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Expressing identity
Creativity in Yolngu art
;UI (rn;."llJ• Sf ~ .. ICr.1#•1<0 \.,U'.(U J'l'Vtlr l!UID tll>ll'TTl AJdu Ol 'J•i.llJ ti.>·.c -dill\ U) I •»P bl
ft"w.11,. '-' 111..S o<llllS"' U•• '*"rid Yul•'!!" .n "a •o> at"'"'"~ ll•• .,.-:in,1 folJtill .n. ~·rn;sc::o lf liUU'I iii ~-t:1r.: tc!:tWClr~ Ci'C!t1. the ..... ta~~t)Ood •'*'-ft.. U.:: "' VCl'Tt--lll uf \he r1"llll&,•~"' oatllUn ol u .. tok;os IU'K•r? 1t..,i-;:111 H== '"lI'llP ;irt&'l'Oldd J,;;tun:ll ul '"" Ull-U<:Ali'! If can 1• a. Uir ~·>l~f,lt> twtwrtJ< Ui.i11,: - ~........,,. l'C"'Jle t.li>c.o al'l ..,~,;aulll i..u.,;i U c>11 ~· u:.•t.1Ll>•l.mu:-rq;l1i.,i.om11e<1.-i.....ll,l,Wccmr....- I'""~''' and '~t), tu 1m1 u1 unw~ f'ta11 ul'Ll &tN•ti.il.1"41 su U.e r".e.al L6 ~ • J•rr.&C&J" f.f.6111 VI.
uansport 1h• soul< or 1.hc dead
U Cit nu illl 11-U-Jro&t l>n:•..,., I wlial. 11 ,. • lii4"11 t.I •ri nw.t.U\11 lhal rMlh11 U1• "'''"' 111 'lltuth l•dli•I• u•c, 11 J <>Uh•I ~ll1f'lll<. I tu uU"T p<.,.U.·, l~At CW •'C'VX uJ.l;T.JUlll IJ<TC<l,0,,t• "'1d
~1,.>1ia<1& wo JtJa<ltl) ""II rn..,,. u11 111UL1lil<' c4 Yulf.,..u sao.o Y~~ i.n hw. i......n "'"''"An.I l""'u...J lllNu.i:f t•.,....t;ill\Att t,Y 1""1-"1' of IJ .,wledg• ~nc s:iill °'"" u .. 1 umo U•• ,.,nil••• <h•l~ •• L"ii" """1:11•ll w,.y Yol:nj!•Jl .... u.eci Ute 1><~u1.1tt1C1C.,1-U.... •«Nlfl!UI'• uf ttPf\:!.t:nlaUDtl, IU :1.c.1'hi UC: pu.w1.r, m Ulnl'( t .. t;,tc-!D t:uwn t~ 1t-lt;Vi111Ct U\ I~ ttJ11h
1X\:5
it .. WI '·"'"' r m111u• , .. , U• .nrval "' f:wt>pc¥l1> .&nd l.t1t .,.l•t..."ll1"""1l ul 1.h• 11u...iun >IJlllttll oJ Yur,.alu u1 J~~ \,ht.k ¥~ tll .• mJ iid11U1r1 a:wb.,f'\tt !ot Vt!tn,&lu w11 ... rw\11t-r i&l't!llU 1Jt y.·hlcf1
the •rlmls could net
h4:11111r 1r111&a IJt•il'fll l,D <rl&J:.•• .... u, Uu oui..rt\ wll<ld ..Jm;io. llon• t.L 1A:911w••IL vi 1ha ,.,. .. ..in W\.wur t .,,,,,1;.i,it, II• l•IWtlllf • niJ..tun•l'Y· 1!11L'(Hln>O<'ll Ut< prad;l• uoa of I ort r•rt1lu1,,."" a.uM1lrmf'."111 11U."'..51Uft b" ,,...,.,. AJttS to tw1J ·1~' ;uth c t.1•.a::a) &a.HIJ t.-u.p.o;.r If, .. s:w.r4 uJ ·'CUuu
LI• .111 t.111..,,111llll•I M""''"'" Ute i\ultflllmU M11oeurn u1S,dno:Y11t<ll II•< ""'""''"' ~11_.J,.1 ul V1d11I' I _., '-tdlmllfhr ft 1wt·v-1r ~l .. 1\!L 1*1..UllJ lht- \'utnl,I ilfWU ~ U1L r~ult:J Ut l'fl&K~ tt·._JI &11.flht.Uri.&
u1comc. I.hey were engaged m processes of persaaslo11.
