1 Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling Exploration Drilling Techniques Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling Why do we need natural resources? Æ average increase in demand: 5 % per year Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling How do we find new resources? “In my view the greatest value is added by the geologist who starts with nothing other than some ideas and goes out into the desert and finds an orebody.” J.K. Ellis, Chairman of BHP, Australia 1998 Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling How do we find new resources? Fun! Reality is: hard work! Geological methods: • Systematic exploration of larger areas • Exploration in geological environment found to be similar to known deposits • Improved geological interpretation and analysis of existing data • Development of exploration model based on geological, geochemical and geophysical parameters Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling How do we find new resources? Pre-study Reconnaissance exploration Detailed follow-up exploration Evaluation Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling How do we find new resources? • What is beneath our feet?
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Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
ExplorationDrilling Techniques
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
Why do we need natural resources?
average increase in demand: 5 % per year
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
How do we find new resources?
“In my view the greatest value is added by the geologist who starts with nothing other than some ideas and goes out into the desert and finds an orebody.”
J.K. Ellis, Chairman of BHP, Australia 1998
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
How do we find new resources?Fun!
Reality is: hard work!
Geological methods:
• Systematic exploration of larger areas
• Exploration in geological environment found to be similar to known deposits
• Improved geological interpretation and analysis of existing data
• Development of exploration model based on geological, geochemical and geophysical parameters
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
How do we find new resources? Pre-study
Reconnaissance exploration
Detailed follow-up exploration
Evaluation
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
How do we find new resources?
• What is beneath our feet?
2
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
Example:
Geothermal Energy Project St. Gallen
Pre-study:
Seismic Field Campaign
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
Example:
Geothermal Energy Project St. Gallen
Pre-study:
Interpretation of seismic measurements
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
Example:
Geothermal Energy Project St. Gallen
Exploration:
Start of drilling: Monday March 4, 2013
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
DrillingRotary drilling
• Oil field rig
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
Drilling1. Mud tank
4. Mud pump
7. Winch
14. Derrick/mast
16. Drill rods
20. Rotary table
23./24. BOP
26. Drill bit
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
DrillingRotary drilling
• Deep water wells(Palestine)
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Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
DrillingRotary drilling
• Rotary table with opening for the “kelly”
• Drive mechanism
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
DrillingRotary drilling
• Drill bit (Trycone)
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
DrillingRotary drilling –
Some details
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
DrillingRotary drilling
• Modern drill rig for deep drilling
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
DrillingSchematic sketch of modern drill rig for deep drilling
• Top drive instead of rotary table
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
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Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
DrillingRotary drilling
• Pipe handler
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
chute with1,5% incline
300m³/h
2mm
300m³/h
0,10mm
0,10mm
0,10mm
M M
0,02mm
15m³/hM M
0,02mm
15m³/h
M M M
M M M
250m³/h
250m³/h
100m³/h
100m³/h
100m³/h
DrillingRotary drilling
• Mud flow
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
DrillingRotary drilling
• Spindle drive
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
DrillingRotary drilling
• Spindle drive
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
DrillingRotary drilling
• …no need to be verybig!
Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling
DrillingMud flow in borehole
• Pumped down the drill string
• Raises in the annulus
• Cooling of the drill bit
• Carries the cuttings to the surface
• Prevents from blocking the string (thixotropy)
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Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I Exploration/Drilling