Expressions

UNIT 1INTRODUCTION

Formal to Informal Greetings and Introductions

First meetings

Formal Introducing yourself

Introducing others Responding to an introduction

On Leaving

  How do you do? My name is Mrs Hand.

Mrs Hand, may I introduce my boss, Mr Smith.

Pleased to meet you Mrs Hand.

Goodbye. It's a pleasure to have met you.

   Hello,

Lynne Hand. I'm the owner of this web site.

Lynne, I'd like you to meet John Smith, our salesman. John, this is Lynne Hand.

Pleased to meet you Lynne.

Goodbye. Nice to meet you.

   Informal

Subsequent meetings

Formal Possible Greetings Possible responses

  Hello, Mrs Hand.  It's nice to see you again.

What a pleasant surprise! How are you? It's been a while.

   Good morning Mrs Hand. 

How are you today? I'm very well thank you. 

And you?   Good afternoon, Mrs Hand. 

It's good to see you. Thank you.  It's nice to see

you too.  How are you?   Hello Lynne.  How are you

doing? Fine thanks.  What's new

with you?

  Hi, Lynne! How's it going? Not too bad, busy as ever.

  Hi, Lynne. How are things? Oh fine. You know how it is.

  Informal

Note - on first meeting say, "It's nice to meet you", and when departing "It was nice to meet you".

For future meetings say, "It's nice to see you again", and when departing, "It was nice to see you again."

Vocabulary:1. Introduction:

Introducing oneself

-My name is…; my full name is…, Her name is….; My nick name is…..;You can call me….

-I am from….; I live at….;

-My hobby is….;

-Can/ May I introduce myself? My name’s….

-Let me introduce myself. My name’s … .-I’d like to introduce myself. I’m … .-I don’t think we’ve met. I’m … .

Introducing someone else-Can/ May I introduce a good friend of mine? This is … .-Have you met … ?

-I’d like you to meet … .-I want you to meet … .

Making contact-Excuse me, are you Mrs … ? - Yes, that’s right.-Hello, you must be Mrs … .-You are Mr …, aren’t you?-Have we met?

2. Greeting:

General greetings (Formal)

1. Good morning/ afternoon/ evening.2. Hello!3. How are you?4. How are you doing?5. How is everything?6. How’s everything going?7. How have you been keeping?8. How do you do?

General greetings (Informal)

1. Hi.2. What’s up?3. Good to see you.4. How are things (with you)?5. How’s it going?6. How’s life been treating you?

Greeting a person you haven’t seen for a long time (Formal)

1. It has been a long time.2. It’s been too long.3. What have you been up to all these years?4. It’s always a pleasure to see you.5. How long has it been?6. I’m so happy to see you again.7. I’m glad/ happy/ pleased to see you.

Greeting a person you haven’t seen for a long time (Informal)

How come I never see you? It’s been such a long time.

Long time no see. Where have you been hiding? It’s been ages since we last met.

3. Closing:

Formal Situation  Responses

- Good bye good bye

- I look forward to seeing you again soon, good bye Yes of course, it was nice to see you, good bye

- Nice to meet you nice to meet you too

Non formal situation

- See u see u later

Conversation I:Hi, I want to introduce myself in front of you. My name is Rihanna. My nick name is rinna. I come from the United States of America. I live at Menteng, Central Jakarta. My hobbies are singing and dancing. I love singing and dancing because it gives my energy.

Conversation II:Hi, let me introduce my best friend. Her name is Jennifer lopes. Her nick name is J.Lo. She is from L.A. now she lives near my house in Menteng, Central Jakarta. Her hobbies are singing and drawing. We like singing together in the Campus. Singing is our soul.

Conversation III:Rina: Hi, How do you do? My name is rina dwi jayanti. You can call me rinaShin: Hi, How do you do? My nick name is shiny and my full name is shiny noerchan.

Rina: where do you come from?Shin: I come from Japan but my nationality is Indonesian. I have lived in Japan twelve years. And you, where do you come from?Rina: wow, that’s interesting. I am from Indonesia and I live in Jakarta. Shin, I must go now. Nice to meet you, shin.Shin: nice to meet you too. I hope we can meet again. See uRina: see u.

Conversation IV:Follow the dialogueMr. Bean meets Mrs. Breuer, one of his students and her husband in the street.Mr. Bean : Good morning, Mrs BreuerMrs. Breuer : Good morning, Mr Bean. How are you?

Mr. Bean : I'm fine thanks, and you?

Mrs. Breuer : Not too bad. Mr Bean, this is my husband Michael, Michael this is Mr Bean my English teacher

Mr. Breuer : Pleased to meet youMr. Bean : Pleased to meet you too. Are you from Germany, Mr Breuer?Mr. Breuer : Yes, East Germany, from Dresden. And you, are you from London?Mr. Bean : No, I'm from Derby, but I live in London nowMrs. Breuer : Well, goodbye Mr Bean, it was nice to see youMr. Bean : Yes, goodbye.