dcotllt'> lilt., lht> be .-l wr W!fy ht•n ul u~1.,...~uu11 111 i'olJ lU \11• poJ;I \yjiJlil> I foe p><lllllljl l.lkl! l• P 1't>•ie1f\1J W:•Ul•
fulle.~l sense U\ relation LO the system Of ClaJl des1gns-111U1Jc<11Qr •In"'- ~""'it~"' • pllll>W>!>pin 11 Ir ..-!U. 111 111...s• rr»klfll! Cl•" 11> .. 1itfTJ<~·~ 111ut ol an und~tl}'llig 1n:lrt'li!Jol -~ 111111 tQl ch• Jlll"'"' w !l"Aluo.• ,.., U\111111
<A, on• ,,. r:••"-' 111 u.., .. ~ """'llR coc11...r1.t10 tu tllli \11\"'5ftr.D; ''' Uic W.oll.l!)UI Ul i. p11cua.i.lt1t i1lw::c tJr tt ''outi.C a114:<;:J1.nll b;m1e;1 u-a.•13iu.d sr~UI <JJdil.n<I!>, •lnlilY •II m ~' ..cu,_,, l.eillie\ .it; ru:.-sU>e rounuy,,.. lh.,..i111• um" 1ti.
The >-quare p;ou.ern or lhe Ojapu clan ts essoc•nted with .sc.c1J11• 'rau.: ..i,.-~1Lb u. awu-A33.f.l:t'I .. t.tt UilJ<lf'l·n1 Antf>'SD ~..cl •eu Al l:l;ol;u1" 111.,- .. 1~ tulllll.'t'I• I W u,t IJ)..nfl"'-' .u11..- frull Our.dim. ib1.u1·• tW.u•d f.o6'<>1T.i 1J ... ~pta-1
,\t Wurn!l>Wlll'. uu.y :.r~ ho:ll<•J to Uo. Jti>=<lral <narl< wl l.vJV lntJ '~~l,Ult9 IA th<• t.nW,;;1r.e Flum TnaJ li~y It• I 'fln;i1tfomim Tiii• fSIJIWIJ' rt'"rts1l vi It•• ~utltrn :a W
<JI t.~1ful!r.t W1':t c:r~lt •n Use bky O&Jtil.J~ru-1g il.!111' 11-l iJ
""'L<.,_,.j, u11 .. 1~;;n . IDJnllllH 1...t ~ •.U"1X ••• J iruro.t.. I w. r t~ nMY' or:rn.s ., .. .,,, .wiJ llJlSktl.I w1..t """11"1 ~ Uo• ~utf •J!t Uut 01 nm1rMJlY Ute J.1uth1.Lf16 iJ'Uld ~41:.S I
of cians a11d peo1>le, and so on. The individual designs
11 :u·•UldJI bt . I al Uk! J11llll.f1 hi lt11t111r1JUl1j/;11.r.elf lol:lJll.I p&Jnun;;o w1QDn:i• 1m "C•r,.ite11Ur 1i1NWI ~-...lolt1 wru!J! - Uk Ill C>'1'!lll ~ palmUI~ •l:l'tfl~ I.ti utld 1:1Jk.ur ~ htullWlll. VI' 1>,vuv ut 1ulllJllil'L 'Thl·v bt:Jlln w1~1 tlf(ltlllll J>ilkftt IS 11>o1~rd uuL Tll< .urfl><v 1' Ll..,1 ~-follrn•I w\!h a lv<\11bruiJ11.li 1111%111~11...W Th< U\111 mW (1"'11.!o l
which the cleinentS are bOth clear and 11tbrant. This 1s r,,,..., ..... ll o.opUllt• lb::Ir • ...,nu!tl •:ocr..:c. lli ((11Ulo;f8
:i:.i.,._.t<><J >111tr tne iA•-d ,...,. heUJc r~y• .tu,.. the sparkle or frestiwater '" Ll>e hmunance of euca!yp1
,._a. . .... ._ ,. ......... ~, ..... ~
t,.,..,,,tNi .Mw1IJ41Jtrr ~. Q,e....,.. ..
~Jb1iN or Bcto:no l~et..lll} llrl6
......... ...,._ .• -~ .. u ....... , ,, tow t .. .-.....-it_ '-'--..._.~C...1t>T~·.-.
