Extended Abstract Design of adherent ceramic tiling in facades: Proposal of guidelines for its development and implementation Inês Martins Louraço Gonçalves da Silva Thesis to obtain the Master of Science Degree in Construction and Rehabilitation Supervisors: José Dinis Silvestre, PhD, Assistant Professor. Inês dos Santos Flores Barbosa Colen, PhD, Assistant Professor. November 2014
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Extended Abstract
Design of adherent ceramic tiling in facades:
Proposal of guidelines for its development and implementation
Inês Martins Louraço Gonçalves da Silva
Thesis to obtain the Master of Science Degree in
Construction and Rehabilitation
Supervisors: José Dinis Silvestre, PhD, Assistant Professor.
Inês dos Santos Flores Barbosa Colen, PhD, Assistant Professor.
November 2014
1
Design of adherent ceramic tiling in facades: Proposal of guidelines for its development and implementation
1. Introduction
Adherent ceramic tiling applied in facades has a great tradition in Portugal, and has been used over
time in buildings for that reason and also because of its good technical performance and varied
aesthetic possibilities.
The main objective of this work is the study of current European and international standards applicable
to the design of adherent ceramic tiling applied in facades, and specifies characteristics of ceramic
tiles, adhesives, and of grout for tiles, and their method of application.
A questionnaire was answered by professionals involved in the design and application of these
claddings. The analysis of this questionnaire reflects the perception of these professionals of the
practice of ceramic tiling design and the specification of the corresponding materials in Portugal.
Based on the analysis of the questionnaire and of the standards, a proposal of guidelines to be
followed in the design of ceramic tiling facades is presented, taking into account the corresponding
substrates, the movement joints, and the environmental and maintenance conditions, in order to
ensure a proper performance and durability of the cladding system throughout its service life.
The success of the implementation of these guidelines relies on a continuous exchange of information
of good design and execution practices between all the participants in the process, namely the
designers, architects, engineers, owners, contractors, suppliers, renderers, and tilers.
2. Analysis of codes and standards for direct adhered external ceramic claddings
In the CEN (Comité Européen de Normalisation) member countries there are different situations
regarding the publication of documents and standards for the design and installation of ceramic tiling.
In the countries of Central Europe (Germany, Austria and Switzerland), France and Benelux, United
Kingdom, and Italy, there are standards and extensive technical documentation, tested and
disseminated on the application of adherent external ceramic tiling. In Portugal and Spain, although
there are handbooks and literature related to the theme of ceramic tiling, there are no standards
dedicated exclusively to the design and installation of direct adhered ceramic tiling in facades.
The standards represent years of experience and scientific testing of industrial professionals who
offered their time and effort to help architects, applicators and owners to achieve an increasing
improvement of the quality of the design and execution of ceramic tiling.
This document aims at describing, briefly, the current situation on European and international
standards applicable to ceramic tiling on exterior walls. This summary is based on a broad set of
literature on the topic, and highlights the diversity of requirements that must be ensured in the planning
and design of adherent ceramic tiling system.
Tables 1 and 2 list the handbooks, codes and standards on direct adherent external ceramic tiling,
which are considered the accepted practice in their countries.
2
Table 1- Summary of European handbooks, codes and standards for adherent external ceramic tiling
(P – design project; I - installation, M - maintenance) adapted and complemented from [1,2]
Country Document title Scope and Content
- COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE
NORMALISATION – General rules
for design and installation of
ceramic tiling – CEN TR 13548.
Technical Report. Technical
committee CEN/TC 67. S.l. 2004 [9]
European reference document that establishes general rules for the
design and installation of ceramic tiles, which only serves to structure the
contents of the design project.
Proposes the development of a single document about installing tiles,
which serves as a reference in all member countries of CEN. (P and I)
France NF DTU 52.2 P1-1-2 - Building
works — Ceramic and similar tiles
fixing with adhesives — natural
stones — Part 1-1-2: Contract bill of
technical model clauses for outside
walls, AFNOR, 2009 [10]
Prescribes maximum size according to tile water absorption and height of
the façade. Specifies the type of adhesive and methods for direct
adhesion of ceramic coatings as façade cladding. Guidance on the
installation of large tiles module.
