EXTRACTION OF GAHARU ESSENTIAL OIL USING MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION (MAE) MOHD ROSLI BIN RAMLY A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Natural Resources University College of Engineering & Technology Malaysia NOVEMBER 2006
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EXTRACTION OF GAHARU ESSENTIAL OIL USING MICROWAVE
ASSISTED EXTRACTION (MAE)
MOHD ROSLI BIN RAMLY
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award
of the degree of Bachelor of Chemical Engineering
Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Natural Resources
University College of Engineering & Technology Malaysia
NOVEMBER 2006
ii
DECLARATION
I declare that this thesis entitled “Extraction of Gaharu Essential Oil Using
Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE)” is the result of my own research except as cited
in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently
submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature : .................................................... Name : MOHD ROSLI BIN RAMLY Date : 20 November 2006
iii
Dedicated to my beloved father, mother, and family……..
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In order to complete this research, I was in contact with many peoples,
researchers, academicians and practitioners. All of them have assisted me in many ways
towards completing this research. They also have contributed towards my understanding
and thoughts. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my main supervisor,
Puan Fatmawati Adam and my co-supervisor, Cik Mazni Ismail for his encouragement,
guidance, critics and friendship during in finishing my research.
I also would like to thanks the personnel of Faculty of Chemical Engineering and
Natural Resource (FKKSA), especially lectures for their assistance and cooperation. Not
forgotten to Mr. Joharizal Johari and Mr. Hazami Hussien for their advices, motivation
and ideas. Without their continued support and interest, this research would not have
been the same as presented here.
I am also indebted to University College of Technology and Engineering
Malaysia (KUKTEM) for funding my Degree study. My biggest thanks to the staff of
FKKSA Chemical Laboratory especially Pn. Norlia Mohammad, Cik Idayu and En
Anuar Ramli for their directly or indirectly influential and supportive in finishing this
research.
My sincere appreciation also extends to all my colleagues and others who have
provided assistance at various occasions. Their views and tips are useful indeed. Your
kindness is really appreciate and always in my mind forever. Thank you.
v
ABSTRACT
Gaharu or it scientific named Aquilaria malaccensis is one of the most precious
trees in the world. It is one of the most expensive natural products existing today. Gaharu
is also known as Agarwood, eaglewood, aloeswood, oud, chen-xiang, and jingkoh.
Gaharu grade C from peninsular Malaysia was used in this study. Conventional
extraction method such as ultrasonic extraction and Soxhlet extraction is not effective,
lower yield and the reaction time to produce gaharu essential oil take longer extraction
time. Microwave assisted extraction method was identified as one of the extracting
methods account to the economical, high yield and ease of the operation. By doing
microwave assisted extraction, the time and temperature is observed by analyzing the
data. The pressure performed at atmosphere (1atm), and temperature range is from 60°C
to 100°C. For overall result, the yield percentage obtained is 0%. This is because the
parameters that used in this experiment are not suitable for gaharu using microwave
assisted extraction method. Low yield of the gaharu essential oils can be improved in
future study by carrying out the research in larger scale.
vi
ABSTRAK
Gaharu atau nama sainstifiknya Aquilaria merupakan salah satu tumbuhan yang
berharga di dunia. Pada masa kini gaharu merupakan hasil yang sangat berharga dalam
bidang pengektrakan minyak.Gaharu juga dikenali sebagai Agarwood, eaglewood,
aloeswood, oud, chen-xiang, dan jingkoh. Gaharu gred C dari semenanjung Malaysia
akan digunakan dalam kajian ini.Teknik yang digunakan sebelum ini untuk
pengekstrakan seperti ultrasonic dan Soxhlet adalah tidak sesuai. Ini kerana, hasil yang
didapati adalah kurang dan masa yang panjang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan minyak
pati gaharu. Kaedah pengektrakan mikrogelombang telah dikenalpasti sebagai satu
kaedah yang menjimatkan, hasil yang tinggi, dan mudah untuk digunakan. Dalam kaedah
ini, parameter yang terlibat adalah tekanan dan suhu. Tekanan yang digunakan adalah
pada tekanan atmosfera (1 atm) dan suhu yang terlibat adalah diantara 60°C-100°C bagi
mengenal pasti hubungan antara suhu dan masa untuk menghasilkan pati minyak gaharu.
Untuk keseluruhan experimen, tiada peratusan penghasilan diperolehi (0%). Hal ini
disebabkan, parameter yang ditetapkan adalah tidak sesuai dalam pengektrakan gaharu
menggunakan kaedah mikrogelombang. Hasil minyak gaharu yang rendah ini dapat
dipertingkatkan pada kajian akan datang menggunakan skala yang lebih besar.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITTLE PAGE
ORGANIZATION OF A THESIS
TITLE i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLE x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF APPENDICES xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION xiii
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Gaharu 1
1.2 Microwave Assisted Extraction 1
1.3 Problem Statement 2
1.4 Objective 3
1.5 Scope 3
viii
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Gaharu 4
2.1.1 Gaharu 4
2.1.2 Harvesting of Gaharu 5
2.1.3 Gaharu trade 7
2.1.4 Structure and chemical compound of Gaharu 8
2.2 Essential oil 10
2.2.1 Gaharu essential oil 10
2.2.2 Benefit of essential oil 11
2.2.3 Physical properties of essential oil 11
2.2.4 Chemical properties of essential oil 12
2.3 Extraction 12
2.3.1 Extraction of essential oil 13
2.3.2 Type of extraction (essential oil) 13
2.3.2.1 Steam distillation 13
2.3.2.2 Enfluerage 14
2.3.2.3 Supercritical fluid extraction using CO2 15
2.3.2.4 Solvent extraction 16
2.3.2.5 Microwave assisted extraction 17
2.4 Collection and trade of Gaharu 18
2.5 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 21
ix
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 23
3.2 Drying process 23
3.3 Grinding process 24
3.4 Soaking process 25
3.5 Extraction process 26
3.6 Analysis process 27
3.6.1 Scanning Electron Microscope 27
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Introduction 29
4.2 Gaharu Essential Oil Yield 29
4.3 Extraction Using Microwave 31
4.4 Scanning Process 32
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion 36
5.2 Recommendations 37
REFERENCES 38 APPENDICES 42 APPENDICES A 43 APPENDICES B 45
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO TITLE PAGE 2.1 Gaharu grade 8
2.2 Structure of agarospirol, Jinkoh-eremol and Khusenol...9 4.1 Data for percentage yield 30 4.2 Data for extraction process 31