' , , " '1 '• •I ,, , ,
through them with wider Austruban society, uslns It as a means o! expressJ1g core cultu.-al valu~ and dcmonslnlJl\ll thtu rdatJonships lO land and sea The process was a c1m111latlvo one. Over t1111e, Yotngu ieamt more a~l th~ nature or &11tol"'an SOCtel)' and were fon:cd to engage wilh ILS leg.ii and poliucal instltuuoM In order LO swvive; and trussionanes, anthrOJ>Ologms and some £urnpei11'-"~ bci.al\ LO develop• deeper l:llderstaudll\8 and appre<:lJLion or Yolngu culture 'I'"" "'~.it..i•<n .. ,u, tllr mD1k.-t t.1K1lu1u•<:I ... rnl di:•th'l'w. tru. .., u,.1 UJd U> "'' ut .n t.ir liJ penuas1vc powen In !962 Yoll1gu artc>IS produced the church panel$ - twu IM:-rncir<-luah J>llnds. or •Al'red f)4lf>UAA& LO be placed eithor >1de of !.he altar m the newly built M•lhodlsL Chweh, represen1!11g the lands and spmul311dentities or Ille clans who congregated at Yllrl<a .. IJ1 ISG:l. when they learnt that their riold over !.ho lan<I was lhn:at<.'fled by tht discovery of l:irge reserves of b.lu.'Ote lhcy 5'>111 t"'o petitions ..c1 l:asl.., t1•>11kn:.l will> pWv.ecl d,.,,i&.~ 10 Ille l lOUl.'e nf
Represcnuitives.• And in 1998,"' •·•I'"""' iu "' r:wch"~" .,,... ._ ..i-,.., r<...ul Bl Mold Bay they produced the 1"114••"'" OCJ!lt:~UI!<! ar butk J ..,.11W11!11 I\ r.n=illl11& lt1t dlu" l'11Al1nc1.tui" to coastal waw~
"'""'"" T • .w.J, "1• -"'-~' •'111• i..~ m.i .,, :al bc.i Ill llllft"' •I...- •f I>,;.,,.. lrou4 Afld UClll. Al &Lui.& lhl!Y 0111' CllllfM;IOd IJ UI• f •)&"l>klo"•I '1oten., t•O WU<lltll Wl4 ~dJ•(I 0-"91 °"""''"'"' 11 ... '" a<1..1.ona ,...,,.,i, y,..._u.,...,.:rmt .:.m l.11/u .\ml..,.11 t.Utd.CCl:IA Al \lia!_rdu•~uy , wy MT\.' llnkecl w 11>1' ml1.'e&TM llltlu1' .. 1111 cra1u d llll •111 ll1J.lfld. trw.>i •l'tTIU\i¢ tu' b<.J) di\< k.oi..uVI or !ht. • ., ·l~ ~w." ~ull lllr}·.., llJUIJ•I ..... ~ u ........ ...i. ~YI•~ Ille
ll11111C&:!f11 11 The 1111/Tl;oty rel " '' .. r hr f-".ln:> M w the du...J• llcn.....C• ... and II, ~""4.hw<.r• ul'tuloUB U...:0-<~b U ·•Icy 1•f1ll "ll!l\l!A1<;u.oidal~1...J l!W•l ua ll"' v111lllJ.&un~ r4'·•·1f I.ho. lW1 brw. 11'.ral<,( l.,1nay; rt I '1 s..u1t1> .nd ,....,..~ rrtlect. •u; •. u.i -.1<>"'• en ~ 1 / ....:ut; o. rJit') !fllJ Ql'nlhl ..,_.it1r • ..uuJ tlHJa.k~d am! ih.-ifi.d r In t..Ua AU U'1ev.: U114J.8!'11 wn: f.U.•m \ilP m II '"3t u..i arrompai) ""' ....,.....,,.. tll the .i..cr .. "'<'t:" """Y d unM>d u..., mc>llll\jj It
erosshatclimg has an cxtraordm;<ry capacity to create sub\le gradauon• or colour, :u tn the white· on-wlu!AI are.s or p&llllU\gS oy arwis Sllch as Ga:wna Mayinuru in •work like Wa110WU 2002 •