Exercise 1:1. What is your name?

a. I’m Nancy

b. I’m from Russia

c. I’m a student

2. Where do you live?

a. I am from Chicago

b. I live in Klebengan

c. I am fine

3. How is it going?

a. No problem

b. I am going to school

c. Okay

4. Where does she work?

A. She likes to workB. She's a teacherC. She works at City Bank

5. Where are they from?

A. They're from MexicoB. They live in TokyoB. They are in school

6. How many people are in your family?

A. I'm getting married soonB. My father is a doctorC. I have three brothers

7. Hey, what's new?

A. I'm fineB. Nothing muchC. That's too bad

8. What does he do?

A. He's JapaneseB. He's from ItalyC. He's an engineer

9. What do you do in your spare time?

A. I like to exerciseB. I'm busy this weekendC. I don't like sports

10. What does your father do for a living?

A. He lives in Hong KongB. He works downtownC. He's a doctor

Exercise 2:In 7 minutes, make a few notes about the partner you have been paired with, so that later this morning you will be able to introduce her/him to the rest of the group with 3 sentences, one for each of the following topic areas:1). your partner’s name, title, department, academic degrees

2). An interesting/unusual fact about her/him that is not related to work

Exercise 3: Complete the following conversations with the most appropriate words or phrases.

a. M = Martin, J = JacquelineM Excuse me, ____________ Jacqueline Turner?J Yes, that’s ____________.M May I ____________ myself? I’m Martin Young. How do you do?J ____________, Mr Young.

b. C = Chris, F = FrankC Hello, Chris Evans. Mind if I join you?F Oh, ____________ not. Frank Richards.C ____________ to meet you, Frank. So how are you finding the conference so far?F Actually, I’ve only arrived this morning.C All right. I …

c . L = Lin, D = Dan, P = PeterL Dan! Good to see you again. ____________ are things?D Hello, Lin. Fine, thanks. Pretty busy, as always, I suppose. Can I introduce you to a colleague of____________, Peter Winston? Peter, this is Lin Farrell.

P Nice to meet you, Ms Farrell.L Nice to meet you, too. ____________, call me Lin.P Then you ____________ call me Peter.

UNIT 2

Expressions: Apologizing, Offering, & Giving Suggestion

A. APOLOGIZING

1. CONVERSATION Apologize

Shop keeper : Good morning.

Tim : Good morning.

Shop keeper : What could I do for you, Sir?

Tim : I bought this TV yesterday, but today it doesn’t work well.

Shop keeper : We’re very sorry. Let me check the TV, Sir.

Tim : OK!

Shop keeper : Yes, it seems that there’s a trouble with the cable. We apologize

for this inconvenience, Sir. We will change it with the good one.

Tim : Of course. But don’t forget to check that first.

2. Expression of Apologizing

Apologies Explaining oneself : accepting responsibility

I’m sorry…                    

I’m very sorry…                    

I’m terribly sorry…                        

…I didn’t see you

…It won’t happen again

…I’ll be more careful next time

Excuse me…                     

Pardon me…           

I apologize…                              

I’m afraid…  

…I’ll finish it before I go home

…It’s my fault

…It’s all my fault

3. EXERCISE

a) Make an apologizing sentence based on the given situation!

1. You broke someone’s mirror.

2. You lost your friend’s note.

3. You broke your father’s hand phone.

4. You sit on the wrong seat on a plane.

5. You made a sour cup of coffee for your boss.

b) Pair Work!

Create a conversation with your partner containing the expression of apologizing!

Then practice it in front of the class.

B. OFFERING

1. Conversation Offering help

Diana : Good afternoon, Mrs. Brown. Andy said that you are

looking for me.

Mrs. Brown : Oh, Yes!

Diana : What can I do for you, Ma’am?

Mrs. Brown : next month, there will be a swimming competition among

senior high schools. Would you care for joining that?

Diana : A swimming competition? Well, I haven’t practiced a lot

these days.

Mrs. Brown : But I know you are good at it.

Diana : Well, I’ll try. Thank you for the information, Ma’am.

Mrs. Brown : You’re welcome.

2. Expressions of offering

Offering help Offering to older people: Accepting an Offer

Can/may I help you?

What can I do for you?

Do you want me to joint us?

Would you like me to ….

Let me …

I’ll …. if you ‘d like

I’ll be happy to ….. if you ‘d

like

I’d be glad to ……. if you ‘d

like

Shall I …………….?

Would you like me to………?

Would you like……………..?

Would you like a cup of

coffee, Mr. Green?

Should I get you a bottle of

water?

Could I offer you a glass of

lemonade, Mrs. Lina?

Would you care for some

salad?

Yes, please

Yes, of course

Of course I can

That’s very kind of you

I appreciated that

That would be marvelous

Thank you

Thanks a lot

3. Exercise

a) Make an offering sentence based on the given situation!

1. You see an old woman is carrying a heavy plastic bag.

2. You want to help your friend who is bad at math.

3. You have some foreign tourists in your house as guests.

4. You accept an offer to watch Ramayana Ballet tonight.

5. You accept an offer to go to Keraton.

b) Pair work

Create a short dialogue with your partner about giving an offer and

accepting it.

C. GIVING SUGESSTION

1. Conversation A sick friend

Bella : Hi, Ann! Oh, you look so pale!

Ann : Oh, Bella. Yes, I think I have a fever now.

Bella : Have you seen a doctor?

