EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION ERA · Political Freedom Economic Opportunity ... Led by Thomas Jefferson ... ** Henry Clay-“The Great Compromiser” and founder of the Whig Party

Created by Lauren Vereen, WCJH SS IC

EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION ERA

Reasons for Growth of Representative Government in the 13 Colonies:

Distance from England – colonies had to rule themselves

Colonists copied English traditions and structures

Most colonies were SELF-GOVERNING, and ELECTED members to an assembly that made their laws.

Documents that Contributed to the Growth of Representative Government:

Mayflower Compact Established the idea of self-government for Plymouth

Fundamental Orders of

Connecticut

FIRST written constitution in the colonies – THOMAS HOOKER

Virginia House of Burgesses First representative assembly in colonies – members were elected

How religion and virtue contributed to the growth of representative government:

Religious freedom was a main cause for the establishment of the American colonies

Religious groups (Pilgrims, Puritans, Quakers) created communities that were self governed

William Penn – Pennsylvania treated all citizens with equality and respect (Quakers against slavery)

1st Great Awakening inspired more independent thinking

1607 JAMESTOWN – first permanent settlement

1620 PLYMOUTH – pilgrims and MAYFLOWER COMPACT

1776 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

1787 US CONSTITUTION (Founding fathers)

1803 LOUSIANA PURCHASE (Jefferson) & MARBURY VS MADISON (judicial review)

1861-1865 CIVIL WAR

DATES TO

REMEMBER!!

!!

History Objective

Reasons for European

Exploration/Colonization

Gold, God, and Glory

(Religion, wealth, fame) National Pride

Curiosity

Cheaper route

to Asia

Religious Freedom

(Puritans, Quakers,

Catholics)

Political

Freedom

Economic Opportunity

A better life

(Indentured

servants)

Mercantilism

(13 colonies made for money –

cash crops and natural resources)

Desire to own land

– headright system


American Revolution PATRIOTS: colonists who supported independence

LOYALISTS: wanted to stay with Britain

PROPOGANDA: only shows one side of the story

Important People in the American Revolution John Adams defended British soldiers after the Boston massacre, member of the Continental Congress

Wentworth

Cheswell

African American Patriot; like Paul Revere made a midnight ride to warn of the British arrival

Samuel Adams Organized opposition to the Stamp Act, and Sons of Liberty

Mercy Otis

Warren

Wrote several plays and propaganda pieces that supported the Patriot cause

James Armistead Slave in Virginia that served as a spy for the Continental Army

Benjamin Franklin Helped write the Declaration of Independence, went to France to convince them to aid the

Americans, negotiated the Treaty of Paris

Bernardo de

Galvez

Spanish nobleman who helped transport war supplies

Crispus Attucks Black man that was killed in the Boston Massacre – 1st casualty of the war

King George III King of England during the American Revolution

Haym Solomon Jewish immigrant to American who helped finance the Revolution, lent money to the government

Patrick Henry Spoke against the Stamp Act – “Give me liberty or give me death!

Thomas

Jefferson

Main author of the declaration of independence, leader during the American Revolution

Marquis de

Lafayette

A young French aristocrat that fought in the American Revolution

Thomas Paine Wrote “Common Sense”

George

Washington

Commander of the Continental Army

Abigail Adams Wife of John Adams; reminded him to “remember the ladies” when he wrote the constitution

Causes of the American Revolution (13 Colonies VS Britain)

1. French and Indian War: Britain needed to raise money to pay off debts

2. Proclamation of 1763: Colonists forbidden to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains (Britain

wanted a buffer zone between colonies and Indians, but Colonists wanted the land)

3. Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts: British reaction to the BOTSON TEA PARTY; closed the port

of Boston until the tea was paid for, restructured Massachusetts government, troops quartered

in Boston, Colonists respond with BOYCOTTS

4. Stamp Act: required all paper documents have a tax (contracts, newspapers, wills etc) colonists

riot against the taxes

5. Mercantilism: A system were a nation increases its wealth by collecting money from its colonies.

Requires a favorable balance of trade. (The colonies existed for the benefit of England)

6. Lack of representation in Parliament: “No taxation without representation!”


Olive Branch Petition: last attempt by the colonies to establish peace with the king

