Exsolution and Phase Diagrams Lecture 11. Alkali Feldspar Exsolution ‘Microcline’ - an alkali feldspar in which Na- and K-rich bands have formed perpendicular.

Exsolutionand Phase Diagrams

Lecture 11

Alkali Feldspar Exsolution

‘Microcline’ - an alkali feldspar in which Na- and K-rich bands have formed perpendicular to the twinning direction. This leads to this cross-hatched or fabric-like texture under crossed polarizers.

G-bar–X and Exsolution

• We can use G-bar–X diagrams to predict when exsolution will occur.

• Our rule is that the stable configuration is the one with the lowest free energy.

• A solution is stable so long as its free energy is lower than that of a physical mixture.

• Gets tricky because the phases in the mixture can be solutions themselves.

Inflection Points• At 800˚C, ∆Greal defines a

continuously concave upward path, while at lower temperatures, such as 600˚C (Figure 4.1), inflections occur and there is a region where ∆Greal is concave downward. All this suggests we can use calculus to predict exsolution.

• Inflection points occur when curves go from convex to concave (and visa versa).

• What property does a function have at these points?

• Second derivative is 0.Albite-Orthoclase

Inflection Points• Second derivative is:

• First term on r.h.s. is always positive (concave up).

• Inflection will occur when

Spinodal

Actual solubility gap can be less than predicted because an increase is free energy is required to begin the exsolution process.

Phase Diagrams• Phase diagrams

illustrate stability of phases or assemblages of phases as a function of two or more thermodynamic variables (such as P, T, X, V).

• Lines mark boundaries where one assemblage reacts to form the other (∆Gr=0).

Thermodynamics of Melting

• Melting occurs when free energy of melting, ∆Gm, is 0 (and only when it is 0).

• This occurs when:∆Gm = ∆Hm –T∆Sm

• Hence:

• Assuming ∆S and ∆H are independent of T:

• where Ti,m is the freezing point of pure i, T is the freezing point of the solution, and the activity is the activity of i in the liquid phase.

T-X phase diagram for the system anorthite-diopside.

Computing an Approximate Phase Diagram

We assume the liquid is an ideal solution (ai = Xi)

and compute

over the range of Xi

Constructing T-X phase diagrams from G-bar–X

diagramsWe can use thermodynamic data to predict phase stability, in this case as a function of temperature and composition

Phase Rule and Phase Diagrams

• Phase rule: ƒ = c – ϕ + 2; c = 2 for a binary system.

• Accordingly, we have ƒ = 4 – ϕ and:Phases Free compositional variables

• Univariant ϕ = 3; 2 solids + liquid, 2 liquids + solid 3 solids or liquids 0• Divariant ϕ = 2; 1 solid + 1 liquid, 2 solids, 2 liquids 0• Trivariant ϕ = 1; 1 solid or 1 liquid 1

G-bar-X diagram for a trivariant, one-phase system exhibiting complete solid solution. Need to specify P, T, and X to completely describe the system.

Trivariant System

Divariant Systems• We need to specify both T and P

(G-bar–X relevant only to that T and P). Two phases coexist on a plane in T–P–X space.

• G-bar-X diagrams for different divariant systemso (a) Liquid solution plus pure solido (b) Liquid solution plus solid solutiono (c) Two pure solidso (d) Limited solid solution (limited liquid

solution would be the same)

• The free energy of the system as a whole is that of a mechanical mixture of phases – described by straight line through or tangent to free energies of individual phases.

• We deduce compositions of solutions by drawing tangents between curves (or points) for phases.

Univariant Systems• One degree of

freedom.o We specify only P or T.o Three phases in binary system

can coexist along a line (not a plane) in P-T-X space.

o only at one T, once we specify P (and visa versa).

• Compositions of solutions are determined by drawing tangents.

Plagioclase Solution• Unlike alkali feldspar,

Na-Ca feldspar (plagioclase) forms a complete solid (and liquid) solution.

• Let’s construct the melting phase diagram from thermodynamics.

• For simplicity, we assume both liquid and solid solutions are ideal.

Plagioclase Solution• Condition for equilibrium:

o e.g.

• Chemical potential is

• Combining these:

o standard states are the pure end member solids and liquids.

Plagioclase Solution

• The l.h.s. is simply ∆Gm for the pure component:

• rearranging

• Since XAn = 1 - XAb

error in book: Ab on lhs should be

An

Plagioclase Solution

• From:

• Solving for mole fraction of Ab in the liquid:

• The mole fraction of any component of any phase in this system can be predicted from the thermodynamic properties of the end-members.

• In the ideal case, as here, it simply depends on ∆Gm and T.

• In a non-ideal case, it would depend on Gexcess as well.

• Computing the equation above (and a similar one for the solid), we can compute the phase diagram.