Ann : Not yet.

Bella : You really should see a doctor immediately! I’m afraid your fever will

get worse.

Ann : How kind of you, Bella. Thanks.

2. Grammar Focus

Giving Suggestion

You'd better....

You could (might)....

I suggest that you....

I recommend that you

You really should....

I strongly advise you to....

My advice is to be careful in doing

business with them.

Accepting Suggestion Rejecting Suggestion

That's a good/nice/wonderful idea. I don't think so.

Yeah, sure. I tried that, but it didn't work.

Thank you. I'll try that.Thanks, but that won't help

because....

Why didn't I think of that? I don't want to do that because....

I think you're right. That's a good idea, but....

That's sounds good. I'm afraid I can't do that.

Sure. I'll do that. I think it can't solve my problem.

3. Exercise

a) Make a suggestion based on the given situation!

1. Your sister catches a cold.

2. Your friend is quarreling with his girlfriend.

3. Some foreign tourists are visiting Jogja.

4. You reject a suggestion to visit Tamansari.

5. You reject a suggestion to see a dentist.

6. You accept a suggestion to go to Lombok next week.

b) Pair work

Work with a partner then create a short dialogue about giving suggestion

and reply it.

UNIT 3

POLITE& IMPOLITE

What do you think of this?

Kissing in front of others

Making sound while eating

Eat with a pork on the left and knife on the right hand

A man hugs a woman friend

1. Conversation

Tracy : Oh my God! I can’t believe it!

Mark : What’s going on?

Tracy : I was having my lunch in a restaurant 2 few minutes ago. Do you know

what I saw there?

Mark : No. What’s that?

Tracy : There were 5 Koreans who were eating a kind of noodle and they ate that

noisily!

Mark : And you didn’t like that sound?

Tracy : Yeah! That was disgusting and impolite.

Mark : Oh, Tracy. You should know that for Korean people, making a sound

while eating aims to show that the food is delicious. It also means that

they appreciate the food. It is polite in Korea though.

Tracy : But it’s Indonesia. Making sound during eating is impolite.

What is considered as polite or impolite in your country?

2. Grammar Focus

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The pattern :

S + Verb 1 (s/es)…………………………………… Everyday/today

S + don’t/doesn’t + Verb 1…………………… ……Everyday/today

Do/Does + S + Verb 1………………………………Everyday/today?

QW + Do/does + S + Verb 1…………………….…Everyday/today?

3. Exercise

a) Make a (+), (-), and (?) sentence by using these following verbs

Writing, speaking, sewing, discussing, doing, hunting, eating, drinking,

b) Pair work

Work with a partner then make a short dialogue about polite and impolite

UNIT 4

WHAT’S IN A NAME

Juliet:

"What's in a name? That which we call a rose

By any other name would smell as sweet."

Romeo and Juliet (II, ii, 1-2)

1. Conversation

Tim : Hi, Eko! How are you?

Eko : Hallo, Tim! I’m fine.

It’s nice to see you in Jogja.

Tim : Yes, I’ve planned to visit Jogja for a long time.

Eko : So, what do you think of my country?

Tim : Indonesia is great! The people are so friendly and like smiling.

Eko : Thank you. By the way, which place have you visited before coming to

Jogja?

Tim : I’ve visited Lake Toba 3 days ago. The person who guided me there told

me an amazing story behind the existence of that lake.

Eko : Really? What’s that if you’d mind telling me.

Tim : She said that Lake Toba could exist because there was a huge volcano

eruption. It was also related to a beautiful goddess of fish who married

to a man. But the man then cheated the goddess.

Eko : Yes, you are right. It is one of the famous folklores in Indonesia.

2. Grammar Focus

Past Tense

(+) S + Verb 2…………………………………………………… Yesterday

(-) S + didn’t + Verb 1…………………………………… ……..Yesterday

(?) Did + S + Verb 1……………………………………………..Yesterday?

(?) QW + did + S + Verb 1……………………………….………Yesterday?

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples:

I saw a movie yesterday. I didn't see a play yesterday. Last year, I didn't travel to Korea. Did you have dinner last night? He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

Examples:

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the

others at 10:00. Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

Examples:

I lived in Brazil for two years. Shauna studied Japanese for five years. They sat at the beach all day. A: How long did you wait for them?

B: We waited for one hour.

USE 4 Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

Examples:

I studied French when I was a child. He didn't play the piano. Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid? She worked at the movie theater after school.

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."

Examples:

She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. He didn't like tomatoes before. Did you live in Texas when you were a kid? People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past

Exercise 1:

Put the verbs into the correct form (simple past).

1. Last year I (spend)…….my holiday in Ireland. 2. It (be)……..great. 3. I (travel)…….. around by car with two friends and we (visit)…..lots of interesting

places. 4. In the evenings we usually (go)……. to a pub.

5. One night we even (learn)…….. some Irish dances. 6. We (be)……very lucky with the weather. 7. It (not / rain)…… a lot. 8. But we (see)……some beautiful rainbows. 9. Where (spend / you)…… your last holiday?

Exercise 2:

Write the past forms of the irregular verbs.1. feel →2. cost →3. drive →4. catch →5. feed →

Exercise 3:

Positive Negative InterrogativeThe ship disappeared.