Significant Events of the Revolution

AUTOMATIC SPECIFIC DETAILS

Lexington and Concord 1st Battle “Shot heard round the world”

Saratoga Turning point French chose to help the US afterwards

Yorktown Last Battle Surrender of Cornwallis

Winter - Valley Forge Harsh – starvation and

frostbite

Army trained and became more professional

Constitutional Convention of 1787 (Philadelphia)

Federalists Anti-Federalists

Argued for STRONG NATIONAL government Argued for STATES’ RIGHTS over a powerful

central government

Political Parties

Federalists Democratic Republicans

Led by Alexander Hamilton

Supported a national bank that favored

the rich

Supported strong central government

Aristocracy (upper class) based on

wealth and status

Merchants and manufacturers

LOOSE INTERPRETATION

Led by Thomas Jefferson

Farmers and laborers

Supported local government and limiting

government power

STRICT INTERPRETATION

Articles of

Confederation

Created a new government for the new nation; only one branch of

government so the National government was very weak. Replaced by the

US Constitution.

Northwest Ordinance: (new states) set up rules for westward expansion

Issue

Virginia plan: Large states wanted

representation based on population

New Jersey Plan: Small states wanted equal

representation

The Great Compromise

Two house legislature- house of

Representatives based on population and

Senate on equal representation

Solution

Issue

How would slaves be counted regarding

population?

The Three-Fifths Compromise

Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person Solution

COMPROMISE: add a bill of rights


US Presidents

War of 1812: Between US and Great Britain

Causes:

Impressments of US Sailors

Shipping interference

British aid to Native Americans

War Hawks: pressured Congress to declare war

Effects:

US gained respect

Improved Army

Increased manufacturing since the British blockade

created a shortage of cloth

Event Significance

Attack on Washington

DC

British set fire to many buildings; Dolly Madison saved portrait of George

Washington from White House

Fort McHenry Francis Scott Key wrote the “Star Spangled Banner”

Battle of New

Orleans

Andrew Jackson defeated the British and became a war hero

Treaty of Ghent Ended the war; no clear winner- all territory gained was returned.

George Washington

Farewell address: avoid political parties, no foreign alliances

Whiskey Rebellion: Farmers rebelled against a tax on whiskey. Washington sent troops,

showing the strength of the new government. Rebels fled.

Federal Judiciary Act 1789: designed the state and federal court system

Presidential Cabinet: Washington set a precedent for future presidents

Remained neutral during the French Revolution

John Adams

XYZ Affair: French agents demanded a bribe from Americans and in exchange they would

stop attacking American ships. US refused to pay

Alien and Sedition Acts: allowed the president to remove immigrants if they were disloyal

(alien act) or if they wrote anything false or harmful about the government (sedition act)

Avoided war with France

Thomas Jefferson

Louisiana Purchase/Lewis and Clark Expedition

Embargo Act: “O Grab Me” banned all trade with foreign countries. Failed and hurt US economy

James Madison

War of 1812

“Father of Constitution”


US Presidents Continued

Indian Removal (under Jackson) - Eager for land, American settlers encouraged the government to acquire Indian Territory

- Indian Removal Act: Indians were to give up their lands east of the Mississippi R.

- Worcester V. Georgia: Cherokee sued to protect their land. Supreme Court

ruled in their favor, but Jackson ignored the ruling and removed the Indians anyway

- Trail of Tears: Cherokee Indians were forced off their lands by US troops.

4,000 Indians died from cold, hunger, and disease on their way to Indian Territory.

(Oklahoma)

Westward Expansion

Reasons for Manifest Destiny

Economic

New land for farming

Trade routes to the Pacific

Ocean

Opportunities for business

Gold Rush

Political

Expansion of borders and

territory

Expansion of slavery

Social

Removal of Native Americans

Religious Freedom (Mormons)

A new or better life

Belief that it was the fate of

the US to expand from sea

to sea

James Monroe

Monroe Doctrine: Warned European nations to stay away from the Western Hemisphere.

