians, the number ",/lUll

as great as could be for they were the only Indians who wintered. at. that place. It was not Q boarding school, tor I bad no means to sUPPOrt. it. Here I l"emarK that., if they went. to school where they

. rece1,..d nothing but. inst.ructions nth how mtlch m.o" satisfa.ct.ion will they frequent it., when even the want.s of 11te shall be afforded t.hem"t Unable to defraY' the necessary expenses I was compeUed to dismiss the school in .!'\pril. Many were well ad'fanced 1n reading. I include a coPT of the book used in t.he Bchool. It 113 also well to observe t t.b.at I often visited that. nation sinee the yea.r lS.32, that ma.ny of those Indiana ba.... been instructed 10 the principles of Christianity and baptized, and a greill t many more are very anxious to do the

102

same." 107

107. Rey. ;3amuel C. Ma.zzuchelli, Letter, 3. (Photostat)

With thia brilliant record of missionary work, it would ae8m

only natural. t.hat. t.he genius of such leadership on the frontier would

receive some recognition from government Officials. Apparently, how­

ever, t.be Indian department was interest.ed not so m.uch in the 01 vi11-

zation of the Indiana which would have included the general weilal"€

of t.he nation, aa it was in the advancement o£ individual interesta

and in setting forth its own petty ideal and penonal prejudice ••

ill these ta.cts were weight.)" in unbalancing the scales of justice.

~~bat became of l1at.her lA.a.zzuchelli' a letter': In reference to it

in his oorreaponcience with Gen.erdl Jones tJle missionary remarks: tlMy

letter to the Presld.ent _8 probably sent to the Indian department 1

with the little ·;~1nnebe.go book I printed and sent with the let.ter". lOS

lOS. RArY. Samuel C. Mazzuehelli, latter. ,. (Photostat)

The priest had intimated 00"",ot11_ President Jackaon did send

his let.ter to t.he secretary ot War, who forwarded ita contents to

ZachaJ7 Taylor at Prairie du Chien. 109

"

109. 518ter Rosemary, .2ll:t. cit.,., 86.

10,3

zachary Taylor was t.he foremost apponent to Fat.her Mazzuchelli t s

appoint.ment to the position as may be interred trom his correspondence

to General ;.m.. Clark ot 3t. Louis, July 2, 1835.. Theretore, the priest

could not. hope tor a successful issue from the future l'resident, who"

according to his offensive utterances, was tainted with the virus of

Know-Nothingism and consequently opposed to the Italian priest.. Then

too.. during the 00.1' of 1812, Taylor had been defeated at Rock Island

in september of 1814 by this same group of men who were endorsing

'ather Maazuchelli' s superintenden.ce to the Indian school. 110

110. Rev. Math1a8 M. Hoffmann, uThe )\"!nneb&go 15.188ion A cause of Celebre" .. ~~AmericaJ 11:)0...,32.

The s.Cl'etary of ~~ar .. C.A. Harris writing from the ~1ar Department

on May 23, 1835 1n answer to his let.ter ot May 10, to t.he President,

requested 'ather lfazzucnel11, "not to disturb the experiItltmt of the

id.nneb&go School at Pra1r1e du Chien. mOlt it ample time tor a fair

trial ••• If. ill

Ul. C.A. Harris, Let.i!!:, (Photostat)

Anot.her note of the hopelessness of CathoUc directorship in

the Winnebago school is found in a let.ter of El.be~ Herring to Col.

Zaohar.r Taylor dated September 5, 18)5:

"It has been repre¥nted, that the obstacles to the success of the school were interposed by the party oppOsed to emigration to the west bank of the Mississippi, who were anxious to remain on

\oe east side, and enjoy there the benetits of the treaty; MO by the catholics, who wished to obt.&in for themselves the direction of the elStab­liohment. If these things be 80, you can _y dist.inctly to aU parties, that the attailll11Elnt of \heee objeots is utterly hopeless. The treaty prescribes the expenditure of the tunds tor educa­tion and tor farming establishments west on the r1 vel', and it wUl be steadily adhered to. And no change wha\ever w1ll be lMde, at ,present, of the persons entrusted with the Superintendence

104

of the Sohool. If 112

112. Rev. Mathias M. Hoftmann, oPe ~, 11s32.

Nevertheless, ft'ather Mazzuchelli' 8 sense ot justioe oontri ved

another plan to help the poor Indians. Sinoe there 8. no prospect

of a change 10 the direotorship of the 8ohool, the priest planned to

attach a Catholic cnap1.ain t.o M:r. Lowry'. .taff to care tor the numer-

QU8 Cathol1cI11nnebQgoes. To attain this end he wrote on Febl"'Uar.y 9,

18;;6, to Gener&l. JOO(:S who was at this time territorial delegate at

ilaahingtonl

"Mr. Jones, please do ca.ll on the President and :read the let.ter I wrote to him in the JlX>nth ot *1 last from ~Jt. Louie, and in a rew lines you wUl be enabled to He everything. tft intent.ion is t.o have an assistant. Priest in the Indian school. Mr.. Kane of Illinois promlsed me last. swnm&r to do hia best belore the Preddent. himself. He knew rq claim to be notrbing but ju.~tlce to the Incl1ans. lJ ll3

m. Rey. samuel C. Mazzuchelli, Letkr, 3, ~,~.s.

In the same letter t.o General Jones, the priest draws a graphic

picture on t.he condition of the new estabUshment. with a forecast. of

the resulta;

"Today I went to scm \he school (a or ') mUes from the village). It 1. reaJ.ly disgraoeful to the :lovenu.'lent. It 1s now 18 months that the mission 1s opened. He bas but two Indian beI)"s and Ii 'fe

females, not one pure Indian, only two with some l)inneoo.go blood.. "he others are part. :!enominee or Sioux or 'Wttita; not a. particle ot good done. and none to be expected. That mission was Government. paid with Indian money $4500.. the Indians refuse to g1 ve their cblldren and a.sk tor a ?r1e8t. The agents never look tor the r.a.l good of: t,t-;ose poor creatures; spec:ulation is their God; 80 they otten blind the Gowl"rlI'!lent. It's evil and unjust. to uee 80 wch ot their RK>Wty to no pupose and aga1nst their will. Most all ,he inhabitants ot this place

105

are Catholics, wbo w1t,h the rest do condemn. the prelent condition ot the school DOW extremely un­popular and w1t.h the Govenmtent to ftmedT the evil. if 114

114. Rev .. Samel C. 1fazzuchelli, 1eiHr" ), ~l.S.

'at_:r Mazmuchelli _s not SIlecessM 10 his etro"". of placing

a catholic priest on the statf of the government school and sO the

Catholic Indians rema.1rted under the control ot the Presbyterian mn-

later. Although the priest kept up the struggle in bebaU of his

poor abused children tor another two or t.hJree years as his numerous

letters to General Jones testify, the final outcome was lett to his

sucC4tsscrs.

The work of that. so_mment controlled school remtdned sterile

as \he DoJrdnioan bad pl"$dictAdatter his t1nt visit \here on Februa17

9, lS36. Contemporaneous sources are all in accord. nth that 'atate­

IDImt. Mo •• Paquette, after the death ot his father, _s placed into

106

that, school along \nth his 818MI'. He relates that the EngUsh l~

alone was used.. inst.ructions being on the Hm8 level &s the average

rural d1strict sohool,

not course the Nl1g1ous'teaching was wholly of the presbyterian can, and the children were good Presb7\erlans 10 long as the, remained at the mission} but .meet of tl'I.etn relapsed into their ancient beathen1am as SObn as ftD)"d from Mr. Lowre7 t 8 care .. it llS

115. Wi!, lii!~: X2lbu IItthe ~tiaeons1n ~~1nnebqoe6t1, 111:406. "'Ij •

Mo ... Paquet.te admits of itoa failures aDd cites t.he incident. of

hi8 sister who _. t.aken out of that school b7 iiI'. nouemn in 1342

and plac", in the Cat.holic academ;y at laakaskia, Illinois, opened

in 1836. He aye, Iflq 81mr nturned home 1n the taU of 1841,baviDg

acquired a good. education and t.bol'OUgb Ca~ol1c tr&J.ning \hat. she remains

to thie day a de'VOUt part.a.ker of' that ooJtlllUn1on It. ll6 !heN were

116. iW:b. 34. 1111.

some ot.hel' children of Catholic paftllts in t.hat school who did not

have the good tort.une ot catholic education.

Biebop KeJIp8r, who took a trip through~iscons1n in lEt3S, corro-

berates \he abow statement vmen. be writes:

"'l'heae people wUl bave notb.ing done tor t.beir .d.ucation or convers1on. to 1.\g. (Chr1at.1an1t1). !be l1Mebagoes consented to a aohool _rely too please him, (Mr. StrHt.) ... (and at. it the cbUd:r'en 1"O .. 1'ft 3/4 lbs.. ot pork and a lbil of' bl'ead at

the close ot .-17 day.) 'the Rev. Mr. Lowrie bas produced no ettect. upon t.he people as yet., be cannot. speak thelr language ... Tbe Winnebagoes a tew ~rs ago raind com enough tor themselves and to sell a.t the tort, but since the whites have got ~ \hem the, have become degenerated and lazy-they dr1nk and are otten 1n a starv1ng condition. If 111

1(1'1

117 .. Bishop Jackaon. Kemper, ltA Tl"ip Through Wieconsin in lS)8If, ~"8, ~ __ 9tJil~\()nlt Vl11:426 •.

The whole errect or \his establishment then was t.ba.t it turt.ber

degraded \he poor Indians tor whose bett.l'IlIIeft\ 'ather Mazauche.lli had

enterta1ned. _ch high hopes if' he could have onl.,. a part ot the mone,.

lav.1_d on \ba.t gow:rnment or PresbJteria.n school. In regard to its

result. McGregor, SUb-Indian Agent at Turim7 R:I:l8r, Wl'Ote 1n 1844 to

John Chambers, t.elTltorial goftrnor ot Iowa,

'they e.urc1sed no _raJ. Wlu.enoe on the Indi.ans, and theretore the SChool could not polsibly nourish under their auspices. This -7 be oYdng \0 inability, carel.8!m.uss, or w:1ltul. neglect. ot duty. In either ca.se they are incompetent to the discharge or the duties heretofore confided to \hem" t It And ot thie cbarp, he acidedlf 'I haw become eat1stled by peraonal obe$nation. C;ne tact alone would be suttic1ent, eYen 1t unsuata.1ned-Y1s-that the In School Ba.nd8ttl • reside lmmd1at.e11 in the _ighbomood of \be School, are b7 tar the moat 1IIOrtbl •• a ot tbe whole nation. Tbq afforded the tainst. aubject,a tor the ea1'tioft of mol"&l and rel1g1ous 1D8t.ntcUon, and 11 tJ:ae;y haft not profited, i\ 1. not unchal"1\able to suppose that. the requisite iDert.ructions wre not attempMd or were inetticientl,. made.' 118

us. ReT. Yatb1a.& M. Holtmann, tit:tariSi. 11:40.

108

The climau of the failure came when Mr. 1oWl7 tinall;y pve up

his job &Ad admitted hie 1nabU1ty of clYUiz1ng his Indian charges.

In 18,0 B18hop Cretin WJOte to Gen. Jones~

"Hr. Lowry bas been obliied lately to give up his misslon among them, and after a. tl"'ial of e1ght.e.n years and an inJnense quanti t.7 of money upended he oontessed bie inability for civill­e1ng this Peopl.e .. " U9

~"""~~-"---"~" ,""~--,-"--,,--'"-"-,~"~-"-" ---"~~-"--'""----

119. !Ya:N!lne, 11:;0.

hther CNUn, who bald taken up tbe nN&Ble atM1" Fat.her Ms..mohelli,

at last juat1tled tbe cau_ of the W1.rmAtba.coea when, as Bishop ot saint

P .. ul, he secured the auperintendence or tbe achool and st&tted it. witb

C&t-holie teachers. On t.h&t. day \00, Father Mazzuone111's cause was

Yind1cated. 120

120. 1l4dv ;0-,2.

Father Mazncb.ill'" principle that rel.1g1on alone has the po_r

to improve \he 1ntellect.ual and moral condition of the _ft,.a, haa

cel"ta1r.ll.7 bome out \be tNth ae the consequences or the Winnebago

SChool \est.1t1ed. With all the aoney and all the equipment \be Indians

gradually deteriorated leaYing them in a more d.ep.c:led condition than

they were 1n their pr1m1U,ve _7 of 11te. However, with this long

eerie. of l"eftnes 1n tbat government suppol"t.ed school, Fat.ber Mazsa-

che1l1' 8 'WOrk shines eTen brigh\er than before. During tlllO yeaH

of bri.t naya among them he accomplished more benefic1Al. Nsults

109

than his government aided :tucceseors wit.h all their apulance and assi&-

tance. In the years af 18)3 and 1834 thl"M-hundred torty Winnebagoe.

were baptized by him. How l!Il!U11 converot.e the pr&sbyter1ans made Father

Kazzuebelll himself has the ansaI': flU it were a.sked bow m&.ny' adult

Indians are conwrted to the Presb7terlan creed, I be11ew that no

one could aru •• r that. wry difficult quest.1on fl • 121

121.. Rev. Samuel C. Afazzuehelli # !lEks, 129, 143.

Moat. ot Father' 8 converts persevered in their holy fait.h, lea.ding

aood Christ.1an lives, nothers nave strayed from \he right path becauee

they were \00 far from the priCUJt, and exposed to t;emptaUone in the

midst of heathens and. depri wd. ot thOse instructions neeess&1"'Y 1n their

CAse to perseverence. II 122

122. DAd., l43.

Evidences that. Father llazzuchem'. labors bore fruit. among the

~1Mebagoe8 at'e confirmed by i"a.ther PaUot wbo wa. sent to that tribe

on 1'I1ricey RiYeX' in April ot 1842. He found a.mong them It large number

ot catholics tlconverts of 'ather If,uwchelli' e in Wisconsin some

eight or nine years before-. 123

123 .. Rn. Mathias ,,{. HottmaM, Qhu£9B FoE4ta !>! \b! Noah-at, 163.

Ano\ber example or pene_renee 18 cited by Rev. Ill:. Gaertner,

in a 1ett.er ot Cctober 'Z1, 1847 to Bishop Heani ~

"Last wek an Ind:1an ta.mUy from Bamboo ••• came to U8; he .. aked. to have one child baptized, and another buried ••• Tb$1r connrsion .. owe to the Very Rev. Fatb.erUaztlitlchell1, who worked among thea (Winnebago) thirteen ,.ars ago. The grand­mother, being in danpr or djr1ng from consumption, reM1 .... d the AOrament ot bt1"ell8 Uncuon, and almost miraculoual7 ob\a.1ned thereby' so great relief that she was able to accompany the C&Z"aVM. home t.hat __ day. The quas1-eh1etta1n, a wry brave man, urpnt17 aought u.s to visit the Baraboo settlement .. because m.a.n)" tamUies, about )0, desired baptism tor their ob1.ldren, and were will­ing to build a church. This man, b7 name John Joseph de 1& Reade, promised too Hltd 8. troop of bis tribe to attend the celebl'aUon bere at Christ­mastide, and. to c:l1scuss then a project tor uniting the Baraboo mission with the one at Fort ri1nnebago,

110

\he distance bet_en the two being only a tew mUes. fl 124

l.24. Wa.scronsin ,Maeer. o( i!&stoU, "Activities in Wisconsin Sac Prairie", lII:Sl {tootnote •

App&nnt1y \he Gatholic Indians mcie occasional vieits to sac

Prairie to receive t.Ae consolat.1on of religion as the follOwing incident

ehcnnu

UOn October 21, (1348) ... received an unexpected visit. from .. chief 01 t.be ~V1nnebago tribe 01 IRd1ans, most ot whom had been conftrkd to CathOlicism OftI' twelve )'Mrs ago by tbe induatnolls ll1asionary 14aszuche1l1 ot the Dominican Order in Milan ••• letu.rrl1ng no. from a joume1 to t.be 3Out.h ... t, and overtaken b7 night at Sac Prairie, be had oamped undar the open sky with bis enUn tamily, oona1ating of his wit. and HI" babe-in-ams, mother, and bl'Ot.her in law with his wit. and tJuree eons. In Y&1n_ ott.red them our house lor shelter ••• \h87 01'1l7 .ehed to receive again \be pl'1.8t17 bless1n& Which deeply moved, we saw them alter ~ and old had \brown them-_lft6 on their kneca. 1he next dal' al.l attended

services very reverent.ly, and t.he family of the brother in aw of the chieftain brought their youngest son to be baptized. Att.er completing holy olfice we entert.a1ned the good people at breaktast and presented them with rosaries and medals blessed in H.ome, which the,.. answered us M>uld al_,. be highly honored b7 them. Betore leaving.. the chier p1'Omised to make a retum visit nth his neighbors the following Chr1S\m&S." 125

III

125. VJ!sconsin MYeZln2 of Histoty;, ttActlv1tio8 in Wi8contdn sac Prairie a , 111:81, 82.

'I'11th the close of t.he ,ear 1834, Father MazwcheUi t s adm1n1stn.-

tions among t.be l!innebagoes seemed to have ceased.

Hia acoompUahments among the _1"10118 :tnd1an tl"ibes haw been

stated. In aJ.l, he hold$ a "cord of having won to Christianity one-

thoUMnd 1'1," hundred Ind1ans. tit the ~anneDago tribe, the mi8uiona17

wrote to Prealdent Jaokson that "the regist.er ot their baptism 18 kept,

in t,h,e Cathedral of ~t.. Louis and at. Green Bay also 11 • 120

126. Rev. samuel C. Maezucllel11, Lttter, 2. (Photost.at)

Chapter III

rather Masz.uchall1 on tbe Upper Mi.eatsa1ppi 183' - 1839

Ear17 in la,s rather Masmchelll made a decided change in bis

mtss10narr tield, drawing aYlti:1' completely trom bis Ind1an misdons and

the Great Lake Region where _at of hi. tOI'Mr misslon stations were in

the caN of other zealous pl'ies'. 'tJftder ,he .1Urisdiction or the blshop

of Detrolt. In 18'5, too, the 'err1t.oJ7 of Wi,conm became a pari; of

Bishop lk>aaU f s diocese and thenatoft 'ather Va.nd.erbl"Ock at. Green Bay

and 'ather uaasucheUi came under that PNlate 1S Jurisdiction. 1

1. n1:, ca,th: flint Ren!", 111:68.

'athol' Malizuchell1, having spent. the w1n'er or 1834-1835 among

the t~1Mebafpes and at. PraJ.r.t. d'tl Chien, .s aware of the con.tant 1ntlux

of immigrant.s into the newl7 opened lea4 ldus and he knew eo_thing

bad to be done to serve these people.

A new DOte 1. aoUDd.ed in a lettel" trom Prairie • Chien on Jlarcb

12, 183S to Biebop aoaaU:

"For \he hat three month. I haft been making pre­parations to 1M.... t.h1s place, 1at.end1ng to &0 to \he state of Ohio. In t.he month or April I am. going d,own \he Miasieatpp1 Mver 1n a ateam.bO&t., ua1ag the opport.unity to intorm ., .. It concerning the state of these mi •• ions.

"B18hop Re .. haa BOt ,.et noeS. ved &n7 repl.7 tJ."Om Rc8 reprcting .. , an4 DOW I, who anted to do 80 muob, am tiNct or being lett alone &mOna d1ttlculU •• w1thou;t &n7 .8a1.t.ance, and or being

112

U.3

exposed to 80 ma.D7 dangers. If 2

2. Rev. samuel c. uazmchelli, "Lett,er", .g.l.. Oath. Hi"t. ~v1ew. II1,68.

The __ thought. i8 rei\erated in 8. letter to Mr. JOMS:

If I .s compelled. to abandon the Indian land and the 1lOe\ charitable ot all unden.ldngs, becauM lett aU alo_ without the least suppon, utt,erly uable to defray I1\V ..u expen_a." .3

). Rev. Samuel C. Mallzuebell1, "Letter", ~s 't' Iowa. UI:)ll.

Having dec1deet to 'fisit his brethl'en at somerset, Ohio anet oon­

nlt1ng his SUperior as to his tuture guion flelet, he lett Prairie

du Cbien _1"17 in April 01 18.35. On hi. rout.e clown the ti8818sippl

he a1;opped to explore the settlement a ADd ra1n1ster to the acat.tered

catholics in the new III1n1Ag townsot Jdneral. Point, Galena, and Dubuque.

He toUACl three b'tDldftd Catholics in nort.bem IU1nois who had neither

prie.t ncr cburch. tin t.h1s excure10n IUUl7 baptl.-, coat."sions anet

ao.un1ona lIere a4m1rdstered. "'it! St.. Louis he stopped tor a conference

w1th his blshop. In Ohio, hi. Super1or, 'ather Young, ad:v1 .. et bill to

return to the lorUlwe8'tem. m8&1on8 on the Upper Mi".lssippi. 'a:t;her

Mas_culli -)'8 1t _8 dec1de<1:

"tor the gl"e&Mr honor ot rel1g1on that. he ahould retrace his s\epe in order to u .. --17 _tfort pose1ble 1n tho .. Mi.ulona to Which be appeaftd to be imperatl ... 1y 8UIIIIIOJl84 by the e1rou.met.ances. tt 4

4. lWv. samuel C. Mazsuchell1, tHmlo1rs, 1'1-159.

Shortly afier June 24. 18)5, the NortJn .. at rd..nons with the

parisb •• of Prair1e d.u Chien and Galena .re entrusted to FatJler

Mazzucb.eU1 bJ Bisbop RoMtl. 5

s. m. gtth, last.. k!1!w, II!:68.

114

iijlth Father MazlttlcheUl'. return, a new chapter opens 1n the

bistor,y of tbe Catholic Church in the Upper Mis81ss1ppl VaJJ.ey. The

stnaII of imm1gra.tion became eWI" stronger not only 1n the lea.d mines

but also on the fertUe prune lands" and he .s the onl7 priest in

that whole t.emtol"7 to m1n18\er t.o \he new .. ttl.!"a. rue rapid growtJl

of population demanded lR1Jl8d1ate act-ion to eaw the faith of the ma.D7

acatten4 Catholics. This chall.enp the frontier mtsd.on.ar.y endeavored

to anew .. not only by hi, prlest17 JJd.n1etrat1on but also by launch1ng

a buUd1ng program on an ext,enA" seale at 1lh1ch hie a.rtistic talent a

and arohitectu.ral knowle4ge "mel him. weU. Edit1ces" bither\o UI'l*

known on the outaldrte of civilisation brought nligion, culture, and

education t.o the ru.de ldA1ng to .. an4 .a_ted. Indian lands.

By dul7 4, 18);, the mi.udona17 -_ back at Galena, Illinois. The

following IIOllth tbe Catholics of the m1nins \Own8 of CIGlena gel I.lQbuque

HIlt a petition to t,he kster Qeneral at Rome to retain him aa their

paator. (,

6. Bev. Samuel C. kaRcheUl. M!f!01rs; 159; Rey. U.H. HottDtann, .22.s. cit., SO, quote. the __ •

ll5

Ooing also to Dubuque in July of 1835, Father Mazsuchelii re-

organized the JOUllg but fast g1'Ow1Dg parish where h. percei 'fed.. Itthat

he could by nothing g1 W BDn honor to Rel1a1on t.han to devote all

his ettons nth ever,r obligat.ion to the b\11l.ding of a church and the

formation ot a parish lt • 7

7. Rev. Samuel C. Mazmchelli, "921rl, 164.

Galena

S1altaneoWlll7', 'ather Maznehelll was UI'I1n€t a buUcl1ng program

at t1lO place.. Six daTa alter his arrival. in Galena It the msalon&r1

announced. his plan aa is seen in a letter wr1ttAm on July 10, to Mr.

Jones:

"Sir: Your presenoe 1. rellpecttull7 requested on 8u1U1a7 n.u.t, 12 July at 3 o'clook P.M. at Leopold's 1018 Where a __ raJ. .. dably wU.l be held by all the Gen:U..a ot Galena and YieWtie. tor the purpoae of making ~_nt. \0 ereot a Catholic Church. Plea" eoaamicate tbe __ irrdtatlon to aU the 1nbabltant. ot your Deighborhood.!I

Jul7 10, 1835, Galena ill. 'ather MazzucbelU. 8

8 .. Anpal8 0' io •• Ser. J, llIt)06.

EvldentlJ, the mie81onal7' s eleotr1t71Dg eng1Aeer1Dg ab1l1ty en-

abled h1a to .. t his program in .,Uon. Ful't.her 11gbt 1. thrown on

tbe .... rutll ot hi. actiY1t188 f1t\een da711 later, Jul7 'Zl, 1835, when

the Dom1n1can tell. Bishop DoRU, If_ haw done for tb18 church 1n

U6

t1tteen days as mucb as _s done tor tbe past tift yearstl•

What. bad be accompl.1.sbed 111 titteen d&7s? ft ... we haw the land,

the monq, and t.he scod ldll." 9

9. Rev. Samuel c. Maaeuchell1, "Le~wrH" m, c.:'h. H1stt Rov., 11I:09.

The missionary bad eftl')'tbing :ready b7 the end ot Jul7 to com­

.nee \he buUd1ng of a stone church in honor of the Archangel Saint

Michael. 'fH location had heen pvcbaaed t1'Om Owen aemy tor ,.,00.

to 1.aMn expeD.ses Father Nazauobelli made the plans, acted as con-

\J"actor and supeJ"d80r. To aocolllOdat.e the taitbtul eo t.empol"U"J frame

buUdiDs _8 put up whioh H1"'ftd as a abapel and dwelling untU 1839 ..

The co:rneratone ot st. I1cbael t s Church -s la1d on september 12, 1835.

lfTbe tint. church, ~ dnaa ot 'at.b.er Me Mahon, the bwdne •• l.1ke cleterra1Mt.1on ot 'ather Yin Qulokenbome 8.4., and ~ totldeet hopes ot Father F1t.flmaunce were tul.tUl.ed'by 'a\her SamI1elifazm .... chell1. It 10

10. llev. J.T. Donahue, 2$:, ;Acb!el's fadl!b 'ZI.

Father MauttcheU1 dlY1dH the g:reat,er part ot bis t1me between

QaJ.ena and Da'buque. TM bulldlng ot ohurcbes wa,s pushed Y1proualy

in both places, but at. Galena it. _. aneral times intel'1'Upted. tor

lack ot sney_ Although DOt. comple\ed uatU 1842 it wa. "a<iT tor

oocupanq b7 lS)9. The buUd.1ng program _ighed heanlyon the priest.ts

shoulders ae he had no .... 11abl. helping band. In 1836 he complained.

U7

to his blehop: I1There 1s not a person here that. can lIPft a step tor

the buUd1ng ot tbe church.. I han to pJ'OOV'e eW17 _\erial to t.he

aDlDUnt of a cent. The IIIOat d1tf1nlt part of the work 1s the collec-

tlontt. U

ll. m.CaUl. H1!ta Bevl' 1111131.

VH. wa. obl1&ed to be architect, superintendent, financier, and

what 11IU -1"8. \ban all, collector. It 12

12. ReT. Sa.mal C. liazsuchelll, !!Eir!. 218.

n\h the aid ot a loan St. Michael's .. brought t.ocompletion

at a total. coat ot t14,OOO, "t.ne 'VVl\lntary oontributlons ot the fatth-

tul of _to pariah tl'Om 1835 to 1842". In \he ol'CleJ" ot aroh1tecture,

tb1. stone editice excelled lln7 o\ber at.ruct.ve in \hat part ot the

oount.r:y.. 13

11,). 1,,4., )00.

Dubuque

At Dubuque t,he bu1ld1ng program as camed on withOut :l.nteZ"'J"UP­

tion. 'the site tor' a chvcb bad been ob\a:l.ned by' his pred.eoesaor,

Who also had collected 80M funda. To t.hia amount Path.r Maaeuchelli

us solicited auoacriptioftS, recei'f1ng generou. d.onations trom both Cattwllcs

and Protestants. lie changed the plan ot t.be church, previouely drs:wn

up, using atone instead ot ltu1lbeso. and \hu8 built a more d.'tU'&ble and

larger stru.ct,u.re .. suring 78 'by U teet. Here, aa elsewhere, the

nd.alODal"1 acted as aroh:1\eot and. oontracwl" \0 leasen the expenses.