He did not criticise youWas Amy depressed?

She did not teach in London.

Did the passengers panic?

2. The history of name.

The history of names is so ancient that no one knows the beginning of the story.

Since written history began, and as far back as oral history reaches, people have had

names. It is therefore impossible to do more than guess at how the earliest given names

were chos en. Most names appear to have had some sort of original meaning, usually

descriptive, rather than being simply a pleasing collection of sounds. Early in prehistory

some descriptive names began to be used again and again until they formed a name pool

for that particular culture. Parents would choose names from the pool of existing names

rather than invent new ones for their children. As time went on the language changed and

in many cases the words that formed the original name passed out of use, leaving the

fossilized form in the name. This is why we do not recognize the meanings of many

names today. Their origins are in ancient languages from words that have passed out of

use. For instance, the name Edwin was originally composed of the Old English words

ead, which means "prosperity, fortune, riches" and wine, which means "friend." Both of

these words have passed out of the language in the intervening thousand or so years.

For example: “Deny Fitri Ayu Rohmana”

Deny was from the word Dien that means Religion, Fitri was from Islamic celebration,

Ayu means sweet and Rohmana was from Rahman that means compassionate.

3. The history of my city

Oral tradition is one tradition that has message transmitted orally from one person to

another but it isn’t written by someone. It can consist of folklore, myth, superstition, etc.

Folklore of Central Java: Mouse Deer and Tiger

Once upon a time, there was a mouse deer living in a forest. Although he was small,

he wasn’t afraid of the other bigger animals who wanted to eat him. He was so smart; he

always managed to ditch them. One day, a tiger was wandering around for food. He

hadn't been eating for days. He was really hungry. While he was walking in the forest, he

saw Mouse Deer. The tiger wanted to eat him. Tiger slowly ducked, crawled,

approaching Mouse Deer, then..."Gotcha!" said Tiger. He caught Mouse Deer. “Hello,

Mouse Deer! I’m really hungry right now. You’ll be my lunch!” said Tiger. Mouse Deer

didn’t want to be his lunch. He tried to be calm. He looked around and saw some

buffalo’s dung. He had an idea. “I’m sorry, Tiger. I can’t be your lunch now. The King

has ordered me to guard his cake,” said Mouse Deer calmly. “His cake?” said Tiger

curiously. “Yes, there it is. It’s very delicious. The King doesn’t want anyone else to eat

it, so he ordered me to guard it,” Mouse Deer pointed the buffalo’s dung. “Can I taste it?”

Tiger asked. “Of course you can’t. The King would be very angry,” said Mouse Deer

refused. “Just one little bite, Mouse Deer! The King will never know,” said Tiger. “Well,

okay, Tiger. But first let me run far away, so the King won’t blame me,” said Mouse

Deer. “All right, Mouse deer. You can go now.” Mouse Deer ran quickly out of sight.

Tiger then took a big mouthful of the ‘cake’. “Phoooey!” He spit it out. “Yuck, that’s not

cake. That’s buffalo’s dung.” Tiger ran through the forest. He caught up with Mouse

Deer. “Mouse Deer, you tricked me. But now you will be my lunch.” Mouse Deer looked

around and saw a wasp nest in a tree. “I’m sorry, Tiger. I can’t be your lunch now. The

King has ordered me to guard his drum,” said Mouse Deer calmly. “His drum?” said

Tiger curiously. “Yes, there it is. It has the best sound in the world. The King doesn’t

want anyone else to hit it,” Mouse Deer pointed the wasp nest. “Can I hit the King’s

drum?” Tiger asked. “Of course you can’t. The King would be very angry,” said Mouse

Deer refused. “Just one little hit, Mouse Deer! The King will never know,” said Tiger.

”Well, all right, Tiger. But first let me run far away, so the King won’t blame me,” said

Mouse Deer. “All right, Mouse Deer. You can go now.” Mouse Deer ran quickly out of

sight. Tiger then reached up and hit the wasp nest. Bzzzzzzz…! “Ouch…ouch! That’s not

a drum. That a wasp nests!” Tiger ran away. But the wasps keep following him. He came

to the river. He jumped in and stayed underwater as long as he could. At last the wasps

went away. Then he jumped out. He ran through the forest till he found Mouse Deer.

“Mouse Deer, you tricked me again. But now you will be my lunch.” Mouse Deer looked

around and saw a cobra. The snake was coiled asleep on the ground. “I’m sorry, Tiger. I

can’t be your lunch now. The King has ordered me to guard his belt,” said Mouse Deer

calmly. “His belt?” said Tiger curiously. “Yes. There it is. It’s the best belt in the world.

The King doesn’t want anyone else to wear it,” Mouse Deer pointed the cobra. “Can I

wear it?” Tiger asked. “Of course you can’t. The King would be very angry,” said Mouse

Deer refused. “Just for one moment, Mouse Deer! The King will never know,” said

Tiger. ”Well, all right, Tiger. But first let me run far away, so the King won’t blame me,”

said Mouse Deer. “All right, Mouse Deer. You can go now.” Mouse Deer ran quickly out

of sight. Tiger then took the snake and started to warp it around himself. The cobra woke

up. It squeezed Tiger and bit him. SSssssstt! “Oouch! Ow! Ooow! That’s not a belt!

