Extra Syntax Exercises 4 Ken Ramshøj Christensen Aarhus University 2016 Coordina@on. Head Movement: V°-to-I° and I°-to-C°. XP-movement: Wh-movement. 1
ExtraSyntaxExercises4
KenRamshøjChristensenAarhusUniversity
2016
[email protected]:V°-to-I°andI°-to-C°.XP-movement:Wh-movement.
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Exercise1
Classifyandgiveasmuchinforma@onasyoucanabouteachofthewordsinthefollowingsentence:
ThoseveryrustyandbluntinstrumentsthatIle5inthegarageshouldnotbeusedforbrainsurgery.
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Exercise2Drawthetreestructureofthefollowingsentences:(1) Becausethisexercisemightbetricky,youshould
concentrate.(2) ItisactuallygeVngverylate.(3) IsitalwayscoldandbiXer?(4) Whatisshedoing?(5) Whydidthechickencrosstheroad?(6) WherecanIgetalargebeerandabigbowlofcrisps?(7) Doeshereallyknowwhattodonext?(8) Whodoherfriendsregretthattheyinvited?(9) Whowillknowwhichonetochoose?
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ANSWERSTOEXERCISE1
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Those Determiner,D°,demonstra@ve,plural,func@onword
in Preposi9on,P°,lexicalcontentword(sometreatmentsseepreposi@onsasfunc@onwords)
very Adverb,Adv°,lexicalcontentword the Determiner,D°,ar@cle,definite,func@onword
rusty Adjec9ve,Adj°,aXribu@ve,posi@ve(plain),lexicalcontentword
garage Noun,N°,commonnoun,countnoun,singular,lexicalcontentword
and Coordina9ngconjunc9on,func@onword
should Auxiliaryverb,I°,modal,finite,simplepastform,func@onword
blunt Adjec9ve,Adj°,aXribu@ve,posi@ve(plain),lexicalcontentword
not Adverb,Adv°,nega@on,func@onword
instrumentsNoun,N°,commonnoun,countnoun,plural,lexicalcontentword
be Auxiliaryverb(passive),V°,non-finite,infini@ve,func@onword
that Complemen9ser,C°,subordina@ngconjunc@on,func@onword
used Lexical/mainverb,V°,non-finite,pastpar@ciple(NOTsimplepast),lexicalcontentword
I Pronoun,D°,firstperson,singular,nomina@ve,func@onword
for Preposi9on,P°,lexicalcontentword(sometreatmentsseepreposi@onsasfunc@onwords)
le6 Lexical/mainverb,V°,finite,simplepastform,(NOTpastpar@ciple),lexicalcontentword
brainsurgery
Noun,N°,compound,commonnoun,non-countnoun,lexicalcontentword
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ANSWERSTOEXERCISE2
TreesdrawnusingMilesShang’sSyntaxTreeGenerator(hXp://mshang.ca/syntree/)Addi@onaltext,figures,linesandarrowsaddedinMicroso5PowerPoint
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(1)
Adjunct:ThisembeddedclauseisamodifieradjoinedtothematrixIP.ItprecedesthesubjectinthematrixIP-spec.
Mightisamodalverb.ModalsarealwaysFINITEandareborninI°.
Shouldisamodalverb.ModalsarealwaysFINITEandareborninI°.
SubjectinIP-specofmatrixclause
SubjectinIP-specofembeddedclause
Adjunc@ontoanXPprojectsanotherinstanceofthatXP.
MainverbsneverleaveV°(exceptbe).
Thecopulaverbbe(”mainverbbe”)isbase-generatedinaV°(unlikethemodals,ithasanon-finiteform).WhenitisFINITE,itmovestoI°,whereitprecedestheadverbialleh-adjoinedtoVP.
ThisembeddedclauseisadjoinedtoIP.NotethatthereisNOsubject-auxiliaryinversion(SAI)here,sothereisnoneedtopostulateaCP.
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(2)
V°-to-I°movement:AuxiliarybeisborninV°,butitMOVEStoI°whenitisFINITE.
