Expert Systems for Mixing Zone Analysis and Engineering Design Robert L. Doneker, PhD., P.E. Assistant Professor Department of Environmental Science and Engineering OGI School of Science & Engineering Oregon Health & Science University Portland, Oregon, USA Sponsor: USEPA, Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water Dr. Russ Kinnerson, Project Officer Mt. Saint Helens makes a powerful demonstration of Mother nature’s version of a mixing zone.
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Expert Systems for Mixing Zone Analysis and Engineering Design
Robert L. Doneker, PhD., P.E.Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Environmental Science and
EngineeringOGI School of Science & EngineeringOregon Health &Science UniversityPortland, Oregon, USA
Sponsor: USEPA, Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water
Dr. Russ Kinnerson, Project Officer
Mt. Saint Helens makes a powerful demonstration of Mother nature’s
version of a mixing zone.
Overview
A coastal sewage outfall attracts aquatic life. Water quality prediction is essential for environmental protection,
regulatory control, and engineering design.
n Examples Of Mixing Processes
n Regulatory Mixing Zones
n Hydrodynamic Mixing Zone Definitions• Near/Far Field Mixing• Boundary Interaction
n CORMIX Methodologyn Research Needsn CORMIX-GI System
Demonstration
n Examples Of Mixing Processes
n Regulatory Mixing Zones
n Hydrodynamic Mixing Zone Definitions• Near/Far Field Mixing• Boundary Interaction
n CORMIX Methodologyn Research Needsn CORMIX-GI System
Demonstration
Wastewater-Sewage
New Zealand sewage discharge and boundary interaction.
Cooling Waters
Power plant cooling water multiport diffuser discharge into river.
Desalination/Brines
Surface discharge of brine freshwater lake.
Thermal Refugia-Tributary Mixing Zones
Thermal Refugia- Groundwater Mixing Zones
FLIR Image Temperature Scale (*C)
>50 30-50 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 <15
Regulatory Mixing Zones
Regulatory Mixing Zones allow for the initial dilution
of a wastewater.
n May allow for efficient pollutant assimilation
n Water body as a whole must not be impaired
n Special requirements for toxic discharges• CMC values• CCC values
n May occur in Near-field or Far-field
n May allow for efficient pollutant assimilation
n Water body as a whole must not be impaired
n Special requirements for toxic discharges• CMC values• CCC values
n May occur in Near-field or Far-field
Hydrodynamic Mixing
n Discharge Characteristics• Volume, Momentum, &
Buoyancy Fluxn Ambient Characteristics
• Ambient Crossflow• Density Stratification
n Boundary Interaction• Vertical, Lateral, & Near-
Field Attachments• Transition from Near-
Field To Far-field
n Discharge Characteristics• Volume, Momentum, &
Buoyancy Fluxn Ambient Characteristics
• Ambient Crossflow• Density Stratification
n Boundary Interaction• Vertical, Lateral, & Near-
Field Attachments• Transition from Near-
Field To Far-field An example of coastal surface discharge plume in New Zealand.
Near-field Mixing Processes
n Close to dischargen Initial fluxes and
outfall geometry dominate mixing process
n Outfall design has some degree of effect on mixing zone behavior
n Close to dischargen Initial fluxes and
outfall geometry dominate mixing process
n Outfall design has some degree of effect on mixing zone behavior
Illustrative near-field and far-field.
Stable Discharge Conditionsn Strong Buoyancyn Weak Momentumn “Deep Water”
n Strong Buoyancyn Weak Momentumn “Deep Water”
Unstable Discharge Conditionsn Weak Buoyancyn Strong Momentumn “Shallow Water”
n Weak Buoyancyn Strong Momentumn “Shallow Water”
Far-field Mixing Processes
n After boundary interaction
n Ambient conditions dominate mixing process
n Density currents and Passive diffusion are the mixing processes
n After boundary interaction
n Ambient conditions dominate mixing process
n Density currents and Passive diffusion are the mixing processes
A angler hopes to get lucky in a far-field density current .
Basic Discharge Flux Quantities
n Volume Flux• Q0=u0a0
n Momentum Flux• M0=u0Qo
n Buoyancy Flux• J0=g’0Q0
• g’0=(ρa-ρ0)/ ρa
n Volume Flux• Q0=u0a0
n Momentum Flux• M0=u0Qo
n Buoyancy Flux• J0=g’0Q0
• g’0=(ρa-ρ0)/ ρa
Turbulent Buoyant Jet Mixing
Length Scales 1
n Jet to Plume Scale
• LM = M03/4/J0
1/2
n Distance From Jet-like Flow To Plume-like Flow In A Stagnant Ambient
n Jet to Plume Scale
• LM = M03/4/J0
1/2
n Distance From Jet-like Flow To Plume-like Flow In A Stagnant Ambient
Jet to Plume Scale LM
Length Scales 2
n Jet to Crossflow Scale• Lm = M0
1/2/ua
n Distance Of
Transverse Jet
Penetration
Before Ambient
Current Deflection
n Jet to Crossflow Scale• Lm = M0
1/2/ua
n Distance Of
Transverse Jet
Penetration
Before Ambient
Current DeflectionJet to Crossflow Scale
Lm
Length Scales 3
n Other Scales account for
ambient density
stratification, buoyant
plume behavior, etc.
• Lb, Lm’,L b’, etc.
• Local Water Depth H
n Other Scales account for
ambient density
stratification, buoyant
plume behavior, etc.
• Lb, Lm’,L b’, etc.