US saw itself as the “protector” of Latin America

Era of Good Feelings: nationalism (pride in one’s country) after the war of 1812

Florida ceded to the US from Spain

Andrew Jackson – The Age of Jackson

Election signaled a shift of power to the common man

Eliminated requirement for property for voting

Birth of modern Democratic Party

“King Jackson”

The Mexican American War

Causes: Annexation of Texas, President Polk and Americans wanted Mexican

Territory, Border dispute over southern boundary in Texas

Effects and Impact: US gained the Mexican Cession (New Mexico, Arizona,

and California), US paid Mexico $10 million for Gadsen Purchase

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war.

During Westward

expansion, the issue

arose over whether

new states would be

free or Slave


Tariff: Tax on imports and exports

Helped Northern industry because it caused more Americans to buy American goods by

increasing the price of European goods

Southerners did not support tariffs because they traded with Europe, and they did not want to

pay a higher price for goods

Sectionalism: Loyal to your region over the country as a whole

North South West

Factories, bankers,

merchants

Supported tariffs

Economy based on

industry

Free states

Agriculture based

Cotton/slavery

Did NOT support

tariffs

Believed in states’

rights

Farmers/pioneers

Neutral or split on the

tariff issue

Civil War

Event Leading to

Civil War

Significance

Nullification Crisis After the Tariff of Abominations was passed, Southerners were angry. Led by

John C Calhoun, South Carolina declared the tariff null and void and threatened to

secede. Henry Clay proposed a Compromise Tariff.

Missouri

Compromise

Created by Henry Clay- allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine as a

free state, therefore maintaining the balance of power in the Senate

Compromise of

1850

Created by Henry Clay- California entered as free state, Mexican Cession

territory was able to vote for themselves, and the Slave trade was ended in

Washington DC

Fugitive Slave Law- required the return of escaped slaves to their owners

Kansas Nebraska

Act

“Bleeding Kansas” allowed Kansas and Nebraska to decided on the basis of popular

sovereignty, which caused illegal elections and violence

Dred Scott

Decision

Supreme Court case - Dred Scott sued for his freedom and lost. Declared the

Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Powerful Anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that encouraged the

abolitionist movement.

Election of 1860 After Lincoln’s election, South Carolina seceded, followed by the other Southern

States.

**John C Calhoun – “Exposition and Protest” supported the theory of nullification

** Henry Clay- “The Great Compromiser” and founder of the Whig Party

** Daniel Webster – “The Great Orator” argued against nullification and worked to create compromises

States’ Rights: the argument that federal powers should be limited and the states’ powers

should be extended. Southern states used this argument to protect slavery.


Major Events during the Civil War

Important People in the Civil War

Jefferson Davis President of the Confederacy

Ulysses S Grant Final commander of the Union forces

Robert E Lee Commander of the Confederate forces

Abraham Lincoln President of the US (16th)

William Carney 1st Black soldier to win the congressional medal of honor

Philip Bazaar From South America, received the congressional medal of honor carrying

dispatches during a battle

“Stonewall”

Jackson

One the best Confederate commanders that was responsible for many

Confederate victories.

Event Significance

Ft. Sumter 1st Battle; Confederate Victory

Antietam Bloodiest single day battle in American History, Union victory- gave Lincoln

the confidence to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

Gettysburg Turning point; Bloodiest Battle of war, Union victory and last attack by the

Confederates on Northern Soil

Vicksburg Union siege the city of Vicksburg and captured control of the Mississippi

River dividing the Southern States

Emancipation

Proclamation

Lincoln freed the slaves in the rebelling states

Appomattox Lee surrenders to Grant ending the war

Assassination

of Lincoln

Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth

Northern Strategy and Advantages

Bigger population

Technology, industry, and wealth

Anaconda Plan – blockade Confederacy, split

Confederacy in half (Mississippi R), and capture

the Confederacy Capital, Richmond, VA

Southern Strategy and Advantages

Military experience and skills

Fighting in familiar territory

Better Commanders

Cotton to trade with European countries

Lincoln’s Ideas about Liberty, Equality, Union, and Government

1st Inaugural Address: promised he had no intent to abolish slavery, argued to preserve

the Union, and said it was against the law to secede from the Union

2nd Inaugural Address: Denounced slavery and said the war was to restore the Union,

and that the South would be forgiven at end of the war. “With malice towards none”

Gettysburg Address: said ALL MEN are created equal, including African Americans, said

the country was worth fighting for and giving your life for, said “the government of the

people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the Earth”


RECONSTRUCTION

President Johnson: too nice to South, impeached by Radical Republicans

Radical Republicans: much harsher plan during Reconstruction

Reconstruction Amendments

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery

14th Amendment

Citizenship to African Americans

15th Amendment

Right to vote for all males

Significant events during Reconstruction

Freedman’s Bureau

established

Helped newly freed slaves with food, clothing, and medicine. Established

schools for African Americans.