DJWTibawa MamwtlJ's painting fJIJ.rrut'tji 200'l demonstrat11s lhe way in wluch a Yolngu art!Sl cxplolLS Ille po\.CntW or this sySl~ of knowledge and expression to crcale unages or gl"Cl>L power o..'ld cotnplexity The dorrun.nt pau.em of lht pn111Ung IS a diamond des.an :issociatcd wilh clans or lhe Y1mt1a moiety. The deSJgn draws on an intrlcat.c sys1.e1n of ancestral forces tenlfll'l8 on the seasonal elements of Rrc and noodwalers, whlch m different pl•ces COllJLCCL with wana•rr such as birrkuda (wtld honey), baru (uocodile) and burrut'LJI (llghuung snake)
The pa1nli.~g is «ntred on the nv~r mouth at Baral1.13 in Jalma &y, at the height or the wet season The region l• domh1nted by a sea:sunaJ cycle m wluch freshwater and Ra!Lwot.cr flow u.cross lhe <.....itlte JNXl."1J <011t:U"'1 i.n dlrl•'r•nl I"'-; .. I LJtl(<'<'f'nl l:.t!•d .. 1 \Ill Y•••r In ID. .Ji) •' •"•"" I.ho a..u. t..si.e ut Ille w., r 1n<n'CIS 1., ~ ..s U•< a""k bl<>.. 1ry ouL b1 th• "~ .,.....,..., lh• croe Ml revers«!. The tnl•nd becomes unmdated. and IM coastal pblns Dood The nven l>Ko1ne rag;ng
tn.Wl1- n irt•il ... ~ C.11 ft•~t' \ln1ft lt. •'•1- 1,1.jl .hU-h .a:MJ.b])tl.¥' 11"""1 ttc "'°'·"" h1'\g.1Jit' ll.c: flickering of ~ghlnmg and its voice the roar or thunder. IL Is talking to GnCestral snakes from other 1>lac .. and umcs
~~I oJU11$ "'11<.lt ~ I •tX9'11 llsUt,fi.Atl u.· •..ilom Ir II· •"""' u u.. nshl ... ,,,,, IJ!u;wa:'llU clan waters - chains of dlnmondS cont.alnlng elon!JllLed ovals. The swolien figure d1111dlug them IS floodwater rrom t\Jr~'1er mland bebeved h> have surged through an undergrowid tuMel before U .,... ":In U.,. ..uif-r I0"11""J u Uicy 1....i 1"1aul,Jt U" tl>t f1"1l.il1 TI>c tUli d I UIC bartw. o.: bW'nl11Jt •• n. r.,,..J:; lc1.• 1 UM. tnb.nd &:.Ou--~ ~ 1l\li- .to..)..c\ 1..-ait b seen 01urrj,Jf8 v tt "141_."S a LI ""'" tr1111;th The Wlllcl"t tun~ lJr..!,dJ1t:.t "'rut~ cul lnt• \AA U,y-, f»uah111« &N.11,. the SWlrll11g sal!WOICl'S or MW\8Urru'
TJ,.. ,_...un; ~Uk• .. ,,.;:. wf-..'I "•"'~IC ''"'"P\l\rlU t.J \1.W-~w an. ~u u :w
''"l"'hau ul mt .. 1\1118 The <San Ooop ~n: 111ulll·tr<rrtt1l111l Tle 1IW1rmr"1 Jatp con •'41><1 t.a u .. IUlhttl•llL tloWwuu•n, "''~""ltal ru • • ti nU11i<• Cit. tlUC<1d~· WO, Ill~ {~Ii• ai. bccl11w, u.a ~®.iu:.a~t t•1 flantS 1.::t t~n1t -~ 1111(.•~t ...... ~.s:tn. llUJt.t:J'~ 1~~.u.u-,. Wlfh•r,w.d the dc.unwYe v-4nanto or lhe design belongu1& to dllfere1n SOCl3l groups mark !heir country and are pull 1rf \.tit ~ Mt..!1"'1:.) ·r"'l, r ~a ll:lln L.1 i• '""n:o ~f ~ 1Jliu~n ~.:u! u~t•\fl tll ''a:n.:\I &n..