That’s a cobra! Help! Mouse Deer! Help!” But Mouse Deer was already far away. He

laughed aloud. Mouse Deer was safe from Tiger now.

Exercise 1: write the history of your name and history of your city (folklore, myth, etc).

UNIT 5

SOFT SKILLS

HOW TO MANAGE A GOOD CONVERSATION

(taken from http://www.wikihow.com/Have-a-Great-Conversation)

1) Be confident

The other person's energy and enthusiasm is infectious, and makes all the

conversation participants feel confident and comfortable. Projecting confidence is the

key to a good conversation, so don't be shy.

2) Find out about the person you'll be talking

to before you actually talk to them, if you can

The information you get though can be a good starting point for conversations.

3) Ask questions

What do they like to do? What sort of things have they done in their lives? What

is happening to them now? What did they do today or last weekend? Identify things

about them that you might be interested in hearing about, and politely ask questions.

Remember, there was a reason that you wanted to talk to them, so obviously there

was something about them that you found interesting. However, try to space out your

questions or they'll feel like you're interrogating them which is very bad and closes off

friendships.

Ask clarifying questions. If the topic seems to be one they are interested in,

ask them to clarify what they think or feel about it. If they are talking about an

occupation or activity you do not understand, take the opportunity to learn

from them. Everyone loves having a chance to teach another willing and

interested person about their hobby or subject of expertise.

Try to get them talking about something they enjoy thinking about and

something that you're interested in hearing or else the conversation isn't

fulfilling and one of you will feel unsatisfied with it.

4) Listen

This is the most important part of any conversation. Pay attention to what is being

said. Make acknowledging noises or movements to indicate that you are still

listening. A conversation will go nowhere if you are too busy thinking of anything

else, including what you plan to say next. If you listen well, the other person's

statements will suggest questions for you to ask. Allow the other person to do most

of the talking. They will often not realize that it was they who did most of the talking,

and you get the credit for being a good conversationalist - which of course, you are!

5) Consider your respond before

disagreeing

If the point was not important, ignore it rather than risk appearing argumentative. On

the other hand, agreeing with everything can kill a conversation just as easily as

disagreeing with everything. When pointing out your difference of opinion, remember

these points:

Agree with something they said (state common ground) before disagreeing.

Try to omit the word "but" from your conversation when disagreeing, as this

word often puts people on the defensive. Instead, try substituting the word

"and"--it has less of an antagonistic effect.

Playing devil's advocate (pretending to defend the opposite point of view) can

be a good way to keep the conversation going, but if you overuse this

technique, you could end up appearing hostile.

Don't manipulate the talk to serve your own agenda and steam-roll your

counterpart. If you come away from the conversation feeling full of yourself,

you used the occasion to show off your wit and knowledge. Try to keep from

using a conversation to boost your ego.

6) Do not panic over lulls

This is a point where you could easily inject your thoughts into the discussion. If the

topic seems to have run out, use the pause to think for a moment and identify or

question to ask them. Did something they said remind you of something else you

have heard, something that happened to you, or bring up a question or topic in your

mind? Mention it and you'll transition smoothly into further conversation!

7) Remember that sometimes if a

conversation isn't going well, it might not be your fault

Sometimes the other person is distracted/lost in thought, isn't willing to contribute, or

is having a bad day. If they don't speak or listen, then they are the ones not using

good conversation skills, not you. But in any case, it's still a good idea to strive to do

your part as a good conversationalist.

8) Know when the conversation is over

Even the best conversations will eventually run out of steam or be ended by an

interruption. Smile if you're leaving, tell them it was nice talking to them, and say

goodbye. Ending on a positive note will leave a good impression.

UNIT 6

KERATON YOGYAKARTA

1. “Reading about Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat”.

Kraton Ngayogyakarta/ Ngayogyakarta palace

Ngayogyakarta palace is the official palace or Kraton in Ngayogyakarta

Hadiningrat. It is located in the center of the city of Yogyakarta or just Yogya as the local

people call it. Although the empire has officially become part of the Republic of

Indonesia in 1950, this palace complex of buildings still serve as shelter and household

sultan palace imperial tradition still runs today. This palace is now also one of the

attractions in the city of Yogyakarta. Most of the palace complex is a museum that's a

good collection of the empire, including a variety of gifts from the kings of Europe,

heirloom replica of the palace, and gamelan. In terms of the building, this palace is one

example of Javanese palace architecture at its best, has a luxurious hall and the hall-field

and pavilion area.

Karaton means a place where the Ratu-king lives and the other word is Kedaton,

with the same meaning. In the Javanese teachings, it has a deep philosophical meaning.

Actually Sultan Palace began to be established by the lane I Giyanti few months after the

Agreement in 1755. Location of this is supposedly a former palace of a pesanggarahan

named Garjitawati. This vacation home is used to break the funeral procession of the

kings of Mataram (Kartasura and Surakarta) which will be buried in Imogiri. Another

version says the location of the palace is a fountain, Pacethokan Bannerman, who is in

the middle of the woods Beringan. Before occupying the Sultan Palace, the lane I lived in

Pesanggrahan Ambar Ketawang which now includes the District of Dalkeith Sleman

district.