Moreewr, he helped in the qun;ying and dNII.1ng ot nones procured

in the ~boring hillil. This arduous labor •• mardtested in all

t.bree of \be .tone churches, whlch he erected in honor of the \hree

AJ!'CbADgels. 'J.'be Church in IAlbuque was dedicated to saint Raphael,

the comerstone ot wbich _a la1d on Aup.et 15, 1835. 14

14. Rev. Satatual C. MazzucbeUi, MeJIo1l7!. 104-165.

Ellpha1et Price, who bad the contract to tum1ah the atone tor

this CWl'Cb lett .. pen picture ot those early daTs 1n Dubuque:

"The tirst Qatbel1c church ereoted in Iowa wa. eonID8need at Dubuque in the epri.:.Qg ot 1835 und4tr the management and <i1rection of an educated and gentlemanly litUe French priest 'by the MJDIt ot Ma$zuchelli. This.s a atone ed1tlce. ~je took the cont.ract and tum18hed. \he atone tor this building untIl it _. about eight teet high, when 'We lett. Dubuque tor .. more nortn.m latltude. \Ile never tnnaacted wed.De.a with a more honorable, pleasant and gentl.-nly person than the ReY.Mr. *sauebell1. We lett hill seated upon a st.one 1'l4NU" the buUdlng, watching \be lazy movement. of a lone Ir1aban, Who wa. _rkirlg out. his subscrip­tion in aid ot the church." 15

15. El1phalet. Prioe, Dubuque in krly 't1mes" • .Annals 01 Iowa, Cct. l865, su.. '

U9

The first. Catholic Church'in Iowa was under roof in 1836 and

completed in 1837 in which leal" 1 t. also reeei 'Yed the honor of being

called st. Ul.phael t s Cathedral. It was aoleml, dedicated on the feast.

of the A&tI1.1mption of the Ble.sed Virgin Ma.rr ..

"The cathedral ... 10 Romane.qua stl1e, designed b7 \be millur1ou.l7 biluelt, built of rubbl. atone work rough cast, but. with baDmlered atone -\er table and pUaawrs, seventy-eight 'b7 tor\y teet, 1d.th an apsis for thee altar; and a gallery aroWlQ about the entire ~h or the audience room. A CI'7Pt..t benea.th the ea.nctual"7, iA\ended for a chapel, _S \lead a8 the home of the III1sei0aaJ7 .. If 16

16. Bev. B.C. Lenehan, "Rt. Rev. M'atJa1as Lor&s"', ~Js of :Iowa. 111:5135.

St. Raphael t 8 cathedral was the tirst aonument. to Catbolicit.;r on

the Upper Mi8aisaippl; it. 8S tine . first. classical edUlce to ·&d.om

the primit.i'ft landscape of Iowa.

Davenport.

Befon st. Raphael'. or st. Il1chael t s are completed rather vauuobelll had lald the foundation for another Cburoh at. the newly

rising town of Daftnpo:rt.. 'l'b18 be mea.nt to na. Ssint. Gabr1el but

the w1sb of the founder Antoine LeCla1re that. it ab.ould be named 1n

honor ot St.. Anthol'Q" M. patl"Oft A1nt, prnaUed. 17

17. Rev. John Rot.henstGiner, I!&s!=, of the Ann. of st.. M!!18, 11598.

Father .szuch.ill bad met Hr. Le Cla1re on his 'VOyages up and

120

down the Vi8s1ulppi and otten atopped a.t hi. home to hold religious

ae1"T1c... It was there H aa1d the tirst. Masa in wl'tat is now Davenport

and. there too, arrangements tor a new parish were concluaed. With

the at.ream of immigration atea.d1ly moving be70nd the Mississippi, I.e

Claire'. building d.1d not rema1n an isolated home tor aDJ length ot

t.1tae. 'l'be mi88iona17 perceived the opportune moment t.o serve religion

and t.b.JOugh b1. In.f'luence Mr. Le Cla.1re donated tour city lots, or a

whole square tor the ereotion ot a church, \be land valuing $2;00.

Later he donated :N.-OOO toward the erect.ion ot the building. !he lirst

atone. tor tile new Church were laid by Father MazZllchelll and Antoine

I.e Olai", in AprU of 18.31. 18

18. Rev. s.c. Maz_oneill, l:!!a9!Q, 193; Rey. U.M. Hottmann, .!e:. s11U" eOl ~. o£ to".., V1IU5, these eouroea all quote the same.

1.'he mias1OMl"1 with t.bree ohurches in tbe ))1'O'Oe88 of con8tro.oUon

expected bi.. one at. Da:,enport, aJ.m.ost. 100 miles eouth tl'Om tbe center

of hi. par1ab, to be t.atc.n can of by \he proprietor. Howewr .. it

became an additional charge to his oftrburdened building p1"08ftJI, a. -7 be Wel'Ted troa a let\er wr1tt.en in June 1837, to his bishopz

"I Md.e and aent down to that place all neceaa&rT plan. tor a handaome church 01 brick. Ir. Le Claire baa t.he means and tbe geMl'Oa1t.7, but he i. unable to make oontd'act. and. doe. not __ l"8t.and buUding. He wrote to .. to go down and haw the Cburch bu11t. ... 19

19. ~' r;t.h,lU;8t. ReT.,IIIllJ4-1J5; Rev. John Rothenst&iner, 2P..:. o1~., , ., iii. __ ie.ter.

Ul.

st.. Antbol'lyl s Church a.t. Dawnport was built of \he first brioks

to be me.mataot.u.red at that place.. The buUd1ng, meaeur1n,g forty by

twenty-tift teet. was a two at.o17 stNctUN, the lower floor a:ning

u a res1dence tor the pr1est, and later &8 & school. By 18)8 the

Church wa,. 80 fa.r completed that 1t. could be UHd tor .. nices. 'ather

VacaucheUi, on bis nt.um trom St.. Louis \bat. same )'Mr, preached

on that. oc_81ol1 many t.imes to about a hundred Catholics" 20 Tb1a

20. Rev. Sualel C. Mazzuchelli, M!!!eln. 193, as.

1.ruJtance ahoW8 how fast the OatJlol1c population _s flowing into those

oen1iera where .. ehvch .. atanding to Hne rel1g1on. On YaT 23,

18)9, B1ahop Loraa, asslsted b7 'a\ber Mazzuche1l1, d.edicated the "new

edUloe tor lts tutU1"e _IMr 01 grace a.n.<1 blesaingu.. 2l

21. Annala of 10_, VllllS.

'l'h1e "COM Catholic Cburcb in Iowa, ia .tll1 standing sening

at prelMtnt as a school building. St. Antboll7t s pariah .a giftn the

__ taU, 1839, a reddent pa.8\Or, the Rev. Abbe AnthollJ Pelamourpes.

He 18 known 11'1 the hiat.ol7 of 10_ a8 \he pioneer of Catholio educat.ion.

fiAt the head ot 8a1"11 cathol1c ed1Jcat.lonal tnaU-tuUOM in 10_ stands Father , .A.M. Pel.aaourgues· school, the flnt 01 arq ldnd in Davenport. !here were no publlo school. organized when Fatber Pel.&-ll.101lJ"BI1ftB, 1Ii08t simple, _lt~, apostolio man, de_ted himself to tJte hard t.ask of teaching, and opened a school in the old brick church, buUt b7

'ather !lazeuchell1, which st.Ul. stands behind st. Aftthol17 t 8 churoh. 'l'b1s buUdi..ng lIu,ared tor church, school, and pastoral reaidence .. It 22

22. 5I!f:l! o£ ,0WQ, VI,l21.

122

~r l1ght i. thrcwn on the cla.1e1cal attainments of tdle stu-

dent.s that attended his schotll 1n thOse ear17 day. on the trontier:

" ... the choir to which belonged. Judge :MitcheU, Ant.oine Le Claire, ••• and. others, was taught by the Father. There ..... re no o:rp.na and no melodeons 1A \hoM daY8, but. the,. had. nute, olariOMt., cello and Y101in .. and mad.e the beet Dude in the State. UncWr the gallery in the body ot \he churoh, school _s taught by t.b.e priest, a w.rta1n veiUng the aanct.uar:y. JudpDUlon, now of lew York Cit,., one or the best. known lecal &\J.thoritle. of the t.., cont.1neDts, _. a pupU in Fatber Pel.amouI'ps· school in the earliest daTa." 23

23. !!J1!1.s ot; 10-', V1;l21.

The toreaoing citation is a proot ot how the Catholic Church

once orga.n1med and establi.hed. dUtuses lee.ming and culture no _tter

how tar ....,wd. trom the centers of c1vU1zatlon. CNdit 11 due to

BishOp Lo1"&1 tor the acqu14J1tion of aeholar17 co-workers 1tho .. ssisted.

him. in ea.rryiftg out \be 1Ii.d.on ot the Church. No less oredit is due

to the lofte priest Who _de pOolDle \.heM tunctions at such an early

date ..

123

Rook leland and Sava.nnah, minoi.

tight acrose fl"Om lJavenport., on the eaat side of t.he tiftr was

Rock 18l.and, Illinois, a hundred mUes south of Galena. To the Cat.hol1ce

at Rock Island and sa't'&nna.h, Illinois, Father Mazzuche11i m1n1stered

and tor t.he la1d the foundation of a parish in each ot t,hese to"" ••

Ae early as 18,6, on hie ntum tl"ip from st. Louis, he celebrated

the holy S&cr1tlee ot the Uaslil at Rook Ial.an.d and IWdstered to the

Ca\bol1cs Oft both sides of the R.:L:vel". In the autwan of that. same ,..1' be delayed .... re.l. days near Rock Island to br1ng the aon80lau'ona of

l"eUg1on 1\.0 ate. cathol1os lIIbo ·'we" ~lves to construct a little

oh\d'Ch wlt.b1n the next ~rff. 24

24. Rev. Samuel C. Mazzuobelli, 1IE!.!'s, lao, 182.

'ather Sa.ncbeill 1nto:rmed Bishop Rosati in Februal7 ot 1837,

\hat he -.9 about to start tor Rook leland, adding \hat t4tbcu:,. 1& a.

great preparation to be _de tor the etttabliabm8nt ot our rellaion".

Again 011 April 16, 18)7 he writes, 'tOn. return trip from st. LoW..s

I nayecl at RoOk Island to viut the poor Oatholics 01 "hilt placel'l. 2S

25. Nev. Samuel c. ti&a.zzuche1l1, "Lettel"8", ,*1. cath. H.1st. I!lrl Ills 133, 134.

M111 Seat (Wl.. Ten- It )

'ather MAzzuoheUi _de ettons to keep pace with t.he growing

124

_ttlement.s in the m1rling district by erecting; churobea and orgM1z1ng

pan_.. In 1836 he organi_d a parish, and prepared to build a

church at Mill seat 'i~1scon81n remtory, titteen mUes from Galena.

81s letWI" ot July 14, 18)6 abon he •• bard pMssed with work:

lflq p1"8sent constant oocupation in 'May and June prnented. _ from attending at \he Church ot !4ll Seat ... Near17 all \he material tor building ot it are now ready.. Next week I sbal.l 8jMmd tJll'ge or tour daya about the place to cather all the 1I&\I9rl.a1, ake contracts, colleot moM7, and begin the work it possible. n 26

26. Rn'. S.C. MazRchelU, liLetter·', P.l. Q!th, &$1;. I!"'t. 111:131.

!be pr:Leat turther note., in \he __ letter, \hat. he bad reeeiwei

..... ral 1AYlta.t.1ona to natt the new town. below CJalera on both a1d8a

ot the .8a1a8S.ppi, in order to builcl ohape1., "but I cannot d)Ve trom

the_ pa.r1abe. now. It. 18 probable. that. in the Fall, with your consent.

1 sball dalt tho.. place. to Moure valuable lota tor the good ot

relllion" ~ 'Zl

'ZT. Rev. S.C. Mazzucbelli,IILetter", m. ,Q!Vh Hie- ft!!., IIIsl31.

The mi8sionary -s at. this ti.rM. Jlll.y 14, 1836, occupied at Galena

anei Dubuque. He had just finished the walls of st. Raphael's and was

pt'eparing to root 1t.. 'rhe letfAr i8 an evidence ot his incessant and

1ndetat.1&&ble labors tor the cause of 1'8111100.

125

Potosi.

In 18)8, 'ather Mazzuchelli made plans tor his tifth church to

be buil\ at Snake Hollow or Potosi, a min1ng town t.wenty-tour mUes

from Galena. The parish had a.lJ'eady been organized in 1836 and b:v

113)8 t.be CAtholic population had increased to one-hundred and tUtty.

Many via1ta had to be made to that. pace during the years of 18313 and

1839 \)7 the busy missionary in order to administer the sacraments, to

give ine\l'\lCtions to the people, to 1.&7 the foundation ot a pariah

and to collect the means needed tor the building of the church. The

first Mae. 1f&8 celebrated there in July of 1838 in a "poor little

house lt eO. tbe lfword of 'truth" __ preached to a -.11 gathering.

A llttle fl"lUnOchurch was colJllltenced at t.h1. time, and completed. and

dedicated the following -,ear in honor of st. Thoma.s the Apostle. Bishop

Lofts. who visited this place frequently, sent a priest regularlY'

twice Ii IIOftth until 1.84]., wb&n the ReT. James Caus" was appointed

resident pastor. By 1840 thi. par1ah DU1Ibered five-hundred souls • .as

28. Rev. Samuel C. Halzuebell1, ft!e&n. 23.3-2)4; Johann Haug, (kschlcbH del" Kat.hoMahe Kia!!! in .aaconf:u, 440-44l, give. the early pariah hist.o17; Castello M. Holford, Ii.tog ot Grant Countf' 535, tells of tohe orga.n1r.at1on of tile Catholic congregation in lBj , gi:rlng the na.mea ot the early tamUles.

Prairie du Chien

In h1s building program along the Mini.sippi, Father Mazzuohelli

did not torget Pra:1r1e du Chien. For as ea.rly a.s 1833, he bad planned

to build. & stone church at. that place, however, his plans did not

126

materialize until later. In 18.35 he had started a building lund t,o

which \he men cont.ributed £itt.y-cenis each _nth Md the women, twnt;r-

tift cent.s. In a letter to M.&hop Roea.tJ. on March 12, 18.35 he wrote:

flI have started an aS80eiation at Prairie du Chien tor the building of a church .... but rq church wUl not be bull t without. the a..sistane. or a priest .. If 29

2.9. Rev. S.C. Mazzuchelli, "Letter"" nl, Glih: lIist. Mv., 111:68.

Apparently, the m1ss1oruU1'1 wished to Worm t.he bishop that. a.

resident. pastor __ essential it a church was to be bullt..

In '.'bru&rr of 18:36 several sites tor .. church were offered him,

but \he donation of tour acfts by Mr. stranse Powrs, a. Protestant

gentleman, was accepted as the lJIII)at approbr1ate one.. The deed to the

property wa. sent to t..b.e Bishop of Detroit, February 16, 1836. The

buUdlng, bowver, wa. not. commenced \Utili 18:39. By J'W'l8 of that

year 'aiher Mazsuchelll _s working in the none quam.a with hi.

people. A mont.b later BiBbop Lora. laid the comerstone ot the buUding.

t1e41cat.1na the church to the Al"Changel Gabriel. )0

:30. Ibid:; Peter L. Scanlan .. Ccm.!t9la, H1atog; 0i ;St, GabBaI f. Parish. 19-20; ItAlv. S.C. Mazzuchelli, Memoirs, 24.), 2 4. These sourceD treat. ot the same subject matter.

JUong with his building activit.ies Father Ms..suchelli tollo_d

a tarDighted pollCT in HCUring land tor \he Church Wherever he per-

eeived 'an opport.unity of to!'Jldng a new congregation.

127

In Dubuque a lot. ha.<1 been obtained in 1834, the tltle of which

as later disputed causing not a. Uttle dlfficulty to the missionary.

In 1831 Father il:azmchelll secured an additional three acres ot land

joint t,o the lot. of the Cathedral. The .... ,ear, september 1, 1837,

he told h1s bishop that he had paid. tor the land of the church 1n

Galena $615. "The t.itles to the ecclesiastical property of Galena

have been autheI'ltlcated by a. public not.a17, and I will send them shorUy

to St. Louis." 31

31. W. QM!1. Mst. Review, 111:136-137.

Ten dtq'8 later, Sept.ember 10, 18.37, \he priest. Wormed Bishop

H.o_U that he lutd obtained a. good lot. of land a.t Mi.nera.l Point, i!jia­

COIl 811'1; a. bou" and four acres of land at M1ll Seat; and nthere 1s a

good ptom1ae of a lot in the town of Madison, the Capitol ot the

t.err1tol7. The <leeds wUl. shortly be _de ••• It 32

32. Ibid.., 1'7.

The foregoing letters reveal the diVersity of problema which

claimed the attent.ion ot the one missionary.

128

Father ua.zzuchelli t! Spint.ual Influence

Ho ... r ftned as Father Maezuchelli' s int.erests were, his su-

preme concern was the Alvation of souls. The relentless efforts exerted

in the building or churches was considered an aid and a necessity in

the rebu11d1.n& of the fa1t-h. The missionary himself remarks that his

principal mission on the frontier conslsWd not in !timplantingli 'the

faith but in "enkindlingtl it and HpNse1"'Yi..ng" it among the cat.holios

settled on the trontler. Therefore trom 18.35 to 1839, he _8 prin­

cipally &noted in establi8nlng I'lrellgiou8 worship, and t.ne observance

ot the laws", \bat. i., observance ot the CO\'IIII8Ddment,s of God and or

t.be Churoh. In his large pan., extending laO" than tWO-hundred miles

along \be Mis.issippi River and from thirt.y to tilly miles east and

_at of it, t.here wre scattered. no less t.harl t.b.ree t.housand live

hundred Oatholics of 'Various nat.ionalities, Irish, Frencb and a smaller

number of GeJ."BBn8 and Americans. All these were llmg among a tar

great.er nUlf.lber ot Prot.es1iants, an4 were wit-bout church, without alt.ar,

without aacramente, without ha'YiDg th.~~ord of God preached to thea.

MoNo .. r the "tender eow.& of the youth _" expo"d. to the peril ot

being brought up in ind1ttercmce t.owarda religion" - 33

33- ReY. Samuel C. )Ia.mcbelll, MaIoit!. 210, 236.

The mi. •• ionary turther oomplaine<l ot the 1nd1tte:rence and cold.­

ness ot tho.. who tor a long time haft been 11 'Vin& in the neglect. of

aU religious dut.1es, and the 19norance of Christian tru:hhs. SUch

129

'were the spir1t.ual. condit-iOAS of his charge. who became the object

of hi. zeal and devotion.

In 'ather Mal&zuobelli' s letwH to B18bop Rosati much Ught i8

thrown on t.he nd.sslona!')'" s priestly act.iY1".s in the year of 1$)6.

In March of 18.37 he wrote: "I have d.ur1ng ,he winter made a general

visit through the country east of the M1aaiaa1ppl and ret.umed yes-

terday from 11l¥ last. nslt of the season". 34

.34. W. Cat-h. !!&st. Review.. III: 1.34.

The following month he sent in his annual report on the state

of hi. Dd.sslons~ a part; of Which is here cited;

"'the various place. I bave mentioned except Mil­waukee are well known to me and have been visited by _. Prairie du Chien, Dubuque, W.U Seat, Ga.lena, and Davenport, with their vicinity are within the 11m:!:t. of !1.f3' parish.. III the year 18.36, 150 persona were baptized in qpariBh and t.wo convert. reoe1ved in the Church. Iq present situ­atlon does not pendt .. to be regular in ne1ting the various parts of trrf mission; ho.ver, I do 1IJ7 best to be useful to all." 35

35. Rev. Jlat.hias M. HottMM. Chureh P'o9n4!£8 or the Nort.ll .. ~t, so-ale

It. mwrt be remembered that at thiaperlod the tide of population"

was aursing on, scat.tering OftI' the prairies and settling thlckly along

1. ta rivera and strea.mc,. Ie. to_a are apr1ng1ng up below G&lena and

and aU t,be .. cla.1m.ed the attention. of the sol1ta1'7 priest. In the

lJO

same letter mentioned above" he told \he bishop ~hat. he bad received

urgent cal.ls trom the new settlers to come and build chapels tor t.hem.

ffflDck leland, Davenport, Burlington, tort. vad1son. Nauvoo, and Keokuk

were anxiously awaiting tor hie C01Iin&." 36

36. Rev. John Rothensteiruu"l !E:. cit., 595-596.

His priestly m1ni8tra~ion8 shortl7 effeeted a change in that

religious 1nd1tterence or his pari8hloners eapeci&ll7 in tho.se centers

where a church was rising to serve religion. Dubuque and Galena were

the tint to teel these religious blessings. Tbere the ehe.nge vras

apparent. The lax and lukewarm returned to the duties of their holy

rel1g1on ad led edity.i.ng 1i .. s.. [~t. Prairie du Chien the spirt tUal

progress _. not 80 encouraging. In 1836 the prie.t spent the entire

month of February at that. place ndniat.er1.n,g to the spiritual needs of

his flock but in spite or his exertions, only a. tew of the flve-bundred

souls aftiled theuelves of the opportunity ot recel'¥ing the holy

SaCl"8J8Qt.a on the teast of the Be8UJTectlon. 37

37 II Rev. Sa.muel C. Mazzuchelll, l4!!Ri!':lh 178.

A d1.neart.ened note 1s expressed 1n his letter of June 14, 1836

to Blabop Rosati;

ttl wish to aee Bishop Ben in the enda of his diocese. The three Ligu.or1an priest.a ot Gn_ Sa,. .... have but one settlement to at.tend. 1 do not. 8.e wb7 they should be lett there in peace. Prairie du Chien and Fort ~;1nnebago could be

131

_de part ot thelr pariah. tt 38

38. n±. 5f!t.h t Hll1t. !1!y1ey, 111:1.31.

It. seems that no action was taken on this petition tor Mr. Scanlan

l'8IIIal'ka:

"Father MazzucboUi urged. that. the priests at. GNen BaT who belonged to t.he Red.emptorillt order of Detroit take care ot Prairie du Chien, but \here is not.h1ftg to show that any priest 'Visit.ed Prairie du Chien again untU he did in 'ebl'U&l7 1837." 39

39. fl.!.. Scanlan. '*Pioneer Priest at l)m1rie du Chien", w", K!&. 0' lf1.~\'u 111Is102.

'rom 'ather HazzucbeUl t a plea tor Pn.1r1e d.u Chien, :1 t JU.7 be

interred tbat be considered thia congrelation too remote froM the

center of its religious Wluencea tor 1t. reoe1.,.d no apiritual min-

1stration from any bishop.

In all hi. ad.8a1onal"1 activities this one priest. 'WOrked for a

clo"1' contact betwen \be ecclesiaatical hierarchy and \he faithful,

in other word., t1le shepherd _at be clo .. enough to be able to !Id.n-

later to hi. flock. rue idea 1. evident 1n the relentle •• etfort.&

Father }lasnchelli exeried to brl.ng \he. b1shop \0 t.he e. of the

frontier. The border of c1v111u.t.ion at t.h1a period .ab1tt.ed rapidly

and hi. aaU vitiea 1ncrea.ed accord1.ngly.

132

CJrBwuUon ot the DiOQeH of . Detroit

The beg1mdng of a dioce .. in &l1chipn with it,s see at Detroit

had long been broached but without appaNftt success. As early as 1820

vmen Bishop 'l8oget. visited the .. northern regions, he became impresHd

with tbe large number ot Catbo11c 1nh&b1tants, and on his return, in

COnCllft'ence with ArchbishopliaHcbal and. Biahop du Bourg, be referred

the _tter t.o Home pleading tor the erection of t'WO diocesea in this

part, ot the NorthW9at, one having 1t.s fte at Clncinn&t1 and the other

one at .o.t.roit.. The Holy Father. aoUng upon the euggeet.1ons ot the

bishops, assented to the e.tab1iahu18nt ot the Cincinnat.i diocese, but.

act.lon with Nlard to Det.roit. 8S indefWtely deterred. 40

40. John G. Shea, A IUterz ot t.he 9!r62JJ.c Church H\ t.il! ussr!S S'ilHS,. 111:292.

It _. not unt.il Father }lazeuchelli came to northern Michigan

t.bat thia eata.bl1l1hment waa etfected. Aa a zealous mi.8s10M17 in the

Great Lake region he pined first. hand experiece vdth the problems

in the fleld an4 be~ conrinced \.bat only a local b1.hop could save

the fait.h t:rom beooming _sleeted. 'lbe J.U.laneM trial" t having the

good tol"t.une of being a personal acquaintance ot Pope Gregory the XVI J

did not heaitate to Worm His Holw.,8 ot t.he urgent necessit.yof

Ol"lania1n& the ch1.u"ch on the t1"OnUel", pleading at the AM time tor

the oreation ot .. diace .. in \he st;a\e ot tiobigan with Detroit a8

the epiuopal ....

In .. let.ter writ.ten from Pra1.r1. du Chi.n, September 2fJ. 18)2,

to Bishop IlDsati he inlol"ms 'his prela\e of the step he had taken

and adde the request t,o join him in his plea for the great CAUse.

'l'he following citation i8 an extract from his letter:

" ••• AS a missionary of the Nonhwest Territory" I have a. favor to a.sk of your Lordship. The age and infirmity of Bishop Fenwick and bie extensive d10ceee a.re things well known. A bishopric in the S\ate of Michigan i8 now belieftd to be of ablKtla\e MCessity to carry on these extensive msnons. With the consent of Biehop Fenwick I have alrea.dy written on this eubjeet to Pope Gregorr the XVI, w1th whom I am. well acqu&1nted.iiere fOur Lord ... ship and other Bishops to recommend to his Holiness the necessity of a new diOCge. in Michigan and the Northwest, I have not t.be least doubt but we should obtain it. It is distressing for as, )'Our mission­aries, to think tbat only a small part. of our uny parishes can be vialt.ed by our pastor and that .. are $0 tar from him. Many cathoUos are ciepri vee! of the gift of con1'il'llB t.ion, while their ta1 t.h Is at a great trial among beretics of the worst kind, Who ewn UlDftg the nat-1fts haw done and still do lIIO" tor the loss of lOuis than .. are able to do tor their salvation." 41

133

4).. Rev. Joha Rothen8Miner, Wtr!toJ:,[ o£ i!!! AJ'CMioC8.e or st. L2ui.8, I, 548-49; Ill. C&\A! H1.t., Review, 11,283, contains the same letter ..

The let.t.er here reterred. to a. having been addressed to the pope

not OIU.y pointed out the nece.sity ot creat1ng tb1s new bishopric,

but also suggested 'ather Frederick a.se as the candidate tor \hat

see. rlU"t.ber corroboration ot hi. influence on baYing a bishop appointed

tor Detroit i8 abown in a later letter, sent t.o the Ho17 'ather in 1835.

Th1. time it. •• to thank the SoV$relgn Pont.1tt tor having acceded. to

hi. request and ha'fini'; appointed Father Be .. _ 42 The letter turther

42 • .Rev. SaR1el C. kzsucheUl, Let.terB, excerpts from 1e\t.er8 preserved in saint. Clara Aroh1 ves in Sinsinawa.

notes that:

I'The seven priests in the desired diocese favor this choice. Maszucbelll declares tbat he makes this request so that Bishop Fenwick in hie advanced years and his stat.. of physical weakness (he died within six weeks) might be part1aJ.ly relieved of his tremendous episcopal. burdens, and so that the priests of the most northerly missions might come in closer and more frequent contact with their shepherd. '!'he Reverend Frederick Ran, vicar­general of Cincinnat.1, became first Bishop of Detl"Oit on October J, lS.3.3. ft 43

134

4.3. ~li.ter Rosemary, ttFather Samuel C.O. Mazzuchelli If, Catho~c He£!ld, f~I"(h Suppl. 28.

By Pope Gregory's (XVI) bull of March 8, 18.33, Bishop Rese became

a suffragan of the Archbishop of Balt1n¥:>re. Hie diocese at that time

embraced the S\ate of W.chigan and. the Northwest Territory, which bad

up to that time been administered by the bishop of Cincinnati. 44

44. John G. Shea., ~ c,it., III:6,l3.

Thus Fa.t.ber Mazzuchelli, while laboring among the Indians, ha.d

accomplished. a move which would strengthen t.he Church and contribute

to culture all around the Great Lakes.

Founding of t.be Dubuque Diocese

~hen in 18.35 Father JAazzuchelli' s spbere of labor shifted to the

upper Mississippi, he again conceived the possibility of organising

this new territory into a diocese. The influx of i.Imrl.grants presaged

us a. nft era tor \he Church west. of the Vi.sio.ippi and t.be friar was

not alo1l' in percei Y1n& hie opponunlt.7. He not only bullt parishes

but wit.h Y1.sion laid foundations for a diocese as well. Letters writ-

ten by him t.o the episcopate of \his period contain references on the

subject.. The following letter was writ.ten at Galena, January " lS37 ,

and addressed. to Bishop Re .. , reads in part:

It ••• Should t.he Holy See make ot the 'Nisconsin Terrlto17 and of the Northem part of Illinois a dio"" of it.eU, it. would be product.i ve of much good ind.eed. Bishop Rosati 18 or that opinion. I, although W\1'IOrth7 to spctak on this subjeot, do belleve a new diocese as indispensable as when Michigan was .. parated from Cincimlati; tor the population is going so far jiest that the west of the Ideai.sippi will .bortly (1ndependent.ly of the ff1800n8in on the east &bore, and of minots) aftord a dioc ••• of it.self.

Please do pray for, and atw the Epa. blearing to Your moot. hum.'ble servant and tnte l"ri.end,

Samuel MaSflUChell1, C.P .. " 4'

45. itev. Sa.ml.Ml C. UazaucheUl, ket,ter ... Not ... Dame Archives; Photoskt in Saint. Clara Convent. Archives, ,::)j • .nsinawa.

Another rete ... nce is tound in a l.tter to B1&bop Rosat.i, dated

Maroh 4, lS.38, in WhIch h. hint.ed to bis correspondence with Bishop

ReM on t.he subject ot a. new diOceH.