(P and I)
German DIN 18515-1 - Design and
installation of tile or stone cladding
[11]
Restricts the use of tiles installed with adhesive to maximum dimensions
of 0.12 m2. Other requirements for joint dimensions and spacing. (P and
I)
Italy UNI 11493:2013 - Piastrellature
ceramiche a pavimento e a parete -
Istruzioni per la progettazione,
l'installazione e la manutenzione
[12]
Defines the quality and performance of ceramic tiles, provides rules and
guidelines to follow when choosing materials, design, installation and
maintenance, as well as solutions compatible with typical specifications
to ensure the maintenance over time and required levels of quality and
performance. Specifies approved individual products and procedures for
the direct adhesion of ceramic tiles as facade cladding. (P, I and M)
Portugal APICER 2003 - Manual for the
application of ceramic tiling [13]
This handbook provides information about the design, installation and
maintenance of ceramic tiling systems based on European and French
standards. (P, I and M)
Spain CTE - Spanish technical building
code [14]
Establishes the basic requirements of safety and habitability of buildings.
Regulation based on performance. (P and I)
Guide for ceramic tile installation
- Recognized document (DRB
01/11) [15]
Recognized document (DRB 01/11) aims to be a reference book for
classification and selection of adhesive material and grouting material,
writing projects, control of the building site and the use and maintenance
of this type of ceramic materials. (P, I and M)
United Kingdom
BS 5385-2:2006, Wall and floor
tiling, Part 2: Code of Practice for
the design and installation of
external ceramic wall tiling and
mosaics (including terracotta and
faience tiles) [16]
Outlines performance parameters and design requirements for external
tiles cladding. Restricted to ceramic tiles with water absorption <3% and
a minimum thickness of 8 mm. Recommends the use of mechanical
means for tiles larger than 0.1 m2 in facial surface area. (P, I and M)
BS 8000-11:2011 Workmanship on
building sites. Internal and external
wall and floor tiling. Ceramic and
agglomerated stone tiles, natural
stone and terrazzo tiles and slabs,
and mosaics. Code of practice [17]
Outlines various methods of application of adhesives and prescribes
limits for their use. Describes the recommended practices to be followed
by site workers when engaged in rendering and tiling activities. (I)
3
Table 2 - Summary of international handbooks, codes and standards for adherent external ceramic tiling
(P – design project; I - installation, M - maintenance) adapted and complemented from [1, 2]
Country Document title Scope and content
Australia AS 3958.1: 2007: Australian Standard –
Ceramic Tiles. Part 1: Guide to the
installation of ceramic tiles [3]
Outlines materials and systems for tiling system and describes the
preparation of the substrates and methods of installation. No
guidance on large tiles. (I)
AS 3958.2:1992: Australian Standard-
Ceramic tiles. Part 2: Guide to the
selection of a ceramic tiling system [4]
Guide for the design of tilling systems. (P)
Brazil NBR 13755:1996 – Ceramic tile installed
with dry-set Portland cement mortar on
external walls – Procedure [5]
Specifies requirements for the execution, supervision and final
acceptance of external ceramic tiling using specific cement mortars
and adhesives for facades. (I)
NBR 15575-4:2013 Residential buildings -
Performance Part 4: Requirements for
internal and external wall systems [6]
Establishes the requirements, criteria and methods for evaluating
the performance of external and internal partition walls or elements
of their systems of residential buildings up to five floors. (P and M)
United
States of
America
TCNA 2014 TCNA Handbook for ceramic,
glass and stone tile installation [7]
Specifies requirements for installation of external ceramic tiling.
Details are given for a range of methods. No guidance on the
installation of large module tiles.
(P , I and M)
ANSI A108/A118/A136.1:2013 - American
National Specifications for the Installation
of Ceramic Tile [8]
Specifies requirements for installation of external ceramic tiling.
Details are given for a range of methods. No guidance on the
installation of large module tiles. (I)
The aspects mentioned in the specification of a ceramic tiling system in European and international
documentation are shown in Table 3.
Table 3 - Comparative table of the aspects mentioned in European and international documentation
Aspects mentioned in
standards
Documents
Outside Europe European
Australia Brazil U.S.A. Europe France German Italy Spain U.K.