The architect designer of this palace was Sultan Hamengkubuwono I himself,

who was also the founder of the kingdom of NGAYOGYAKARTA HADININGRAT.

His skill in architecture was appreciated by the dutch scientist - DR. Pigeund and DR.

Adam who adored him as " the architect of his brother-Pakubuwono II of Surakarta".The

first king moved to his huge and magnificent Karaton on October 7, 1756. Although there

are some European style of some parts of the building, structurally this is the vivid

example of Javanese palace architecture. The 14.000 sq. m of the Karaton Yogya has

deep philosophical meaning with all its building, courts, carving, trees, and location. This

is a Karaton full of significant symbols of human life.Usually visitors are coming from

MALIOBORO STREET, southward through the Alun-alun (north square). In order to

understand perfectly well the symbolic meaning of the Karaton, one should walk from

south to north. Start from Krapyak, a village of about 3 km south of Karaton.

SKETCH

1. In the old days, Krapyak was a raised brick-stage, used by the sultans to watch his families and soldiers to hunting deers. Krapyak is located nearby small village, Mijen - from the word wiji means seed, symbolizing life, soul of human beings

2. Walk northward, through a straight street where on left and right sides grow the trees of asem becomes sengsem means adorable and tanjung becomes disanjung means cared. This is symbolizing life of child in a good path : adored and cared by the parents

3. Arrive at the main entrance (Plengkung) gading depicting the child has become a teenager, adorable and neatly make-up.

4. At the south square (Alun-alun) in the southern part there are two waringin (banyan) trees. The name of the trees are WOK abbreviation from the word BEWOK means beard. In the middle of this south square, there are two other waringin trees the name are Supit Urang meaning chopsticks of a shrimp, surrounded by fence in the form of archer's bow, symbolizing the sacred part of human body. So it must be protected (in the fence). The fence's bow form is characteristic of a girl and boy.

5. Look around the south square, there are five streets entering the square, imagining of five human sense. The square is covered by sands, it means that human life has not been arranged. Other trees grow there namely kweni become wani (courage) and pakel (adult), meaning the child has become an adult who has courage to choose the partner

6. Further north, it is the Siti Hinggil (elevated land), surrounded by gayam trees, symbolizing the youngsters feeling in love, safe and happy. In the middle of Siti Hinggil (a large open veranda), there is a Selo Gilang (a square elevated stone), where the Sultan sit when receiving visitors from relatives or subordinates. In that case, describing a wedding-chair where the young couples sit side by side.The trees planted here are : Mangga Cempora, mangga is javanese language for please ; cempora

describes mix. Soka, imagining pleasure.

Both trees have plenty of red and white colors (symbolizing woman and man sperm). All these are symbols of a marriage of young adult couple, in a safe, pleasant and lovable atmosphere, they should make love to produce human beings

7. In the left and right side of Siti Hinggil there are bathroom. The Siti Hinggil surrounded by a street name Pamengkang, showing the positon when someone is sitting or lying with separated legs

8. Go further north, there is a yard named : Kemandungan, from the word kandung (pregnant) and the four trees planted here are : Pelem becomes gelem, that is the wish comes from both side. Kepel becomes kempel, unite mentally and physically. Jambu Dersono, dersono describing to be loved by other people. Cengkir Gading, a small yellowish coconut tree. The coconut used in the

ceremony when a mother is seven month pregnant.

In the left and right side at this yard, there are street aiming to go out side, this is imagining the negative influences which could occur during the growth of the baby in his mother womb

9. Now, passing the Regol (gate) Gadungmlati, arrive in Kemagangan. The road is narrow in the beginning and then becomes wider and brighter. That means the baby is safely born, growing to be a man facing his future life. There are kitchen in this premises, named gebulen and sekullangen, describing that for the child's growth there are available a lot of food. The street on the left and right side of the premises are reflecting, the negative factors which could influence the child life. The child must be educated properly, to the right paths, to the north, to the Karaton, where the Sultan lives doing his duties. In Karaton he could attain his goals of life, therefore he has to work diligently, with good and correct manner, faithful not to break the rules. He must also always remember and serve to God almighty

10. In Karaton one has to follow the steps taken by the Sultan or Sri Sultan (the title is usually called by Yogyanese) before and after the ceremony of Grebeg in the north of Siti Hinggil (organized three times in a year, explaination of Grebeg follows in other articles). Sri Sultan steps out from Sri Manganti gate, facing the bangsal (hall) Ponconiti, ponco means five senses ; niti means to inspect. The yard is called Kamandungan (collect), planted with trees of Tanjung, Kepel (unite), Cengkir Gading - yellow coconut (the holy color of God). That's mean that Sri Sultan has to concentrate his five senses and mind because he is going to worship the holy God

Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX

11. He is entering the gate (Regol) Brojonolo (brojo means weapon; nala means heart) and sees a stone wall. "Renteng mentog baturana" (renteng means worry; baturana means stone divider) which describes that Sri Sultan should not be worried to implement a just government. There is a tree - Jambu Tlampok Arum (Arum means fragrant), meaning "Speak always nicely, so your name will be famous all over the world".

