Exploration and Colonization

Exploration and Colonization

Pages 1Exploration and Colonization

Lets TRADE!!European countries were trading with places like Africa and Asia. Africa had gold, ivory, salt, and slaves.Asia had silk and spices. Prices were being marked up by merchants along land routes. Europeans wanted to find a water route so they could trade directly.

1492 Columbus sailedThe king and queen of Spain agreed to pay for Columbus trip.Columbus landed in the Bahamas. He called the natives Indians.Although his journey was not very productive, he boasted about the great riches to be had in this new land.More countries were drawn to the New World.

Reasons for European ExplorationG G GGodGoldGloryReasons for European ExplorationSpain - Portugal - England - FranceReligionFameNational PrideCuriosityWealthFaster/Cheaper trade routes to Asia

Columbian Exchange

OLDWORLDNEWWORLDCorn, potatoes, tobaccoHorses, cattle, pigsDISEASES OOPS! Search for the Northwest PassageExplorers were looking for a water route to the Pacific Ocean.This would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific.They never found a way. This route wasnt found until 1903!

Coming to AmericaMany countries sought the New World and its riches.Different countries/groups came over for different reasons:French Trappers/TradersBritish FarmersDutch BusinessesSpanish MissionsAfricans - Slaves

Protestant ReformationThere was a religious movement in Europe in a effort to reform the Catholic ChurchKing Henry VIII founded the Church of EnglandReligious persecution soon followedReligion was forced on many citizens of various countriesThis brought many religious groups to the coloniesEspecially New England and Middle Colonies

Why colonize? Religious Freedom**Political FreedomEconomic OpportunitySocial MobilityA better way of life

Jamestown 1607Jamestown was the first English Colony.Jamestown was first settled by Mostly men.There were many problems faced by the colonist. They were not prepared for the difficulties.Pocahontas married John Rolfe. This made peace between the colonists and the Native Americans. She greatly helped the colonists survive. John Rolfe had tobacco seeds, which flourished in the soil. This became a cash crop in Virginia.

Plymouth 1620The Pilgrims came over on a ship called The Mayflower.They came over for religious freedom. They signed a document called the Mayflower Compact.The Mayflower Compact stressed the idea of self-government and majority rule. It was used as an example for Representative Government.

Religious Groups Immigrated to flee religious persecutionSeparatists/Pilgrims MassachusettsPuritans MassachusettsQuakers PennsylvaniaCatholics - Maryland

Ethnic GroupsDutch (New York) Economic reasonsSwedes (Delaware) Economic reasonsEnglish Religious and political reasons

Racial GroupsEuropeansAfricans(enslaved)

Becoming BritishA series of wars in Europe made Britain the dominate force in America with the 13 colonies. Britain saw the colonies as a resource to benefit the mother country.

New EnglandColonies:Access to waterwaysHigh population density and large urban areasShipbuilding and manufacturing regionECONOMIC DIFFERENCES:Cause- long winters, rocky soil, forestsEffect Subsistence farming, shipbuilding, fishing

New England ColoniesPhysical CharacteristicsAtlantic Ocean, subsistence farming, poor soil, cold climate, forestHuman CharacteristicsEconomic- raw materials, logging, fishing, shipbuildingPolitical town meetings, representative governmentSocial small coastal towns (Boston, only large city)Religious - PuritansMiddle ColoniesAccess to waterwaysHigh population density and large urban areasAgriculture and cattle producingECONOMIC DIFFERENCESCause shorter winters, fertile soil, good ports, natural resourcesEffect farming (staple crops), trade, large immigrant population

Middle ColoniesPhysical CharacteristicsRich soil, broad, deep rivers, more natural ports, river valleys, mild winters, raw materials, Atlantic OceanHuman CharacteristicsEconomic large farms, logging, fishing, shipbuildingPolitical more toleranceSocial small coastal towns (Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York were large cities)Religious Quakers, CatholicsSouthern ColoniesAbundant amount of fertile soilLow population density, farmsCash-crop agricultural area (cotton, indigo, rice, tobacco)ECONOMIC DIFFERENCESCause warm climate and good soilEffect plantation system and large slave system

Southern ColoniesPhysical CharacteristicsAppalachian Mountains, navigable rivers, richer soil, warm climate, raw materialsHuman CharacteristicsEconomic plantationsPolitical more slaves, more class-based societySocial small coastal towns (Savannah, Charleston were the large cities)Religious Church of England, Catholics(Maryland), more diverse13 ColoniesGeography was the primary cause for economic differences.

Appalachian MountainsThese mountains acted as a barrier for the colonies. Most colonists did not cross this region.

Plantation SystemLarge amount of land available in the Southern coloniesRich soilAlmost year-round growing seasonIdeal for plantation crops (tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton)With enough labor they could be grown as cash crops

Transatlantic Slave TradeStarted in the British West IndesProvided a labor force for the sugar plantationsThe map shows major slave trading regions, 15th-19th centuries

Spread of SlaveryDemand for rice, indigo, tobacco, and cottonLed to plantation owners needing more slavesThe slave system increasedIndentured Servants colonists who could not pay their way over to America, so they agreed to serve for four to seven years. After their time was served, they were free colonists.Slaves became more popular because they could not earn their freedom.The south was agrarian, and slaves kept the plantations profitable.Impact of SlaverySouth Economic factor Slaves viewed as property and labor supplyAided in the development of the plantation system and agrarian South

Factors on Slaves and Free BlacksSlaves Political no political voice, no rightsEconomic labor of the plantation system, considered property, children considered property and sold with no regard to parentsSocial viewed as property, viewed outside the American identityFree Blacks Political no political voice, limited/restricted rightsEconomic low wage earnersSocial lowest social class, limited access to education, socially isolatedTriangular Trade

First Great AwakeningA major religious revivalDemocratized the Protestant faith by proclaiming salvation for all.Stimulated growth in all denominationsAssured the common man could have salvation as well as those predestinedChurches welcomed minority groups, women, African Americans, and Native AmericansCommunication increased between the coloniesIt contributed to the revolutionary idea of independence from Britain years later.

Where will settlements be? And what about the Natives? Physical geographic factors Proximity to Atlantic coastline determined where settlements/colonies were createdHuman geographic factors Removal of Native Americans, disease and conflictHow do we solve this conflict with the Natives? Treaty systemContributions of WomenPolitical Pocahontas helped John Smith and the European settlers in VirginiaSocial Anne Hutchinson led Bible studies against the orders of church leaders

The Development of Religious Freedom1620- Plymouth ColonySelf-governing church with each congregation independent and electing its own pastor and officers17th Century Massachusetts Bay Churches also fairly democratic in that they elected ministers and other officers, but church closely tied with state government1631 Roger Williams founded Rhode IslandSeparated church and state1681-1776 Penns Frames of GovernmentGuaranteed religious freedom to all settlers in Pennsylvania1689 Toleration ActsMaryland founded as a haven for Catholics1791 Bill of Rights added to the Constitution