AS 3958-2 (1992)
[4]
NBR 13755 (1996)
[5]
TCNA (2014)
[7]
CEN/TR 13548 (2004)
[9]
NF DTU 52.2 P1-1-2 (2009)
[10]
DIN 18515-1
(1998) [11]
UNI 11493 (2013)
[12]
Guide for ceramic tile installation
[15]
BS 5385-2 (2006)
[16]
Construction works schedule
x x x
Materials x x x x x x x x x Design (Project) x x x x x x x x x Substrates x x x x x x x x x Selection criteria for cement based adhesive
x x x x
Selection criteria of the grout joint
x x
Location of joints x x x x x x x x x Architectural details
x x x
Installation x x x x x x x x x Maintenance x x x x x
The structure of the standards differs from country to country, and there are some rules focused only
on one construction element, such as the British Standard Part 2 that refers only to the design and
installation of external ceramic and mosaic wall tiling in normal conditions. Other standards, such as
the Italian, cover in a single document recommendations for floors and walls, applied both outside and
inside.
4
In Portugal there is no standard dedicated exclusively to the design of ceramic coatings applied to the
facade, but there is a manual APICER 2003 [13] that has served as guidance to professionals in this
area and is based on French [28] recommendations, but as these were modified in 2009 some values
are less demanding compared to the current French standard. In Spain there is also no
standardization, but the "Guide for ceramic tile installation" [15] is a document recognized by the
country with the aim of helping specifiers in the selection of the most suitable materials on exterior
walls. This "Guide for ceramic tile installation” [15] defines class C2 - improved cementitious adhesive
as a minimum performance level of the tile according to NP EN 12004 [25], it also advises the double
bonding method; and sets the class CG2 – improved cement based grout for tiles according to EN
13888 [26].
The recent Italian standard (2013) [12] indicates the most appropriate class of the cementitious
adhesive for ceramic tiling cladding, varying as a function of the substrate. The recommended
cementitious adhesives for external walls range between classes C2 and C2S1/S2. This standard also
specifies the method of double bonding when the surface of the tile is > 30 cm.
France is a country with a long tradition in the development of standards. The NF DTU 52.2 P1-1-2:
2009 [10] is the only standard analysed that establishes the cementitious adhesive class performance
according to dimensions and water absorption of the tile, and height of facade.
In the United States, the TCNA Handbook [7] is a very important document and used by applicators
and establishes performance class C2S1 for the bonding material to cementitious substrates.
Unlike the " Guide for ceramic tile installation " [15], the TCNA [7] manual, and the French and Italian
standards referred to above, the documents: German standard DIN 18515-1: 1998 [11]; British
Standard BS 5385-2: 2006 [16]; European document CEN / TR 13548: 2004 [9]; Australian Standard
AS 3958-2: 1992) [4]; and Brazilian standard NBR 13755: 1996 [5] do not specify the performance
class of cementitious adhesive.
On the other aspects that can be analysed, such as the design of the expansion joints, most countries
recommend intermediate horizontal joints on each floor with a minimum distance of 3 m. The French
standard sets this parameter to 6 m.
The TCNA manual [7], the British standard [16] and the Brazilian standard [5] indicate that the
following materials: joint filler board, back-up strip, and sealants, must appear in the specifications of
the architectural design.
As for the exterior ceramic tiles, the German standard [11] is conservative and advise the use of
medium format tiles not more than 30x40 (1,200 cm2), while the French standard [10] already allows
for large format ceramic tiles between 2000 and 3600 cm2. The British Standard [16] states that tiles
with greater than (32x32) 1,000 cm2 should not be applied above the first floor height unless the
cladding is secured by mechanical means.
The methods in thin layer, double bonding and direct bonding are recommended by the European and
international standards. In the double bonding method, cementitious adhesive is applied to the
substrate surface and the inside face of the tile. There are different recommendations as to the size of
the tile. The French standard [10] recommends the method of double bonding for tiling surface with S
5
> 50 cm2 (7x7cm) and the Italian standard [12] makes the same recommendation for tiling surface with
S > 900 cm2 (30x30cm).
The British standard [16], the Australian standard [4] and the French [10] standard are the only ones
that make considerations about the architectural details, such as parapets, windowsills, external
corners and curved surfaces.