MainverbsneverleaveV°(exceptbe).
SubjectinIP-spec
Adjunct:Leh-adjoinedmodifierofVP
Adjunc@ontoanXPprojectsanotherinstanceofthatXP.
Leh-adjoinedmodifierofAdjP
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(3)
V°-to-I°movement:ThecopulabeistheonlymainverbthatevermovestoI°,anditonlydoessowhenitisFINITE.(AuxiliaryhaveandbeareborninV°andmovetoI°whenFINITE.)
I°-to-C°movement:Subject-auxiliaryinversion(SAI)
SubjectinIP-spec
Adjunct:Leh-adjoinedmodifierofVP
COORDINATION:[email protected]@on,coordina@onprojectsanotherinstanceofthephrasetypeofthetwocoordinatedcons@tuents(here:AdjP).
Adjunc@ontoanXPprojectsanotherinstanceofthatXP.
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(4)
V°-to-I°movement:BeisborninV°andmovestoI°whenitisFINITE.
I°-to-C°movement:Subject-auxiliaryinversion(SAI)
Wh-movement:MovementtoCP-spec
Object:Bornasthe
sisterofV°
SubjectinIP-spec
MainverbsneverleaveV°(exceptbe).
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(5)
Wh-movement
I°-to-C°movement:Subject-auxiliaryinversion(SAI).
Do-supporttakesplacedirectlyintoI°:dummydoisalwaysFINITE.
Adjunct:OriginatesasamodifierofVP
SubjectinIP-spec
Object:theDPsisterofV°
MainverbsneverleaveV°(exceptbe).
Adjunc@ontoanXPprojectsanotherinstanceofthatXP.
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(6)
Wh-movement:Movementtospec-CP
I°-to-C°movement:Subject-auxiliaryinversion(SAI).
Canisamodalverb.Modalsarealways
FINITEandareborninI°.
Adjunct:OriginatesasamodifierofVP Subject
inIP-spec
MainverbsneverleaveV°(exceptbe).
COORDINATION:[email protected]@on,coordina@onprojectsanotherinstanceofthephrasetypeofthetwocoordinatedcons@tuents(here:DP).
Com-plement
ofN°
Leh-adjoinedmodifierofNP
Leh-adjoinedmodifierofNP
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I°-to-C°movement:Subject-auxiliaryinversion(SAI).
Do-supporttakesplacedirectlyintoI°:dummydoisalwaysFINITE.
SubjectinIP-spec
Adjunct:Leh-adjoinedmodifierofVP
MainverbsneverleaveV°(exceptbe).
Clausalobject:SisterofV°.Sisteroftheverbknow.NON-FINITEembeddedclause.
TheINFINITIVEmarkertoisinI°.
Object:Bornasthesisteroftheverbdo.
(7)
Non-overtsubjectinIP-spec
Anon-overtsubject(ec)inIP-spec–an‘understood’subject–ispossibleonlyinsomenon-finitesentences.
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(8)
Clausalobject:Sisteroftheverbregret.
I°-to-C°movement:Subject-auxiliaryinversion(SAI).
Do-supporttakesplacedirectlyintoI°:dummydoisalwaysFINITE.
SubjectinIP-spec
SubjectinIP-spec
MainverbsneverleaveV°(exceptbe).
Object:BornasthesisterofV°
Wh-movement:Movementtospec-CP
Wh-movement:Movementtospec-CP
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(9)
SubjectinIP-spec
Shouldisamodalverb.ModalsarealwaysFINITEandareinsertedinI°.
MainverbsneverleaveV°(exceptbe).
Clausalobject:Sisteroftheverbknow.NON-FINITEembeddedclause.
TheINFINITIVEmarkertoisinI°.
MainverbsneverleaveV°(exceptbe).
Non-overtsubjectinIP-spec
Object:BornasthesisterofV°
Wh-movement:Movementtospec-CP
Mainclausewh-ques@onwithalocalwh-subjectinIP-spec,NOTinCP-spec