Tl• l-"11lUAA lll""11~le>. ""'"' r~ ""'•i>c<lu • _,,....u..d >111.h Ui. lok• hl<l~ ""''-'-«l tltoi~"o1J.&..&0nt4Xa wd 4\J 11 "1r.usu.. 41 ~di w-... <-W"t 1 '.~~ thfl lk,..~"" n-.-i:r Wiilet n ... ~Cl !'<'.!l:m a•lil.i•t.!<Vnot a' Lt.·~ UC eutna1.J• ote """""""''"'""Ill•• •ht lu'ktl~11~1 1lr1.ij t....Jw11l 1hmn In Lt..- wour, \h1"Jl('111t d ilt':'J)Ef l"l'l they um W Vlflll!! 1m..UU1U ~ i.i ..,..i.r """~ ~m:baudswt.) ~..it111<·cl 1111: ~111 w the .u1ttr.ll•I UJ/'lri'Oluu n ... 1111-111· .o.t W..
I )
/
O .. t'i'iu " IU•" ..,.., ;J.Jun•JH\41l ,_ ........ ..., ., ........... ...... ti .... i..
bvttom or U"' ho:Jow lug IS &raina, an ancestnsl btl/lll who uuua1.<:d rn~th Yolngu <i?r•morual t~w. and tmpUul ht!r~ JS th~ L:OTU1ccllon Le.> the Ma<_!arr~ coumry of 8ar11lt.Jil. where lhe wet Sta.Son noodwalt.srs now downslream
Expn·s:.1un Ut Vo.ingu J>WUlU\8 lS rnouvaU:d by mt::aJ"Uf\8 - oy a concepuon of place comlu.f\U\&
the >1Jll1tual "'l!' the envtru:uo.ent.a.I and the soc .. J To Yolr.gu. t!1e pal:1ungs are !ughly producuv-. 11." ••lb<. mearung 1> cmcrc•nl - tl •omea out of Ult l*ll\ung ..s the nwod l\8hlS un •Land u1c eye P<'rtt:Vt> tl TIUS 1$ rcfl,-cl<'<l Ill :tie romplex 1mcrplay brl\\.ttn gecmelMC Md f18UtaUve rorm Ul Yolngu arl We can see tl'U' dearly m Gnluma Maymuru'< p;imungs Woyuwu 200'l :u1d Nyuyknl u.t Wuyawu 2002 Wayawu 10 a river system Lhal flows u1t11 Gruidal Bay, next LO J.un1J Bay UuJumn"s focus Js on Utt: river 11.:rcl!. ln Waya.wu.. the ~up half oft.he pru.uLins r<"pre.:,~n~ lhe river Oowu1J1 I hrough Galum•'s own Mungr;tlili dai1 country - Man~ah!J country c11dJ Just below a larse ruek Lhal cuu across U-.t: tlVN on wtuch a heron COIJ1 oc $\:l;J\ standing tookutg for flsh 10 the watrr Tiw nvrr lheJ1 flows tluot;gh U1e COW•lly of Lhe Ohu<!l D;apu clan, the clan u( C1dum.!> ttusband O'l\lkal W'.rrµanda 1'1tt changt Is lllgnili<-d by lhe Wlforenl clan acsig.'lS The dts:g/l Ul ll\e to;. hall or the palnlLf1& - lht Wlt&r pauem or OPIJOseo wavy lllles - !A!IOnS> 10 tile Mangga!i!J clan tu. core inc:arungs ~ucwt~ n. W'lth a waler J.)!31\t._ yoku Tile design reprcst:u~ Lhc conn or lhc p!nnL, the long sU!JO:s thnl trntl through the wattr wtlh the leaves visibfc on thl.! .surface