Analysing the standards for the design of ceramic tiling in facades, one can conclude that a special
emphasis is given to the following aspects, which should be specified: (1) Compatibility with the
substrate; (2) Substrate requirements; (3) Control of environmental conditions in the installation; (4)
Criteria for design of movement joints: location, frequency (spacing), size (width/depth ratio), minimum
and maximum distances between joints, type and detailing of sealant and accessory materials.
Based on the standards analysis, one can conclude that, to ensure a long lasting installation, it is
essential that architects specify and provide the requirements for movement joints, together with the
correct materials to fill them.
In order to achieve a successful installation of ceramic tiles it is imperative to follow the standards of
the industry and a complementary set of specifications, and also to guarantee the exchange of
information between all parties involved in the construction of the ceramic tiling facade. Specifications
provide detailed descriptions of acceptable construction materials and consider all aspects of a
building facade, such as the type, water absorption, and colour of tile, and type and method of bedding
installation.
3. Analysis of the questionnaires
A survey was conducted among 257 professionals that work in the construction sector and may have
interference in the specification of ceramic tiling system, such as architects; civil engineers; draftsman
and project planners; suppliers of ceramic tile/ adhesive materials / grout for tiles; estimators;
professionals in the construction and inspection companies.
In order to compare and validate the responses of professionals with more or less experience in works
designed and realized, it was decided to set the sample B with professionals with more than 10
buildings completed and 10 years of experience. There were 107 respondents with these
characteristics. These professionals have mentioned that they use specific criteria when specifying
ceramic tiles and corresponding grouts. Throughout the analysis of the questionnaire results,
according to the opinion of the respondents, there were slight differences in the values observed in
samples A (all respondents) and B.
The questionnaire was prepared based on the analysis of the European and international codes and
standards for direct adhered external ceramic tiling. The results were important to justify the relevance
of this work and considered in the development of the guidelines for the design of ceramic tiling
facades, which are mentioned in section 4.
The questionnaire consisted of questions concerning the practice of the ceramic tiling design,
specification of materials, and opinion of the respondents about relevant guidelines to be integrated
into this cladding system.
The aim of the analysis was: to give an overview of the current situation of design of ceramic tiling
facades in Portugal; to confirm the relevance of the existence of a design project of facades with
6
ceramic tiling; to identify relevant aspects in the practice of claddings design; and to confirm how the
target group is motivated to the practice of execution projects of ceramic tiling facades. On the
question "Do you think that the existence of design projects of facades with ceramic cladding is
pertinent in Portugal?"(Question 9) shown on Figure 1, from the total 257 respondents, 85% answered
affirmatively, which highlights the need for a greater rigor and attention to detail of this cladding system
and to provide detailed specification in the architectural projects.
In this study, it appears that the majority of respondents who answered the questionnaire are men
(75%), in “age between 25 and 44 years old” (75%), reside in the district of Lisbon (41%) and are
members of a professional association (84%).
Although the "correct dimensions of the joints between the tiles" were considered "very important"
(question 14), a large number of respondents (85%) mentioned that they do not calculate “the size of
the opening of the perimeter, intermediate and structural joints on the ceramic tiling “façade" (question
18) shown on Figure 2. It can be deduced that the theoretical concepts such as the correct
dimensioning of movement joints are not always put into practice.
Figure 1. - Relevance of the existence of design
facades with ceramic cladding in Portugal
(Sample A)
Figure 2. – Do you calculate the size of the opening
of the perimeter, intermediate and structural joints
of ceramic tiling cladding? (Sample A)
The interaction between architect, civil engineer, and the various parties involved during the
construction could be strengthened in their theoretical and practical aspects in conjunction with good
application manuals. To follow the best practices in design and installation of ceramic tiling facades,
the "manual of application of tile manufacturers / adhesive materials / grout for tiles" are the means of
information most used (70%), followed by the "internet" (62 %).
Generically, respondents made suggestions concerning the need of specification of the materials and
of the tiling system. They also mentioned the importance of proper installation of ceramic tiling, taking
into account environmental and working conditions, architectural design, stereotomy, architectural
details, and the maintenance of the facade over the service life.
4. The design of ceramic tiling in facades
4.1. Guidelines for the design of ceramic tiling facades
This section provides general recommendations and guidelines for the design of ceramic tiling in
facades, including the means by which movement joints in concrete are carried through and
7
incorporated into tiles installations. The choice of the tiling system should take into consideration the
characteristics of the substrate, the expected environment and the working conditions.