!1 •••. Last year I had sent. to Bishop Be" a. descrip­tion ot t.he MW dioe." according to 1lIT 1d.eas hoping that. he wuld present. it to the Fat.ber8 of the Council, but. now tbat aU has been settled by t.he aut.hority ot the Church, it. 18 usel.ss to speak about it 8111 more. tt 46

46. Rev. John Rot.henateiner .. Uistorz ot the Arcbdiocese of St. Louis. 600.

1)6

A contemporaq of Father Maszuchelli. l1v.1ng Ai; san Francisoo

&i; the t.1me of i;he friar' B deat..h in 1864, paid tribute t.o hi. deceaBed

frlend 1n an article published by an F..utem paper of that. period.

This gentleman lauds the ri.Bion and etfort of Father lfazzuohelli in

.eing the necGss! t.y of ereating tbe new diocese:

ftBut the prophetic .,. of tbe Christian philoso­pher soon saw the Yastn.ss of the tield that opened betore him in the near future, aftd. be was d.\erm:ined that. all the faculties with which he was endowed b7 the Almighty 8hould be act1 .. 1y employed. He pressed on the att.enUon of the b18bopB assembled at Balt.imore, t.he 1.Jmaediate 1mpo:rianoe ot erect.1ng a See at Dubuque, and succeeded in ha'V'ing a Bishop inst.aUed there, six years before Cbicago and lti.l .... waukee." 47

47. A.J.T. "The Rev. Samuel C. Maezuchelli", pOrMl! BelQ8ter.

the statement, which ... _1' preS'WD8 to be based. on lacts, ahows

tbat \be probl._ was brougbt to the attentdon of the bishops at, the

Third Cot.tnoil ot Balt.imore.

Hu triend 1'ur\b.er notes that lAtwque had a bishop even before

Vllwaukee or Chiaago. This big j\1mp acros. the tl'OnUer, erecting

a dioc~ ..... at ot the Jlias18eippl belore \he nucleus ot the two .. dern

archdiocesee on Lake ltl.ch1pn had been oonce1"d, _st be ascribed

to the Wluen. of t.he lli8a1onary. For he waa the only priest in

thia whale re&ton ot tbe upP4tr n •• i8sippi, be alone had the naion

to read t.be future ot the Church 1n tbat. region. 50 bi.hop had ewr

neited that remote territory_ The bishopa depended upon Father

131

Va •• chelU for their information on tbe condit.ion or C&t.bol1city

in that area.

'ather llasaucbeUi teU ... tbat Bishop H.oaat1. pJ"esented his plea

at the co_ell and Bishop Hese would bave GOn0Ul"l"04 had he not beWl

t.oo 1ll to attend:

II ••• in kl', lSJ7 I JIonaipore Rosa" p1"OpoMd to bie bret.bl"en in the Episcopacy to ra1.. the small but rap1dlJ growiftg c1t.7 of Dubuque into an Epis­copal See ot one n.ew Jlloceae fOrMd o\tt ot the vaat Temt.o!7 ot Iowa, wbicb wa. t.hen pan of ,Vi.eouin. The assembled , .. 1mers ot t.be venerable Council sa.,. their approbation, SAd in the tollo1d.ng A'tJIU,St, it wa_ reCOgnized and cont1"'d with other AAa or that by the Ape.toUc see; and the Ve17 a..,..rend MathiAs Loras, wa. appointed with solem decree D7 the ... Apostolic Autbol"1t7. first Biabop of the new See." 48

48. Bev. Samuel C. was.cbelli, !!E,r8. 201.

The aboft faotr. are col't"Oborated b1 another writer:

II(;Q the 22nd ot April, 1837, the Fatbera ot the 'ftdrd P1"O'Vinoial CounoU ot BaltJ.ll:Jft, at t.he request ot Bishop ito_ti, j>4JUt1oned the Holy 'ather, Pope Gregory lVI, that Dal:Nque __ de an episcopal ..... haYing tor 1ta 4100 ... all that portion of \he Terr1toJ7 ot W18CODa1n which Ue8 bet.ween the MiNi8Sippi lt1,..r ad the east bank ot the n8eouJ'i .. tt 49

49. Rev. John Rot.henate1ner, 02. Cit" 599.

The Dioces. ot DWmque _I ott1c1all7 •• tablished 'b7 Pope 0"101'7

the XVI, 01\ Jul7 28, 1837. 1'be prielt selMt.ed .. e tint b1eb<>p ot the

lJt

Ilft' Me __ the Rev. Jfathi.& Lora8, who ba4 labored tor NftNl. yean

in tilt 41..oce .. of MobU.e. He .. a naUw of ~, 'raaoe. na

lathe ... 'be_11M of his stanch taltb, ha4 ... kUled clW:'1ng ~ rNDOh

Re'901ut.1on. Rev. Ma\h1aa Lora ... eon ....... ted. in ihe O&thftcb-al or

Mobile by B1ahop PoJtie .. on D10eaber 10, 1837.. atn.. \here .s wt.

OM pri.e.t in the neWly onat;ed dioceee, l1ahop tora8 .et. ottt tor

h'a.nee t.o .. cure aud.UarJ. •• aDd. mean. tor hi. new pfOYiftOft. 50

so. John G. Shea, !R.t. Jiiu 111;102 ... 70'. • j

a. llom1niean lI1ae1onary had built up a d1o.... and had. eftryth1na

prepared \0 Noel,.. hi. new b1ahop u ., be 188ft 1A a 1e'\81" 01 Sep\em­

berl,l8l7f

"I uve alftaq __ aU \hat •• po.siDle tor .. to de oon.~ \he wltue of ftlt.g1on :1n thi. OO\Ultl7. The ol'Iu* of ~qa 1.8 -rtb7 of be1nc a oa~. I haw o~ \he clajll • • , about three &ONS ot laml J01Md. too the lot o£ \he chuI'cb." '1

Sl. Rev. John Bo~rf !I.I..!&it., '99.

C&\bedft.1 aa4 Churcd.'t pl'Opel"t, were waltJ.ng lor \he aalnt.l.7 bishop

to taD poeseadon ot a tl'Ol'lUer dioce .. of Uatu.ae pra1r1ea and.

tONsta. The lI1n1.ou.,.'. aaal bad. upt. put with the l'&pid. penh

of t,he c1\7, wh1eb tJ!Oll anlnd1an 0U&p in 18)'_ wbeD t;he firet, cabin

waa rat_, had gJ01lI1 t.o a1lllMr \}IN .... th0usu4 aoul.a .t whoa liltMn

139

hundred we" C&t.ho11os. 52 Through h1s 1ntluuoe and labors from

52. Rev. Matlliaa M. Hetfllarm, Cent!pn1.!l M!troU .o( the. Archdi.ocese of D\1\)1'\{~~Ll~j7 ... 1937, 5.

1835 to 1837, the priest bad Wl"'OUght a. manelou. change. The humble

vUlage baa been found wortbJ to be rd.N" \0 t.M honor ot an epia-

copal see. Not only one parish had been orpn1zed during the short

t.1me ot two year., but ot mIUl7 ..,re 'the toundation had been laid,

&Ad. "'1'8 to feN a part, ot the new diocese.

Thu. once more, Fa.ther Mas_cbell! was inatro.m.ental in setting

up a. b1ahopnc on the outskirt. of clvU1zaUon, g1Y1ag thereb)" the

Ohurch a most advanced positlon to pfesene and propagate t.M fa1th

and diffuse her culture.

Father Hoftmann dee. not _em to diacem Father Mazmchelli' 8

1ntluence in the erection of tM Dubuque Diocese for, in reterring

to the missionary on ibis point, he remarke4:

..... an, secret hopee that he aay haw eatel"kined tor the el"MUon ot a PI'O"finoe ot St. 'I.'boJaa of Aquin _st. of the tiaai.ld.ppi _re blaatod b;y the rather sud.den anno~t ot ~ fonation ot \he new diocese ot Dubuque tbe WI7 )f'Mr foll.ow-1ns this correspondence. It 53

53. Rey. M. Hottmann, Qb9!Yh Founder. ot il!! Nort.hw,t, 79.

The letter to 1Ib1ch Father Hottmann made reterence was written

in 1836 and was a repl)" to hi. Lfa.et.er General who enoouraged him to

work tor the order. As a loyal son.. it _8 only natural tor tbe

Dom1n1oa.n trial' to write as be did to his Spiritual Father:

liThia countJ";y tends to becom.e populated w.l th extraordinary rapidity, and it t.he Catholic :reli­gion i8 not •• \abU8hed now, it will be a.l.mo.t 1mpoeeible to establish it there alter a tew 19ar~,. This i8 the reason I haw al-78 desired to ntlIIildn in the West which 18 growing eve:r;y da7 and 1s entlre17 without priest.s.. and because there 1. so much to sutter and to do ... It .s impon1ble tor ,. to work tor the Order under pan cil"OWftstances. low tb&t Your Pat.emtt,y enoourages _ greatly, I ahall do 1fT v.tDIOst. It 54

140

54. Bey. Samuel c« Ma~zuchelli, !te!tte~, in &Unt Clara Convent Archi Yes, Sinsinawa..

In \he same letter Father Maswche1l1 int1matec1 that it the pro jetet

ot .. .Doad.n1can province would be p1"Opoaed to the bishop be would not

obje.t to it because that section WO\1ld soon be out otf from his juris-

diction, and would be a great reUef \0 the bishop. 55

55. Ibid.

To t.he ad8s1oM17 apostolic a province was but another -7 of

PJ'Opagat1n& the futh. This same motive i. indicated in \he replJr

ot \he Mastel' General, Most Bev. li. C1poletti, (j.P. llatel"rin& to

the tut-1Ift pl"O'rir1ce to be called that ot St.. Tbotu.., the Mast.er General

wr1.te8:

"fbi8 name will contribute not a. little toward encouraging the priest. in this l'ftllDte part. of the world to RUdy hi. holy <ioct:rines which wUl be t.he ¢de of their faith and wbicb w1ll tou \he ettorts of the 1ncre4ulou8 and of the heret.ics

141

lIh1ch threaten it o .... r there." 56

56. Moat lev. Hyacinthe C1poletti, Let"r, Saint Clara Conftnt Archives, S1nad.nawa..

Since the Church had acted on the JI1ss1on&17' s petit10ll ot creat.1ng

a new dioceee, a province .. s no longer &Xl ursont nec.sslt,. tor the

presenation of Catholicism. The erection of an eplscop&q tormed,

_ to sal', a bulftrk against the da.ngen that threatened t.he faith.

1'0 'ather Jlaazuchelli, tor the present, a diocese was of greater ser-

'dee \0 religion than a Dom1n:ican proY1noe, in tact, he _s anxiously

awa1tJ.Dg tbe arrival ot his new bishop. ae wrote thue to B1ehop Rosati:

"I am. real.lT vu:ed that Biap Loras w:U1 not be back in t. sprin& ... In a few da,.. I aball write to the Master General. who will be pleased to ma_ the acquaintance of IB7 Bishop." 57

57. Rev. s.c. Mauuchelli, Lette£, (exeerpt) st. Louis Arcbd. Arch1".s.

FuJ:ot,her he expressed the wish; "one day to receive the ne. bishop

without an, debts". 58

58. Bev. s.C. :uazsucbelll, "Let.tera",l11, Cat.h t H1f!t: Rex., 111;138.

All tbe foregoing citations prove that 'ather MalizucheU1 .s

not in the least disturbed or disappointed wben the announcement of

the new diocese came. It he had in m1nd the founding of a Dom1n1can

province in that part of t#he i.erritor.y, 1t could not. haw been in

l42

eontllot w:lth \he creation of a new die .... , on the oontraZ7, one

'M)uld ft&W npported. the other"

How did the news of the announcement of the new diocese effect

Faimer uaa.oheU:11

HIn June of lJ!3'l, the Dom1n1ean ms.eatoner reoelwd from Blahop Ro.U a piece of .WI fwb10h C&UMd b1a & '"17 great joT'" It wa. \he new. ot the veaUon ot the new d100eae of Iowa, wlth it.a episcopal seat. at. Dubaqv.e, and. 1d.tJl va~. Lora. aa 1t.8 fUst .fbop. rus .w .. ooeat.uated, 1f ~, toM· alnad;y terwnt work ot 'ather Mas.ohell1. ft '9

59. Rev. )f.K. Holtmann, 0mJ!.h fm!ml!17' pf ,the !2dPJft:. 82.

Baee1 vhg notice ot the ereoUon of the Dubuque dioceae in the

... " of 1837 and tmt appo1ntdMnt. of 'lou QeneI"8l. of the ne. PJ'OYiace,

'ather Mall.chell! pressed tM work of e'ftnl8l1za.t1on _at ua1du.oual7

in aU thIM 8:\&tea. To the south ot Du'buq_ and Galena he orcan1zed

t.he new parishe. ot Da'VellPO"', Rook Islaa4, and. SAvannah) to the

no~ in the Wl.cone:1n Terr1toJ7 be tamed IlL. far &a Madison

&Ad. other new tow.rus tOI' t.he purpose of opni,ag up new CJC',)DgfttpUons.

Al'thouah aeri.oua17 ill tor tbJtee weeka 1n Ja.n1W7 ot lB.38, tne whole

_nt.h of 'ebl'U&17 .. spent. 1A vi81Ung \he CatJ'lol1c8 saatt-end throqb­

out the WUoon81n Te1'F.ltol'7. Gratiot GI'ow, Hew Diging., tineral.

Poiat, SbuUabv'h Dodgft'1ll.e, and Diamoad Gro .... _" the pr:f..no1pal

mUon_ Where, in private homes, the Ma ••• _ .. lebl'awd. "Preach.

ing ... oamed on aad -.rq- ot the ta1thtul reoelftd \he SaoftmeD\a.-

143

lIany Protestants ot the neigbborhO<Xi assisted at. the divine Hrvioes. 60

60. Rev. Samuel C. Mazzuchell1, .Memoirs, 21.4. Rev. Mathias Hottmatm, op. c1t., 82. Both source. cite t..l'w miU10M17'. activities.

Father Mazzuehell1 preached and inetructed the tait.htul _rever

his prte8Uy minietrat.ioruJ were camed. Already' in 1836 he assembled

the JOUth of Dubuque tor inatru.ction in an unfinished room under the

eanotua't'7 01 st. Raphael'lI Church '" 61

61. Sister 110 __ 17, S!Il.t. ~ 87.

The ta1t.htul there likewise, cone.ponded t.o his aal, so that

\he spir1tual progress _s visible.. In l.839 on the 'east of Pentecost.

t.he Id.ssion&17 noted that, almI:>st without exception, the lukewarm and

negligent Catholics retumed 01; the SAcl"&IDIImta. Moral conduct 'fis1bly

imp1'OWd in tho. Who hitherto led 11fts unworthy of a Christian. In

general nearly all. C&tbollcs led .xemp~, virtuous 11 'Ves. 62

62. Rev. S&muel C. MazliUchelli, Me1rt, 242 ... 24).

llut bad the one priest accomplished up to the time ot the arrival

ot B1abop Lorae'l '.ther MasliUchell1 br1etlJ summarised hi. apostolic

labore t1"Om 18'5 to 18'9:

"JetOl'e the a.m val of lU.ght Reftrend Biabop 1.o1"&s with a tew prieste, there ... re all'ead7 three temples to the Lord wherein the Holy Sacrifice _. ottered; tbe truths of C&tJlo11c Doctrine had been the subject of wry IJ!Iaft7 aermone and familiar instrucUons in many places ot the ftst. m.8ioD tield. The people

in general observed the laws ot the Church; the prejudices and mistaken ideas of PIot..stant.. aga.1.rlst the dogmas and practices ot the true IUtl1gion had been o"-l'Oome in part.. Besides all this there was the visible 1mpl"O_.nt 1n the dally 11 ves of many 1thO had once been careless Cat.hol1cs. It 63

63. Rev. Samuel C. Mazzuchelli, Memoirs, 236.

144

Betore we consider Father Uazzuchell1ts 1ntluenees directly con­

nect.ed with the development of Bishop Lo:ru t diocese, there 1s yet.

another phase of his activit.ies 1'fb1eb here deserves att.ention. Tftese

are hls cl Yio and social influences. He had been a prominent social

tigtlJ'e on the trontier long betore the coming ot Bishop Loras. "Wit.h

all bi. nmarkable pietT and extraordinary hum1l1ty, Father MazzucheUi

combined 8. rare ta.lent of publicity man.!1 64 rue quallty greatly

64. Rev. Viooor F. C' Daniel. ~AA9 P:ro!!nce or Saint JosePh, 219.

accentuate-d hie lnnuences in public 11fe.

Chapter IV

Civ1c and SOcial Influences on t.be Frontier

City ot Davenport.

Wl"1ters a.t. tiMe haw stated that Fa.ther MassucheUi made the

plans for the city ot Dawnport.. Atter some reHa.rcb on that. a.ssert.ton,

it DlWiJt be concluded that there 1s no hi.toneal data to substantiat.e

\bat tact., though not a. little -1 be intenvd and deduced trom read­

ing hi. fl.-irs shOwing that he might haw had some influence in the

planrdng ot that cit.y.. 10 understand the problem under discussion,

a picture ot the site and its proprietor prev10ua to the cOming or

the Dd.sa1onary _y not. be out ot place here.

Ant.o1ne Le Clai", was the son ot a French trader mo bad estab­

lished a t.ra.d1n& post. in WJ.waukee in 1808. Go_mol" Clark bad the

youth educated in the Engl1ah languase in order to be ot Mm.oe to

the 8ove~nt as an tntel"Pftt.er. imto1ne Le 01&1", knowing not

less than t.welve Indian dialect a, as present as an interpreter in

aU btportant Ind1an tre.neactione. In this capacity he sened in

18.32, when the Un1t..d states purchased ot the Sa.c and rox tribes the

territory _at ot the Miea1aslppi Riftr. It was at the conclu8ion

ot tb1s treaty that. Keolalk presented to Antoine Le Claire'. wite,

grand-daughter ot a Sac Ohief, a .. ation of land on condition that.

be built. there on the apot Where the t.reaty was concluded a. house

tor his family.. This condition he fulfilled even though other •• ctions

were gi'ftft to him by the Sacs. The treaty _. ratified by COlllres.

the tollowing winter. In the Spring ot 1833 Mr. I.e Claire put up a

145

146

small building in the then Fox village. The Sac and Fox Indians lett

in the tall ot 1834 for the Cedar R1 ver. It. _8 at the Le Claire t s

house that. religious senices were held "semi-occas1onally 't. 1

1. Franc B. WUlde, Da.nml?!n Past, .,u1 paNQt.. 168, 37.

'!'be minister ot these ""ices was no other than the t.raveling

m1ss10n.&r7. Fatber Kazsuchelll, minist.e1"ing to the one Catholic family.

Father Hottmann states that the Dom1nS.oan Friar met Mr. I.e Claire who

was operat.ing the terry across the Mlaaiss1ppi as early aiS 1835. 2

2. Rev. lifathias M. Hoffmann, ghu£gh F0umtfits O't tM NotItQ"'li. 79.

Mr. Parish ea:;vs: "He carried his religious admin1st.rations to

Antoine 1e Claire upon tdle site ot Davenport. betore that town existed".. :3

1. John C. Parish, Ill. P&l~sest, 1:106.

'the above dates prove that 'ather Mazr;ucheUi bad met fatir.. Lo Claire

betore the site of a town _8 lald out. The st.rongfuJt. proof, nowever,

1s his o'wn: "One who 8&W in 1835 the tepee. ot the poor Indians dott1ng

the verdant plain, and sees it. now covered with new buildings of brick",

Father aga1n state. t.hat be stopped. there on his ret.um trip from st..

Louis in AprU ot 18,36 to minister 'to the OM cat.holic fa.m.U7 at

147

Davenport.. 4

4. Rev. Samuel C. Mazzuehelli, }.{emoirs, 193.

His deacription of the town throws much light on the probabUit.1

that he helped make \he plans:

"It was in 1836 that Mr. Le Claire began to convert. his estate lnw a city, which he -.d Davenport., wbich was .first designed upon a ap wi tb t.he street. straight. and of noble breadth, leaYing at I'9plar intervals .paces for squares and public bulld1.ngs, w1th a broad spacious expanse on the river tront tor cOIlll18rc1al purposes. tt ;

5. Rev. Samel C. }.{azzuchelli, 1""1£s, 190-191.

Father *:zuchelll does not state that he made the plans, neither

does he teU in his Memoirs that be made t.he plans tor the Church. The

latter tact he mentioned in a letter to Bishop Rosati in 1837 ffMr. Le

Cla1re w1U probably build a verr nice brick Church of which I made

the plan"" This i. a proof that not all his works al'9 recorded in

his Memoirs. 6

6. aJ.:inoi8 CAtholic H1nodel &tn ... , 111:135.

From. his description of the town, "'which was firat designed. upon

a mpH, can be interred t.bat the dee1gner ot t.bat. ap -7 have been, in

all. pro'babillt,-, Father MazzueheUi, who would do that favor tor his

148

devoted friend, Mr. to Claire.. His Memoirs ahow that he was sldlltul

in the art ot map drawing. the idea ot "street.s straight and ot

noble brea.dth fI D5 not a front.1er 1dea since I1\Ost ot the frontier

towns were left to chance to develop after the lots had been once

surveyed and 801d by speculators" That. then were many speculators

around, we have the words ot a contemporary:

"Many speculators and others desiring to enjoy the advantages ottered to the first. sett.lers in a new country, in 1836 bought an 1mense tract ot l.a.nd near the new city ot Davenport, and many and various were the frame hOUMS raised there before the spring of the next year." 7

7. Rev. samuel C. MazzucheUi, Memoirs, 191.

The following stat.ement, "leaving at regular intervals spaces for

squana and public build1n&s. with a broad spacious eXpa.n" on the river

front. for co.naercial purposes," is an indication that it was drawn by

an experienced and cultured hand.; one who was well a.cquainted with

culturally and cormnerciaJ.ly advanced cities; one who grasped the ad-

vantageOU8 position 01 the $1" of Da.wnport to be. A man like Mr.

I.e Claire who had lived at tur trading stat.ions, and on t.he borders

ot e1vilization all his ille, could not have bad such ideas unless

they had been suggested to him. ae bad no understanding of busineas

formalities since .lI'at.her V&zzuchelll in one of hi. letters remark.,

n~r Le Claire bas the Means and the generosity, but i8 unable to make

149

contracts and does not understand building". a

s. ll,l: Oath. H;lst,. 5!v1 .... , IU,1)5.

Furt;her, nH1s faith did not let him torget the cause ot Religion,

tor in the cit.y he _8 planning he ,,-voted a square in an advantageous

posit.10n tor the erection or a Ch\U'Chn. 9 This statement. reveals Mr.

9. Rev. S&lnuel C. Malmohelli, lleFJ.O&J'8, 191.

I.e Cla1re t " devot.ion to his futh. No doubt the miss1oM17 had a. hand

in it .. s to the suggestion how much the Church would need tor her

temporal welfare, since tbere again, I.e Cl&1re _. inexperienced, but.

the g004 will and generosity •• his. Rev. J.F. Kempker says, I:tTh.

site was MClU"ed through the etton. of Ver, Rev. Samuel uazzuchell1". 10

10. A!!'!!l, ot 10_, V1:U5.

From th1. last statement it 84T be Werred that rather uazmoh.lli

had a. g1'8&t Wluence 1n the mak1ng ot the pans.

The tollow1ng paragraph abo .. how the oraan1u.t.1on of the town

took place,

"In the tall of tb1. year (1835) & ~ was toJ.'med tor the purpose ot purchu1Ds and l.a.)ring out a town Ate. The,.. _1:. at the house ot Col, Davenport on Rock 1aland to diseu •• the matter. The tollowing pnUemen were present: Maj. Wm.

Gordon, Antoine Le Claire, Col. Geo. Da:venport., Maj. Thoa. Smith, Alex !.fcGregor, Levi S. Colton, and Philip Hamb&ugh. Thea. gentlemen,. and Capt II Jam.es May, then in Pittsburg, composed the company which secured the site, and set in motion a. train of circumstances, whose result is, a. beautiful and nourishing c1ty ... 10 the .pring of the next 1Mr, (18)6) the site .s SUrft18d and laid out by Maj. Gordon, Un1.t;ed states SUrveyor, and one ot the stockholders .... It. included thirty-six blocks, and six half-blocks ,If II

11. Franc B. Wilki., Dave:owrt Past and Preseot, .32-.3.3.

1.50

The above is a brief' account of the origin of the city of Davenport

and there is not anything in it that would be. contradictory as to the

Werrence that Father MazlNchelli t s presence Wluenced the planning

of the o1ty. The missionary was a.t Le OWre t s home in the spring of

1836 when the site was 8W"ftyed and laid out by the U.S. Surveyor, and

so could have made the plan or designed the map. He _s there again

the tollowing spring 18YI, "detained three weeka on the _st side of

tlHt Mississippi H. 12

12. Ill, Oath. last. Review, 111;1)4.

Mr. J .A. Birchard in one of his speeches pictures the aite ot

Davenport in July ot 1836. "I tint crossed t.he Mis.laeippi in a

canoe nearly where t.he bridge now st.ands ••• You, Mr. President (Mr.

Le Claire), and your terry-man, Mr. Colton, were t.he only- settlers

151

in Daft[ij)Ort. It 'fbie proves that during the .ummel" of 18)6 the members

ot iiI'" I.e Claire f 8 household _" the only 1nhabl tants. "The Imm1gm ...

t.lon tb1s :rear was emall--only eo_ halt 40.. fwlies coming in." 13

13. .Franc fl. l'iUk1e, 02 " ~ 34.

If t.bere i& no historical edd.enee tor Father lIaszuohell1' 8 01 vic

eont.nbut.1on, t.here 18 an historical basis tor hia relJ.g1oWl cont.r1-

buUon to t.be cit.)" of Davenport and \hi. can not be ignored. Davenport

ow. not a lit.tle of ita lmport.anee to the taot that. it 18 an episcopal

see. To t.hi. honor it waa raised 1ft 1831, and the one lIIb.o was in¢1rect.-

1.7 reaponaible tor t.h1ad1ooesan Me .s rather u&zzuchelll, even

tbouah he bad been 4eac1 tor man)" )"8ars.

Dice ... ot Dawnport

Betore the di vi8ion ot the diocese ot Dabuque, there had been

JllUoll d1souaaion .s ~ the locat.ion ot the new see OU,,.. One party

wnted Counou Bluft, the ot.her Davenport. The latter group, pres.ing

the cla1ms tor Dawnport, argued, that. a81de from a larger number of

parishe. in the city and t.be whole Dawnport .. etion, \he po .... don

ot \be "ChuNb Square" and. other propert.y in Davenport, "could be

used. by \be bishop tor hi. IUpport, a8 weU aa tor the support of the

dioceean lnat.1tutions". 14 Upon t.h1s pJ'Oposltlon t.he P:ropa.pnda

1.4. Charl •• F. GrUtlth, "The Eftctlon of tbe Dioce. ot Davenpon,l.l, '~d­Amen!!_ 111:339

152

del1'berat.ed, reaching a. final decision in tavor ot the c1t.yof Davenport.

rue is ennoed in a. let.t.er trom the Propalanda in RD. which reads as

tollowa:

It ••• t.he question oottd.ng on tor final decision and in view of the ta.ct. that the 1ncoa that. was received trom said "Church S<plNtJ and. other property co1lld be used by the Blshop tot' hi. own support. and tor the support. of Diocesan 1rurUtut1ons, and tor other miaor reasons, Da .... nport. __ oAo.en tor the new Episcopal See." 15

15. Charles F. Griffit.h, 02- !!.i.u 111s339.

Anot.l'1er ataw-nt. colTO'borat.s the a.bove:

"FuRber, it is evident hom \fte letter of 81s Eminence Cardinal lAdoboWlky, Prefeot ot the Propaganda, dated December 21st. 1899, and now 11'1 7OtU' possemon, that the Prop&&allda, at. SOM period during the pendency of the case tor the division of t.be diocese of Dubuque, and prior to it.. final d.ecla1on d1d _c1t.le the quesUon at i •• ue in tb18 ca.. in tawr of the B1abop, othel'­wi.. wby should the NOOMS of the Propa.ga.nda ahow \hat one of the ftalOft" tor ena'bl1ah1nc \be new See at. Dawnpol't .. DeO&1lH the tnoo_ trom the "Ohuroh Square It milht be used by the Bishop tor the benetit ot hi. d1~ ... " 16

16, D*d... III =339·'40.

The Iowa cat,bollo Hiawl'1cal Bevie. haa the follOwing at&te.nt ~

"SiDee about. 1865 ~ul eftona had been made towa.rd. e"tabllllb:1n& of a •• COM dioce .. in Iowa. Not until 1881, he...,. .. _re they 8\lcoe.stul.. It seems \he Ol"Wt ot the question was the looaUon ot tJw See C1ty_ AuthenUo Neol'd.a disclose tbe oonteat betwun Da:wmport and Council Blutt •• Without. cioubt the deumd.n1na fao\or was the

possession ot a 'Church square' in t.he cit.y ot Dawnport. That. Church Square spoke audibly in ta'90l" ot _t.erial. support tor \he new bishop in Ioa. 1f 17

17. C.F 1> Grittith, Iowa Catholj.c Wm.wrical Review, IV;49.

Father Mazzuchelli' a oontribution lie8 in the ta.ct that he _s

instrumental. in acquiring the tamous '·Churoh Square ft about which eo

much oontro'ft1"8y" centered when t.he growth of Catholicity demanded a

diu.ion ot t.he one diocese in Iowa. The deed for the property, dat.ed

December second, 18.39, bears 'ather Mazzuchelli' s signat.ure" lS It.

