EXPLORING SPACE Ch 2, Section 2.1
Feb 24, 2016
EXPLORING SPACECh 2, Section 2.1
Exploring Space Entering Space
Going into Space The Age of Rockets Sputnik: The Russian Moon Armstrong’s Small Step
Space Comes of Age Major Trends in Space Space International Space Science Big and Small The New High Ground The Future
WHAT COMBINATION MADE IT POSSIBLE?
DREAMS&
DESIRES
WHAT COMBINATION MADE IT POSSIBLE?
ASTRONOMYDREAMS&
DESIRES
WHAT COMBINATION MADE IT POSSIBLE?
FLIGHT
ASTRONOMYDREAMS&
DESIRES
WHAT COMBINATION MADE IT POSSIBLE?
FLIGHTROCKETRY
ASTRONOMYDREAMS&
DESIRES
Military Necessity
• William Congreve• British Colonel• Developed incendiary rockets
• 1800s• Used during Napoleonic Wars
Military Necessity
• Used during War of 1812 in the U.S.
• Star-Spangled Banner
• Francis Scott Key• “The Rocket’s Red Glare”
Where Are Rockets Being Used Today?
http://www.rethinkingschools.org/just_fun/games/mapgame.html
Rocketry in Russia
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Rocketry in Russia
Bureau for the Study of the Problems of Rockets (1924)
Age of Rockets:Germany
Treaty of Versailles inspired post-WWI interest in rockets as an alternative to prohibited heavy artillery
German government’s support of rocket societies played pivotal role in development of the V-2 rocket—the world’s first ballistic missile
Age of Rockets:Post WWII
Defeat of Germany resulted in recruitment of German rocket scientists by U.S. and Russia
Wernher Von Braun and 68 captured V-2 rockets became the basis of the U.S. rocket program
Age of Rockets: United States
Robert H. Goddard (1882-1945) Launched first liquid-
fueled rocket in 1926 Lacked support from
US government
Age of Rockets:after WWII
V-2 experiments accelerated study of rockets and under-standing of space challenges
Cold War brought development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) to deliver nuclear warheads
V-2 Rocket in White Sands, NM
Sputnik, the Cold War and the Space Race
Russian Launch of Sputnik (4 Oct 1957) First man-made orbiting satellite Starting gun for the space race
Rapid succession of research and launches fueled battle for national prestige
The Cold War and the Space Race
Explorer 1 First US satellite
Sputnik II Carried first living
creature to space—dog named Laika
Sputnik III Geophysical laboratory
Explorer 1 Satellite
The Cold War and the Space Race
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) formed Oct 1958
Budget ballooned to keep paceRussia’s Launch of Luna III (Oct 1959)
provided the first photographs of the Moon’s dark side
The Cold War and the Space Race
Mecury-Atlas 1 (29 Jul 1960) Exploded 1 minute after liftoff
Mercury-Redstone 1 (21 Nov 1960) Collapsed shortly after ignition when engines cut
out Mercury-Redstone 2 (21 Jan 1961) Launched Ham, the chimpanzee, on sub-orbital
flight
The Cold War:Crewed Spaceflight
Yuri Gagarin 12 Apr 1961 One orbit of Earth
Gus Grissom and Alan Shepherd May and July of 1961 Sub-orbital flights
Gherman Titov 7 Aug 1961 17 orbits of Earth Yuri Gagrin
The Cold War:Other Successes
Echo 1 12 Aug 1960 Large “balloon”
satellite reflected signal
Telstar 1 10 Jul 1962 Actively relayed
communications signal
Echo 1
Armstrong’s Small Step
Saturn V rocket boosted Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Ed White to the Moon
Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to set foot on the Moon
First on the Moon
Satellites and Interplanetary Probes
Satellites act as navigation beacons, relay stations for radio and television signals and other forms of communication.
Interplanetary probes helped us learn more about the nature of our solar system.
