EXTENDED AND TRANSFERRED MEANING :Metaphor and Metonymy Shelley dreamed it. Now the dream decays. The props crumble. The familiar ways are stale tears trodden underfoot. The heart’s flower withers at the root. Bury it, then, in history’s sterile dust.
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EXTENDED AND TRANSFERRED MEANING :Metaphor and Metonymy Shelley dreamed it. Now the dream decays. The props crumble. The familiar ways are stale tears.
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EXTENDED AND TRANSFERRED MEANING :Metaphor and Metonymy
Shelley dreamed it. Now the dream decays.
The props crumble. The familiar ways
are stale tears trodden underfoot.
The heart’s flower withers at the root.
Bury it, then, in history’s sterile dust.
The slow years shall tame your tawny lust.
(Song at the Year’s Turning by R.S Thomas, 1956 )
Group Work: Questions
Why do people continue to speak the way they do or change the way they speak?Hoffman views language as inextricably linked with identity. Explain how this is so.A language can assume a symbolic significance in what Clark Blaise refers to as individual’s “moral landscape”. Consider the ways in which language functions as symbol in the article and the video.
Cultural Meanings are transmitted by:
• The classification of words: kinship terminologies
• The focal meaning and prototypes:The best example of a word
• The processes of semantic transfer and and extension: metaphors and metonymies
Irony tries to capture the difference between opinion and truth, revealing two levels of meaning: a literal one
and a deeper one. Irony doesn't work until you see the second meaning.
Metaphors
• Unspecified comparisons between entities sharing some features: animal (lion) and human
• Metaphor: an implied comparison between entity or event and another based on their sharing certain referential attributes. Metaphors highlight features of similarity between different entities.
ANGER IS HEAT and BODY IS CONTAINER FOR EMOTIONS
• You make my blood boil.
• She got all steamed up.
• He's just blowing off steam.
• He erupted.
• He boiled over.
• He exploded
BELIEFS are POSSESSIONS and IDEAS are OBJECTS
• I hold certain beliefs.
• He has strong beliefs.
• He clings to his beliefs
• Don't give up your beliefs.
Recurring Metaphors
• Our conceptual system: metaphorical in nature
• We think and speak: conceptual metaphorical models
Metaphorical Concept: Time is Money
She spends her time unwisely.
The diversion should buy him some time.
You don’t use your time profitably.
How do you spend your time these days?
This gadget will save you hours.
Orientational opposition: “up” and “down”
• Up Down• Emotions:You’re in high spirits. He’s feeling low
today.• Consciousness: Wake up! She sank into a coma.• Health: He’s in top shape. Her heath is declining.• Control: I’m on top of the situation. He fell from power.• Status: She’ll rise to the top. He’s at the bottom of society
Lineal Metaphors
• to set the record straight
• to straighten up, etc
• “Keeping to the straight and narrow” (positive, indicates honesty)
• “Wandering from the path” (negative, indicates untruthfulness)
Container images metaphors
• transfers non-physical, non-tangible entities or processes into objects
• He’s out of his mind.
• She’s in love.
• I feel under the whether
Do metaphorical processes occur cross-culturally?
• In Navajo Many events are described with verbs that have the theme of movement as their focal meaning.
• one dresses: one moves into clothing• one lives: one moves about here and there• one is young: one moves about newly• to sing: to move words out of an