1 Extended Learning Module A Computer Hardware and Software
Jan 03, 2016
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Extended Learning Module A
Computer Hardware and Software
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Introduction
Information technology (IT) – computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization.
Hardware – the ______ ________ that make up a computer.
Software – the set of _________ that your hardware executes to carry out a specific task for you.
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A Quick Tour of Technology
Six categories of hardware
1. _______ device -2. _______ device -3. Storage device4. Central processing unit (CPU)
RAM, or random access memory, 5. __________ device -6. Connecting device –
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Trends in Computer System Capabilities
FirstGeneration
FirstGeneration
SecondGeneration
SecondGeneration
ThirdGeneration
ThirdGeneration
FourthGeneration
FourthGeneration
FifthGeneration
FifthGeneration
VacuumTubes
VacuumTubes Solid-StateSolid-State Integrated
CircuitsIntegrated
Circuits
LSI, VLSIMicro-
processors
LSI, VLSIMicro-
processors
GreaterPower,Smaller
Footprint
GreaterPower,Smaller
Footprint
Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, and Less Costly
Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, and Easy to Maintain
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Categories of Computers By Size
_______________ – a small hand-held computer that helps you surf the Web and perform simple tasks such as note taking, calendaring, appointment scheduling, and maintaining an address book.
______________ - a fully functional computer designed to be carried around and run on battery power.
Desktop computer - the most popular choice for personal computing needs.
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Categories of Computers By SizeMinicomputers, Mainframe Computers, and Supercomputers
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A Quick Tour of Technology
Software types include: Application software - solves specific
problems or perform specific tasks. System software - handles tasks
specific to technology management. Operating system software - controls
application software and manages hardware devices.
Utility software - provides additional functionality to the operating system.
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Trends in Computer SoftwareFirst
GenerationFirst
GenerationSecond
GenerationSecond
GenerationThird
GenerationThird
GenerationFourth
GenerationFourth
GenerationFifth
GenerationFifth
Generation
User-Written ProgramsMachine Languages
Packaged ProgramsSymbolic Languages
Operating SystemsHigh-Level Languages
DBMS Fourth-Generation LanguagesMicrocomputer Packages
Natural & Object-Oriented
LanguagesMultipurpose
Graphic- Interface Network-Enabled Expert-Assisted
Packages
Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled ApplicationPackages for Productivity and Collaboration
Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages andTools
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Software: Your Intellectual InterfaceApplication Software
Application software is used to meet specific information-processing needs, including such things as: Payroll Customer relationship management Project management Training Word processing and many others.
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Software: Your Intellectual InterfaceApplication Software
Personal productivity software - performs personal tasks, including such things as creating: Memos Graphs Slide presentations
Team Work
Buying Personal Productivity
Software Suites
(p. 49)(p. 49)
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Software: Your Intellectual InterfaceApplication Software
Word processing – Spreadsheet – Presentation – Desktop publishing Personal information management
(PIM) –Web authoring – Graphics – Communications
Database management system (DBMS)
Personal finance.
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Software: Your Intellectual InterfaceApplication Software
___________ market software
Horizontal __________ software
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Software: Your Intellectual InterfaceSystem Software
Operating system software - controls application software and manages how hardware devices work together.
__________- allows you to work with more than one piece of software at a time.
Utility software - adds additional functionality to the operating system.
_____________ - utility software that scans for and often eliminates viruses in RAM and storage devices.
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Software: Your Intellectual InterfaceSystem Software
Uninstaller software – utility software that removes software from your hard disk.
Disk optimization software – utility software that organizes information on your hard disk.
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Software: Your Intellectual InterfacePersonal Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows 2000 Pro Microsoft Windows 2000 Me Microsoft Windows XP Home Microsoft Windows XP Pro Mac OS. Linux –
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Top 10 Signs You Need a New Computer
10. That burning smell whenever you boot up. 9. Can't find replacement vacuum tubes. 8. Te damnd kybrd dosnt wrk. 7. You have so little memory your computer forgets
everything you type in. 6. You don't "surf" the Web, you drown. 5. Your favourite punch-card outlet just went out of business. 4. You keep getting calls from the curator at the
Smithsonian. 3. Your computer crashes every time you sneeze. 2. You're still using 5.25" floppy disks for mass storage. 1. Your cell phone can play better games than your PC.