12. Sri Sultan is now in North of Siti Hinggil, in the south, four trees of kemuning (ning - clear), then he steps to bangsal Witono (a seat in heaven) could also means begin. That is imagining "clear your thoughts and begin to pray"

13. The place have to be arranged by two subordinates by names of Wignya (clever), and Derma (destiny), symbolizing " You should be clever to sit in your throne as you are destined to represent God Almighty to rule your people"

14. Bangsal (hall) Manguntur Tangkil : a high place to worship God. The Bangsal Manguntur Tangkil is located inside the Bangsal Witono, this is describing that inside the body, there is soul or life spirit. Sri Sultan is ready to meditate (samadi) the gamelan (Javanese musical instruments) by the name Kyai Monggang is played slowly and rhythmically following his breathing in meditation. The meditator has to arrange his breathing and concentrate solemnly by closing the nine holes of his body

15. In front of Siti Hinggil, there are Tarub Ageng (great, glory) and pagelaran, in the old days it was a place for the Patih (king's chief-minister) and other subordinates to wait before meeting Sri Sultan for audience. Gelar here means bright. That's describing that anybody who is meditating, submitting his/her life totally to the hands of God is in a great and bright path, as a gift from God

16. Alun-alun (the North Square) with the two waringin trees are a comparison with someone's experience in samadi. He/she is feeling calmly and happily, as if he/she is a twin, microcosmos unite macrocosmos. He /she has to go on with the samadi, avoiding temptations

17. Go further north, there are :Beringharjo Market : symbolizing temptations and obstacles during samadi, in the market there are plenty of delicious foods, jewels, luxurious things, beautiful women and handsome men.Kepatihan : is the office of the patih, the sultan's chief-officer. It's a place where power is executed ; rank, promotion of officers are decided and finance is arranged.Tugu :

Pillar, symbolizing the acceptance of samadi. If the meditator could reach tugu safely, he could reject the temptations of usual world desire and lust. Such as material wealth, high ranking position, delicious foods and drinks, a lust toward opposite sex and more over he/she always does good and correct thinking and conducts, by God blessing, the meditator could attain his goal in samadi, the Javanese says : in a position of "Manunggaling kawulo Gusti", manunggal means unity; kawulo means servant, human beings; Gusti means God. So, manunggaling kawulo Gusti means "The spiritual unity of the man and God, the creature and creator". Everything could be happened by the wish of God Almighty.

18. The above explains the philosophical meaning of Karaton Yogyakarta. It is worth to note that daily situation in the Karaton is alive. The Karaton is attended by dignified and elderly retainers wearing traditional Javanese dress

19. Now Sri Sultan is heading back to the palace, through Kemandungan yard, where some keben (shut) trees grow, meaning 'shut your eyes and ears, as you should be ready to go to die (to another world)

20. He is greeted by his wife and children, and two young ministers in Sri Manganti Hall, offering some drinks. This is depicting two angels are ready to show him the way as in accordance with Al-Qur'an

21. Bangsal Trajumas which stands in front of Sri Manganti, means "You must know what is right and wrong. Don't think anymore of anything in this earth, your wife and family, you are leaving them"

22. In the south, there is a building called 'Purworetno' meaning "We must always remember where do we come from"

23. He passes the gate Donopratopo, means "A good man always gives something to others voluntarily and he is able to erase lust"

24. The two statues of giants, the one has a good manner, the second is a bad giant. Showing "You must be able to differentiate, God and evil"

25. Sri Sultan goes to Bangsal Kencono (Golden Pavilion), describing the unity of human beings and God

26. Then, he enters the pavilion Praba Yeksa. Praba means light, bright. Yeksa means big. In this pavilion there is a lamp which is always burning. According to ancient belief, the travel to eternal life is following a light.

27. Next to Prabayekso is gedong Kuning (yellow house), symbolizing the home of the peaceful spirits in heaven

Inside the Karaton, there is a museum dedicated to the late Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX, the father of the present Sultan Hamengkubuwono X. Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX was a famous political figure and leader in Indonesia. His support and contribution for the Republic of Indonesia to gain independence are sincerely respected and recognized by almost every citizen.Yogyakarta was temporary capital of Indonesia (1946-1949) and by law is granted the status of special region equals to province. The museum exhibit gilt copies of sacred Pusaka (the heirlooms), gifts from foreign monarchs, gamelan, royal carriages and some photos of the royal families and family tree. There is a special pavillion dedicated to the active participation of Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX for the struggle of Indonesia's independence. Besides his position as a traditional leader as the Sultan of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat, he was also appointed as the Governor of Yogyakarta Special Region for life by the President of RI.

2. Passive Voice

Passive voice in each sentence:

1. Simple present tense, so, ‘be’ in passive voice: is, am or are.

Example: His support and contribution for the Republic of Indonesia to gain independence are sincerely respected and recognized by almost every citizen.

2. Simple past tense, so, ‘be’ in passive voice: was or were.

Example: He was also appointed as the Governor of Yogyakarta Special Region for life by the President of RI.

3. Present Perfect tense, so, ‘be’ in passive voice: has been or have been.

Example: Human life has not been arranged by them.