18. tdd-A.aeri.9!, III:"9. The dee4 is reprinted in a. footnote.

15.3

pro'fta that he secured legal title to the "Church Square tJ , thus putting

the Church in pttJ."lltilment posse.sion ot that wluable piece ot property.

The deed of the "Church Square*', juat reterred to is not the only

doC'UMlltary source in ta'90r ot Father M'azt1\lchelli' 6 contribution.

Father Kempker, an autbor.lty of ear17 Church history in Iowa,

confirms what has alreadT been stat.edc

"An 01" and ve17 interesting landmark ot that promising oity is the church orpnizat.1on fonaed with the 'be­ginning of the town on the RCNd place which wa_ named on the old city plat, 'Ohurch Square' ••• It. 1. IpOken of ..... J7Whel"G in the state in the narrat.ions of picneIT lore, and \here 1s a b&llowed. charm in the contemplation ot thi. old church square.

''1'he site wa •• eoured th.J'ou£h the ettort. of '.17 R8Y. Samuel Mazzuchell1, together with several. earlr Catholic settlen, and now Ues in the heart of

154

t.he city." 19

19. Rev. T.F. Kempker, ff1Ie17 Rev. J.A.M. Pel&rllOurgu. •• , V.G.,n !Bn!l, ot Iowa, V1:ll,5.

Pre'ri.ou.sl;r to the date, on which the deed was signed, December: 1,

lS39 Father waa active in Da .... nport puttina tJte Church on a sound ttnan.­

cial basia. 'this is confirmed by a meting held on Deoember 1, 1839,

the purpose ot which, $. docUJ88nte show, _s to regulate Church accounts.

The toll owing resolutions were then adopted:

Itl. Resolved, That a Board ot 'ftutee Tn.tees be regularl, elected 'b1 the Conaregatlon, to opm a subscription, colleot ltsamounta, and pay all atdmd1n,g debts incurred tor the purcb&ae of the ground and tor the buU41ng ot st. Anthony' 8 Churcb ot Davenport. 2. Resolved, Tbat the 'l'l"u.steee be elected tor the tea 01 three years, and that atwr said pertod, &. new election ot 'l'nlat,ees sl1&JJ. be made .. ,. Reso1wd, Tbat tbe lev. Jobn A. Pel.aB.ntrpes, Antoine LeC1a1re, and Gee. L. Davenport, be the Trustees 01 tJle Oat.hollc CongnpUon 01 Dawnport and neWty, tor tohe PUX'POee and time abo_ men­tioned.

Sa.nl.:Mtl Mazzucm.lli, i:iecreta1'7'* 20

20. Franc D. Wilkie, R!!!J!i!2!:\ P!§t and PreHnt, 7'_

The a.bow account ahowa 'at.her _z_chell! t s relentleu eltorts

in not onl1 building churches and organizing pariahes but alao at

enauri.n& the ta1t.h tor fut.ure days bJ' sound. principles both material­

ly .s wall &8 spIritually.

To und.er&rt.and his underl1iDl moti Yeti tor his H&lous endeavors

to .at.abliSll not oAl,. J*rishe.a but dioce ... as weU .... quote trom his

Men:Io1rs to prove his e1noer1ty:

"That mot1ft, howeftr, which more t.ba.n &n7 other GOnt.ri.buted to increaee \he number of diocesee waS the progress \bat ~. 'a.1~ has al-18 _de by I'JM.nS ot ouch distribution of the Apostolat.. In. truth, since \he Iccles1a8ticaJ. H1eraJ'ClV 1e a Dlv:l.ne Institution, .. JB\l8t, beli.". that it 1s Med.ed tor \he spreading ot tbe Goapel: therefore _ere by re&8JC)n of great dietance, this Hierarchy becomes lJ.ke aomet.h1ng unreal, al.moet tmlelt by Mlibers far from its centre, t.heA, lndee4, 1s \bere need 1:.0 multiply bishoprics, tor t.hu are evangelieal laborers multiplied, then i. piety rean1mated, then i. raised up a new opponent t.o error, and the Futh living and lumiDous, makes .... OO1'lquAlste with ret gJ'M:t.er ardor, wttb swift­Me8, with unweaned etfort.1:t 2l

21. ReV1t samuel c. Mazzucbell1, I.t!E~Es, 204-205.

1;;

It the .rection of bishoprics was of aupreme impor\ance to the

propagation and consolidation of the falt.h, \be acqu1eitiOl1. ot Chureh

propert.y was not a minor tactor in aiding the temporal. woltare ot the

Church. rather Maz_ehelli notes its 1mportanee:

"U a Bishop of a. new Diocese was able to do nothing more than to prepare the -7 for .1111011 by the acqu1eition of Churcb property, he would a.ccomplisb a great, .,rk, an4 would. deserve the esteem and ..... ration of hie aucC8uors. In thia respect the Diocese of Dubuque i8 happi17 pl'O'd.dad tOI1 ld.t.h1n 8. tffW ,.aI'S she baa MWJ"8d possea81on ot 'V8l.ua.'ble land in aU the )'O'QIIg olUe •• 8 22

22. ~1d.=" 207.

Tbu. 1n preparing \be .,. tor re11&1on" the acqui8ition of church

prope.rty bJ 8. bishop is worthy or the eat ... and. __ ration of his

156

sucQessors. In that 11gbt., bow much credit and honor 1s due then t.o

Father *_ .. o1'1e111 who secured so much propert;y tor t.he Church before

a bisbop e ..... r set toot into that territ.o17. Regard.ing this tact,

mAY be not haw the uesteem and veneration of his successorslt, bf

according to h1m the bonor or baYing laid the foundation tor the Dio­

cese or De:venport.

Iowa Oitl

In Janua17 of 1839 the First Leg1slatl va Assembly of the Terri­

tol"T appointed a commission to select a site within the limits of

Johnson county upon wtdcb to loeate the seat of government. At the

place thus selected t.he comm1"s1onen were ordered to found a town to

be called Iowa City. The s1te Hlected in May of 18,39 \)7 the oomi ....

siemers _8 still in a state of wild.mess where, but a tew mUes to

the south, were emcamped tboueands 0;£ Indians. 1I0wever, two months

later, July 1, 1839 the su"....ys were begun by '1'h.u'Ia.s Cox and John

Frl.eracn. Mr. L. Judson was appointed to draw the necessary plats.

Chauncey Swan, the acting coRBiasloner, in his reports to the Aaeem.b17

remarks that. the surveys are slow and cumbersome and that 0017 two­

thirds ot a days labor could be performed. 23

23.. Benjamin ,,, Sha.mb&ugh, .0_ Clt::. 5-6.J 26, 27"

Ilho _de tbe plans tor the new Capltal Clt7? This honor 18 con­

wsted b7 .... raJ. writers, the majority of whom -a\Wibute the plan

157

to Father .ua.zzuche11i. Many arguments stand in t&'VOr of this omni­

present. frontier missionary, although non-Catholic writers do not

give C1"edit. to him, and that perhaps, because the act _s not written

in the public records.

BenjaBdn Shambaugh supports Judson and oomments on Ms plan:

ItL. Judson's plan ot Iowa City as drawn b7 him in 1B39, and laid out by \he 8Ul"Ye7OH, was ap­propriate tor a caplt.al. city. The streets run directly east and weat I and near17 the whole of the town on tbe east, It was designated nC&pitol Sque.:t'e, ft being apec1ally reserved as a 81 te tor the public buildings.1t 24

24. Benjam1n F. Shambaugh, 10- ca.t;y;, 30.

The Bost.on P;y.o~ in 191.3 paid. tribute to 'at.her Mallfillchelll as

me cit7 planner, 8&:;,1r1g that be I'not onl7 planned tbe Capitol but

also the cityn. 25

25. Sister ilosem&l"1, .2llt. d:t,u 87.

Th1s .... statement is confirmed by another writerf

"When t.he capital clt7 was t.ransterred trom Burllng­ton to Iowa City, tbe ubiquitous priest was on the job, ancl not alone did he .nc ott the streets but also drew the plans tor t.he new capitol buUding.fI 26

26. Joseph Gum, "A Builder ot \11. Weat", [Olumbia, VI1125.

FUrther corroboration ot t.hat tact. 1s &1 ven by Joseph l"uhrmann,

158

a. resident. of tha.t localit7 tor halt a cent.Ul'7. He contends that.

Father lIIall_chel11 not. only made t.be plana but. even directed the sur-

wya. " ... it _. he, who directed the 8Ul"9878 and made the pla.t of

the new capital c1ty.11 'Z7

Z'(. Joseph Fuh:nu.nn, ijisto[Z of St. *a'. Ctmn,Q, 19.

The aut.hQr's work is based on relia.ble aocounts 88 -1 be WelTed

from his sources. He mentions the following; !"catholic Progress in

Iowa,' ReT. John Kempker; the State Historical SOciety; t.he ohroniole

ot the city papers j the kind words of worthy pioneers lt • 28

-~~ --.~-~-'-.- ... ---.. ~~--.-.~--~-,~~.~----"""~~~. -----.• -.-~------ .. ~--~---

28. ~

These account. show that \he a~ts are strong in fa'tOr of

'ather Mazzuohelli. An add1t..ional support. whieh .turt.her corroborates

the forgoing authorities is a plan ot the City ot Iowa, wbioh Mehop

Loras sent to the I}ropagat.ion of the Faith 5ooie"7 of L)'Ons, January

20, 1841. It reads in part"

"You will find enolosed a plan of the Cit.yof Iowa, which wUl give you an idea ot the rapidit.y with wtdeh the foreign populations spread OftI' then countrie.. Only eighteen month. aso t.h1s 10ca11 t;r •• a desert. aixt,y m:Ues from. t.he gNat river. The gow-l"nmI8ftt choN t.td. place &. its capital. There are OWl' on...-hund.red square. ot ground .. parated in tn. aiddle b7 an &1187 of t.wenty f •• t. The at.:teeu are e1gbty f .. t wide. llo:re than sh-hund.red people ba'ft established t.b .... selyea in. them, a great. m&nJ house a are built or are under oonatrucUon. 'l'llfI capitol, you can M8 in the sketch, wUl om.ament a beautiful

public plaa, to wtd.ch comes a street of one­hundred and finy '.t. in Yddth. Already 1'0,000 trancs haw been empl078d on the constru.ct.ion and it will only be completed atter t1lO lUra. har the" w1ll be tM park With a building tor public 80.boo1s and two chtU"Choson each aide, 'Viz., Catholic, ipiscopaJ.1.a.n, PNsDJt.erian and Methodist." 29

lS9

29. Rey" llath1as M. Hof£maJm, gQvel! ,p:ounde:rs 0," the No£!hwe.,t., 151.

The toregoing citation ral"8 the question, where did Bishop

Loras get. bis plan and who drew the plan? Ap.1n the arurwer can be

made by Wernmce only. '1be histone map malcer on the frontier at.

1m1s period wu no other than Father *_SUCheUi. Ue &S naturally

so obl.1g1na that he \flOuld want I'd. B1ahop to have a plan of the new

born capital city. This tact also It.rongly 8\lworts the proposition

that 'ather ),fazauchelU made the plans tor Iowa Cit.y.

160

'a\her *zauchelli'.. Intluenoe on C1 do :)'VuCt.UNS

capitol of Iowa 01t7

tlho _de the plans tor the old star.. capitol? Tnd.1tionall.7 this

honor bad been &lYOn to ,at.her Mas»uohel11. however, in modem time8

that honOr baa been contested.

A aource quoted from 10_ Histor1cal. a.cord. 8&78:

"Jotm ,. Rape was the architect, aJ.thoVgb it. 1s sald \hat the Rev. SUluel Jlauuchelli" a Cat.hol1c priest at ~, was the original. designer of the building." ,0

,0. BonjaDdn 1. Shambaugh, 10- Citz, '9, 1°_ C!th. H1st.. Be." 19, Both state the same.

H.W. Lathrop speaks ot the insta.bUit7 of Raaue as a contractor

and say. tbat..

"Ie.. Samuel MaIZllcb.elll drew the plans tor t.be cap1tol bu1ld1ng and John .,. Btt.pe _8 afterwards arobltect, and had the oon.\ract tor its ereeUon, but alter dQ1ng about $10,000 worth of work, near­ly complet.ing tM basement, he thNW up bie con­tract and abandoned. V. lIOrk. It 31

ll. H.W. Lathrop, tiThe capitals and capitols ot Iowa ft , Iowa H&etor!~ Rtool'da, IV s102.

Another wr1\er atat.es that. Father !4a.zzuchell1 made the plana, a

cOP1 of wldch 1. still preserved by \he Iowa S\ate Historical 5001.t.,=

"'!be ol"1g1nal plan of t.be build1.ng .a desi&ned b7 'a'tiber HaazuoheU1, a Catholic priest., or Dubuque. Aocoftl1rlg to tbis plan, a COPT of wbicb _1' be seen 1n t.be l"OOJU of the Iowa state H1et.or1cal Society, t..., cupolas 1M" to 8UJ'!DOunt the root

instead of one,; and the porticos were to extend along the enUre tront of the building. John F. Re..gue a.nd Co.. obtain.ed the contract to construct tn. buUd1ng, and the plans were 8On'IeWhat altered .. Atter this compan,J had received ;iJ.O,OOO" tor the work which they bad done, they threw up the con­tract, and the actini commissioner, Chauncey Swan, took: cbarge or the work in person." 32

161

32. H.G. Plum, I1The Old Stone Building", Iowa Historica,l He~rd, UI;419.

This citation plainly points to the source or contl.ict: the ori-

ginal plan was 80mewhat changed in the course of construction.

The 8&ltM!t thought 1s nt-stated by Kenneth Colton:

"~h1le it may be true that the final plans accord­ing to 1IIh1ch the buUd1ng was built were not those of Father Malzuchelll, hi. triendl.7 terms ldth the members or the legi8lature, the desire on the part. of ill that the structUN be wortJ'q or the terrl­\0171 and 'ather Ma._.Obell1 t s known ak1ll, "to­gether with his frequent vislto made to Iowa Cit)' in the oour .. ot the buUd1ng of St. Ma17 t 8 sugests the tW:>N p1"Obe.ble natuN of hie oontr:1butlon8." 3,3

33. Kenneth F. Colton, "Father lIazzucheU1'. Iowa )li88ion", ~. ot 10., llX: 30,.

A verr reliable authority, a contempora17 friend ot Father Uaazu-

chelli, confirms the above account eay:1ng: "the tirst legislature of

10_ engaged him to draw a plan tor their new capit.ol which cost $120.

000" • .34

34. A..J.T. foJ1:!ge R!&lfi!£; John W. w~, RIa Meints ~l Reg1sHr, 2. Both state the same ..

162

The last statement is probably the earliest in print. It was

published in 1864, in an eastern newspaper on the occasion of the

death ot 'ather Mazzuchelli.

Cyrenus Cole, in his Histo!I or the People or Iowa conrnends the

Italian arcb1tect,

"Tradition has at.trlbuted the design of the build­ing (the uld Capitol) to a Catholic missionary, an Italian scholar 'Who understood arabi teetUN, Samuel Charles Kazzuohfl1l1. There ie no record ot his services in the matter, and be does not .ntion them in his own ~,:ra, but t,be building itself i. perhaps the beat eVIdence ot his mental preHn.; the 'buUding is classical, not westem." 35

35. Cyrenus Cole, A HimEl of • PecBle of ,owa. 150; 12- Catb. Hiat, _~. 1:19. 10th state the same 'I .

Benjamin F. Ckle in his H18toU of 10",", attributes to the m18810n-

&1'7 the pneral design of tbe Cap1t-ol: "The plan tor the Capitol _s

made by Rev. Samuel M!1i.zzuchelli and John Rague wa. the tirst architeot.

The comerstone wa. laid July 4, lSltQ, and an address wa. made by Gov.

Luca8." 36

36. Benjamin,. aue, Ristou: at IO~I 1:214; ,~_ Cat!'h &st, Renew, 1:19. Both state the ....

BeDJu1n au. should be an authority on that question since he

came to 10. in 18" and his intoZ'llat1on may haft been based on direct

16.3

testlmoay. 37

31. Cyrenus Cole, 22.t citv 150, footnote.

'l'be ~ holds t.rue of 'ather HaMon' a atatement. that rather

MasRchelll It_de the plAns for the Old state Houae at Iowa. Cit.y".

It should. be not.ed that Father Hannon .a 8tat.1on.ed at. st. Mary· ..

Ch\U"Ch from 18,2 to 1855. 38

.36. ,0_ etW!, H&!~.l!:Sew, 19} Rev. JobB Rothenateiner, D..t. c,t.., 607, haa the same eta~t. .~ __ .. _ ......... _

'ather lioftmann in his article on ".Tolm .Francia Rague" nOi#es that:

"A peraiatent t.1"&d1tloll baa made an artiatic It.al1an miaaloner, t.he Dominican priest, Samuel Charles MassucheUi, t.he dee1aner of t.be plans of .Old Capitol t, but. cold hia\orioal tact.s make Jolm francis Hague the collst-ncting arcb1t.u~t of that exquisite, old state house, the pride of Classic 10_." 39

39. lev. MaWas M. Hottmann, -John Francia Bape-Ploneer Architect ot 10_", AEl¥la of 1o!!, XIl:44i+J Wil, !!at 0' H&at.oa, 111:110, baa the s .. article.

Ml". Ii.V. Gildea a cont.erupora17 and co-worker of 'a\her JlazsuoheUl

makes the follow:ir.ag at,a.tement.l

tt'at.herllaszuchelli wa. connd.ered to be an archit.eclt of con8icierable note J he drafted t,M plans for the state house, which howewr were not adopted becau ..

164

he could not sta.y tor their execution. rt 40

40. Iowa Ce.i1!£lJ.c Hi.wnW !tntw, 1:21.

The Iowa catholic Historical. Renew evaluates Gildea' a View 1n

the tollowing summa17:

41. l2!!!.

ttl. GUdea Woms us tJ'lat 'aMler ".azzucheill drafted plans tor Uld Capitol. That statement from I. cont.emporary aru1 co-worker of Pather PIa.cu .... chelli must be consldered lmportao.t., it should be remembered 1ihat Oildea was looated in lOR C1ty for ODe ,-ear previous to t.he winter months of 1842. B.1 that. time the Capitol bui1d1n& •• able to ac­COlMlOdate the !.egi.latl. Aa .. ablyand the terntor­ial otfices. 'l'be point to be ......,.red 1s tbAt 'ather Maazuchelll aotuall), dl'atted plans for the (lld Capitol. 2. The MaznoheUl plana were rejeoted. With t.hAt naw-nt goes the Mee._17 implication that. plane o1;her than thOse wen ailopt.ed. That i. ntticitmt explanaUon tor the appearance of John ,. Rape t S U. &8 a"hi teet of \be 'bu11d.1.ng. 3 \I tu reason tor t.he refeo't1OJl ot Father MaaR­ohelli f a plan. 1s given, 'Because he could not NJII&1n tor their execution. t A a\ucly of Father lla.zmehelll f ..... i£! makes eT.1.dent II8Q)" inteftsta elsewbere. Dubuque, Burlington, ltuecat1ne, and Galena were cl.&iming his attention during \he 7N-rB :1IDmed1ately following the ad.opt1on of plans. AlthoUgh it .... 5 a oert.aint;y that Abbe Pel.amwrgues attended Iowa Clty during 1840 and \he ,.an follow­ing, it 1s quite conoeivable \hat Father liae.­cheru was not a visitor there otten enough. to keep 1n touGh w1\h t.be oonatJ'UOtion 01 the Old capitol .. 4. The au •• &tate.nt.. do not. ooYer the wry 1mport.a.nt. _toter whether &n7 part. of Father tfasau­obeU1 t s pans _s incorpora\ed. The loose threaU8

01 the apparent uaazuclWll1 ool'lt:r1.but.1on are not d.rawn together tor lUI by Mr. G11d.ea.!t 4l

16S

cyrenus Cole, in A tiJ.stoa: or t.he People of Iowa, supports

the tradition that Father Ma.zzuchelli made the plans tor the Capitol

as previously st.ated, but in III later work ot 1840, t.he missionary'"

authorship is refuted:

"Later those who saw the beautiful building which had been res.re<l ln tne wildeme.s out ot o1"Ude materials with primitive tools sought to account tor its beaut;, by attributing the design to a learne<l and artistic Italian who had visited in Burlington and Iowa City whUe the Capitol was under construction. Ms Italian was tJle Rever-end sa.mnel Charles Mazzuchelli, 8. Dominican mission­ary priest who had come all the -7 front MUan to sene hi. church 1n the wildernes. along the w. ... sissippi atftr. He was easU, titted into the pict.ure. He _s a man ot many talents, and. one at his talents was architecture. He bad built m&rl7 churches 1n Iowa ••• In time the legend that t.he priest bad desiped the Stone Capitol _s accepwd as an historical. tact." 42

42. C;vs'8ml8 1301e, Iowa 'l'hro9JSb the JUrs, 140.

Similarly, Benjamin Shambaugh's statements aft oontrad1otol7, tor

in &. later 'WOrk, att:r1but.ed to b1a, be calls the tradition a mytlu

"Legend attributes the pl.ann1ng at the Old stone capitol to P'a\Aer SUNel Charles UazZ\lcbeUl, a Dom1n1can II1s8ion&17 priest who pioneered in re­llgion on the 10_ trontier between the Jears 1830-1864. Jle'YOut, resourcetul, and public epinted, 'ather Maszuchelli went. about doing go04, but the OOIlAOD. assertion that. he conGei wd the clasa1c torm ot the Old stone Capitol 1s a IIl1th." 43

43. Benjamin F. Shambaugh, "The {;ld Capitol .Remembers", Pa!tJ!p18.t, ll:165.

'ather Hottmann, who made a crit.ioal study on this topic bads

166

his testimony on internal ev1dencea which confutes the incon.inane)"

or the above two paragraphs:

~B.r cumulative evidence the conclusion was reached that at least three outstanding reatures ot the (;ld C&pitol,--the unsupported winding staircase, the cupola and the dome must be accredited to Ii'ather l.fazzuchelli. II 44

44. Iowa CaW Hist .. Revie., 1:20

It 1s said that Father Mazzuchell1ts association with the "LId

Capitol" 18 strongly supported by tradition sinoe 1864, When at Fat.her's

death it vro.a mentioned in almost all obituar:v notices. It was never

questioned until the appearance of Prote.sor B. Shambaugh t s publication

tl()ld Capitol Remembers" in which he at.tempt. to destroy the tradition

by reterring to it as the Mazzuchelli myth. nus created quite a storm

ot protest and from time· to time the controversy is revived. 45

45. &!tt:er, Sister M. Paschala, o.P., to Siater M. Donata, S.S.IJ.., Nov. 14, 1945.

'ibe above quoted. internal evidences in favor ot Father Mazzuchelli

having drawn the plans, nay be further corroborated by showing that

\me spiral staircase in the vld capitol is a duplicate of the one

Father had built into the house he erected tor llubuque' s tirst bishop,

Bishop Leras. F~her, the !tbeautiM. Al:t&r C8.l"Ied by his hands lt ,

mentioned by Archbishop Ireland (M!!!f!lrs,xlv) and still preserved in

Saint. Clara Convent, ia the st.rongest. support in tawr ot Father

Mazzuchelli. For tn. details ot that wooden tabernacle are similar

to the details on the cupola of Old Ca.pitol. 46

46. Letter, Sister '-{. l'asebala, c..;.P., to 3ister M. Donata" S.S.M., Noyember 14,~2A2~

01 vic structures in Illinoi. and Wisconsin

167

The memory of Father Mazwehelll i. gratefully preserved in other

pubUc buildings besides the one at Iowa. His architectural. lntluence

lives on in Illinois and Wisconsin.

H.V. Gildea, elL co-worker ot the frontier missionary, claim.s that

Father MazzucheUi also "fum1shed plans for the state house in Illlnois

which Mr. Gildea believes were actopted". 47

47. Iowa Cath, Hist. ReTie., 1:18.

It Father Mazzuoh"lli lurnished the plans tor the state house in

Illino1s, it does not .em to be a generally recognized fact, although

one writer remarked that there was much aim11arit1 between the two

state houses ot lll1no1s and Iowa. Father Hoftmann states that the

Colonial Classical building in Springfield Illinois gave John F. Hague

such renown:

"that. he was asked. to prepare the plans 1n 1839 for the first capi\Ol ot 10_, at. Iowa City, based upon the design turn1&hed probably by Father S.C. Mazzuchelli, that oultured Dominican." 48

.ItS. Hey. Mat.h1as M. Hoffmann, ItJobn , .. Rague, Arcb1tect.", WAil,. MM- of Hist • .111:110. -

1M

'mare is, however, more historioal evidence of his authorahip

in other public buildings of that. state. The court House Qrld Market

House in Galena, Illinois were both designed by Fatber Mellzllehelli.

;. contemporary friend of the missionary wrote: "'l'ba 8upenisors

of John Dartaas Count,... nlin.ois employed him to plan ant1 superintend

the buUdiDg of a large stone court hou .. It. 49

49. J.A. T ., Po£\Ye B.eS!t.er.

, In 19,2 the :t.f&yor of Gal--. in a public address COJflRleluied on the

missionary's architectural. ability saling:

"In 1839 ,10 Davi.as Count.y needed a court house and tumed to Father .lazmcnell1, 1Ib.o _. noted for hi. arobitect.ural &b111t7, tor assistance in dea1gn.1ng the building. Father 1Iazzuchell1 designed \he court. house which 1s still standing and in use be,.. although ita original beaut,. baa been hidden by eo brick add1tion on the front. II 50

SO. Rev. J. T. Donahue, comp" S,",. Michael' a Parish Centennial J:gbile., 60.

A transcript of a county document trom the "Court. Houn Galena,

.10 Daviesa, Illlnols 14 , nproc:iuced. here, oontll"JU Father MaBzuohelli t ..

role aa architect;

IICVUNTY CVtMSSIOtWl RECORD 18.38-1847

.10 DaY.1ea8 county.

S&t,uday IIIOming De:oember 8th 18)8 Ordered by the Court. that John S. Sla1JU.ker

and S&Im.1el Mazzuchelll be appointed inSineera to aup4trintend sad owrne the architectural work which wUl be nquired. in t.he buUd1ng of a new Court. House tOI' this County and that. Mr. Mazzuchelli

•

be allowed One hundred dollars for hi. services as such superin\endent." 51

51. Dooument, .:iain\ Clara Convent. Ardhi"ftlS.

About seven years later, 1845, 'When the city of Galena needed a

municipal 'buUding, 'ather 1(azfiUohelll again _s asked to make the

plane. This st:ruct.ure, known &s Market House, is still standing.

A comment made by the Mayor of Galena at. the Centennial celebl"a-

Uon is here quoted:

"'!be Market House, while sening eve17 praotical purpose _s 80 designed and built that its sym­_try ot proportione today attracts \he a:ttention of arch1tects eveJ7When and pi.tUNs of it. ~ in the National Ub:nu"1 ae an outstanding example of it. period. At. the time t.he Market Houae was built-lS45 ••• Galena. became the Inatest lead exporting port in the "WOrld ahipping out 54,500, 000 pounds that year. tt 52

52. Rey. J.T. Donahue, .2E.a. cit" 60

A. newspaper artie, J of lfay 28, 1932 .. Galena, Illinois, oarry.1.ng

a notice of the reno'f'&t.ion of this bullding .. likewise commented on its

architectural features:

"At a speoial meeting of the city council on Friday night, the .enices of Earl H. ieeci, Jr., architect of Chioe.go, wen aeound to work with the lIfal"ket HouR oollllllittee to restore the Market Houee to ita or1ginal. lines and to thoroughly repair the structure.

The building was des1,gned by 'ather Samuel !4azauch.elli, at one tifM pastor of st. Michael's church, and who designed IIiBJ'l1 f.-us buildings,

169

..,.

including the tormer Iowa. capitol, st.U.l. standing at Iowa C1ty_

Photographs and drawings ot t.he GtUena Market House are to be tound in the Congl'88sional. Librar;y at Washington and wUl be exbibit.ed at the Architects t

olub annual. meet.ing in Chicago on June 14, a8 it is regarded as one ot the finest e.DUlples of its period to be round.

The Market Hou8e _. COB8t.ructed in ld45 and i8 still in active UN as it housea tihe councU chambers" one tire company and the jail.

Some sma.ll additions have been made to \he building in the past and these w1l1 be removed and the building restored to eJr.actly the conditon of 1845." '3

5'. Galena Insp!P![-t clipping.

170

In the .. t.wo public buildings stUl in active use, Father Mazzu­

chelli's arcb1t.ectural cont.ribution lives on 1ft the State ot Illinois.