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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceCommon Input Devices
Keyboard Trackball Point-of-sale
(POS) Pointing stick Microphone Touchpad
Mouse Bar code reader Touch screen Optical mark
recognition (OMR)
Scanner
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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceCommon Output Devices
CRTs Flat-panel
displays –. Resolution of a
screen– Dot pitch
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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceCommon Output Devices
Resolution of a printer - the number of dots per inch (dpi) it produces, which is the same principle as the resolution in monitors.
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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceCommon Output Devices
Inkjet printers – make images by forcing ink droplets through nozzles.
Laser printers – form images using an electrostatic process.
Multifunction printers – scan, copy, and fax, as well as print.
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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceCharacteristics of CPUs and RAM
Central processing unit (CPU) - the actual hardware that interprets and executes the software instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together.
RAM, or random access memory, - temporary storage that holds the information, the application software, and the operating system software.
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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceCharacteristics of CPUs and RAM
CPU speeds
CPU cycles determine how fast a CPU executes software instructions.
More cycles means faster processing (and more cost.)
Megahertz (MHz) - the number of millions of CPU cycles per second.
Gigahertz (GHz) - the number of billions of CPU cycles per second.
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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceCharacteristics of CPUs and RAM
RAM capacity is expressed in bytes.
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Moore’s Law
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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceCommon Storage Devices
Storage device capacities are measured in terms of bytes. Megabyte (MB or M or Meg) – is
roughly 1 million bytes. Gigabyte (GB or Gig) - roughly 1
billion characters. Terabyte (TB) - roughly 1 trillion
bytes.
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Storage Trends
FirstGeneration
FirstGeneration
SecondGeneration
SecondGeneration
ThirdGeneration
ThirdGeneration
FourthGeneration
FourthGeneration
FifthGeneration
FifthGeneration
Magnetic Drum
Magnetic Drum
MagneticCore
MagneticCore
MagneticCore
MagneticCore
LSI SemiconductorMemory Chips
LSI SemiconductorMemory Chips
VLSI SemiconductorMemory Chips
VLSI SemiconductorMemory Chips
Trend: Towards Large Capacities Using Smaller Microelectronic Circuits
Trend: Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media
Magnetic TapeMagnetic DrumMagnetic TapeMagnetic Drum
Magnetic TapeMagnetic DiskMagnetic TapeMagnetic Disk
Magnetic DiskMagnetic TapeMagnetic DiskMagnetic Tape
Magnetic DiskOptical Disk
Magnetic Tape
Magnetic DiskOptical Disk
Magnetic Tape
Optical DiskMagnetic DiskOptical Disk
Magnetic Disk
PrimaryStoragePrimaryStorage
SecondaryStorage
SecondaryStorage
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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceCommon Storage Devices
Floppy disk High-capacity floppy disk Hard disk CD-ROM CD-R (compact disc – recordable) CD-RW (compact disc – rewritable) DVD-ROM – DVD-R – DVD-RW, or DVD-RAM, or DVD+RW
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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceTelecommunications Devices
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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceTelecommunications Devices
Types of modems include: Telephone modem Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) modem Cable modem Satellite modem
Module E covers these in more detail.
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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceTelecommunications Devices
Communication software includes: Connectivity software – enables you to
use your computer to “dial up” or connect to another computer.
Web browser software – enables you to surf the Web.
E-mail software – enables you to electronically communicate with other people by sending and receiving e-mail.
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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceConnecting Devices
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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceConnecting Devices
Different hardware devices require different kinds of ports and connectors.
_________- the plug-ins found on the outside of your system box (usually in the back) into which you plug a connector.
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Hardware: Your Physical InterfacePorts
__________ port
Serial port
____ port
Keyboard and mouse ports