In N11uy/UJJ al Woyowu •1td WO!illwu, Ualuwu has nu.de this connect1C11 expUul 111.;ome or th" polfld• t;y repn::.e:1un11 Lh~ <:<.mt$, leaves and tn11l1111 s~rns (lgtltlltively M Uw nver enwrs the llhu!!• l>;a?ll culL"Wy or llhuru1>11LJp1, Lhe clan d.-s1;;11 changes 10 one rcpmenung u d1P.er.,11t wat<r pl"'it I.he dltarraJlg;. Lh•L gruw• .tl clumps ;md p:oVklc.> dense •hade where fish u:i h.'<le Tht dc:ugn itself conll!ins thtse mearungs, but ui her P•:ntuig Ualur.14 lo»!> U'ICluaed u palin.psest 1h~l makes Lh1s cxphc1L A11d lilddtn Ito the de/1:.1! iungle bt'.1wa1h the waters we C11n •ee the barely vtslblc rorm or a fish 'f'lils l<'Ctu1lq11c or pa1.11una. 111 wluth the figurative IOl'llt disappears JnlO Of
barely tnierges from t.h• backgrow1d, was termed 'buwaydk' by Ute RtratJ!ngU ....Wt WaJlyubi Martl<a .•. COJIYCrsalJUll Wllh WIL l'lubbs BuW3yllk ~:gt\llles JWUtblliLy or r.unu .• -ss. \Vlule the
wN<;t rcu~ Alll'IJI liar1A•JUUJ••ii1 .. u~v""'111.t•,...•JCrLlc. '°'l Ill" :;.rt'.lt-1 ..... I tOlt u ( f..IX &11-.:. ~ WJU &I•) i..VLtel' I I k:J&Cflli~f uJum .-...iJ 1vttt..wl1'riU1A'l•rLu l itJ ~-~UJU.l.!!NLN1-lwt;c.J h ,rnu&tl w;'.h u •• aa U•1. bo.n:( ti~ Uu ut. Jurma •1f Uw•~ rkn
i.eclWque or buwayak has readied a !ugh l<!•el or de-elop!1'enl U\ co~te.·npgrary .. urk• by .... .asts
from Biue Mud Bay, ll ls pr.sef\L 111 niany earUer Yot.~gu works •
I nr • ,,.t..n;....10 ,.( w:..;,o1 eh ,,, '" Ir'"' IUwna Maymuru's clan and her husb&nd's clan u1 Uu ~' 1 ~ nt1;11l1 ~$i&111.!'1&:1.int 1\i V1~u. I in&...., rc..1• Jl';..'iGl.dUfn;tn..,,11"'!;1n.I J..-·,J~1 Tf1 Manggallll •nd Dhul!l OJapu clans are in• rclauonstup ol yuU1u·)'\n<h, v1UuJ.lw11..,u .... 1 Fv1 gcn•rnUons Mnnggalill women h.wc rruur1ed Ohut,!l Djapu m~n and ral:i<!<l chJJdrcn ror that clan. To Yo\ngu, tlus comes from the rtlntlon;hlp bcLwecn lhc lands, and can b~ seen in Lhe 11\WJig of .,..11.e:3 ~ L'\l? Monggallll .... :uer~ from Wayawu JOI.rt with lhe Dhuq1 Lljapu waters aL Dhuru11utJpl.
IL Is tlus ancestral P-'tern bnked to lhc logic or the 11iill•.1111h.f t'-""• ""' u.1Jlt.n.. nd ......, •
ll••l deiennines tile pauern of ll'.c present day.
ulllll L" 1U1 th;al l•.ll>f'l'"'-•j Ill lflr "•ltplt N~ ml&IW part t.>l Uta> jlN><lll, u ;,tu..,. ull """''1 lo 1t1c11t"t4- ui tJ~ wwW J.,;:ta. u U1111111•cr-.1 U\111 ltllt\iJ a!>uut lt-ok u.u-uJ~11;1.ilA.l1 ut thu l.M1fta.;. Mt1' Li.JU~ "T.r~ -.JJ \U'liCCll>U. wu l• r1u.O( o ol Lt-L> u·1~rt) t \cb1•J .m_ ,,,t'! r~fatJr.41.a.h•l l'f.'~¥.-rr-11 &tMU .. l.IUI iltld "1'f":Lo1Wi Ill r.,..J .. IJ"' <Vlll.IWW'l! lrn"' UI oH •Jni!l;lifl ~d o,:;•15 d U ..