Reconstruction Act of

1867

Ordered military occupation of the former confederate states (5 districts)

and set guidelines for readmission to the Union

Civil Rights Act of

1866

Granted citizenship to persons born in the United States, EXCEPT Native

Americans

Hiram Rhodes Revels Elected First African American Senator

Problems during Reconstruction:

Black Codes: limited opportunities of Blacks (curfews etc..)

Jim Crow Laws: laws passed in Southern states to get around laws passed by the

Radical Republicans concerning African Americans

Creation of the KKK: secret society used scare tactics to intimidate blacks and

people who helped blacks

People taking advantage of Reconstruction:

o Scalawags: Southerners who worked with the Republicans (seen as traitors)

o Carpetbaggers: Northerners who went to the South and became in involved in

the new state politics (because of the luggage they carried) took advantage of the Southerners’ situation

Effects/Impact of Reconstruction

When Reconstruction was over, Democrats ruled

the South for 100 years. There was still a clear

division between North and South.

Freed slaves did not receive equal treatment

Blacks were not prepared to start a new life

Sharecropping system: many blacks could not

afford land, so they made deals with landowners

who rented land, seed, and materials, and the

landowner would get the majority of the crop that

was produced. Therefore, the renter was always in

debt to the landowner. (Slavery in disguise)


Legislative Acts Passed for Western Territories

Homestead Act Granted heads of families 160 acres of land for a small fee. Sped up the

settlement of the Western Territory

Morrill Act Made it possible for new western states to establish colleges for their

citizens. Established 16 higher education institutions dedicated to the

education of African Americans

(Founded Texas A&M! WHOOP!)

Dawes Act: Allowed the President to break up reservation land, and allot it to

individual Native Americans (Gave land to Indians that was unsuitable for

farming, and many Indians did not know how to farm anyways)

Geography Objective

New England Colonies

Rocky soil, and cold so economy was based on trade,

shipping, timber, and fishing

Established for religious freedom (Puritans/Pilgrims)

Major City: Boston, Massachusetts

Middle Colonies

“Breadbasket” colonies

Grain was a major cash crop

Major City: New York, New York

Pennsylvania established for Quakers, Maryland for Catholics

Southern Colonies

Fertile soil, slavery, plantations

Cash crops – tobacco, rice, and indigo

Georgia established for debtors and poor

Rocky Mountains Appalachian

Mountains

Mississippi

River


Transatlantic Slave Trade: developed between

the Colonies, England, West Indies and Africa.

Transfer of crops, animals, goods, and people.

(Columbian Exchange)

The demand for cash crops led plantation owners

to need more slaves and the slave trade

increased.

The invention of the cotton gin made cotton

cleaning more efficient and quicker, which rose

the demand for slaves to produce more cotton

and make more money.

Economics Objective

Free Enterprise developed in the US because…

Colonists were used to economic freedom when Great Britain left them alone to govern

themselves (salutary neglect)

Nature of individualism and self-determination

Constitution allowed for private property

Benefits of Free Enterprise:

Profit and growth

Diverse economy

Less dependent on foreign countries

Industrial revolution

Other Economic Terms

Laissez-fair Belief that the government should not interfere with the economy “hands off”

Entrepreneurship People who risk their own money to run a business

The economic system where individuals are free to produce and sell whatever

they wish, and they are also free to buy and use whatever they can afford.

People have the right to private property, and have the freedom to make their

own economic decisions.

Free Enterprise=Economic Freedom

Consumer=buyer and Producer=seller

FREE

ENTERPRISE


Government Objective

Historical documents that influenced the development of US government:

Magna Carta Year 1215; England; limited King’s power

English Bill of Rights List of individual rights; served as model for US Bill of Rights

Mayflower Compact Established self government and majority rule

Federalist Papers Supported ratification (approval) of the constitution with a focus on a

strong central government

Principles of the Constitution John Madison = FATHER OF CONSTITUTION

Limited

Government

Constitution defines the limits of power so the elected cannot do whatever

they want. EVERYONE MUST OBEY LAWS. EVERYONE.