Mr. Holmes commend.1ng on Father's arohitectural abUlt.l" states

that 1'IIAn1 buildings bear the imprint of his architectural des1gn-_ 11 some

e ... n haft the Italian window porticos. Early courthouses in "'i8consin

and 10 __ re built accorcl1ng to plan.s tum18hed by him. H 54

54. Fred L. Holmes, Badpr §Sets and S!an!n, 42.

'1'he author does not mention any parUoular courthouse in Wisconsin,

but tradition ascnbe8 "Ule one at DodgevUle, Iowa Count7, i~i8consin to

Father ifazncbelli. OM writer atate. that she beard old residents ot

DodgevUle say that they knew, Father Mas.zucheUi designed the courthouse

171

t.here. 55

55. ~t.ter. Sister M. Pasehala, C.P., t.o Siater M. Donat.a, S.S.M., March ,1946.

Alex Carl Out.b remarks that this eo~house:

"shows some refinements Vdch are berond the scope ot a layman's knowledge ot t.he tine point.s ot archi­tecture. Y,e know that the Greeks tilted t.he comer columns of their temples inward at the top producing the ettect ot greater solidity. It. _s a clever opt.ical illusion. Imagine this lame retinement occurring at a buUding located in t.he wUdemess and away trom a.ll centers of culture and leam1ng. The columns at. this courthouse haft an inward in­clination of 3 1/2 three and one-halt inches at the t.op ••• Rev. Sa.mwtl Oharle. Masaehelll, a Dom1n1can trial", was an amateur architect of no mean ability. II 56

56. Alex. C. Guth, "Early Day Architects in Wi8consin!1, WI. Mag: of Hist., 18:142.

The Iowa County CQurthouse at Dodgeville, '~"isconsin was bullt in

1859. There is a photograph ot this Courthouse preserved in the ~1is-

consin Historical l.ibrary. 57 It shows this classical edifice against

57. \Vl8Cons1n !f!es1ne or Hitstoa, II: 2;6.

a background of evergreens tlanked on both sides by three venerable

pine or spruce trees. 'our doric columns with a corresponding frieze

adom the t.wo-story buUding, t.he root being crowned by an octagon

oupola. This setting cert.a1nl.y reveals a classical mind in the wild.:r-

ne •• or the ~d.scondn forests.

172

In conclusion it .may be stated that Father Mazzuchelll t s archi ...

tectural. contributions to the publlc a.re preserved not only in stone

and brick but drawings and pictures of his architectural skill are

preserved in state Libraries, and even in the National Llbral"f.

'ather Mazzuohelli t 5 In1'luence &.mOns Non-Catholics

(in the trontier Father Mallmcnelil acted as guardian of the Catbo-

11c falth, tor he was otten called upon either to explain it or detend

11',. en hi. long Joumeys he used convenient occasions to preach the

Truth in order to dispell ignorance and prejudice and so bring about

a better understanding among his non .... Catholic triends 10

At Davenport in 1840, he responded to an invitation ot presenting

an exposition ot the "principal points of controversy contested by

Protestants". tor eight BUcca.sive evenings he lect#ured on controver-

ala.J. toplc. with good results. It brought about a better understanding

of the Catholic faith, it strenghtened the taithful in the epngellcaJ.

truths, and sometimes, the .ell dispo .. d persons took steps to ent.er

the Church. 58

58. Rev. Samuel C. Mazzuchelli, Memoirs" 2b7.

Sewral times he stopped in the village of Rock1ngh.am .ere at

one t1me tor two evenings he preached to a large audience of Protest.ants.

Inates.a. of tald.ng oftence at hearing their cond.enu:ultion in the exposi­

tion ot their own contradictory beliets, they took a greater liking to

173

the speaker. At Sava.nnah, Illlnois t.he missionary's expositiona had

s1milar results. The following ~r he again had the occasion many

times to preach t.o la.rge assemblies of sectarians at the aa.me villages,

choosing at this season, to deliver his discources in the open air

under the kindly shade of oak trees. 59

59. nev. Samuel c. !t!azzuchelll, MelllPirs, 253.

In another village fifteen miles south of Galena, Where the mission­

ary had preached m&I17 times, he had the consolation of br1nging into

tbe bosom of the church, a. mother with eight chUdren. 60

60. Ibi;d. J 263

G&lena, the metropolitan ot the lead trade, exercised a great

political. and religious influence at this period. The Catholic Church,

l1kewiae commanding a marked degree ot moral influence, was not alto­

gether free from sectarian attacks. To counteract these erroneous

influences Father Mazlitlchelll, in October of 1839, inaugurated a series

of dogmatic discussions to which he invited the public to be present.

'or ten successive daY's a large audience gatbere4 daily tor two hours

to listen to the Dominican preacher' 8 controversial sermons. The re­

sults were not altogether negati'ft. That same autumn. a highly educated

lawyer, hi. wite anel daughter were received into the Church. 61

61. Ibid" 2ltb-249.

174

In the following three years, 1840, 1841, 1842 Fat.ber kzzucbeUit s

controversial. lect.ures were neces~d:l;at.ed mo,.. or less by circumstances.

Of the aix different. religious Hcts represented, one Angelican minister

signalized himHlf in hurling invect1w. against. the Catholic Church

which the pnest felt obl1ged to confute. In the course of those years

he unfolded the whole history ot the Retorma.tlon together wit.h its chief

promoters and teaching of the various .. ct. ot the sixteenth centUl7,

detendin, at the AlII time the po.itlon of the cat.hollc Churcb and bel'

doctrine.

!Mae 41SOO\1roes proved product.ive of much good on both sides.

'l'be)" contir.d the Cathol1es in their fa! t.b and sUeaced their opponent.s.

'athol' "'azuchellJ. refIIIl,.l"k:s:

"God 1DIl!l.de use ot the .. words to call to the obser­vance of Christian d.ut1es man)" souls 'Who bad. be-00_ cold and almr:urt. inditEerent to Truth; more­over other souls lett the path ot enol' to find the unitT ot the Faith." 62

62. Rev. Samuel C. Mazzuehelli, itemoira, 2M-290. ,

In the year of 1842 while t.he misaionary was at Iowa City he, in

the presence ot large audiences composed ot sectarians, held centrover-

sial discourses in order to "<11&pe11 .s ta.r as posdble the prejudices

anaina from tal .. re11gious education". At this t.ime t.here wre "v-

enU converts to the ta1t,h, among t,hem a mo\hel" of a tam.1ly. who bad

175

been baptized b7 illlAeraion ten rears preYious17" 63

6). Rev. Samuel C. Mazzuchelli, !!!e!rs, Z15.

F1"Om the foregoing account.s it can be Werred that 'aUler Mazzu­

chel11 a.1med at educating the public 80 as to dispell ignorance and

prejudice and dUtu.8 the truth.

Father MazzucheU1 further notes that there _" .everal convereiolls

ot Protestants to the Catholic P'&1th at Potoai. Of the baptisms adatn­

istere4 preY10usly to 1$)9 he states that there were among the newl,.

'baptized. five a<1ult Protestants anel any ohUdren of non.....catholic pareftt ••

Writing of Dubuque he remarks: If The Church ot Dubuque can gloX7 in

%"8ceiv1ng to its bosom. more than sixtY' converta", 64

64, Rev. sa.muel C" Mazsuche1l1, MM9ix:e, 234, 237, 244.

un Father tlazaucbell1 t .. preaching a contemporary friend remarked:

"He was the beat apeaker of hi. daT in the _stem country, "17 eloquent.,

but. not alW&78 ga1.n1r1g his audience because be was too ","1"8 It" 6;

6;, Iowa Gathol1cHist. , !IT., I; 21.

This stat.ement spoken bY' OM of bis close frlend. has in aU proba.bU1t7

80M trut.b in it. It..... thOugh, that this _vent.)" ... not _.ro1 •• d.

to such a decree that it. be .. repulsive or t.hat. it. was an obstacle

176

to mald.ng converts. VOl" the result.s of hi. apost.ol.a.t.e showed that.

he gained bis hearers.

lither JlazzucheM1 t s Iefluegce OR T!er.!!!!!

In the introductory chapter of th1s paper it bas already been

stated tbat. the vice of clrunlamness •• all too prevalent on the

frontier, ud, 1t mal' be added that troDl 1ts indulgence, t.he catholics

did not keep aloof. The talt.h even suffered .. riousl1 from it and.

consequently it .s a b1ncll"ance to the propagation of the faith. More-

over, it made fruitle •• m&n1 of the tnstructions and discussions

caniect on in detence ot the truths contrad1oted by Protestants.

'to ..... d7 tbe evil, Fat.hel" ).tazzuchell1, an. ardent ad"VOoate of

temperance, organized a ltCathollc Tot.aJ. Abst.1nenoe Association" tor

the benefit of his panshioners. BJ 18'9 the SOciety was funotioning

in all hi. missions in Iowa, nUnc1s, and Wisconsin.

The temperance pie. was taken in t.he Chureh in order to

make it. more impressive. The ambers proml.d.: If to abstain from

&l'lT 1nt.ox1cating drink, unless UHd medicinally and by order of a

piQrslo1an". The promise •• made either for Ute time or tor a

oerta1n 11UIlber of Jears. 66

66. Rev. Samuel C. JlazRobelli, "DP&Dh 283 ... 285.

This Temperance Asaoc1at.1on exerted a bene 'VOlent Wluence on

177

it.. members and on society as a whole. A great number of sinners,

"hardened in vice tor years f1, made their peace vd th God atter t.hey

had g1 Yen the prom" of abstinence. In the ftrious missions:

"piety actually _de visible progress from day to day, in proporUon as the virtue or 'femperance won its blesHd victories among'the people; peace and plenty reigRed in the Iam1Ue., Ca.tJlol1ci ty won the respect. anct reverence or its very enemies, and. the Faith spread. am.ong the lIOn sincere of those out.ide the Church. Ha.n7 ot the Catholic Irish abandoned entire17 the danproU& tra.ttic in intoxicating drink and sought lBDre honorable means of subsistea_ .... lfanT or the Pro\en.ants pre1"erred to join the catholic SoCiety :rather \han tho_of \heir own Cburch •• , on account of the greater rnerence shown 01 the people and the mu.ch higher degree of Wluence, to which the virtue of T .... peranee raised m.EUl1 Irish citizen ... Ii 67

67. Rey. &atauel C. MazzucheUi, M"'~r!, 28, ... 284.

The members of the Temperance Society were g1 '¥1m a cert1tioate

a& a :reminder ot their promise.. 'lbere i. pre"rved in the ~s 0,' I,~ a faes1mUe of one of these certificates entitled: tfT...,.rance

Pledge taken by Father MazZllchelli or a resident ot Iowa in 1840",

Besides containing the tomW.a. ot the pledge, it bears the tollowing

signature in the handwri t1ng of 'ather .tiaszuchelli: ItViILLIAM MURPHY

baa taken t.}le Total Abat.1nence Ple4ge tor 1m YEARS tbi. 5t.h cia,. of

NVWW3ER 1840. SAMUEL MAzztJCliElJ;I, President of t.he A~utoc1ation. in

BURLIHG'l'ONIl. 68

68. Annals of ,o~, Xl;8-59.

178

The foregoing account shows the salutar,y etrect. which resulted

from the Associa.tion. By it. Father }Aazzuchelli rendered no small

semce to t.he 80c1&1 lite on the frontier, to the family in particula.r,

and to the individual personally.

Of this temperance movement inausurated. by Father MazzucheUi,

OM writer remarks: "He was one or the most ardent a.dvocates of tem­

perance and organized temperance societle. wherever be aoula at; a

pctr10d when liquor abuses were so tlagnw" as to haft aroused the

people t.o a need for action". 69

69. P.L. Scanlan, Prairie 9 ChieruFrench-Brltlsh-_t\CM, 201.

Chapter V

la.tb!r "!ashe1M t s Ac:t:i!1f.!ts a.ft!t tb! An:U!l of the BlsbRR

The period. when Fa.ther MazZ'Uohell1 _8 the only priest. on the

Upper U18a1aeippi came to an end early in 1839. 81shop Loras ret.Ul'l1ed

late in 18)8 trom. Europe, where he bad .. cured evangelica.l laborers

tor his new diocese_ Four French seminarians, two priests, and. his

vicar general, whom. he asked to ret&1n while at RDme, composed the

bishop's immediate working torce. Since the navigation H&80n had

closed tor the northern waters betore the Bishop' a ar1"1val at st. Louis,

he was d.ela1ed tor a few months at that place. Up north, Father VAzzu-

eheill could no 1ona-l" restrain hia ardor and, with the opeldngot the

riftr early in April, he hurried down to meet the new bishop and escort

him to hi. episcopal see. Cn the twent;r-tirst ot April, 1839,. the

prelate wa. solemnly installed in his cathed.J'al., assined by the Rev­

erend. JOMph Cretin, Anthon)" Pel.a.IIourgues, and his vicar general,

SUIte! IazzucheUi. The latter Rd.uiona1'7 preached the aermon on

that solemn and momentous occasion. The lone priest. t s teelings and

emotions at this tiM we tind expressed. 1n his own words:

NAnd \hua alter tour ,..an of iaolat.1on and. pri­vations ot soul, thft Mi8sionary found hiJlaelt' lRlrrOunded by the .... t. and. ed1tJing p"secee ot other ew.nge1ical laborers, not to be separated. from them except. tor the apace of ..... ral mont,hs while the duties of bis m1n1st.1'7 were cal l.ing him to the remote .\at-1oos of \he vast diocese. It 1

1. Rev. Samuel C. KazzucheU1, u,mo~rs.f 1)8-140

179

lao

One author, in reterence to this per10d 01 Iowafs hiato..,., w:rot.e:

"The loundation tor the work of the bi.hop wa. well la1d by 'ather Mazzu-

chelli, a Dom1.n1can, the one prien ••• 'Who bad founded at Dubuque the

tlra' church on Iowa.. S 1011 ff. 2

2. John80A Br:1&bam, 10!!. +"'a HiBtog; and Ita iO"!?1!ii GitiiNBa, 1:71.

Father Lenehan described the aituat.ion of the new province upon

the bishop'. arri"4l.;

MIn all the diocese there .s the llt.tJ.e cba.pel ot st. Thomas at Potosi, Wis.j t.he chapel ot st. JaJJllle, Lee County, Iowa; tbe oollbina.t.ion school, church and dwelling, ot st. AnthOR7. at Da-..npon; the church of st. Mtoh"l at Galena, Ill.; aad t.he church of St. Raphael at. Dubuque, which wae to .. the cathedra.l.-all of them the .adonar.y creations of the unwarlng Father uas.cheUi. It 3

3. _v. B.C. Lenehan, "Rt. RifY. Mathtaa Loraa, D.D., first. Biahop 01 _~_~_~"~_~!! !tl'O~:,~~~!~~~~__~~

To the above ment.ioned pan •• and stations Father Kempker adds

the Jesuit. Ind1aA adasion at Counou Blurt. ae alec give. the popula ....

tion of the territory: The Indians numbered about 30,000 and the white

1nbabitants 43,000 of whoa nearly 3000 were cat.holic ... 4

4. Rev. John .,. Kempker, "Catholic M1Hlonane. in \be Early &Ad in t.he Tem\OJ"1&l na,a of Iowa", Am\@J.8 ot Iowa. l,S8.

M.8hop Loras appointed 'ather cretin specl&l.l7 in abarge of the

W1anebago Indiana and Father Pelamo\lJ'lU88 of the sac and Fox. Indians.

lBl

Father Mazzuchelli was assigned principally the attendance at. Gel.ena,

and eventually the organization of new congregations a.t Burlington,

Iowa Cit1 and Muscatine; I1building st. Paul'. Church at. Burlington in

1839; st. Mary's Church at Iowa C1ty in 1841, and vld Mants Creek the

same lear, and celebrating divine services at Fort lI..a.dison in 1839". 5

,,. Rev .. John F. Kempker, !l!.:. S1:" 59.

P'a1tD!l" MaQl9b,9l.ll BuAds the ESaoiM Residence

'lb. hlled1a.te charge, bowever, wbicb Biahop Loras entrusted to

the Doa1n1can missionary was the con8truction of an episcopal residence II

M8 _19 to house, not onlT the clergy but also the diocesan seminarians.

'!'he new editioe became known as at.. Raphael' 8 Seminary and holds the

honor ot being the first college erected on Iowa. t 8 soU.

It is aid that on April 19, 18'9 Bishop Lora8 stepped from a.

steamboat into hia t.iny see city of Dubuque "college minded", it ever

a bishop _a. tiBia ftreatUe vicar-general, Father MazmcheUi, one

of the moat capable architects in t.he ~I •• t was tull,. a8 college minded

a8 bis biebop and lIaa fully prepared tor any building ftnture." Equally

college minded are the leading Catholic cit1ze1'18 of Dubuque e.g. Patrick:

c:.iU1gle,. and Peter Lorim1er, and other8 who wished. to give their sons

a college educat.ion. 6

6. Rev. Mathia. M. Hoffmann, "st. Raphael Sendnarytt, U!.e P~s •• t. XX:197

182

, .. \her Malzuohell1 t. role a. arohiteet and auper1fttenclent. en the

... brick atructure wa. weU emplo1'Jd. On Suncla7 he .rved. h1s pariah

at. Gal .. , on Monday he .. ba4k at Dubuqu. worldng on t.he epl$OOpal

residence_ This building, fon1 by tlft07 t.et., _. ready tor occupanq

b,y tall. It was large el'lO'Q&h to ftlodp ..... pr1e.t.8 by allot.tJ.ng

OM room to eachu _ 1

7. BeY. SUltel C. Maznomt1l1, !!Em- 242.

On Sept.ember 9, 1.8'9, 'ather uaszuchell1 wrote to Pope Gregol7, XVI:

"We haw accomplll1ted. any t.biftg. 18 the six _nth, wee th. arri.va.l. of tM bl.hop .... 1'be biabOp has ba11t here the Se1I1Ml'7 NCOIIID8Bding to _, ho\b .a 1t.. arohitect. and as superinterltlent. or work., the greateat 4JOOAOlQ'. We haft l1".clin \be ...... time in a ... ry wnt0he4 and. extNMly ..u log house, haY1Dg two 1"OOJU which .. necl .. a atudy, aa bed1'ooJl, aa dra1d.ng rooil and. ... ld.t.ohen.'* 8

8. a.v. M.II. HoftmaDn, "'st. Rapbael Seta1na17", the Pa::u.-,t, XX=20l.

The Seminaq _s a combination buUding two stori •• high with

carret hoWling \he aem.1.Aariana, and basement. sel"Yiag a. kitchen, pant.l"1,

md. dining rooa. It. atood at. nlht. anglea with and. alOft behind the

flrat. cathedral with wh10h 1t. .s COImect.ecl bf a eo_red. bridp. rue

old 1:dehop'e house 18 in act.1 .. u .. toda7, _1'¥1.ng ... late .. a 1399 .. s

a school in $barge or tbe staters of the Ho17 Ghost.. 9

9. ADMla of 1°_, 111:586.

la, lFl.1y!9n

In aut.umn of 18;9 Blehop Loras ordaine<l three of his seminarian.,

sending one of these, Father Pet.iot. as assistant to Father Mazzucbelli

at Galena. This enabled the Dominican priest to extend his activities

to Burl.ington, a city one bundred and eighty miles south from Dubuque.

It was not the number of Catholics that. prompted the missionary to

establish catholicity in t.hat. place but rather t.he importance of its

locat.1on in the diocese. In a city of t.wo-thouMftd inhabitants, the

priest found 0rU.y twentT-eeven Catholics 1n the entire cormmmity. The

f1rst. Mass in Burlington was said on the .. ftnieenth of December, 1839,

ira the hoa of a poor German tam117. At. this t.ime Burl1ngt.on wa_ some­

what. upset by the threatening war with the state of Mi880Ur! 80 that

he round it inexpedient to organize the parish then. 10

10. Rev. Samuel C. Mazzuchelli, MeIlo1rs, 252-253.

In 1840 the missionary ret.urned to Burlington where he built the

church dedicat1n& it to the Apostle Saint Paul. This was a briok

structure, fitty-five teet in length, If with a Oa .. ment to be used as

a <lwell.1ng tor the pr1e.t and for a school". U

U. ReT. Samuel C. Mazzuchelll, M!moirs, 266.

Man7 were the journeys that Father Mazzuchell.1 made in 1840 be­

tween Dul"lington and his stations in Wlscons1n for be had then in the

184

pro .... of oonstructlon, st. Gabriel'. Ohurcll at. Pndne d.u Chien,

tlu*ee hundred mU.e. from Bul'l.1nIton. In t.Iae tall. ot 1840 Bishop Lorae

lett fo.,. Mobile "1"0 be epent. the 'W.S.ater. Hi. ncar .. aral accompanied

him ~ seu1ihea.stem Iowa. The)" st.opped at BarlJ..ngt.on .ere the

bishop 'beheld \he new brick cburob al.mOet. eompl.eted. 12

~.---.- ... --.--.~.~.--.~.~~.-.. ------... ~... .,,-----_.- ----"' ..... ------------------------12. Kev. 8uIlel O. "s •• eill, M!M&E., 26,·268.

'a\bep U&zzuobe1l1 had I'IBI'l7 intluu.tual tri.a &IIlCn& the JIIl!Ibere

of ~ Iowa lag1ala\\Ift wbS.eh writec:l to hi. ad9afttap. Tbro1l&b his

influence -the senate held 1\, .. mOIl in the Catholic Church which

had. DOt '" been OOI1HOrated. B7 \his a·8 he otalt.1'W&ted not only a

k1ndl.7 t .. 1'111 t.o_N C&tbol1c1-, _t ,...1 .... a oontJ"11mtlon of

tl .... -hunctJ'ed clollan and. "oonalderable pzotlta for tile nat of ~7

ct&J8". 13

13. IWY. s.mu.l C. lfaU1lOheUl, .. lEI, 268.

tM other porUon ot "oona1derable protita" pJlObabl7 ... from

sWro&p IOOa NIlt. "'1'1M !n. 5eEel C. uasnebelU .a pald $60.00

tor tura1ab.1Dg .wrap rooa tor t.wlft ~a for \he tumiture of

the l .... alature". 14

14. Louis Peller, itA JI1D1ature 'routier of tlw Ponie.lf , ,0. i!JlMl o( uyt.oa: an4 PoMYct!l nnel,.

18' With the _ of mr>neJ' thus approbrJ.ated.topther with tbe oon-

tr:lbuU0ll8 of the tatt.b.tul, the m.siOM17 ftS able to "cancel. oomplet.e-

l7 the ent;lre debt cont.ra.ted for _rectiiDg the huUQ1ngQ. The sit..

was puNbaM4 with the alma from the Propagation of ttle Faith. Th18

&88001&\1011 donatAd t4OOO. toWlJJ!Cl the ea •• of Cathol101tyin Burllagt,oa. 1,

1'. Bev. Salm.ael C. _zsuch.lU, IIE,&£!. 268.

In the taU of 1842 the clty of hrlJ.nlton 4em.aAded. the atkntlon

ot the priest .. to the acrease ot Catholic ~t;lon frora abroad..

'ather Ma-.ohelll apent the winter 10 tbat. cit,. organimg the St..

Paul t a 'al'1an and. oonduc\1ng m1edona. He had a lars- a'Ud.1Mtoe ot

~ _at nt&J'.ll$ctable and well eduaated. Pl'Oteat.ant.a. A tewof the ..

abortJ.y att.er, embaced the CatholJ.c Pa1t.h. In 1843 Rewremi Hwy

wa_ appo1ftted u reatdtmt pastor of st. PaW. t s Parish.

It ay be here rema.J"ke<l that. the 'bell tor st.. Paul f. ohUJ"Oh aa

bl'OUlht. to Burl.in&\On 1ft 1842. 1'h1 s ... t.he "tiftt bell in southeast

I~-, aM po.s1tuT the I1ftt. in 10_". It... 8b1pped from t..bcJ "'0uncb7

at Pitt,abv& by 1m. Ga.net', and AUl bean t.he tnHrtpUon .4. Fulton

Pit.tsbu1"l 1842 t If. 16

16. lBlYa2n Hawk-Ill" Historical Edi.t.lon, 1925. (excerpt)

186

Ca.ibOUo if&iD9~M! M Iowa 9ill

WbUe rather Mazzuohelll .. aoti •• at BurlJ.nPon in DeceJDber

of 1840, he heaN of the lA&1alaUve act, .. tUng uide Mftl'8l 10\_

tor ohurch purposes in the new Cap11i&l at Iowa O1t7. the onl1 oondi-

tiona tor l'$l1&!.ous bodi •• to acquire one ot these .s that ther buUt

thereon a oburoh to the value of not le •• t.han $1000. Oa DeoeJn'ber 19,

1840 the Dd.8S1ol1&Z')" hUlT1ed to the new capital to take ad.Yan\ap of

\he otter. He baftde4 over to t.he pl"Oper authorities the ... qu1red .....

O\U'1t70t t.. thouaad dolls.ra and o'bt.a1ned. for \he caU" of Catholicit,.

two of the tineat lot. l"8Mrved lor church lNUd1n&e. The tollow:1.Dg

dq, Deoeaber 2P, 1840, tJw tiN\ Ma8S 1ft. Iowa C1t7" celebrated 1n

the houe ot a Qe1"ll¥Ul meohanic, 'eN1nan4 Haberstroh, a mantel-pie •

.. l"ri.ng aa an. aliaI'.. Cut of the t.h1rt.y Oatholic settlers, twenty­

eight .... pre&ellt_ After Man the tirst. dopatic sermon in Johnson

CoUlitT was pnaehe4 1n the ball of a small hotel. 'the next; mcm1ng,

Deeember 21.. tJ\e hOly sacr1.tice was ottered in an unt1n1shH log cabin

at Old )lan.s Creek, ' ..... t7-tov mUes •• , of 10. City. 17

, ,

SUoe Bishop Loru .s apeadini the Winter in the South, rather

JlazlUChell1 bad to hunT north tor the Chr1st.as Ma80ft to m1rd.ster

to tne ta1thhl at. Dabuque an4 Galena. hora theftce he retumed aga1n

to Bv11naton haYing tn.wraed a distance 01 tour hUl'ldNd Bd.le. partl¥

187

0 .. " ~ lce on the lI1aa1 •• 1ppl R1ver.

ott aM on he vla1ted le- Cityaad. w1t.h the oonMAt. and approval _

of the btabop .. prepa.J:'Q.t4on8 for the buUd1ag ot a church un4er the

paWonap ot the Assumpt1Qn of the m. ... 4 Virgin MtuT, "tor, as she

i. the pat.fOn., •• of \he dlooeae, it was fitting, that to b.,. should

be dediea\ed. \he t11"8t. ollurob ot Iowa t. Oap1'Ml. u. 18

18. BeY. Samael. c. kz.ohell1. 1!PdD. 'Z'I4; Jo_ph ~, .!2.t..!U..u 17. Both give the __ subject mat"'1".

. . .,

vA July 12, J.84.1. Bishop Loras laid the cornerstone an4 Father

lIazzuoheU1 ad.dresaed. the larp ptherJ.ng pre_at on the subject of

the :re11&100 and eYe poUtioal at:hantapa reault1ng tNa the practice

of d1Y1M 1IIONbip. A pili of eanh Mrwd. as a pulpit tor the spewr.

Tb1s briok ed1t1ce "II a coJlbinat,ion of cburcb. and ech001. '1'Wo emaU

I'OOIaS in \he ~t fu.m1sbecl l1v11lg qaal'W1'8 tor tbe pr1e.t.. D1Y1ne

.. moe. _" t1$ oonducMd tMre1n 1ft the eprins of 1843. For the

benefit of the part., 'at.her M'auuehel.l1 SliI,iPate<l the purchase ot

elght, aores of laacl 1A tAe su.burba of Iowa C1~. 'this Pl'Opeft7 ••

used. tor a _metery ami a p&ft of it tumiahed. \he fuel aupp17 tor \he

~gaU01'l. 19

19. Rev, Salluel C. Mazzaeberu, _lra. Zl6.

The 'bu1l.d1ng expen... tor this chuJ:och were in part. ~d by

l88

the ca~l1c • • , Iowa Clt.7 who contributed. about 3600, partl7 in ~

and ~ in _terlal and labor. Tbe greatest aid, however, came

troa the Propagation ot the hlt.b, the Association donatina about

$',200 tor the oaUH ot that. etragl..1ng pane.

20. Rey. Satmlel C. lfazzuchelli, ~, :t'I4.

~ toJ.l.ow1.ag extract, taken troa \he JiletropOUtIm i\lIIanac ot 1842

and. 184) JII&T be ot intenJst:

I_r ... 1142 "10_ City, .J'ohuon. oount7, Vut capital ot Iowa Temw17. st.. ",,,,'8: A p4 brick obuNb .\h a basement tor a ecbool 18 DOW in pl'Ogree., and wU1 be opeed tor .. rd.. in the apr1ng ot tile ,..,1". The ohUJ'Ob, 1. on a lot __ 'U.me me. pro-0\lI'N tor the purpo_. and. a ell,.,.. will " pel'llllnlmt.17 located bere J IlOW 'dAted. br \he oleJ'&'Y&ll tl'Oll Burl.1qton.

tear - 184) "Iowa Citl', Jobluloa oouat.1', St._ MaJ7t s.-A brick building 6Ox39 teet 1d.\h a aood. ....... t tor aoboole. The t- lot. on wb10h 1t ~ wre Ii"" by 8A act ot .... le&1a1atve ot Io. tor a Cathol1c Ib.urcll. Vuy leY. S.C. MauuohelU." 21

%1. • .la_ph ~, !i.& aiov 24.