Figure 3 shows a constructive detail of adherent ceramic tiling facade presented in the BS 5385-
Architectural details should be designed to protect the tiling at positions where it may be vulnerable to
water penetration or to discoloration from the deposition of waterborne dirt. Flashing and edge trims
covering the top edges of tiling should be designed to prevent driven rain from seeping into the
structure over the top edge of the tiling [4 and 16]. Architects should also provide detailed construction
design drawings such as parapets, windowsills, external corners and curved surfaces.
4.1.8. Development of the project
The design project of the ceramic tiling facades should begin in the early stage of design and one
should take into account the specification of the position of the joints, with special attention to the
architectural details of the facade. This project will suffer several adaptations as it is being detailed,
updated and made compatible with other specialties, such as the structure.
It is considered important to address aspects of specification of materials of ceramic tiling facades in
the development of design, drafts and construction documents of the project. With respect to the
durability of the cladding throughout its service life, it is of great importance to make a correct selection
of the cement adhesive and joint filler materials. The choice of tile adhesive to be applied in the facade
must consider the size of the tile, the height of the facade, the climatic conditions of application and the
geometry of the substrate.
The successful implementation of these guidelines requires a reciprocity between all participants from
different specialties, such as the designers, architects and engineers, the developer, contractors,
suppliers, and applicators of the tiles and joint materials. Regarding the rules of proper implementation,
it is important that the settlement is made by personnel specifically authorized to do so and properly
monitored.
13
The development of the design project of ceramic tiling facades can be accomplished in three steps
[23]:
• The first step involves a preliminary analysis of the designs of the various specialties of the building,
to identify and meet the specifications produced for various building systems; before carrying out the
project, some evaluations should be performed regarding architecture project and design of structures;
• Following the completion of the first step, the specifications and cladding design should be
developed, considering the parameters previously discussed and the need for adaptation - specific
construction details, such as movement joints, flashing and edge trims covering the top edges of tiling,
parapets walls, sills, external corners, and treatment at the basis, between other;
• In the third step, project redefinition, its overall guidelines may be reassessed assuming corrections
to the specifications originally developed; this may occur mainly during the construction work and
confirmation of their actual characteristics, from changes on the timing of activities, availability of
materials and equipment’s, among others.
4.1.9. Specifications about the materials used in facades
In the architecture project, products prescription should be done exhaustively in the particular
specifications. These specifications must define all materials used with at least the information
presented in Table 4.
Table 4. – Requirements on the materials to be applied in facades (adapted and supplemented from [19])
Tile Product Tile, porcelain tiles, mosaic, ... Standard designation According to EN 14411 [24] Format, appearance, tone If necessary
Adhesive for tile
Product Cementitious adhesive for ceramic tile Standard designation C2, C2 S1/S2 (according to standard EN 12004: 2001 [25]) Additional characteristics Opening time (E), deformability (S1, S2) Installation method Thick bed method, thin bed method, double bonding method
Grout for tile
Product Grout for tile Standard designation for example: improved cementitious grout classified as CG2 (According to
EN 13888 [26]) Colour If necessary
Insulation Material
Material, thickness
Levelling layer material
Material: mortar type, thickness, characteristics of reinforcement and metal lath (diameter, mesh and steel type)
The guidelines presented in this section aim to gather information on the design of ceramic tiling
facade, based on European and outside Europe standards, and also on the recommendations
suggested by the manufacturers of ceramic tiles, tile adhesive and joint filler material. The
recommendations are applied to brick masonry facades of buildings with reinforced concrete structure
and focus on the general conditions for the application of thin-bed method and double bonding
method.
5. Conclusions
The main objective of this work is to propose guidelines for the design of adherent ceramic tiling
facade, with the additional innovative contribution:
• Presentation of a synthesis of European and outside Europe best practices;
• Diffusion of the perception of those involved on the issues covered in the questionnaires: design of
adherent ceramic tiling cladding and the specification of the respective materials in Portugal.
14
The European and international experience dedicated to the design of ceramic tiling facade is critical,
since it documents information about the specification of materials, application techniques, with special
attention to the location of movement joints choice of the corresponding materials. It was found that
the European countries that dominate this technology, such as Germany, France, England, and Italy,
and countries outside of Europe such as United States of America, Brazil, and Australia, have
investigated this subject for many years, approaching the durability of materials and best practices for
planning and installation.