Republicanism Elected representatives serve the people. Government is based on the consent

of the governed. (example: casting a vote in an election)

Checks and

Balances

One branch of government cannot have too much power. (example: president has

the power to veto a law)

Federalism Power is distributed between the federal/national government and the states

(example: think of a school – principal has most power, but teachers have power

too)

Separation of

Powers

All of the branches of government have different jobs.

LEGISTLATIVE=LAWS, EXECUTIVE = ENFORCE THE LAWS (president) and

JUDICIAL = INTERPRETS THE LAWS (judges)

Popular

Sovereignty

Political power rests with the people. “WE THE PEOPLE”

Individual

Rights

Bill of Rights. Individual rights all human beings are entitled to.

Weaknesses

No national taxes =no money

No court system

Weak national government

No power to regulate trade

No federal leader/president

Limited military

Strengths

States rights

States had equal power

Congress had most power

Northwest Ordinance created

Articles of

Confederation

Shay’s rebellion showed the government could not

keep order and a new government was needed.


Important Court Cases:

Marbury VS Madison

1803

Established Judicial Review (JOHN MARSHALL)

McCulloch VS

Maryland

Federal government is upheld as the supreme law of the land. National

government ALWAYS wins over states.

Gibbons VS Ogden Only federal government has power over interstate commerce.

Dred Scott VS

Sanford

Denied citizenship of slaves; slaves were property. South supported

decision and North did not

The Bill of Rights: First ten amendments added to the Constitution

1st Amendment Freedom of speech, press, religion, and assembly

2nd Amendment Bear arms

3rd Amendment No quartering of troops during time of peace

4th Amendment Search and seizure

5th Amendment Right to due process, not to be tried for same crime twice, and to not

testify against yourself

6th Amendment Right to speedy public trial

7th Amendment Right to trial by jury in civil trials

8th Amendment Right not to have excessive bail or punishment

9th Amendment Rights of the people

10th Amendment Rights to the states

The Constitution can be changed or amended when it is

deemed necessary by the people.

Process- proposal by Congress (2/3 votes of both houses)

OR a proposal by two thirds of the states. It then goes to

the state legislatures to be ratified, and most have ¾ of

the votes to pass.

How can the

constitution be

changed?

Unalienable Rights: rights guaranteed to people naturally (Life, Liberty,

and the pursuit of happiness)


Citizenship

A naturalized citizen is someone who was born in another country but has become a US citizen.

Significant People who helped develop Self-Government in Colonial America:

Thomas Hooker Helped develop the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Charles de

Montesquieu

Wrote on separation of powers and believed education was necessary

for a Republic

John Locke Enlightenment philosopher, said government was a social contract and

the people can change their government if necessary. Wrote about

unalienable rights – “life, liberty, and protection of property”

William Blackstone English judge; believed in religious freedom and self defense

William Penn Founded colony of Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers. Allowed

religious tolerance and self-government.

Examples of Civic Virtue:

John Adams: defended the BRITISH troops after the Boston Massacre, worked on the

Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson: fought for individual liberties, wrote Declaration of Independenc

How to become a US

Citizen through the

Citizenship and

Immigration Services

Apply for naturalization and pay a fee

Fingerprinted

Citizenship Test

Interview

Oath Ceremony

The Founding Fathers and Civic Virtue

Those who have civic virtue go above and

beyond their obligations by taking an active

role in improving their community and the

experiences of other members of the

community.