'a"'-l' Kaznohelli'. 1_ of .... aM lOhool coab1ne4 .. fWd

to ,Nat a4w.nta.ge Oft the tJ'OlltJAl'. 1Iae 1M1paftt., who _re attraoMd

b7 \he Gbvoh, toed their Nl1I1oua and. .... t1onal PJ:'Oblea -n oaNd tor. ~re. the ld.aa101lU7 who b1dl.t the .. ooaab1.Dat.1ea

~. 1ft 10., ._ catholic ecluoat1On poaable \here at an early

da ......

189

In \he taU ot 1844 when 'ather Ant,ho07 Godtert was appointed

aa tiNt. naident p&fJtor, t.be parieb nUllbered al.read7 Bewnt7 tam1l1es.

'ftd. priest 1. remembered for the organiai.n.g and opening ot \he f1r.t

paroeh1al 8011001 ira st. Jl.al'ft., and, "he 1. therefore the touncle:r of

catholic ..... tlon in Iowa 01\1"" 22

22. do_ph i'uhnIaoD, 22:..dlu 26.

~lPt ~ IM!!MB!. 10_

About the __ time that 'a\her JlaaZUGhell:l was building ohurches

at Iowa C1t.7 md Burl1ngton he .e eel'riDl the Cat.hclics at Bloolld.qt.on,

now llWsoaUne Iowa. Th1e tom, l)ring .t __ Dawnpol't ad 8url1ngt.on,

I1l&1Ibered about 800 inhabitants with only ten ea.tholice. The first

lIa •••• oeleb.ted \heN 1ft Jaauar:,y of 1841 1n tM house of a Catholic

.... Wbose husband .. a PJoteet.ant but. who turned Catholio abo",l,

\henan-I'll Ei&ht out; ot ... re_1 .... d holy 00mIJa1n10n on tJaat oOta81011.

DuriDg the )'Ure ot 1841. and 1842 the m1h1onary ma<le frequent vis1t.

to Uuaoat.1ne u the OODINPUon bact to 'be organized, a church bad.

to be built, and. Jan7 "l"JIGn8 bad to be preached to dlspell enor.

In 1842 a Ut.Ue ttwooden obape1" wu erecWcl and dedicated to the

Apoetle Sa1nt ltat.h1aa. 23

23. Be •• s..mu.l C. Mazzuehell1, I!I!w, 'Z'I9-2aO.

Tb1a l1t.Ue tl'SlMJ church 18 8Ull standing, bearing a.bo_ the

entrance t.b.e inscr1pUon; "Firat C&thol1c Ch1lrch, 1842-1856". 24

24. Ch&l'1ea P. ChUtlth, at *NBaf! E!.!ii!. A~U"-622$.

190

It 18 note'f40rthy' that the candleatlcka anel pictures brough. t With

the oJ"1&i,Ml st. 1f&t.h1a.. Church are st.U.l 1ntaot. The two pictures

an "presentations ot the "i'l1ght. into EQ'pttn and 1tlfo17 I1ght" 8ftd

IIOW hang in the chapel of the ehuroh. as Pol" a trocu.er "&ion this

25. Charl •• 'I! GrUt1th, !m.&. ~ 2l

incident 1" s1gn1t10&l'lt in so tar .s it po1nu out the taet that .. rever

the Catboac Olnlrob 1s .stabl1ahe4 her her:l.tap of Chr1.t1an oultve

ac~._ her. In w,. ca_ it .s ari.-th. aUent teacher ot bel'

ho17 dDc\rine.

~fD'

AlKnlt the __ time" 1842, ~t the l1t.Ue obureh at Uwloa.tJ.M

was PIlt tap, a a1m1lar one -- bullt at Be1lewe I thin)" mU.a tl'Oa

Dubuqu.e. 'lhe little ehurch wa. 4edlcat.ed t;o the Apostle Sa1nt Andrew. 26

26. RMv. Saraue1 O. Mazzuohelll, ltemQig. 280.

'atMr Rottmann sqa that \be little ira. church, 20 by 28 teet

191

_. oonstNeted, at Dubuqae and lloated dcmn the r1 vel' Oft a ratt reacq

to be pu\ up. "The chureh called st. A.ndrew'. •• a 81ft ot BUhop

Lora. at. \be cost of about .1gbt hundred ck>Uars." Z1

'ZI. Bev. Mathia. M. HottJl'lUUl, _~ H&1iHz of ~ A!!!!41ooese of "_~.25. . .. F

Tbeae t\'110 church.a, st. Jfa.tbJ.a,a and st. And.rew, were the lIII8lleet

in t,he Dubuque dioceae but \hey .. ne4 td'le1r purpo_ to .. \he time -ina. II!!9!k

The Catbo"~ D1l"41otorz tor the year of 1840, 1841., 1842, l1fta

'atMr ....... lll aa paato •. ot St.. Paul.' .. at JhtJtUagtoo, then addaJ

rtst.. Paul t a-a brick ohunIb ..... 4 1ft trhe ,..1' 1840, wlth oorrt'eD1ent lOOU tor $Clloole. ,.,., lev. S. 1fU .... 1U. SelSa 18 lnI11ah. Tmu. .. are tour nat.ton. at\aohed to tbl, parilllu lat JIa41aoa, Lee Co., 2nd Halt JIMd fJaet, ... --t;YJ 31"4 Iowa Gi't,J', John_a Co., 4th BlooID-lftIton (called Muoat4.ae a1nce l44l) ll1.eoat1ne Co. the __ Hut ot CaUlOUoe in th18 pariah ad ".I etat.101U1 1, alIo\tt ,.1... !nm4Nd.. R 28

28. Charlea .,. Grltt1 til, 2E.t. s.D.u 2).

1'Jw atat.e.n' jut quoted t:rom the Qllb!Vto ~o, eoatlJ.'Jllll

Father ua.sMtOhell1' It _8.100&17 aot.1 'd \1 •• 1ft \be Halt-Breed Tact

of wb10h hokWc •• \he oap1W. In retenaoe t,o thi. piOftHZ" pne.t.,

Mr. Ofttt1t.h eqa:

",,1Wa :,07 do •• the writer ooanect \he apetJ.e •• :ooratD1oaa pri •• t with \he Xeokuk nd.eaioft. The

Qattb!6&! PM!ctbrz tOl' 1841 eu.ppU.. 1nfonat1on u our tnatwol'\tq e.u\borl. t.,.. It 29

29. Charle. P. Gri.ft1th. 8l, b.,'. fmil. 23-24.

192

---------------------------'"'-, --------_.'--"-" -~.--"-~~ .. -~-'-."-~ .. ---.~.-----,.-., .• -~.- ..

-Without. doubt Xeokuk 1. \lie et.aUon ..ant. tor at the u. teternd to, 1840, V. 1mponanee of aU tbe o\her _ttJ.emente Wblch poaa1bl), OGUld haft been ret.ned \0 had d.ecl.1nec1, Mot tor ltma, app&l'8fttlT, -- 'athw Mu ... ll1 .. sBiped to t.h1. distriot. Onl7 in one 1 ... ot the ~,,, Al.Dllb that of 1841., 1. JWt __ l.1nkett Wit.h the Halt BrM4 faot,. ~er than \h1. conneoti.on .. d.o not know ~ ot bi. aot.1Y1t.1 •• in Keokuk , •• Quite probahlT.. how_I", it aot oert.a1.zal7, t.h1a IIIeb lowd. p10De8J" pl"1est iaeluclM Wi t.Idn 14. e1rcnd.t the aplr:l.tual care of trbe Catholics of anolen\ Keokuk, \he uoapltal.1t of the Halt IrM4 flact. Tb1a was lat.e 10 1840 or ear17 in 1841.." :;0

,0. Uj.4,. 24.

Putibel', 1ft np.rd to 'ather J1aszuehell1, JIr. GI"1tt1\h 1Il"Otes

"OV t1re' priest .s OM of ~ 1n1leftna and. of .., looalltlea ft• Jl

'1. Charl •• ,. Gr1ft1U1, as ~ s PN1!h, 24.

Oa.JIOI'lW'J..n

Aaother ehUroh buUt Iv the Dcmd.a1oan .aslolW"1 earl;y in 1840

•• tbat of at. Pat.rick at. Maquoketa DOW kDo_ a. O&.ft7O'WIUl, about

''WeDt,,. .u.s south ot Dtlbuque. :e.cause of the abundance ot t.:1mber

and ~ POW"''' of the people tJa18 _terial _e oons1d.el'ed. ,be _lib

193

su1\able. In oonneot1on w1tb th. buUd1ft& of this Obitlrch 1\ 18 1I\_r­

est1ag to rea4 how the ra1sfdona17 ol'.an1aect the lIIOriU

rtHe 41atrtbukKl among ~ ton1-t1lO _ ot the .. t.u..at \he laMr ot preparing a lreat nuatber of beau, tnm. '1IItI'.47 \0 tonI teet long; in the spring each ot the. 11m carried to \he site ot the ~, his 0_ haIl41~*. A.. tM7 wen not 1n a poeition to oont.r1lMrM JWmeJ, tbef' .. W tAe1Jo ua1-.ance in aB7 way. to lueen tJle upeaae ot buUdlng. B1ehop tom. save tM .. 01 a1x h'tmdred. doUan Otlt ot the oontrl"'dJ.on8 from t.he ~papnda, wiill wld.cb to pl'Oo.uN ... buUd:t.q matel'lala aad pay \be wol"kmerl empl.opcl by the •• eton.8l7 tor the .Notion ot the CIlUl"Ch.

"the .. dertul Nftl'.ot thU feeble be~ _a a 8IlCIder11nena .. in the muibel" ot .. ttlen in tile neighborhoOd of the ClnlNh, to .. to Ulat the sHt10tl .. non 1t.8\OO4 .s _.,. 800ft

oooupad _Ure17 by Cat.bol1es. When 11.1:f1M Sent ••• t1rst. held the" 1n V. "'1' of 1840 tn.,.. were _ "I'll tban a ~ cat.holic8} \hfte ,an lat.r the pariah ot Saint Pat.l'1ek Where \be ZMloue IinUend J.C. PeI"l"O& nplarly att.ea.dlcl aruI ottlo1aW" eont.a1ucl ailt huadN4 aoula and po ...... d a IIchool. If ,32

,2. "v. SUue1 c. vaa.ohell1, lff!!!!e&a. 254-25.5.

~ 1. but. one e.xample of how ,be church became \be deter-

~ t.nor of _\U_t.. la t.M cmfiow.f iaatgratlon.

at Qah£l!l t! a$t h!1r1- •. matl!

S1.aBaltaneoul7 u\b. hi. work in .outheaetem Io_, 'at,her Mamsucbe1l1

•• &CU... ott and. Oft 111 \be wtaeons1n '1'errltot7. hIom Oarr,rowea, 111

June of 1440, he WIlt on to PI'N.r1. d.u Obi_ to pub \he connftotion

194

of 8a1ntGe.br1el t s Church \0 completion. 3' Alnaq in Aups', 1839,

33. ReT. Mathias M. Hoftmann, .2iI. Siis., 139 ... 140.

the mi.a1onar.r repol"ted that the *al.la aN ii.fRy teet abow pound".

'&e arob1t.eet b1m.aelt hi.luelt gtYe. us a 4eemption ot tM. ma81l11_

buUd1a&1

IIThis clnU:"eb ua1lN.1'I8' t1tt1 teet in wldth, by one hurl4fed I .. t in length. TIM walls are two tMt tbiok abcw the baH, buUt. ot ~ good and light stolle, touM in abundance on the bills Which encircle \be -3eaUc pratr1e between the tunoUOQ ot the put WisOOQ01n R1w!' and the 'a\her ot waters.

"The atTle of the cburoh 18 a ohaa-. Gothic I the t1'011t 1. aU b&taared anp work, omaaat.ed wtth a marble in8odpUon mel niohe. The taet that. 1t 1. be1q baUt on a .flUe ewell1D« of \be pra1r.l.e adda DItch \0 the appea.J'aftOeJ the houes and tal'JUj •• iittered up aad do., east, and •• t, Oft. the vaat tertrU. pla1rl .... 1w al.:reaq a pe-0lAl.:1azt beau""7 b;y the p .. _. of God·. hol1 taber­.0.1.., and. ftld.ncl \t8 of 1ibe pla..tna OWl' YiUcb the AJIlc 01 the ~t t,aWUd, ftl"I'OUftded by the t..mte of the ehUd1'I8o of I.rMl. tt 34

34. Peter L. Soanl.an, .~ IIIl!.D: o( stu OabrJ:!.t! hrJ:sh, 23 • •

It .., be noted that toM tint 'WO cthurohea in present da7 Wis-

eona1n we" ot Ita chast.e QotbiCltt "':fl., also I'lOtewonhT 1.s

"t.h&t t.he tiM ohvch built 1ft the ol<leet se\t..1.e­DIIIlt on the east.em l)oun<ia1"1 of the WisCOl\lJ1n Terr.U.oJ7, that 18, at ONea Ba7, was a ca'thol1c one; and. the t1nt, OM on \be _.tem bounda17

1. a Ca.-t.bolic one also. It "

35. PeWr L. Scanlan, C~ &at.oa; oK. S:!C. 9§br1!l:ts pm.m. 23.

Father Maz_choU! .". \bat t.h. Rev. Jo_ph Cret1n was stationed

in Prd.:r1e da Chien d'UJ"J.nl 184l, and to him he attributed all \be good.

\hat. flowed tlOm tho oongregaUon..

"1"0 tld.. ....ratecl pm,t i. ow:lJac almost aU the ap1ri.tual good 1fI'OUiht in the pariah of Saint Qabl'1el, now 00Iltain.1ng more than a t.housand IO\Il.s, &n4 al_ \he present. f1ne OODd1tJ.oft ot tne olnlreb. 1th1oh combines an elep.nt 81spl101t, w1t.h 8011di'1 arul tpaeloumeau •• tf )6

36. an. Samu.el C. MaszwWtl11, lI!!&r!_ 26,.

In lS44, __ PraiI'1e 4\l Chien bad. DeOOM a pan ot \he il:Uwa\lkee

410 ..... Bishop HeM1 Y1al1ied that plate and reponed:

tlA to. Jean aao tM CathoUCI of Pra1r1o du ru_ belan the erect10n ot a stone church one hundred teet in len,g\h. wb1cb bull d1rJ& I tOUl'ld in an in­complete OCIUIi\1on enG bt.ul'cleDe4 with a 4e .. ot .3,000. How \bey could haft Uftdert;alten the oree­Uoa of _ch a btdld1ng, I e&n.nOt und.el'8t.an4, tor this COIlIftlaticm wUl neft .. be able to pal' tor it, 110 ....... , it 1 •• u.ch a d'U.l"&ble a. _U a. Ut­posing atruotvo, that tthe _MY will J'lOt be _t1rel1 ~ away." '7

37. HUT'J' B. a.:lng, a. Qa1fbQU- 9!!!.m'@t &! .sEnN. 266.

st. Gabri.el f , church 1, attU atand1ng to-d&,- me ana sound, a

hundred 7Ml'8 atter B18hop HeIm1 t 8 -..orable report, 01 "ftOh Ii Durable"

195

196

an4 Itimpoa1n& structure"" It does honor to ita architect .. a the years

roll on.

S!\ull!!WJ

Hex\ in the order ot the miaa1ona17' _ att.enUon in hie bu:Uding

activ1t1 •• on the e.at aide of \he river were \he m1.n1na to.s 1n the

lead d1st.nct. Hav1ng visited that region and ministered in the cabin

ot the 1I1nel'8 sinGe 18,;, the lda.1oftl,J7 at 1&at wa. able to de-.ow

hi. U. \0 t.be ereotion of one hou." of lIOr8h1p among th... .catteJed

poupe ot catholics. Shullsburg, a town e1ghteen mUe. from Gale.

wa_ t.he tirst to reae1w t.b1. ble.sing. the l\\llber ... prepared b7

carpenter. 1n Galena and the pan. were thea t.ranapol"tN. to Shillsburg.

The l1ttle trame ohuJ-cb, thinT-five by twut7-tiw t .. 'tt, was dedicated

to \be Apoetle Saint lfat.thew" '1'M expenses 01 one-thou.se.nd dollars

were al.I:Iv:>et entirely detrayed. by tho 'V01unta1'1 otter1nga of the setUe1"8.

This l1ttJ.. shrin. ot worship •• ned about tbl'H-hund.N4 catholics

scattered 1I1tb.1D a radlu. of e1gbt or ten mU ••• 38

.38. lev. samuel C. "'alUCbelll, ,,11",., m"

The f1m u. •• in St.. Matthew'. wa. celebrated on August 1, 1841,

and. t.bel'Ult8r a. prie'" oftlo1ated in that place once a. month. The

stnet.a ... UDd the aquare on Md.ch the Churoh .s 'buUt were named bJ

191

lather lfassuobell1 as Collom .. ,..,., ChArtty, Truth and ~t.. "

39. W.R. J ..... 80n, st. mlMw'e .o.~, 6.

St. .t,\hew. II congregation -t.ill cheri.... t.be recorda of Fa\hel'

Ma.wobeU1 t 8 iDcumbaney. They an p ..... :nect 1ft the mlad.ona17' 8

t1ne hanClwrlttng dA\1n& from 1835 too 1842. Por ... e tiNt year of hi.

a1r.detraUon8, 18", there ..... recor6Jd \en bapUama. ~ records

turt.her 1ad1oate that 'ather Ma._cheU1 attended lf1nenl. Po1nt .e

a m1aeion t1"Qll. Shullsburg. Theentl'lW'Mls are colltaiMd 10 the same

book but in • eepa.ra .... set.Jtioa headed ltlflaeral Point, Wisconsin Tel'T1-

to17" • 'fhe pariah recorda further 1mU.oate tAat. _rtq &tNt" the

obUl'Ch had bee completed. the Rev. Rem1g1u.s PeUot. suCOMded Father

Mazzuolwl1 l as pasotr of at. Mat.tbP' a at ShW.leburg. 4fJ

40. W.R. Jud.e8On. !at..B1u ••

SS:. Al!II!!dI.tt,s Ha.e!!s

his atWDtion to S1na1a&_ io baUcl a ho1ute of worlbip there tor tbe

ra1aen &ad. the larae ... ot tbat. 'ri.cW ty. In tbe 8Ul88l" of 1842, a.

t.... ehUl'Oh t.wat.r-ti.,. by tonI' tee' .... reot.ed, and. fftWehed.

ld.th ... taate, presentiDs & pl.eafd.ng aad "aular appe~ft. It.

•• lituated upon a beauUtul M1ntIDCe and p1 ... lD'lCIeJ" V. pat.1"OMP

193

ot b't. AUCU.t,1ne. 41

41. Rev. samuel C. HazzucheUl, u..oVa. 299.

Tb1s SUl"Yey complete. ratber Mallzu.eill· a fruit.ful labors in his

panlh of the Upper Mi •• i.sippi. St. Augut1ne t • wa. the last of the

.. d •• ot temples .Noteel tor the glor:Uloat.lon of God and the exalt&­

Uon ot the Chvch. In aU, up to 1843, he bad built. tJ1xt,een church ••

Md one Hlld.nIU7J he bad organ1zed Jl8ft1'. more OODgNPUons and even

pfOvld.e4 .Ghoo1 halls for tour of the_ part ....

Hi. Malth .s now fail1Aa from , .. 1_ 1"an ot strenuous lAbor

and uoeH1w prt<tat.1on, 60 that he waa actr1eed. to ret.u:m to his 8\lrUl7

boMland tor recuperation. S1Doe he had bMl'l appointed by Bishop Loras

as hi. \heo1ogian at the TbiN ProY1Ac1al Counell 1ft the 'PrinS of 1843 J

both t.be b111bop and Fat.ber Maz.chelll _t out tor BalUmDl"8 1n April

of 1843. It. DJ)nth later, the ml.s1OJlU7 departed tor his natift Italy. 42

42. a&cl=. 301, 313.

1'111. cam.ea rather .zzuobelll'. aoU'fit.1ea up \0 the tlme (1841)

of M. appolntaent a. provincial of the MW PI'O'f'ince ot st. Charl-e.,

to be oaJ.led into 'being b7 the Dominican mt.s.1onaJ'1. H1. major eon­

tl"1but4.oa. ora t;he fJ'lOl1Uer from l.830 to 1843 have bien o:1t.ea. TM

_at 1DIpol'tut and JIOat en4Ul'1.n8 works of his has not ,.t. been told.

Aa1d.e fro. hi. &rp1r1tual. 1n.tluencea 1n the work of nangeUu.t1on,

which can not be .. nrM 1n terms of huan't'&lu.es, hi. educational

199

Wluen_ l"llLftka probably the h1&beat. It, 1a in tbJ,8 field that he

__ hi. laat.1ng oontr1but.1on. In real.1t,. his 1atluencea are still

oont.1nu1na along the line of •• cation. The scope of that labor of

10 ... tOI'U a topio bJ It .. 11 and can only N 8U8Ilt8.1"1zed here at the

ooncl.u8ioa of thi. work.

At p .. sent there 1. be1n& wr1tten a t.hesi. on hie eclueaUonal

'IIIfOrit 1n paeRl., wh1ch w1ll lID in the long tell. 'Y&ean01, and probabl7

1d.ll tID juau_ to thfI founder. Ano~r theaia wrltt.en at this time

at'-Pta t.o bl'".i.nc out hi. Amilricao1am. on the frontier. 43 Perbaps,

43. ~ M..teJr H. Paaoha.1.a, C.P., to Slater..". Don&\a" 5.8.M., ... " ~'l194S •

..,.n aRer aU th1a haa 'been. v1tten, the ItSpa.rt.a.ft ahare lt , ae one

mu" pu\e 1t, l"eJIIaiM Jet. \0 be told •

.... bu beea wriftwn and JIll_ NII81n. to 'be Wl"1\ien COD_m1n& 'the tud.n& of .. _81;'.. It 1a to De hoped \hat __ da7 a .... tent perl wUl tell the.". of tbe Sput.an ahal"e Wbloh the Mu ....... ll1a of \be ~ -tu7 took Sa \hat peat _rk of u.t1onaJ. dewl.opratt. ft 44

44. Jo_ph Oum, "'rbe Bu.Ud.er ot the Ie.·, Sl9+"MWb 4' ..

The toUo1lt'.t.n& pages oonta1n. a 8UIa&J'7 of the Jl'd."1onar,y'. \h:Ne

e4uoat1OD&l foundationa, OM of which l'tU"d..,.d eel ttmeUona aa a

INat ..... UoaaJ. 1u\ltution ..

200

FfVA!r •• !lS!Mar.

Founder of Edu.U!S!l and leaso"s In.t.U,utiona

The ret.um ot Father tlazzucbelll to Aaertca opened a new ohapter

in his miaaiona17 career. !be field of his act.iv1t.l •• became Ml"rower

and graduaU, restricted itseU to BOut.heaa1;em ~liscon81n. With the

erectlon or the lfUwaukee 4100888 in 1843. \Be Dom1n1can m1 •• ion.al7

C&JDe under the juI"lsdic\1on 01 B1ehop Henn1, while Galena 'becaae sub­

ject to J1.tdlop Quarter of Chicago. ItS

4'. Jobn G. Shea, 2£.t. ~ IV:228, 2,1. __ .~ .. _._~_._.~._~~'._._k.~ __ ._._" __ ... ~ , _._. __ ~~_~~

A].\bough 8Ul.l de'tOted to pariah duti •• an4 the building of churches,

rather Ua •• ucheill t e _jor inwnst.a bepn to cawr arouru:l the field

ot eduoat.1on. The Htt1ng up of religious and educat.ional. inst.it.utions

to .. rve U\e Cbunh ad spread. \he taith became hi. prima". object.

(JrlCe Mclc in tbe NoAh_at. hi. plMs rapidly began t.o untold the .. l ft8.

While in Rome, , .. \bel" MazllUohell1 had ob\a1ned permission and

power troll Muter GeuraJ. Aneana1, to •• tabl1ah a new p1"OYinoe of

Dom1nleans in t.be upper Mississippi 'alley to 'be calle<l t.hat of saint

Charle.. Upon hi. am_l at Galena. Oft september 12, 1844, be 1mme­

d1ate17 bepn to take aetion in the .xecut.ion ot his new plan.. 4b

46. Rev. Victor F. (.; f tlard..el, C.P., The Domiu1C8! Pl'O'ri.Doe or St. JoseN!, 2l8.

On \bat __ day at Galena, ae met ColOM1 Georp W • .lOAes, who

20l

0 .. 4 the beauUtul Pl'Op*"' oaUe4 S1Mtnawa Hound. Finding Colonel

Jon.es d1apond to .. U hi. estaa, 'ather wasftchelll fAU'Qh&sed lt

nth a pari. ot the tun.de that bad been &1'ftft to twa b1 his ralati'Ms

1ft J.l1laft )It.al.7., The ob,1e.t of the puJ'Cha" 1. reeorded in 'ather

MazZ1lCilell1 t. own wr1t.i.ns f.

f1 • ., ., to prepa1"e \be way tor a rel1clous coJlllW'lity of mi.aio.rus of tbe Order of st. Dl>adlde, I ha'ri.ng to \bat ettect, .. _1_4 all neee.aary tanlU.s 1IhUe in Rome. On We pJ'Opel't.y 1 .• alao too be located, 11 $'G. ab.al1 be the w1U ot Ood, a great -Uep, not _re17 to inetnct the chUdren in all Ute:N!7 bnm"., but prin­cipally to educate t.hea 1n th.e tear of God. fl 41

47. QoMla JIlla in £e!!!!lt a-I"I- 50.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------'!'be deft to the propert" .a 4.eUftNd to Father }(asliUchel11 by

Colonel .Iones on Oowber " 1844 in tM ~_ ot Galena, betore a clul.7

autllortM4 1&.,.1'. ColODel Q.\~. JOM8 reoelved at. this tJ.JIIII the ..

ot two tbouand. three hund:red. and tort7 dollars in cuh and tour

t.housand oae hw:ldnd. aa4 aixt7 40llars 1n p~.-17 note.. "Then

note. _" pal« in 11ft 1a.taUmeD~., 14th laienst" 10 ..... 1' 4 and

2;, 1644; :tIaI'ch a, 24, and 28, 1845. tt 48

u.~

'fbe ~. ot t.heee prom1OttarJ' notes oauaed 'ather Maaauohelli

not, a little WOIT7 and ap.1.n he appealed. to hi. tr1en4t in 1W.an. 81.

siner, JOMphine, and bis generou tr1eDd., Count .lame. JlI.Uerl.a., a

202

3eWeler, sent. to h1a the greater part. ot \be sum required.. The balance

came trom ftome and. from. a friend in Jf:S.scoua1n. 'l.'b.wJ on March 28, 1845,

the ..:Ly acqu1recl Propert1 was tree from <Ie"'. 49

49. GolMD "'8 ia· 2!i!S!t Je!Db 56.

It bas already been JDtnt:S.oned that 'at,ber Ha ... ebelU had. built

1a l842 \he ohUl"Ch of St. Aupstine about halt a mUe south at the

JIlO1.1ftcl at the coet ot $1,3.00 ot wbilh he stUl Owe8 a:S.x hundre4 dollars.

In 1845 'th18 churab was mowd on the llOuru1 and on ·the teast of St.

Dom1n1c 1\ _8 dedicated by Bishop 1ienn1 1n honor ot that .1n:t .• 50

so. Jobaan Haug, 9!89h1:ghte 411' lathol1f!b!! Gs£91le an ~1'lCQn~, 415.

fo-.rd. the erection ot st,. Dominic' 8 Qhuroh, at S1.md.n&., Father

MaszuobeU1 paid. trom his personal fund • .d.x. hundre4 dollars; also

"tor Yest.a.lts, _creel veasel8, and othor altar turn18h1ngs, 81x

hundred dollars"; the balance of t,he debt on th. church was patel by

\he cont1"1lNtiona ot the ndners and farmers of that ucWty* Sl

51. Qpldeft ~I? in Con.'!!91i Teare, 57.

Addtt10mU bu11dirlga 800n ~ga.n to orown the Mound. '1'he corner­

atone ot 31rlalnt.wa Colle •• was 1&14 MaT 24, 1846, and the .... t 1'd.Dg

203

of it •• completed. b)" the end of that ,.1'. 52 '1'b18 eollege, built

52. WiaS2!\!1B HaS_sine. ot t!U\e!%, 1:70.

between 1846 and 1848, tOl'SU a part ot the pftent ac&de. at Sinsinawa

lioWlcl-a aUent aonument to the aeal of 'ather MazzuoheU1. One writer

8&78 \bat \he buUding 1s atlll adtu1ftd by a1'Ob1tecte and bean a re­

semblance to "Old Capitolu , "

S3. IeIt.,. Sister U. Paaohala, (J.P., to Slater ll. Donat.a, S.S.M., ~ ____ ~r.~!uJ.2~_. __________ ~_____________________ ____ _

Du.r1Il& the decade ot tbe torUe., e __ tlon •• taldng big stria.

in t.b1. part. ot tile Northwe.t.. The tapper Jlin1 •• 1pp1 _. now tlan.ked

by two colleges both cl.a.1ad.na rather ...... 111 •• aroldtect and

teacher. On the Iowa side he had. laid the foundation tor oollep ed-

ucat10a b7 0Mldtlct1Bg a puaar sobool in the baHlRllt of at,* Raphael·.

ohurch for tM youth ot Dubuqale .. "1"17 rut 18)6. halt 1839 to It.l43

he .. Oft the taoult,. ot st. Raphael fa SemiDaI'7 and, aaide lrom bi.

otheNi. bwt7 career Ml"'fed. a8 a teacher 8ACl lect.1Inr. Being at th1.