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Space Comes of Age
Major Trends in SpaceSpace InternationalSpace Science Big and SmallThe New High GroundThe Future
Space International
Increased cooperation between the United States and the former Soviet Union
US Shuttle docked nine times with Russia’s space station Mir from 1995 to 1998
The proposed US “Space Station Freedom” was revamped as the “International Space Station” Russians brought in as a major partner Unprecedented cooperation among 16 nations
Space International
Russian Space Station Mir
International Space Station
Space Science MissionsLarge, expensive space programs such as
Magellan and the Hubble Space Telescope began the 1990s
Reduced budgets and the need to be “faster, better, cheaper” ushered in a new era in the late 1990s
Big Missions—Magellan
Mapped 98% of Venus’s surface from 1990 to 1994
Revealed volcanic eruptions on Venus’s changing surface
Magellan Spacecraft
Big Missions—GalileoLaunched in 1989 to explore JupiterCaptured close-up images of asteroidsInvestigated impact of the Comet
Shoemaker-Levy 9Sent probe through Jupiter’s atmosphereDiscovered frozen water on the moon,
Europa, and possibly on the moon, Callisto
Did a low-altitude pass by the moon, Io
Big Missions—Galileo
Galileo with Jupiter in the background
Big Missions—Ulysses
Flew over poles of the Sun in 1994 and 1995
Measured solar wind and other solar properties
Ulysses: NASA and ESA combined mission
Big Missions—Cassini
Scheduled to reach Saturn in 2004
Will send probe to the surface of Saturn’s Earth-sized moon, Titan
May be the last of the multi-billion-dollar probes
Big Missions—Hubble
Long series of remarkable discoveries attributed to Hubble Stars being born Stars at the end of their
lives Black holes Chemical makeup of
Saturn’s moons Size and age of universe
narrowed down
Shuttle Astronaut repairs Hubble
Small Missions—Stardust
Will rendezvous with a comet: Wild-2
Will sample fragments of comet and interstellar dust
Will return samples to Earth in 2006
Discovery Mission: Stardust
Small Missions—Mars PathfinderLanded rover on MarsReturned high-
resolution imageryDemonstrated simple
low-cost landing
Mars’ Twin Peaks
Other Small Missions
Lunar Prospector: found large amounts of ice on the Moon
Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR): sent up-close imagery and data from the asteroid, Eros
Lunar Prospector
Space IncorporatedCommercial investment in space surpassed
government spending for the first time in the 1990’s
Commercial uses of GPS soaredCommunications satellites fueled demand for
cell phones and high-speed digital data transmission
Worldwide market for launch service evolved Pegasus—launched from commercial aircraft Converted ICBMs—peaceful use of decommissioned
weapons
The New High Ground1990-1991 Persian Gulf War highlighted pivotal role
space assets play in modern warfare GPS allowed navigation across faceless desert Early warning for enemy’s tactical-missile launches
(Defense Support Program) helped forces prepare and intercept
Weather satellites predicted sand storms Intelligence satellites provided imagery on troop movement
and battle-damage assessment
The New High Ground
USAF identifies other ways to exploit space power Global awareness
Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance Weather prediction Early warning
Global reach Ability to deploy troops or weapons anywhere in the
world Global power
Command, control and communications Weapons targeting
The New High Ground
Defense Support Program (DSP)
GPS Block 2F
The FuturePeople still willing to take great risks for
further exploration and discovery 1986 Challenger accident 2003 Columbia accident
Continued scientific experiments onboard the International Space Station
Continued inexpensive uncrewed missions to other planets will gather information
21st Century: crewed mission to Mars?