Examples of Civil Disobedience in US History: (non violent acts of protest)

Boston Tea Party: Protest led by the Sons of Liberty in which they dumped the British tea into

Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act passed by British Parliament. Was a reaction to taxation

without representation

Henry David Thoreau’s refusal to pay taxes: he did not pay his taxes because he did not want

to support a government that allowed slavery. Wrote an essay “Civil Disobedience”

Contributions of significant leaders during the United States:

Frederick Douglas Leading African American abolitionist

John Paul Jones Founder of US Navy and led raids on British ships during American

Revolution

James Monroe Established the Monroe Doctrine, which became the basis of US foreign

policy. (European powers could not interfere with Western Hemisphere)

Stonewall Jackson Confederate General in Civil War that was a gifted commander

Susan B Anthony Key spokesperson for women’s suffrage

Elizabeth Cady

Stanton

Leader of 19th century women’s suffrage movement, called the first

convention of women’s movement in Seneca falls and wrote “The

Declaration of Sentiments”

Culture Objective

Contributions of Women to American Society

Pocahontas Helped John Smith and European settlers in Virginia

Anne Hutchinson Rebelled against Puritan church leaders, was banished to Rhode Island

Abigail Adams Led ladies groups in supporting their husbands when they were creating the

US government. Told John Adams to remember the ladies.

Sacajawea Served as a guide on the Lewis and Clark Expedition

Development of the Abolitionist Movement

1700s -1804 – most Northern states outlawed slavery

1807 – Congress banned the importation of African slaves into the United States and then began

moving towards ending slavery

1820-1840 – abolitionists grew in number

1840-1850 – abolitionist leaders like Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth began to speak out

across the nation, the Underground Railroad began to make an impact, and the women’s movement

joined in


Reform Movements

Public Education Opening of public schools primarily in the North. Common school movement provided

education for ALL students.

Temperance Trying to stop the drinking of alcohol.

Women’s rights Well-organized groups that fought for better working conditions for women and

voting rights. Were able to pass a federal law that ordered a 10-hour working day.

Prison Reform Pushed for separate jails for women, men, and children; worked to improve

conditions and provide education for prisoners

Care of disabled Building of new hospitals for mentally ill, deaf, and blind

Art, Music, and Literature in American Culture

Hudson River School Artists: painted American landscapes that glorified nature. Reflected themes

of discovery, exploration, and settlement.

“Battle Hymn of the Republic” written at the beginning of the Civil War, used music from “John

Brown’s Body” and became a popular Civil War Song

“American Progress” by John Gast, painting that depicted Manifest

Destiny.

1st Great Awakening

Religious revival that swept through the

colonies.

Idea arouse that God saves all people,

not just the rich or the chosen few. The

common man could also have salvation.

Colleges were established and equality

was encouraged along with the right to

challenge authority of the church and

government. Churches began welcoming

African Americans and Native

Americans.

Helped inspire the American Revolution.

2nd Great Awakening

Renewal of religious faith in the

1790s and 1800s. Spread of

revivals and an awakening of

spiritual reform.

Encouraged many of the reform

movements. (Temperance,

abolition, etc….)

Church of Latter Day Saints

(Mormons) established. Mormons

moved west to find religious

freedom.


Science and Technology

Significant Innovations and Inventions

Steamboat Increased factory production and led to growth of cities like New Orleans and St.

Louis because it could move goods and people faster up and down rivers

Cotton Gin Made cotton cleaning process more efficient. It allowed for farmers to grow

MORE cotton therefore led to an increase in slavery.

Interchangeable

parts

Parts for devices were made to be identical so they could fit into any product.

Allowed for easier repair and increased productivity. Led to MASS

PRODUCTION.

Bessemer Steel

Process

The first inexpensive industrial process fo the mass production of steel. It

decreased the cost, which allowed for an increase in steel production.

Mechanical Reaper Increased farm productivity. More efficient way to cut and bundle wheat.

Canals Man made waterways used for travel and or shipping. (Erie Canal) Spurred

westward movement of American settlers and led to New York City becoming a

prominent city.

Railroads Invention of steam engine led to modern railroads and trains. Railroads supplied

cities and towns with food, fuel, building materials, and access to markets.

Telegraph Transmitted electronic signals over wires that would be translated into a

message. Telegraph wires followed railroads.

Impacts of Technological Innovations:

Goods were produced faster and cheaper

Goods could travel faster and over further distances

Communication improved

Urbanization: increase of people moving into cities

Child Labor and underpaid factory workers

Railroads opened up the western territories to Westward Expansion

Primary Sources

A source coming from the time

period being studied.

Examples: A journal entry from a

person from the time period

being studied, or a photograph

from the time period

Secondary Sources

A source that was created AFTER

the time period being studied.

Examples: A historical novel or

movie