U. a "t18nt Engl.1ah con ... ,..t1oaal1e\ and oNtor" I he .. uaetul

priH1pal.ly to help the tONian ool.lqe nu4ent.s at~ tor the

AaJ"lcan prUst.hood, .ster \be lanpap of t.helr adopt.ed. oount.17. 54

S4. ReT. JlAtb1a. M. Hottmann, ttst. lapbael t • SerId.nar7", ~! 01 IG~I n,2Ol.

The collep of St. Tboma.-a on S1na1nawa lfound in 1847 alreadl' was

204

educat:1ng twent7""1I1x. students and was "beg1nra1.ng to acqutre a good

D8IIIe in t,M country". 55

,s. Siater aoseafY, O.P., !.ILL s1.\.u aa.

By a apec1al. act ot the Wlaconain Lq1alature, the inat1tution ••

1DoorponVd on lfaroh U, 1848, with wd.ftr81\7 priv.Uep". Wlth a

GOrp. of excellent prot.alOra, uncler tn. preaidenc10f the stJhoar17

'a1iher Jl&$8Uahelll, St.. Tho •• College bad. "the approru of the local

Chu.t"oh author1tle." and tM coatl4ence of parents who .. son., men in

d1stJ.np1ahed wa.1k. of lUe, haw been heard to boast. that they were

... \eel thenlf. S6

,6. QoJMp !l4l.! H! 9mDP' I!-a, 57.

In "pN. to thi. new found&.tJ.on, Bishop ReMi, in a letter of

If.aNh 7, 18,0, to the J\t'Chb18hOp of VleM& wrote.

"S1Minawa Collep, e1tuat.d. in t.M south_at end. of ., cIlo .... , --.r the fliN1aa1ppi R1,.r, w1th \be caom.t.a& of \be DoId.a1can ,atae .. , who are to haw oharp, £1". »l'G." of a tair tut.UTe, ..... pe«l.811;y atnee it. owrlooke tl"Oll 1'. chaa1.ng ele­_tlon fiw parishes, aU 1n 1IIadtate T.lo1n1\y and aU suppUed w1 tb good. ctNrchea. If S,

'7. Rt ..... John U. HeM1, "Letter"lf,wil' Jf!it of Hiliu 1.:7'.

AU tlft parishee and. cburchee which Biahop Henn1 ntel"8 t.o in

hi. let"r Wire tounde4. Mel WUt b7 'a,\her Jlasll'tlOhe1l1. st. Matthew' a

20, at. Shullsburg and 31;. Dom1n1c" on the Mound have alreaq been _n­

t.1oned. st. Augustine' 8 Ohurch at. lew D1a1ns1 was built in U44.

It d1ll 'Mara t.race. ot 1tl ..... rabl. rounder' 8 influence, for OftI'

ita portal to ..... ,. can be seen t.be Ulpresst. 1necriptlon; ttThe Church

of th. Li't'1ng God.. t.he f'Ul&r and. ~uad of TJ."llth 1t.;8 st.. franeie.

S8. G.A. Marsball, ftNew I),lgi,qs, Past and Pl'esont", 0t.E~9 ,JQUJ!!:!:l. 3.

at "'ul Green, a brick 1t.l"UCWre _" bepn in 1846 .. and 4edlcat.ed in

1847; st. Patrick's at, Benwn __ &180 tounded in 18l{1, but in 18S2,

when the growth ot the pariah demtmdoQ. 1t, \he tame structure ._

replaced by 8. more apao1ou8 .\One obul"Cb, 8t1ll .. n1ng 1t. purpo ..

to-4ay. '9

59. CUtello M. HoltoJ"d, MIte" 0' 19!1!l'i C9J!n)z. ,,6.

T'IIIO ot.ber ehvches mwtt be taMt,1oned. ,.t, tor their .tt-u.Ot.UN8

are at;t.l'1bttted to Father Mazzuwll1. Vne 1, tb.at of st. lIaryt 8 at

PlattftY1lle bldlt in 1$45, ana t. other i8 that. of st.. Rose t • at CUba,

bullt. 18 18,2. The pari ... of st. 80 .... a m1.a1oa nation at.taCbe4

to St.. Patr1ck'. at Benton. 60

60. Haft'y' H. Heming.. :til ~, O!mE!l! Mt. U--n!k!. 2'4.

ru. 118t complete" 'a\her Massuchelll t. oontnbuUon a. a church

~r on \he trontier. 'l'he t,emplee M erected tor \he -rahip of God

206

l'ItImbeftd not. 1... than twent.y. Hls last. arch1tectunU cont.ri\NtJ.on

_s \he plan he _de tot! the re1N.Udtng of t.M ohurch at Clal.efta wblcb

_. dest.J'07ed 1n 1856, by a tiN t.hat hsed one third of tile town. III

th1- tlle of need Fatrher Maaauebell1 caM &pin otterl..n.s h1a aid. St..

U""lt a Pariah of Galena paid. tribute to hie arcb1tectural abUi.

on \He occaulon of it. Oentenntal. in 19321

"We of today can alJIoat 8M in .p1r1t t.b1a gNat. architect aketobiaS tbe plana tor the St. lf1cha.el t a Gburch of to-d&y. The O'mUJlllllt. to hie pn1us apeaks tor ltaelt on awn _1IM1 obael"t'aUon of the ord1-nar:r peopl.e. 'l'b18 btdlcU..oi m.ea8UNS 13' teet. long, 60 tNt 1n w14thJ \he heisht of the atde -Us 33 1M' in width. .... an 18 w.IA4owa in \he au.d1-tona. The htd.aht ot the oe1l1ag 1. 44 teet flO. ta. noel' ot the eucb. 'file> root of ,he bd.lc.tlD& 18 oamed 'bJ a lIOoOea t.rus foraUon that 18 t,Jdte unique in tb18 part, of the count.ry. It bas ou-r1e. It. eo .--etull.J Utat. 18 1, a ~f4-.... ot .. f'Ob:.L,"~ that 18 hOMlIIOrt.b7 tor ita l.&ck of pUlan,. fI 61

61. Be .... .1.7. ~, !2a. &1U )1.

palMI' Mauucbelli' s laSt. and geatest OGntrlbuUQG ora tale tJlOnU.er

.s \be founding ot a S1sMl'hoo4, \0 .... 18\ \btl Church in her miead.oa

ot teacll1al and of tft1niq tM JOUt.h.

:taratdlar uasauebell1 t • l"Gool"ds 1t 'e 'ft'ltten \bat. the $1 ..... of

the Tbil"d O:rcler of St. Dora1ld.c ... re eatahUebed 11\ tbe Dioce. of M1l.­

waukee in 1846, "W1ih the autbor1t7 of the .at ReT. 'at.1" 'l'bOaa

Ancaran1,lfaa\er General of \he Dom1rdoan 0 ..... "aiding at, Rolle". 62

62. Golden B~lls in Convent Towers, 62.

207

Oft De __ .. 26, 1847 j 'ather lIaezuoheU1 g&W t.he wil to t.wo

post;ulaat.e, who became the tlnt. ..m:.n of hi. new cormmm1t.y. About.

a )"ear later, in Febru.ar;y, 1849, he tormally orpniled the ne" founda-

tlon by appoint,ing a prioress and n.b-prioreu ot tbe Conwnt of st.

DolIdJdc at, S1na1nawa llound. '3

"dt

63. Golden BfUl. in Conwnt Towe£!, 6:;.

With \he establism-nt of the Dom.in1oaa Sleten of Sinaina_,

'at.her ... lIUbelli solved. the problem of Oa\hol1c education in that

part, of the frontier. S1.amlte.neoulT wJ.\h \M founding of hi. new

COJRIft1\7, he opened schoole at New D1g1nge, Shullabua ami Baal

GrHa. Otber nhools were a~d to \hie ,,\libel' a •• mber8h1p inoreased.

A. -1'17 .s AUlUat, l.S48, hie 8inainawa AcadelQ', although atill in the

initial akp, .. a l.eaall.7 inoorpoJ'&ted. 64

64. S1Re,. 10--17, !2L.t.Uu ae

In \be hie\017 ot Ck'Iant Count.7 1t 1. sta\ed. tbat "It •• st1pW.ated

in the charter ot both 1narUtutlOlla that no nl.1g1ous opWon ehould

be aeoea_17 tor adld.es1on, and attendance on rel.ig1o\l. -rab1p should

DO\ be required". 6,

6,. H1re!X of G£!!!t Y!!!9'Z;' "7.

FatUI' uasauoheU1, despite all the works Yddch the neceel1ty of

208

of the JlDlllent __ him. undertake, bad 1011& enY1a1oned to educaw priests

tor the .s.as1on field, t.o fO'Wld. a colle. tor 10uth t s higher educat.lon,

and to establish a teaching S1sterhood, thi. project was at length

accomplished.

By 1848. st. Charle. province had thl'8e Dond.n1can priests, t,hree

novices, st\:Jden\s in theologr, and three la7 brothers at the Vound.

Moreover, in 1849, this new promce obtained the pri'YUep of a 'VOte

1A the provincial. ehapter. 66 st. TboJM.s Collese had its facult.y

66. 5is\er Ro...."., ~ aL,., sa) Rev. ViotoJ' F. O'Danlel, SJb. s!L., 21.9. The la.t. source g1 .... the Wormation of the provincial 'VOte.

and a good n1:UllbeJ' of studenu. One or the at.udent.s, 'l'hoa. L. Power,

who tim wanted to become a lay bJ'Ot.her at. Sinsi.J.1Awa, was advised

by 'ather lfauucbelli to enter the prl.enhOod, for 1ft hill he cU.aoemed

a wonhT co-labonr. Tb1. 'ather 'l'.L. powers 0.1' •• an educator by

nature, 'becaa presld.ent or Sinaina._ College and held that orfiee

from 1860 too 186 3. He.. recalJ..d to Kent.ucq beea.llse he was one

ot the Il'O'l.P t.bat. wrkM tor ""'1'1:,'&1 of the province. 67

67. Rev. Victor fl. OtD&n1e1" .22J;. cit •• 244.

His ftccess in founding two con ... nts tor the siaters of St.. Dominic

and tu.m1Dg t.hree scbools OWl' to t.heir care has alreaq been mentioned.

Father lfazn.ohelll b&<1 doM great works in tlft yea.rs. Seendnlly

all t,hfte ot bis new tOW'ldat,iona were progressing and functioning

209

AOl"lllll.y. Dtlt.wr bent on MU .... ffa.c.ment aDd ~ worldly honors,

'ather vauuobell1 re8igned aU power. g1wn to him in 1844 by \he

Master General, and toward. the end of 1849, h* \umed 0.,.1' the Pl'Ov1.n.

of St. Charl.s to his brethnn in Oldo. 1'be PJ'oYiaoe of St.. Joseph

in Ohio, accepted the whole propert,y of S1ns1n&- in November of 1849.

lI'atIMr kuuchelll wanted to dewte b1mselt heneetoltb to the duties

ot a II1seiODa17, preacher, and. pan. prie.t. 1f 6a

68. G9WE ~. &n 921" 'foaD, 68.

Att.r hi8 resignation, with due pe1'm1sriOA, 'at.a.r ..... _heill

.... t to 11_ at Bent;on 1IbeN he &s_4 the putorsh1p of st. Patl'1ck',.

pane. bra be .reoted. a .,t,hel'bouae tor b1. new cOlBUl1ty of Dom1n1-

can Siner. and guided their dest1n1.a. 69

69.. BeY. Victor F. Q t Dantel, !2L Sit., 209.

Wlth all the .. a.ocompli ..... t., reUg10118 and e4uoaUonal institu­

tions in tull operatJ.on, 'ather •• zu.o.bell1' s extemal acU Yiti.. __

to an end. His coaWlbtaUoruJ on the trontier haft Nell oit.ed and b.r

this time a put change bad. takeft place 1n \hat. terr1to17 aiace h1.

tlNt a:rr11'&l. Wi • .,0Il81n and 10_ bad all'MdJ acqa.1:Nd statehood and.

with t.b1s acl't'8D.-t all pba ... of clftl1zed Ut. _re in tail' propes ••

From hencetorth the frol1t18r ld..sional'7t • eaerg1.8 were dewted to

cultural purw1ta, the aeh1ewmenta of lIbich _re 80 peat, and perma­

nent, tbat b.ls -ric in the .ducational fie14 .. rits a spedal. paper ..

:no

Such a \helis, &s alreaq stated, is be1ng written by one of his spirit.ual

daughters.

Just a sllmPM ot his last ,..ar8 in Benton must suffice to bring

this writing to a close.

In 1$52 the Do.ud.D1can Slaters resigned their schools at Sinsinawa

and assembled. at Benton tor regular community Ufa. Sinsinawa Female

Aca<ieDl1. now transplanted. to Benton, became st. Clara. Female AcadeB17.

ItF.thar Manucheill's remarkable acquire.nt &8 a scholar and his em­

nent g1.tt a. a \eacher ... re to be dedicated uncler God to the spirl tual

elevation and the intellectual advancement ot 1ifOID8n. Ii 70

70. Go199 !3!Po' 19 C9n!!Qt I! ... ~ .• ,69

In add1Uon to his priestly dutti •• , 'ather Maezuchelli devoted

lINCh or bi. U. to education. He peraon.all.7 t:rained his Sisten tor

the teaching prot •• sion, 80 that St. Clara AcademT trom the "'1'7 begin­

ning had an admirable corps ot etticient i;eacmtrs. Special talent.,

which the gifted teacher was eo readily to di.cem, were cultivated

bJ competent persons. "tather AfaIlzv.cbell1 himself, having a complete

cabinet ot instl"Wl'lentu for illustration a.nd upal"'1.m8nt, g&'Ye the Siuters

a noral course in higher athematic. and in the natural. sci.noes. ae

alao taught ~ Latin, French, aDd It.alian." Du.r1ng tbe winter at

each 1MI'" OIl three .'¥8nirs&s ot the .. ek, be lntW!'e4 to the pupils Oft

soiene., history" and Christian cioctrine. On Sund~y afternoons he

211

ooncb&cted a 81ble h1ator:r mae. 71

71. G<>lS BeMa in Conl!I'l~, 1!!K!, 75.

Hr.. Cavanaugh, WhO at.t.nded. 'ather kaM1ChelU' s scbool at Benton

vi v1cU.7 reoalls those haPPT diqs:

ttEa. 'ftmrlda7 .... rdq the etructenk gathered aroWld. 'aUler 1I&_.che111 and. liateaed in t.n.nspol't to hi. eloquent d1S00'tlNe8 on hi.wX7, philosophy, 801 __ , aet.J'OftOlq,rel1g1on, 01' \&le. ot his trawl.. He sa- un.etint.i.n&l1' ot hi. time and lmowl.ectp. '1'0 haft ben a .... " ot t.ha.\ group was &rl iMat.luble pri...ue •• If 12

72. Rapond W. Judeeon, Sit Mat.'ia',. G!!!"!., W2::l!l2. 4.

SUch were Father Mae ... Ui t. la., ,..an of ret1Jresent., spent 1n

~ Me l'1eb Catholie cult.u:re, teacl'UD& classical eovsea in the

hum.ble m1n1n& towns. He thus bequeathed. to \be tronUe ... Me legacy

of cl.us1oal cult.un.

FatNJr (.} t Daniel aa,y. that tw to'Ql'ld.H OM of the outst.andirlg sister­

hoode of t.be werid, "\bat 1. hi. great •• t glor;y, tor all their good

works radiate out trma him". 7'

7'. Rev. Viotor P. O'Dan1el, v.P ... ~ee Prom!! o( st: io-ah, 219.

Death owrtook 'a\hel' lfaeachelll 1ft ld.. prl •• t17 adm.1 as at.rat1ona,

and from an expolUre ot colA died ,.~ 23, lS64. .In ,be joy of

212

hi. soul he cried out, ftt;( gam Mluk 5!.macula twa. P9!!v"l 74

74. GQ1S1ta @tlJ.8 in CoeY!Dt Im!rs. 78.

Thue passed a priestly soul J a gMt. tlgue from the stage of

h1ato17. 81. memory 11 vea on in the pari .. s he tounded, in the

cburcbea he built.; 'but hie educat.ional work 1. ca.rl"1ed on bJ hi.

te8.(lb1nc OOIIIIlUn1t.l of Siaters, a work: WIde hollOra God and glorifies

the Churoh tl'Oll generation to pneratJ.on.

213

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Pr1aa7 Sou.Iwa

~ilJ!Ii6A;,t;!t:: • lA Pro2!l!tiOft de ls. ,o~. L10ft - Parie,

ThNe volume. an w.lU&bl.e 80V0ea tor \he stu. of ''''17 CbuJtoh h1a\cn7 ira \he UD1W4 8 .... te.. 1'be7 conialn JlWIIeflO1I8 letteN ot ~GU1 Manop. and pa-ets 1:.0 tH A.aoo1ation in Faaoe, d.e.cr!bi.r.\a their work, propce8., and nee. of the miaslon fleld.

~. of !iLrmre!!!n o( 1b! Nlh. Paria, London, $tate H1et. Soc. Wi •• , :4, 'tOl ••

The.. an aW'analaUon tl'Oll \be heacb ami ocnta1n the same ~r.l.od1cal. eollMtJ.oaa ot lRMft t,.. v. bishops ana missionaries eapl.opd in \be mt • .tons ~, tae _rld.

C1polet.t.1, Moat BeY. H7&ointh, kGBr, 5a1at; Clara Areb1ft., S1neiRawa.

An __ rpt \&Un t ..... Vle or:tpaalle\ter W'J'ittea by the *$r a..el'8l of \be Dca:hd_ ONer t.o ,at.he:r uaa.chell1 .. _~ the pung h:S.&r 1A bis .8810-17 la\'JOn4I

Harr1., a.A., ~, 1a\:loMl Al'Gh1 .... , Walb1ra&\OR, D.C., Photo.tat in &'tat.e HIitii1eal. Antd.W8, Iad:.lAon.

TId. lett.er ... wr1t'- 1n 18JS to 'aUleI" vas.cbel.l1. It d.ealt w1ttl the uanus.\7 of tM ~ 1'.Ild1aaa.

Kinde, Mrs. John H., !!lti!!B. ttl ;iM& J2Ir! aa \i! loDb!!at., Cin­c1RDaU, II ••• Derby It Co., 15 , p. 500.

The book describes aoc1al, poUt,ioal.. and nltg10u ooncl1tions ot \be ea.r17 days 1n \he Ionhweet. 1.'he author giftS a pel s~. of \be ~ ImU.ana and their ldea of nlJ.g1on.

L!\bt1l' lilt I!!!!!J. Olt.p.rlJj .. ~. te letteN, 1.831, 18,S. 18 ' , S\at.e siat. Soo. MOndA. 1 44.

!be .. aft phot.oatat oopt. •• ot original. 01Qled b7 \he Histor­ical, 1eIIOr1al., aael Aft Departaent of Iowa, Dea Vows. Letten, dated Often 1&7, Oct. 21, 1831 t,o S.C. Staabaugb; Prairie ctu Chien

214

to the Pl'$B1dent;· or the United state8; Prairle tiuCh1en and Galena, IU... 'ebNa.r,y ,,, 1.838 \0 0.0. Jcm.es. The coU.oUon also contains a letter of ZAcba17 fa;,lol", dated 'ort. Cl"awtord, Pratri. 4u CbUn, JulJ' 2, 18'5, t.o 'fY1l1~.M Clarke, OOftcern1Dg H.l .. Douawm and 'a\ber va~.

KaznoheU1, Rev. Samuel C., Ll1;ttr, Photostat, Sa.1at Clara ConVtlnt AroId.ws, f>1ne1nawa.

'nUa 1s an exoerpt of 11 photostat let.ter, the onglnal of wb10b 1s in Notre J.)aa. .A.roh1v.s, Iotre DaIae, tnd1.art.a. It deals with the n.bjeot ot a new dio ....

Ma .... U1, Samel Charl •• , -.oua H1ator:Leal and 1d1t. 01 a JU.~a1on ... &17 ApO.tol1c, Chicago, ran l'HilIii ($., 19I5, p. ..

The .. ~'L are the perlOUl reooUec\1Oft8 of PaUle" Manu­ebfJll J ot 8'" ~ UlOIl& the '¥&Ii.ous IDcli.an tn~ • .,.a &1101\1 the GatholJ.cs and Proteatants in t.be tkd.ted Siate., eo~ the ;rears _, __ 1830 'lip to 184,3. 'the7"'1"8 publ1ahed. 111 1841. at JI1l.an, ltalJ.. It 18 a '"l"f valuable eK>.urce tor earl, C!lu.rah history in on \be upper M1881.a1~pl.

21'

secondary Sources

Billington, R.A., _ }":Il'OHltMt C!3J.IY! lI99-Af20, New York, MacmUlan, 1938, pp. ,14.

A aob.ola.r17 work, t.he autbor 1s tair to both aides and quote. fre.l7 troa biB 8OUI'OO8._ A. go0f111lOl"k to abow relig1OU8 acti'dt!8. on the frontier.

BU.e4, Bn'. Benjaldn J., AHlr1!D !\j.cl !'e A!lrIss:A Ca~2' l!1Q-lJ!6q • . MU_ukee, 1944, pp. . '"

'the author made a cr1t1oal atudJ of bi. sources and brings O\lt. the taot that \be. ~p1d.. &X'Owtb of the catholic Church in the _cleSle of the 19th oent.vy •• 1D part ~ to the support 1t

. "_1,. froa the Leopo}.d1De 1oundation.

Bl'1gbaa, JOMaon, ~ DftlA!!:2!X 54 Ita F0£!!es\ Q1:\illena, .3 "VOls., Cb1eago, 1916.

The aut.bor in vol~. Oile, ,.ten t.o Father Mas •• 11i as laying the to'Ulldation for the tuture 41008. and the founder of the t1rat ohuroh in low.. He mentions but. br1et17 hi • ..,rk out-81. ot Dabuque.

Channing, lW:aIard, A H1atotl o( ibe Y!:J!Hd. 81&tel' 6 wls., New York, Ila~an .. 1905-192S, pp. 1;.

Vo1tl1'Je 5 _s used. for ita chapter on _stward. expansion ciuJ'1Dg t,h fim halt ot \he l.8t.h oent1U7.

Cole, CJ1"eftWl, A U1ato!X 0' tpe f!!Pl:! 0' I~, Ceda.r Rapids, Torcb Preas, 1940.

!'h18 18 an apprec1atJ.ve won of tJa settlement anc1growth of 10_. The first volume 1. useful tor this paper, since it cite. the mt8.ioU,17 labors in that ear17 penod belcN Iowa had at.ta1ned .tehoo4. The autbor quoies trom. 'ather llazzu­oheill'. H!!!!i£a.

Cole, C,-remas, 10-~ tit Xeaa. Iowa C1\7, State H1atoZ"1cal SOa:.let;y, Iowa, 1940, Pp. about 330.

rue is a compUat1on ot earUer editIons of 10_ li1ato17. lot, 80 trustworthy since it contradicts atat.emant. given in O't;her work. cona1dered reliable.

De.'f1daon, J.I., ~ Wi.Jf:I!alHh Study in the H1atory ot tbe Reg10n BetWHn Lake Id.ch1g&Q ami the •• el.sippi, MUwaukee, 1895, PP. 3r:tl.

ttd.. 1s not a 8Ch.olar7 writ. Mucb biae i. tounci in it.. A tew pape in thi. book g1. ve aA account ot the ear17 nd..a1on con­duCMd by Mr. W.ll. '8ft7 trom 1823 to 1834 at flaold.nac.

Donohue, BAl •• J.T., comp., st. M1ohael t • Pariah, 18)2-1932, Galena, XU., Galena Ga .... tte Pre •• , 1932, pp. U4. Thi. 18 a compUaUon ot pariah hieto17 including both

216

religious and 8001&1 phases of the ear17 m:1ning days.

Ford, Tho.a, &8)9" o{ ~oiSj Chicago, s.c. Griggs &: Co., 18'4, pp. 447.

'fbis work traces the histo1"1 of Illinois from its coll'llWnce­ment as a state 1n 181a to 1847. It &iva. a full account ot the Blaek Hawk War, and important ana iRteresting events ot the state.

French, Bella, ed., Nt-En ot Bl9!D Csnmt.l' 1'he American Sketch Book, .3 ~18. Green Ba7, Alleric&ll Sket~ Book Pub. Co., 1876, pp. 330.

Tb1s book: contains a brief SWDlDlU7 of the bistoZ7 of the Catholic Church at GrMn Bay, beg1rm1ng with 1042 and C&IT)'1ng it down through the t.ime of 'ather .Massuahelll. It includes the list ot pn8sts tbat Rdn1atered to the fa1tbtul. before a resident pastor waa stationed ~re.

1uh:r.maan, Joseph, ",.tel: of St. !ents Church 1.84Q:U14. Iowa City, Iowa, 1916, pp.:i7 •

This is a. reliable source ot local hiat.ol7. It deals with ear1.7 beg1.nn.1n&s ot Iowa Clty and the .Ye1opment, ot St. Mal7t s pan ••

9214g tuJ,s 1a Oem!!!t If-rs. by a Sister ot Saint Dom1n1c, Chicago, 1904, pp. 1'Z7.

The tint part ot this book has the "We-Sto1"'1 of Rbv. samuel Mazsuobell1". The subject matter of these- chapters 1. ma1nlJ' drawn tJ'OJa h1s !fIE1r!. The rema1D.der ot the book is dewted. to the ld.sWI7 of the rel1810118 ooDllRUl'dt1 be founded.

Griffith, 0.'., st. MatJW!s .PaOsh, A H1etoa. ;l'ltl-6228. Muacat1ne, Iowa, 1928, pp. SO.

The contents of tbis l1tU. volume are based on rather M'aIlZU­OOe111' 8 Memo!rs but. it. adds much pioneer lore ot local interest.

GI'1.ttlt.b., 0.1., st.Y!Hr" b£&!h leo!!!. Iowa, W2-.j,2§. Iowa Cath. Bl.t.. Soeiet,y i50llect1ons, No.2, pp. loo?

'1'b18 publication gives the earl1 hieto17 of St.. Peter' IS

Parish, enwarating the various people Who bacl 1Dbabited the Halt -Breecl t.ract..

Qu.e, Ben~u1n ,., 111!!'t!ra; oL· 10_, 3 'VOla... Iowa. This 1. a reiIabI. souroe of Iowa histo1'7. Volume one of this

.. , t'reat. ot tbe pioneer per'1od of Iowa t. hlator:y. In it au. makes ret.rence to Father Jlaszucbelli'. work.

Haug, JobaDn, 9,!schichte del' lathoYzsch!g Qrche 111 Wisconsl!!, This book 1. a valuabl.e one tor t.he stuq of 8&1'17 Church

h1ato1'7 in Wiaconain. It hues it. descript,lon of t.he old French aet.t.l.eMnts on dcC'Wlentar)" source.. The beg1md.ng ot 8"1'7 parish in Wisconain up to l895 1s briet17 rel.at.ed..

217

Harlarl, E.B.., A, Jarrati ... Hiatoa: ot tbe Pec>p!e ot Iowa, 2 'VOla., Chicago, 19.31. ",

Volume tltO of tMa Bet. has a brief account ot \be -1'17 Chur'ob in Iowa. It is valuable for ita report on the population ot that regioD tor the years 1814 to 18.37.

Hatcher, Harlan, l11! gElat L!k!s,We. YOrk, Oxford University Press, 1944, pp. :;74.

This book treats of the eli.COyer,,- of the Gnat Lake region and its explorers. Part. II, gives an account of the contliet; part III, region in American posHs.ion which includes a good chapter OD fur trade in operation; part IV tl'&08 up its de'ftlopant to present day-

Hem:tn&, Harry a., comp., '1'h! ~maucg ~mf'llQa. CathOlic Blat. Pub. Co., T.J. dull1-.an, _ , 95-1 ,pp. ii68.

'thi8 compilation has a 8ho1"\ aketch or a.ll the pari she. in Wiacona1n up to 1895.. The subject matter 18 practicaU7 the same ae Haugt a e<51tion.

!I1stoils0t Dav.1s gogtz Iowa, Des Moines, state Historical Collections, 1 2, pp. 16,.

rue 'book is UHtu.l tor the account ot the lead mines in ear17 Dubuque.