The elaboration of a project of facade cladding includes the specification of materials, geometries,
joints, reinforcements, finishes, implementation procedures and control of the working conditions. The
detail of the execution project of adherent ceramic claddings will be possible in Portugal as long as it is
consistent in the adequacy of the theoretical concepts into practice, taking into account the real work
conditions of national construction.
The analysis of the questionnaires highlights that professionals stress the need to increase the rigor
with more detailed projects drawings, as a key element to ease communication and interaction. The
design of exterior cladding is understood by most professionals as a necessity and can be a tool to aid
the participants in the process of ceramic tiling cladding installation. The choice of materials
compatible with each other, the correct sizing of movement joints between tiles and the prescription of
more deformable and cementitious adhesives suitable for each case were considered “very important”
aspects in the practice of ceramic tiling design. The importance of this study is justified by the
conclusions drawn and recorded.
In Portugal, even though there are no codes or standards to prepare a design project of adherent
ceramic tiling facades, the construction documentation of the project is an important tool for achieving
a satisfactory performance over time. In order to increase the quality of the works executed, reducing
failures and waste costs, it is necessary that the design of cladding facades provide exhaustive
description of the acceptable construction materials for all aspects of a cladding system and be
adapted to the working conditions, materials and equipment available on site. A well-written set of
specifications is imperative to keep a project safe and on budget, and to ensure that the needs of both
architect and owner have been met.
The development and execution of the project of ceramic tiling facades in Portugal involves the
elaboration of specific standards applied to external walls that seek to establish the required criteria of
construction quality with the minimal information about materials, methods of installation, and
movement joints design, in order to promote, encourage and stimulate strategies for their
implementation.
The proposed guidelines of Chapter 4 is drafted to establish itself as a useful tool for implementation
adherent of ceramic tiling façade design. This proposal is intended to be a technical document to
assist the professionals responsible to selecting materials and the most appropriate techniques, during
design, planning and installation phases.
15
The most relevant aspects of the proposed guidelines for the development and implementation of the
project adherent coatings facade are:
(1) Specification of the preparation of support; (2) Specification of materials: levelling layer;
cementitious adhesive; insulation; ceramic tiles; large format tiles; (3) Method of application: thin layer
method, double bonding method, PML method of pressure and lateral movement of the tile (4) climate
effects during installation; (5) Specification of the grout joints between tiles; (6) Design of movement
joints on the façade: perimeter joint; intermediate joint; structural joints; (7) Architectural details:
parapets, windowsills, external corners and curved surfaces
6. References
[1] GOLDBERG, Richard P. Direct adhered ceramic tile, stone and thin brick facades – Technical design
manual. LATICRETE International, Inc., 2011.
[2] SABBATINI, F. H. ; MEDEIROS, J. S. - Technology and design of ceramic tile facades of buildings (In
Portuguese), Technical Bulletin, The Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
1999.
[3] AS 3958.1: 2007: Australian Standard - Ceramic Tiles. Part 1: Guide to the installation of ceramic tiles
Committee BD/44, Fixing of Ceramic Tiles, Australia, 2007.
[4] AS 3958.2: 1992: Australian Standard- Ceramic tiles. Part 2: Guide to the selection of a ceramic tiling
system. Committee BD/44, Fixing of Ceramic Tiles, Australia, 1992.
[5] NBR 15575-4:2013 Residential buildings - Performance Part 4: Requirements for internal and external
wall systems (In Portuguese). Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), Brazil, 2013.
[6] NBR 13755:1996 Ceramic tile installed with dry-set Portland cement mortar on walls exteriors –
Procedure (In Portuguese). Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), Brazil, 1996.
[7] 2014 Handbook Wall and Ceiling Soffits Methods Ceramic and Glass. Excerpted from TCNA Handbook for
ceramic, glass and stone tile installation, Tile Council of North América (TCNA), U.S.A., 2014. 105p
[8] ANSI A108/A118/A136.1:2013 - American National Specifications for the Installation of Ceramic Tile -
Version 2013.1
[9] COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALIZATION - General rules for design and installation of ceramic tiling -