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Organizing the Air Force for Space Operations
A BeginningEarly Visions of Space OperationsThe Gaither CommissionThe First Space Tracking StationsThe First SatelliteFrom “Air” to “Aerospace”
Organizing the Air Force for Space Operations
NORAD BeginsAnti-Ballistic Missile ProgramsStrategic Air Command’s EraA New Command Is BornConsolidating Space Missions
A Beginning
Use of the V-2 in World War II showed rockets had military applications
US use of a nuclear weapon to end the war in the Pacific heightened mistrust between Russia and the West
Postwar recruitment of German scientists by both the West and Russia advanced early rocket programs
Early Visions of Space OperationsRAND corporation published Preliminary
Design of an Experimental World-circling Spaceship
Soviets’ test of first hydrogen bomb and suspected development of missile delivery systems heightened drive for early-warning and tracking systems
The Gaither CommissionCommission appointed by President
Eisenhower to assess civil defense posture following a nuclear attack
Commission also assessed whether a US counter strike was possible Showed counterstrike unlikely due to inability to
predict attack until first warhead fell Accelerated US ICBM development and other
strategic programs
The First Space Tracking StationsMinitrack
Built by the Naval Research Laboratory Network of simple ground tracking stations
developed to track a proposed new satellite under the Vanguard Program
Moonwatch Smithsonian Institution developed a network of
Baker-Nunn Cameras Sought civilian volunteers to phone in when they
saw the satellite
The First Satellite
Launch of Sputnik shocked the US and highlighted Minitrack’s inability to accurately track Sputnik
Sputnik tracking mainly from Moonwatch teams
Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) established Project Shepherd as an effort to improve Minitrack’s tracking problems
From “Air” to “Aerospace”
1959 change to the Air Force mission added the word “aerospace” to recognize space’s new importance
ARPA opened a system program office to develop equipment and techniques to track space objects and incoming Soviet missiles By the mid 1960s, had three radar sites that
could give 15-minute warning of missile impact Radar sites also tracked space objects
NORAD Begins
North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) established in Sep 1957 Joint effort with Canada Mission to defend combined airspace of US and
CanadaDevelopment of submarine-launched ballistic
missiles (SLBMs) by US and Soviets created a need for more tracking stations Air Force developed several radars on the Atlantic,
Pacific and Gulf Coasts Entire system operational by 1972
Air Force Developments
SLBM warning augmented by Air Force’s new space-tracking radar in Florida
Air Force brought more tracking ability by developing PAVE PAWS radar sites Powerful phased-array radar—steerable beam Sites established in Massachusetts, California,
Georgia, and Texas
Anti-ballistic Missile Programs
DoD attempted to establish a defense shield against Soviet missile attack Covered one area of US: ICBM sites in North Dakota
to enable US counter strike if attacked Shut down by congress in 1976 due to great expense
and low probability of success Air Force took over the system’s radars to
Aid early warning for SLBMs over Hudson Bay Add coverage for ICBM early warning Improve accurate space tracking
Strategic Air Command’s Era
Strategic Air Command (SAC) took over administrative control of people and equipment in space surveillance and missile-warning missions
NORAD maintained operational control over these missions
Several studies in the 1970s suggested the need for reorganization
A New Command is Born
Space Command began in 1982 under General James V. Hartinger
SAC passed operational control of at least 25 space-surveillance and missile-warning sensors to Space Command
Air Force Space Command Headquarters
Merging Space Missions
Air Force Systems Command controlled much of the Air Force’s launch systems and satellites Systems Command not always sensitive to the needs
of the warfighters USING assets AF Space Command sought to take over these
functions to service the warfighter more directly
Merging Space Missions (cont’d)
AF Space Command opened the Consolidated Space Operations Center Handles operations for all DOD satellites Took over control of most AF satellites
Global Positioning System (GPS) Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) Defense Support Program (DSP)
Merging Space Missions (cont’d)
AF Space Command (AFSPC) took control of all AF launch systems and operations in 1990 AFSPC operates all launches at Cape Canaveral
AS, FL and Vandenberg AFB, CA Systems include Atlas E, Atlas II, Delta II, Titan II,
and Titan IV
Air Force Launch Systems
Atlas II Delta II
Current AF Mission
Today’s Air Force Mission: “Defend the United States through control and exploitation of air and space”
Summary
Entering SpaceSpace Comes of AgeOrganizing the Air Force for Space
Operations
Next
You now have historical perspective on our early experience in space
You’re now ready to begin your own exploration of space