HHtoq of Dubue Cgugtl ;towa, Ohicago, ~1festem H1at.or1cal Co., 1882, pp. 400'(

In this book the reader gets a glimpse ot the sooial and l"8lJ.g1oua conditions 01 early Dubuque. It is helpful tor a sym.­pathetio und.eret.and1ng of the lIisaioQal"f's to11 and labor.

Hottmann, .v.atb1as u., sUsut DuDe, .6Z,2=l8}j, Dubuque, Telegraph Herold Preas, 19,0, pp. 2901

ru. is a scholarly work and '98luable tor the historical background ot 8&r11" DIolbuque. It make" reterence to an existing record ot bapUmu pertolWtd in the vUlage of Dubuque by Rev. Van Qu1ckenborne, S.J., on Jul.7 10, 18".

Hoffmann, Rev. Mathiaa X., comp. ed., ~ I:b!te2U 0& ~ ADJr PJ,0!!" or DIlbug!!" Columbia Oollege Preas, U_, 19~ pp. 647.

Sa Is a compilat.1on ot the individual hiat.orie. of the pari_s and inatitut.1ons and altogether 1t tells the &to17 of t.he centuried lite ot the archdiocese of Dubuque.

Hott'Dlann, Rev. Mathia., M., a. Church 'oun.!:" of \he lofth!!at., UU_Wtee, 19'7, pp • .387.

Ae praieelrort.h7 and. valuable as this ltOrk is, in tne Annals ot Church histo17, "search has led the writer to conclude that the chapter on Pathe,. JlacRCbell1 needs a reds1on. Although the atl\bor has a b1gh regard ud reverence tor this missionary J eo_ ot hi. .tai.ments lead the reader to draw tal.. cloncluaions.

218

Holford, castello :u:., !i1st.oa: If G1"&Dt. Copntl, Lancaster, Wis., The TeUer Print., 1900, pp_ 7 •

This 1s a lIOrk of general. inforraat.ion relating to Grant. CouDt7. Useful for t.his paper are the accounts it. gives of the early mining t.owns.

Judeaon,W.R., §t. M!~th! .. ts OSttW1!J,. Shn11sDm' j,S35-W5, 19.35, pp. lOO?

This centennial prows the foundat.ion of this parish _s laid by Father Mas_chelli, telling that. the t1rst baptism there is recorded in the handwrJ. ting ot this missionary, August. Z7 I lS35 .. Other source ma.\erial is g1 ven as told by' persons who personally knew Father Samu.el.

Johnson, Rev. Peter L., .&a 8 for the Mil .. Wee. Archdiocese aAII.}=194,3, lfilwaukee, Rusting Printing Co .. , 1943, pp. 1 O.

The.e essays have a statistical 't'alue tor ilia paper since the7 give the number of both t.he wlu:te and Indian population around Green ~ and 1fac1dnac in 1830. The missionary labors of Father Mazzuchelli are also mentioned.

Kenton, Edna, :}.'he Jesuit ReJ.aW.ons Sd ~d Do~nts. New York, Albe:rt and Charles Doni, 1925, pp. 5 •

This is a condtmced presentation ot 75 'fOlumes recounting the trawls and explorations of t.he Jesuit V1ssionanes of North .ru.nea. It. is usetul tor the early Church history on the Great Lakes.

Me Uurtr1., Douglas 0., MEg !l1nt1g, 1nw!:'!2Ps1g, SeAttle, ~~ash1ngton, Pub. and Pl'. Frank VoCaltre7, 1931, pp. 1701

fb1s book has a reterence to t.he AJ.nanac printed in 1833 for Father MazzucheUi.. It. contains a bibliography ot the press from 1833 to 1850 and shows the title-page ot the Almanac.

Mu.r:Ph1', Lawrence i. , Re:y.p.on and EduoaUoQ OQ the Flj?D,)ie[> A Life of Stephen Peet, Dubuque, Iowa, 1942?

The author is fair in presenting its subject matter, the Diary ot stephen Peet. This Protestant ndnistered in the frontier sett.le­ments ot ~lisconsin and was not weU acquainted with Catholic doctrine therefore as a writer, his works are very prejudicial..

Nev.Ule, Ella H., and Martin, Sarah G., Mart1n, Deborah a., Historic gJ!tn~, 16.34-1840, Green Bay, lS93, pp. 28, .

• book 1s prefaced 'b7 R .. G. Twa1t.es 'Who vouches tor 1t. to be accepted .a a truth.tul and wort.by picture ot Historic Green Bay. It 18 valuable t.herefore, tor the account it. present.. ot ear17 CathoUoity at Green BaT.

e.; t Daniel, V .1., Verr Rev., The gJ.g.ht Rev.. Edward Dom1n1c Fenwick, C.P u Cinc1rmati,. 1921, pp. 452.

This is a scholarly work:. '!'be book contains excerpts ot letters written by' Bishop Fenwick from Macld.nac, on }.fay 20, 18)1 and. Jul7 1.8, 1832, t.o Father Rese. They picture t.he condition

219

of the Church at Gften Bar and lIack1nac.

O'Danie1, , ... Victor F., Ii! P2.!Sn1oan Province ot st.: Joseph, Somerset, Oh1o, 108&17 Pre •• , 1942, pp. 517.

This 1. a ve17 .cholarly work and a most valuable con.tribution. to Cl'lw:"cb bUtol'7.. The histoncal and biographical studies a.re baRd on dOeuMftta.

Pet.erHn, Wm. J .. I SM!!Bteatin, 09 va U'lm!r U1.s1,.lpp~ !th! Water waZ to le!" Iowa C1ty, 10., 19'7 ..

fbi. 18 a tair repftHntatlon of tdle d.eve1opment of ,teamboat t.ranaportatlon on the Upper 1I1sa1,slppl and throws I'IU.Oh light on tJ1e _ttl.eaent of \bat reg1oa.

PUllng, JUleS a. , I!rWo&DR9.l 0& It; Sl~.S, Government Pl'1D.t.1nI Ottlce, Wa.ah1Agton, 1 ,pp. 51

'Ibis publicaUOI'l «1-s an account ot FatberVazllUcheUi'. Pl"8Pl" book printed in the Winnebago dialect.

Qu1.gl.e,., P.S., II!ltoa .Jf!I!?sS9! <to!Rtl, Chicago, Qoodapee4. Historical Asaoc1at.1on, pp. •

!hi. book gives 8. detalled description of the catholic Church in Dubuque enumerating tJw tinancial receipt, and. expenditures tor st. Bapbaelt 8 Cathedral.

Rezek, Antoine I., MateR 0' !lll 110 ft- ~t Sault 3ft, MN:ile, &: !HsI!'t.e, K1cb1pn, 1906, 2 1'018. PP • .39'.

Both of the.. '901Wllt\t, are ueful tor the early history 01 Maek1raac, and Sault Sainte lam, IUld NOOunts Father lazmchellita 1&bo1'8 at the.,. placeS} the influence a of the fur 'rad.ers on t.he Indlans &1'ld. it. ettects upon OhriatJ.aD1\7.

Bo\heneteiMl", .... dolm l ~\o!7 of tbe Arohdi0C)8s. of S', ~' St. Louis, 1928, 2 'lOla. pp. 8'9. (B1.aclcaU .~1el&nd7 co.

Volw. one of 'his .. t 1. to be valued tor 1\. pr1mary 8O'U.rO. _ter1al.. 'athert s apostolic works an quoted treel¥ trom. hi. MtEt;" but. it. 1. 1RWrepened with quotations and. exoerpt.s 11"OIl his ttera to B1ahop Rosa\! in St. Louis. Chapter 20 nlates his works in Galena and Dubuqu.e" the subject _tMr ot which 1. t.aken ma1nlT trom hi. l.t.t.ers to the B11hop. It. personal let.ter written at Prairie du Cbien Sept. 29, 1$)2, to Biabop RD_t.! give. an 1D.­eight. of \he condit.1ons of the Church at. Prairi. du Chien, for he gift. a crit.ical. eat.1mate of the prien. that. had preceded h1lI there.

ScanlaD,Peter L.,!!£N.l.1e • mB1?'lr!'ftjldtain.-Alaer!AA9. Menasha, Oeorp Banta Publisher, 193 , pp. 21 ..

Me ia an early b1at.ory of Pn1r:1.e du Chien, ahow.1ng it. as a tu.r-trading post under th.... NIimeS.. It Uats the .ar17 clel"Q" ac1la'lD1ster1.n& to the ta1tbtul at. tJds place. FatoM .. JIa,mobeill t. work a. a bu1l.der i8 emphazi8ed. as well &8 bis role as a ld.as1onary.

aal

.soaruan" Peter L.~ ~1U:~rg p, at Si!!lQ!l~1 flBa, Pra1r1e 0h1en, 1,,6, pp. . • . n. oatem1al, give. a, gooc:l account of 'ather Ilazzuchelli'a

work among the WiMega,go Iftdlans, and also his apostolic labors arJIL)D& the aettJArs at. Pralr1e, <iu ClUen.. Finally a det.aUed <iesrip­tion on the buUd:i.ng of st. Oabriel' a Church.

Shambaup, Benjam:1n r., los ai',. state B1n. Soc. of Iowa, 1893, PP. ll6. Thlawork 1s a eeatribution to tJae early h1ato1'7 of Iowa,

wlUDg of the besrdJ.1ags of \he .w cap1tal, Iowa. Cit1'.

Shea, Jolm G., ~ Of the ca..lic ChH:Sh ¥! tM ~ states, 1892, Hew Yo , 4 - I. pp. •

The .. '901u.s are the bin source ot our Ohuroh h1stol"1. But. 1t .nUona onl7 bl'!etl7 'a\ber ••• oheUi in conn.ct1on wlVl the 410._ of Dtibuque and 111. woric UOl'lg the Winnebago l'nd18Ds.

strong, Mo_8 H., comp., 1ID!rz of';Y'+J TtIt&ton: ot W&I9S!a!b l:8li: ~ Madison, DenIoc .. . !!I! I!! - h_

In this publ.1ca.t1on are preeerw4 the early accounts and aoUVtUes of T.rritor1alWiecoruwa.

Ttl-itO,Reuben a., 'l\! §Ell of WiH2lJ1lb Beaton, ~p, Lee & . Shepard Co., lS99, pp. 403.

1b.is 1s \M stolT of Wlaoona1n to14 in a a1mple 8Ild COIIpN­HIlld:w at71.. It 1. ~,tul ,tor ~ .aocount; it U •• ear17 histor­ical baokpo1md.

Wj'l.1:Sau Ii.c., • ~' A Ske't.eh 'Ult.or1oa1 and Desorlptiw, st. •. lpu1s, 1 .,pp. 1 ).

'Ibis book i8 only of :1nd1J'!ect Y&lue. It. teU. of tbe Prot.ea­tant.JD1n1.t.el'8 act.1Y1t.1ee on the Island bea1nn1n& in 1802 and t,be •• taW ... , of \he 'mt.aa1on in 1a~~ &1Yia& 1ta ProgJUl and

. pl'Ol1"8a.. It. qllOt4streely' tro.m .30h00lcrattan4 Pe.rkrnu. in re­pr<l to the Ind1ans_

·WilH •••• PhU1p, QIil._'~I,A 'bttpo\! te HlOea, Gal.eAa, 1941, pp. lCX)'?

'Ib1a work pre,,"e a piet.uN of ·t.heeaI"11'hiato17 ot Galena. It recoUllts the intl_ ~t a motJ.q typl4t of popul.ation into t.h1. m:1I'd.D.g center, Mldng it. a flao. 'l'o_". It. oont.a1n8 8tatisticS of lead pl'Odu.ct1on.

WU1d.e, haDe B., Rt~ PaI\M ,I:!!:t). Dawnpon, Publ1sh1Dg HouAIe ot Luae, Lane • CO., .• pp. ,_

This work include I the early history, peraonal and anecdotal reaiA1acences of nawnport. ..

m

Per1od1oala

Agpr1m ~tbO~ I!&dOr&atJ. •• aDblI• "SpeMh ot tWhlrl1n8 ThUftclert, ft W p. , wl. XII, 5, pp. ~61.

The.. Re .... nbee are val.u.ble tor the doCUlKmt. pnuJel"'ftd t.heft1n.

B&1J'd., Wzabetdl 't., ltBemin1a ..... of Bar17 Da,.8 on Maek:1Dae IaLand.", ". H&.£1~.ua.2U' "t01. XIV, 1898, pp, 19-23, 38-46.

• 1. a oon· rary account of the social and religious phaae of t.he IslanOt:rs.

Baird, Ell_beth '1'., ftRa1n1 ..... 01 We in 'len"1tor.1a1 Wisconsin", a.~ UlE'tti ~R •. -.01. XV, l.898, p. 238. author. 0 a~t1e8 ot re11g1on _d e4ueaUon 1n Often Sa)" tor t.he 1M" 1831-1833.

Butle .. , .1 .... 1)" "lather Mauucb.ell1 lt, iV&UOne:1n Hilton!!l OoMe!M!l8, 1898,'f01. 14" pp. 155-161.

!.bia 18 a bioarapb1e.al _tch of 'ather ... _ .. _lli, based. upon h1sI!!PW'

Coltoll, 1.1., -'atber waaftCheUl, Io1ra asslona", ~." 101M, Setr. " '901. 21, De. Mo1ne., 10., 1931·39, pp. .. ...)1 .. Gi_. an a(SOlum. of 'aiMr lfazzucm.Ui'. DI1aa1onary work: 1ft 10_.

De:V'1daoa, John N., .... as1on on Ohequmepn Bq", ff.H. Bat, 9!1l1' wl. XII, p. W

1ft thi8 article are _UonH some sectarian missionary aot.i:d.Ue. a' Sault Sdato Marl ••

Griffith, Charles'" -'!'he lreot.1oa ot the Dtooeae of Dawnport.", lti.4-Aaer1oa, y01. III, DO. 4, Chicago, IU1nols catholic H1at.­rcat Soor.i,., AprU, 1932, PP. '35-'43.

'th1. 1. a c1etaUed. disftH:i.Oft OIl the d1v1aoa ot tthe one 410 .... 1ft 10_.

Outh, Alexander Oarl, "Early Da7 Arcbit,eota in Wi.consin", !~ MI.'fLti 0' ~IZ' '9'01. 18, lacU.aon, 1934-35, pp. l4l-1 • .. • UU • g1 w. a good. •• cr:lpUon. ot earl;r cla)" arctd teeture

111 Wleoone1D.. For th1a paper t.be Dodp'fUle COurthoue 1. :Lmportant.

Gum, Joseph, "A Bu1ld.er ot the West", gOlJ!.liia, Jew lfawn, Conn., Jan_17 1928, pp. 24-25, M.

!be writer baa an appreciat.ive accountt ot 'ather .. zzuehel.l1 ba .. cllargely upon ·tu lfa?!E!-

Hetm1, Rt. ReT. John ••• "Letter of Jl1Iht Be_read JOM Martin. HeDni If, W1aeonain Jlagadm of H1at.ol"T, wl. I, Madison, 1926, p. 70.

'th18 1s a cont.emporar1 source ot hia1ltory valuable tor tbe

Ugbt it threws on the progress of the Church in Southwestem Wi.aonain.

222

Hott'Jl:I8mlJ ...... *\ll1u K.. "John Francia Hague-Pioneer Architect ot 10.·, ftIn!la pI l0ft~ vol. lIl. Dea Uo1aes, 10_, 193,.'5 pp. 4.44-446.

lD. this article 'ather Hottlll/lml sYal._tes the architectural role 'ather Jlazzuchelli pla)'ed in. the building of Old Capitol.

Hottmann. Rev. Matbias M., "John Rague, Architect". WI"condB !!Raine o£ "Ir'" vol. XII.

s publioa.Uon came. tbe .. atticle.

Hott.nn, BeY. Matb1as M ... ftst. Ilapbae1t s Sem1Daryft, ItI!~at., '101. lX, Iowa Clt.y, state H1stortoal Sootsty, 1930. pp:r 200.

rue i. a goocl desor1pt1on of the tint educational institu­t.ion 1n Iowa. It i. ueetul tor the e:uerpt ot Father lfazmchell1' s letter to Pope Gregory.

HottJwm. leY. tlatJdaa V., "The WiDnebago a.Bion:A caU" of Celebre", MU-AMdM, vol. n, No.1, July 1930, pp. 26-52.

'ather Rottmann tnc •• up the .t.ngle ot the OathOllc Church, clemanding justice for the W1nneba&O Iad1aDs.

12- geWl!11c H1!1C>tl!!l. !!Ilie., DIl'buqae, 10_ Cat.holic Historical SOo1.t1, 1;)0-1931, 9 vol .••

Thi. 1. DO longer a. C\U"1"eI1t perio4ical. 'the work ceapd atter the publ1eat.lon of 19,6. Grltfltb t a article on the founda­tion ot the Dubuque d1oee_ 1. ci.t.ed in vol'tlllllt VIII, as weU as QUd.ea View on the Old capitol, Iowa Clt.,..

Johnson, Pe\er L., "Un John Dousman"', QI!'e0l!o U-mld. 1.'bis article giftS a good account ot early Catbolic education

in .aaonaln.

lemper, Bishop Jackson, "Jottmal of an EpS,soopalian .8s101UU'7' s Tour to ONeil Bal·, 18)4, wax!! l.1,t, 00*,,, 'VOl. XU, l802, pp. '394-449.

'fb18 Joumal 18 u .. tul tor it.a pi.ture of ear11 t.ft.'nl to­gether with the 1SOC1a1 and n11gio •• CODd1tiona of the early 18)0'8,

K~r, an, John ,., "Catholic 1t1aa1onar1ea in the Ear17 and in the ftrr1torial Do.ytI of Iowa It, fY.!nI),8 of Iowa, vol. X, JJo. t, Des }.(o1nea, 1911-12. pp. 54-62.

'atM:r '_Dlpker pict.ure. the cond1t,lon of the Catholic Church upon Ute am val of at.abop Lora. and the <ievelopment of the Dubuque 410._.

Kempa,., Rev. John 1., ltV..,. Rev • .1.A.M. Pelamaurguea, I.G,ft, .Annal. of Iowa. 'f'01. Vl, 10. 2, Des Moines, 19,0, pp. 115-124. - This i8 a picture of the growth and d.ewlopaent of st. AIlt.hort:1's pariah of Dawnport under the ra1Wul and ertlcient adadnS8tration

2a3

of the aey. Pe1amaurpes.

Lat.hrop, H.ll., ft1'he Capitals and capitols of Io_tt, ,0-. &at., lUtercls, 'tOl. IV, loa Cit.y. 1888, pp. 97-124.

The city and 1ta capitol neeS:,. a detaUed description of their fouadation and ear17· 4eftlopm.ent.

Lea.ban, lev. B.C., "An Iowa f1.ofteern, ~I o£ 10~ .. 'VOl. VI, Des Moines, 1m, pp. 282-288 ..

ftds 1s an appreciative accout of 'ather laeauchem'. ac\1'd.tte., in Iowa.

Lenehan, ie'W'. B.C., "Rt. 38",. Math1a.s to._, D.D", 'irst Bishop of DWNqa.eft,tJ!!1lN.1 g( 12!J. y01. III, No.8, De. J.to1nes, 1m, pp. ':/17-600.

The autbor write. appreoiaUwly of Bl8bop Lone, tell.ing of hi- earl.1' days in Dtlbtlqu.e and the gI'01Irtb of hi. diooese" ~re ia a pel .scription of the tint, ca\beCh'lal"

Lookwood, J8M. H., dEarly ts... Md hute in Wlsoorud.n", GoU,. or ~tatd Il!t. ~ot ~i1 •• , le'5, 1-98.

A of Ws arUol. cites the Nlig1ou. e1tut10n at Pra1r1. du Chien.

JlaltiA, ~rab B., ItDootor WH.Uam BeauIIont,Hla We in Kao1d.nac anel wtaool'Ud.n ).$20-1834-, .'t 1M. o£ ua. ••• 1'01. IV, Jofad1aon, 1921, pp. 26)-286.

'fbi. article 1. uaetul tor the ... r.1pt1on of the cholera .p:1c1ead.c dur1ag 'at.ber lIasZ11CheUi t. 1not.tmbarl07.

ltc~r.t., Douglas C., trSarly·Pr1ntJ.ng 1n Wiaoona1nM, !lela !!I. 0& l1:e"

'VOl. 13, 1U.41aon, 1929-1930, pp. 100-102, 105-106. !be author gift. It good delOl'eptlon of Father Muzuohelll t.

A.Rlc prin\eel a1; 0Ie_ Bar in 1833.

MazR.Chelli, lev • .tJaaaelO., "Documents Bel&t1ng to the catholic Church in 0I!Mn Bq, aDd the K1Ie1on at. L1tUe Chute, 182s-40" • .!l!.a. D~;f' vol. IIV, Madlson, 1898, pp. 166, 176-179, lS3-187,

Vo1UB111t tov\een o,f tb1. collection has important letters &IlCl 4oet.aeftts relaUDg to Pather liaz!ltlCMll1 f s m1 .. iona17 act.1:v1tl •••

tlazZ\lebelll, ReY ...... 1 0., "Let;ten of va .. Mauuchell1", 1!s9!le of l!!pI Ser. " 'tOl. %1, pp • .313-314.

The .. are personal let.ts" g1 v1ng a good aceoun.t ot t.bla td.aa1oaar.rt 8 act1 Y1Ue. and. 001'ldlt1one ot N].1g1on.

lIauu.-.u1, Rev. SUUl1 C., L!\kl'!. Il.l.i.aola Ca:tbol1c H1stol"1oal ReT., wl. III, 68, 69, 1.31. ft... are useful letters tor early ChUl'Ch h1at.o17 in t.he c1ecade of tb.e thirti.s.

!lglQlS! Nee.!: y4 .!f.!.&0J1cal. Co1J:ect.iona, VI, )9.3 .. This publicat.ion gives an evaluation of the Presbyterian

school at Yacldnac.

224

KUler, Col. John, "Biddle's Recollectiona of Oreen Bay in 1816-1817", vol. I, pp. 42-63, ¥v", Hill, CoU,

In these recollections are references to the building or Fon Howard at. Green l3aJ.

Pariah, JaM C., "Fatiler Yauuchell1/l, IQ! P!lW!!8t, vol. I, Iowa Cit.,., state Hist. Soc., Oct., 1920" pp. lOl-llO.

!his article reTie.1 the works or 'ather Massuchelll and hie contributions to tJte Ctmrch 1n 10-.

Pelzer, Louis, "A tiniature Frontier ot the FortJ.es", ips J9J!m!l. of Histog; MS Pol1tlc8, vol. lIIl, pp. 19.

Describes the stl"Ul@;ling daYI ot Iowa f 8 frontier deftlopm.ent ..

Plum, H.G., "Ttut Old stone BuUd1ng", liB ItLllh Dn2m, vol. XII, Iowa O1ty, 1888"

This a.uthor bas a good description of the original. plan of the Old Capitol.

Price, Bllpbal.et, IlDubuque in Early fl.me.", A.rmaJ.. Qt 10 •• vol. VIII, De. Vows, 186S, pp. 36, '41.

Th. a.uthor present.s a Ti1'id plctUl'e of ea.rly Dubuque, not om1t.t1ng bis dealing. with 'ather Mazsucbelli ..

RothenM1ner., Re.... John, "The NoJl't.heaatem Part of t.he Dio08se under Bishop RoMti lt

, ~. ca1;bii M!t. Re,y., 'VOl. II, No. 1,2,),4, Chicago, July 1919, pp. 1~195, ~-2i5, .39b=416, vol. III, No.1, pp. 61-67, rio. 2, 126-14.5, No.3. pp. 284-)02.

L'b.eSEI SOUl"Ces are usef'ul tor the many letters and docUlD.f.tnta pe1"t.ain1ng to the acti Tit.ie. or the early missionaries in that part of the terri tory.

Scanlan, P.L., IIpton.eX' Pri.ests at Prairie du Chien", iSM, MY. ot Uld., 'VOl. 1.3, Madison, 1929-19.30, pp. 1()()"102, 1.05-106.

This article 11 useful lor 'ather u..zzuohe1l1 t • aC\ivit1es in and. around Pra1:rie du Chien.

SeWer, JOMph, "The ~l[lacona1n Lead Reglonlt , Wif!'!OB!!e ~.dal Book, 'VOl. III, .MAdison, 19.32.

This publication alao gives a good 'fiew of the locial eon­ditione in 1:.he mining district.

Sbambaugh, B.F'., "The Old Capitol Remembers", NtmRUQ, vol. XX, Pi>. 164-165.

The article i. a d1lcusslon on the building of the Cap! tol.

Snelling, Josiah, "Ev.Ua of the Use ot Liquors 1n the Fur-Trade", 1825, W1s.Hlst. Co:u:., Madison, vol. XX, pp. 382-)84'

225

The author ponrap vividl7 the ettects of the liquor evu. on the social and flI'):ral ill. ot the period ..

Sonfty, Charles L .. , "'lbe Lazar18t.S ln .Illlnol.", I .. , Oat.h. u:tt. ReT, This 1. u88tul tor the activitie. of the Lazarists .81on­

a1'1.. in Il.llnola.

Tbo.mpson Joseph .I., ItThe D.lino1. Millslons", We, Oath. !!!It,. I!!v" -.01. I, pp. 37-63.

The author makes retennce to 'a\ber Alloues evangel1e&l labors.

'lbwa1te., fteuban G. "6e:vent)"'-tlllO Years BeooUeotlona ot wlsconaln", 1695-1813, W~s. JAAt gg~lu 1'01. III, pp. 261.

The.. reoolleotion. are useful for the ld_toq ot the early Fzrench Period of Green Bay.

Thwa1te., Reuben G., ftNot.es on Early Lead. lf1n1ng", ~Vts. Hist. Q9}J;,.. ~l. lIII, p. 281.

Tbi8 art1cle 81lI.IIMriu. the d.evelopIMnt of the lead m:l..nes in Southwest Wiscona1n.

i'ialah, Matthew .I .. , "Notre Dale, Antecedent. and DeftlopMntatt , m.s. Ga:l:b'art !fir. -.01. Iv p. m.

1s an account ot the rel1g1ou. conditions on the t:ront1er.

lfitacOl1dn M!We otJ!1!toa. "AotlY1\ies in Wlsccnsln sac Pra1ri.~f, yol. I PP. fi:n:.

Tbe.. are docu.nt. ftGOUfttiDg personal experience in the region arouml 1847.

Whittlesey, Charle., "RecoUectlons ot a Tour Through wlsconein in 18l2" , wta, Mat. qe~ Uadiaon, vol. I, pp. 70-71.

the .. ,.. Mtion. hav. Nterenees to the EptaooPlliaA M1ae1oD School.

226

hwapapel"S

A.J."t., ftIJhe ReT. samuel C. Mauuchelll", f!DM! lleA!,!er. December 19, 1897.

'J!be author, a oontMpora17 of ,.\her .... .-111, liv1n& at. san FftlAe18CO at \he tiM of the prie.t 'e 4eath, paW ... 11'1 1ft Ia.tern paper an apprec1aUw acoouat ot 'ather's vamel act1Y.lt1es on the trontJ.er. The J>o&e Rapner requowd the arUcal.e.

~ 1t!!R!p!rs. 1932. A el1pp1ba, relat1q the hlAo17 of the Qal_a Market RowJe.

MarebaU, O.A., ..... U1aI1nIa, Put aad he .. t.", ~ 1!JD!l, JtIl7 lS, 1909.

'ftw art.1c18 mak.ee brief reterence to st. Auguetine' s Catholic ChUrob a\ lew U1aI1nIa.

101lellllU7, 51 ... 1' O.P., -'ather SUlu.el O.G. "zS'U.Cbell1", QUlwat HeNks. feroen\eaary Supple.-nt, 1634-1934, pp. :t1-'211, 8 .• . "i. a biography of 'a\her .HUGheU! and a brief ..... JBa1"7 of hi. aot.:t:Y1Ue. on tU tronttel".

kMN,t:ga ~e' Hiatol'1calld1t.J.on, 1925. A • ~on requot.e4 in a letter, OIl the early hi.torr of

BurJ.intPon.

Vf7ngaard, J.W., 'D!! Dee MQW. Sundar "Atter, De. Moine., Iowa? Quotes ".mebeUi'. &bare in tJle clne10~t of tro1'1'18r

10-'.

2:¥/

cornapond.eDoe

Oul.l..inaft, it. Rev. Mgr .. I.E., Itl2ru. sent A1I&Ut 10, 1945, Burlington, Iowa.

Pan of th1 .. 1 .. "quoted under "wapapen, !!!r~Jn Ha .... k!.

Lifta, Rev • .soeeph, AtUME, lIaokinao Ieland, M1cb1pn, Februar,y 18, 1946.

COIl\a1na the record of tbe baptlau adm1n1_wftd b7 Father Mazzaebelli, 18,0-18)3"

fa8ohala, Siater *'7, v.f., LI'HE!, S1n4d.nawa, Wi.cona1n. Information ... Mound tb.rw&b 1nqulr.r b7 the wr1ter of

t.h1. thee18 at w.:r1.oua 1ntenallJ while the _rk •• in propee ••