4. Past Perfect tense, so, ‘be’ in passive voice: had been.

Example: This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here

5. Modal/ auxiliaries so’ be’ in passive voice: will be (simple future tense), will have been (future perfect tense), would have been (past future perfect tense) etc.

Example: They will be being met by him

6. Continuous tenses, so ‘be’ in passive voice: is/are + being(simple present), was/were + being(simple past tense), has/have been + being (perfect), had been + being (past perfect), will be + being (future ), would be + being (past future), will have been + being (future perfect), would have been + being (past future perfect).

Example: This plant would be being watered by her.

Exercise 1: Change the sentences from the active to passive.

They grow coffee in Kenya.

1 ______________________________________________________ .

They publish The Times newspaper in London.

2 ______________________________________________________ .

They make shoes in Calatayud.

3 ______________________________________________________ .

They transport oranges from Valencia to Germany in special crates.

4 ______________________________________________________ .

They are sending the parcel by sea.

5 ______________________________________________________ .

They are destroying the forests in Indonesia.

6 ______________________________________________________ .

The shark ate the man.

7 ______________________________________________________ .

The arsonist started the fire.

8 ______________________________________________________ .

The police took him away.

9 ______________________________________________________ .

They've treated him very well.

10 ______________________________________________________ .

They haven't cleaned the kitchen yet.

11 ______________________________________________________ .

They didn't punish him for what he did.

12 ______________________________________________________ .

UNIT 7

Tamansari-The Royal Water Castle

Have you ever been to Tamansari?

Tamansari was established in 1758 based on the idea of Hamengku Buwono I, Raden

Ronggo Prawirosentiko (Regnt of Madiun) as the architect, and Demang Tegis ( a Portuguese) as

the structural expert.

There are some elements which influenced the complex architectures of Tamansari.

They are Hindu and Buddha, Java and Islam, China, Portuguese, and European style. It can be

seen in some parts of Tamansari.

Tamansari has two main gates, which are: Gapuro Agung (The Great Gate-in the west)

and Gapuro Panggung (in the east-which now is used as the entrance to Tamansari). The form of

the gates is very beautiful which uses the original Javanese style. The motif of the gates is very

detailed made, such as the stiles made from tendrils of plants, birds’ tails, and eagle’s wings.

1. Conversation

Endah : Good morning, Nate!

Nate : Good morning, Endah. What a coincidence to see you here!

Endah : Yes, I’m surprised to see you here too. What are you doing here in

Tamansari?

I thought you have visited this water castle yesterday.

Nate : Yes, I have. But I want to visit once more with my Australian friends.

Guys, this is Endah, my Indonesian friend.

Endah : Hi, I’m Endah. So, are you guys enjoying the view?

Nate : Yes, we are. It’s so beautiful.

Anyway, what are you doing here Endah?

Endah : I’m guiding other tourists here. Look, they are taking some pictures

over there.

Nate : I see.

Endah : Well, have a nice trip guys.

2. Grammar Focus

Present Continuous Tense

(+) S + to be + Ving + O……………………………………….. now

(-) S + to be + not + Ving + O………………………………. now

(?) To be + S + Ving + O………………………………………..now

3. Exercise

a) Make a sentence based on each word given!

Take a bath surround

Shampoo build

Wash rule

Walk close

See open

b) Pair work

Work with a partner and then make a short dialogue about Tamansari. It should

use present continuous tense.

UNIT 8

Prambanan Temple

How would you describe Prambanan

Temple to a tourist you are guiding?

The beautiful Prambanan temple was built in the 10th sentury in the reign of two big kings, Rakai

Pikatan and rakai Balitung. It is 47 meters high show the glorious time of Hindu in Java. Prambanan temple

is 17 kilometers away from Jogjakarta, precisely in Klaten.

There is a famous folk tale about Prambanan temple. Once upon a time, there was a man named

Bandung Bondowoso who loved the beautiful Roro Jonggrang. However, she didn’t love Bandung

Bondowoso at all. Therefore, when Bandung Bondowo proposed Roro Jonggrang, she asked him to build a

temple with 1000 statues within a night. That request was nearly completed before Roro JOnggrang cheated

Bandung Bondowoso. She made noisy sound in the dawn to wake up the chicken. She also set fire to make

a morning-like situation. Bandung Bondowoso, at that time, had reached the 999 th statue. Knowing that Roro

Jonggrang were cheating him, he cursed Roro Jonggrang to be the 1000th statue.

Prambanan temple has 3 main temples, which are Wisnu temple, Brahma temple, and Syiwa temple

which stand in the main yard. Those 3 temples represent Trimurti (3 important gods) in Hindu. Those

temples are facing the east. Each main temple has a “companion” temple which faces toward the west.

Nandini temple is the “accompanies” Syiwa temple, Angsa for Brahma, and Garuda for Wisnu. Moreover,

there are still a lot of small temples surrounding those 3 bog temples. Meanwhile, in the second yard, it has

224 other temples.

1. Grammar Focus

PREPOSITION

InOnAtForOfToWith

AfterBeforeUnderAboveBeneathAsEtc.

2. Exercise

a) Work with a partner and then pretend as if one of you are a guide and the

other is a foreign tourist. You are visiting Prambanan temple now.