l•""ct to .orA1Jw.Jl1:iwlur• '"''" :<f'll.I DI IC;df!llll<~•
·~ 11\••-r.C M •tJ,,, n r111 ........ c1 U• •.ot.1111 lur ,-.Oo.,u.- •tae.aOb ta lf.-:.om-MP1-1~t1 W...lkvt1..,....iy111l•-Ott.t llc•an .. 'lllrtll~ 1 l , .. ,~ ...,..,... . .:.qa;1uas.&1'/'iliC1'Jl7IJCV••un'-u;G Art~c;r+A~ X°""" ''-;i" '.1'-'JI ).~'*"10"..:.! .~t1 lifA fl411t .v...11 ._.._ .. .a b1..-.._ k«ltri .. \iJIU
111.>wil A>dliropo/Qgj/ (1997)
I" l!USlk.~ Qu••nslir4 Art Cal:•r; SWiley l'laee. Sou<h Ba.'1l<, Bnsbant PO Box 3086, Sou<h Bnsbanc Quccnii.tid 41 O I Au.suoha WWW.~ qld 80V au
c Q-...-.rs!a:c~ Alt Gal.ery 2001
11la we.rt 1 cc;::y11g."t:.. Apa.rt Crom .)A)' use '-1 pe::vJtted
i;ndor the Cci>vn-9/u .4ot l!J68. no pv. "'"Y be reprodu<ed wuhoul pnor wrmen pemu.u1on !tom Ule pub~her No Wuslr~Uon iJ\ tl'u.s -publ;ccallon may bo reproduced wllhouL the p1rmJulon of <lie c:opyr!Q!t owners. Reque51$ and L'q\1.llU c<>ncernlng reprodu<:tl<>n and rf8h'> shou!d be :u!dr<~ 10 <h• publUW
£yt:ty &U.t:npt b.s bee-!\ tD.1de lO foal'! the hcU:lers o! copynah: &NI reprodl.-oUon ngl;U o/ Ill tnuges re;>rodU<tO in tl\:.s pobJc:itton. The pubUlhcr wo•1ld be ara!.etul to~ rtom MY H"ader wuh tun1'.!r U'l!ormauon.
C<>PY"l')\l fo, texu In this puUUcauon II held by the Quee°"""'t! Art Call•ry a.'ld the •u<hors. Cop)'rigl\t lo: all U·.c works or vt st.ow:t btl;:,ngs lo th'! tt:eva.r..i. .J.tUst.s, theU" fl.n\lles. C'Q(l'Vfl\UUlll'!S., uta:.csard ~~ Co?}'T\Cl'".t !of" pho!oaraph.:c inag~ 1s htld by tndJV'.dulJ pr.otogra.phrf'1 >I'd in.u:uuono or lhc Quttntlll'd All O>Bery
Care tia.5 bttn IW<tn to enswe lhC colour reproduct.i.oru 1ruatch ns closely as possible th• supplied traNp>.rencl!.•. rtlrn <Ute~ or «Ugit>I files o! tho Otf8ll\:ol "'"'""
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tt ts custo:iiiuy L'\ 1:tQ;.-iy ln:Sigtnoi.OJ COO'U"-Wl.ihes not to
ment.on tt'.t> rwnes or reprod1o1ct: photograpm or the deceased Al.I hlch memiors and phOt08f<1Plu tn Ous publication have been reproduc~d wilh th1• C>rpre$S pemU.11?01\ of 'hi! appropriate ccrnmurUttes and famHy rnent~"· Ho~e.r ca.re NICI dl.scrttion should be exerosl'd tn u.i.r.a th;.a boot vnth ~-enous com.mU"t;tin
!<OTES ON Till:! Pt;BLICATIO:-Essay& ..,.e prtstnted tn chooo~oglc:&J ordtr "' tt'le d~tc o( ltr O'S.. II ml t dllt:!i1311J
'l'cxL !or 11111 pub!k•tton h .. been suppted by the >cthors u ~UJ\b\Ked The .. ~ws expre'SSC?d ,, .. 11ot ~#'(:ea,s.v-~ tl:<».e. or !he publl .. •er
t.:rJcss othtrw:se i:.a1tc!, an "' .. -orb .. ~~~ art frcm ~ Que(>nsta.nd Art G3l.le.ty Cot!«Uon.. Olher wo:-ks from the CoUccoon may be tUantatod whPrt appropnai~ +Mthout boill!l tllttr.tly role...-.d ID In t.lio tr"
Duncn31ona or works a.re gi.ven !in cent!Jrt'tru (cm). h1.1gh1
pre«du1g width fo:.0...C b7 depth
G.li:::t.M' Ct':lfl~)' JJ:!CeJT JS supp:Ol'd by u·.c lenders.
W'h.e.re th~r~ ore: seve..~ \•anauoru of ~peUmgs fOf lr.ditcnous wurds. the most commonly used versions h:we 'been u\Cl-udt<l or. where supplied. lhe prererretl spelling or :r.dM.du~ art*&l$ ar commuNues
PllftTO•llW11~ A:1 Q..<'trJland An CL!.,,. Coteclloo photog..,.prr by ;\awh.l Harth Md RJ.y f'u.Jto,,, "..XCtpt ""'~~re t!)'w!,,..,tt~ C7,. JU~Hl.