• Local Water Depth H
Jet to Plume Scale LM
Plume to Crossflow Scale Lb
Boundary Interaction. . . 1• Gradual Interaction
Boundary Interaction . . . 2• Stable w/Buoyant Intrusions
Boundary Interaction . . . 3• Unstable Stable w/Full Vertical Mixing
Boundary Interaction . . . 4• Unstable w/Buoyant Intrusions & Re-
stratification
Boundary Interaction . . . 5• Near-field Attachments Processes
Why Use an Expert System?n Widespread Model
Misapplicationn Assist In Technology
Transfern Need For Both Near-Field
& Far-Predictionsn Ease of Usen Common Languagen Model flexibilityn Rigorous Rule-verified
Analysisn Documentationn Outfall Design Advicen Learning Environment
n Widespread Model Misapplication
n Assist In Technology Transfer
n Need For Both Near-Field & Far-Predictions
n Ease of Usen Common Languagen Model flexibilityn Rigorous Rule-verified
Analysisn Documentationn Outfall Design Advicen Learning Environment
An atmospheric example of turbulent buoyant jet mixing in
a stratified shear flow.
The CORMIX-GI Systemn “Intelligent” GUIn Rule-verified and
documented analysis
n Hydrodynamic model suite
n Regulatory Decision support
n Sensitivity Analysis
n Design Optimization
n “Intelligent” GUIn Rule-verified and
documented analysis
n Hydrodynamic model suite
n Regulatory Decision support
n Sensitivity Analysis
n Design Optimization
CORMIX Scope
n Plume Dilution and Mixing Behavior• Suspended Sediment / Tracer & 1st-Order Decay
n Plume Geometry-Boundary Interactionsn Space / Time Scale
• 10-2 - 104 meters / 1.0 - 104 seconds
n Plume Dilution and Mixing Behavior• Suspended Sediment / Tracer & 1st-Order Decay
n Plume Geometry-Boundary Interactionsn Space / Time Scale
• 10-2 - 104 meters / 1.0 - 104 seconds
CorVue side and plan views of a single port flow class V2 mixing zone.
CORMIX1- Single Port Discharges(Technical Report EPA 600/ 3-90/012)
n Covers 90-95% Of Single-port Submerged Cases
n Simulates Near-field Boundary Attachments
n Contains Approximately 35 Flow Classifications
n Covers 90-95% Of Single-port Submerged Cases
n Simulates Near-field Boundary Attachments
n Contains Approximately 35 Flow Classifications This laboratory experiment shows
terminal level plume trapping in a stagnant density-stratified ambient
fluid.
CORMIX2- Multiport Diffuser Discharges(Technical Report EPA 600/ 3-91/073)
n Covers 80-85% Of Multiport Diffusers
n Includes Intermediate Field Effects
n Staged, Parallel, And Alternating Designs
n Contains Approximately 25 Flow Classifications
n Covers 80-85% Of Multiport Diffusers
n Includes Intermediate Field Effects
n Staged, Parallel, And Alternating Designs
n Contains Approximately 25 Flow Classifications
A modern multiport diffuser under construction for wastewater disposal
at Cayuga Lake, NY.
CORMIX3- Surface Buoyant Discharges
(Defrees Lab Report by Jones, Nash, & Jirka 1996)
A surface discharge where tides influence initial mixing.
n Covers 85-90% Of Buoyant Surface Discharges
n Can Model Tidal Effects On Plume Dilution
n Contains Approximately 12 Flow Classifications
n Covers 85-90% Of Buoyant Surface Discharges
n Can Model Tidal Effects On Plume Dilution
n Contains Approximately 12 Flow Classifications
D-CORMIX- Continuous Pipeline Discharges
A continuous pipeline dredge discharges large volumes of water and suspended
sediment.
n Covers 85-90% Of Continuous Pipeline Sources
n Predicts Plume Suspended Sediment
n Uses CORMIX1 & CORMIX3 Flow Classifications
n Covers 85-90% Of Continuous Pipeline Sources
n Predicts Plume Suspended Sediment
n Uses CORMIX1 & CORMIX3 Flow Classifications
CORMIX Flow Classification
n CORMIX1 flow Classification For Uniform Layersn About 80 within CORMIX
n CORMIX1 flow Classification For Uniform Layersn About 80 within CORMIX
Rule-base Examplen Backward
(deductive) chaining search strategies
n Forward (inductive) logic
n Provides a Learning Environment
n Design Advice
n Backward (deductive) chaining search strategies
n Forward (inductive) logic
n Provides a Learning Environment
n Design Advice
A CORMIX1 rule for V2 flow classification.
Rule-tree Example
n Methodical analysis
n Learning Environment
n Design Advice
n The complete rule base contains over 2000 rules
n Methodical analysis
n Learning Environment
n Design Advice
n The complete rule base contains over 2000 rules
A CORMIX1 rule for V2 flow classification.
CORMIX Hydrodynamic Simulation
n Regional Flow Models (CORMIX Modules)n CORMIX Hydrodynamic Simulation Modules
• Integral (CORJET near-field, MOD340 density current)• Length Scale (Boundary Interaction, MOD133)• Diffusion Equation (Far-field, MOD161)
n Regional Flow Models (CORMIX Modules)n CORMIX Hydrodynamic Simulation Modules
• Integral (CORJET near-field, MOD340 density current)• Length Scale (Boundary Interaction, MOD133)• Diffusion Equation (Far-field, MOD161)
Near-field and far-field mixing for a buoyant plume.
CorDocs User Help Documentation
n GUI access to over 1000 pages of technical reports in HTMLn GUI access to over 1000 pages of technical reports in HTML
CorDocs hypertext help documentation available in your web browser.
CorSpy Outfall Visualization
n 3D and 2D Viewsn Interactive Zoom, Rotate, Translaten Alternating, Staged, Unidirectional w/wo Fanningn Outfall Hydraulics w/T. Blenniger at IFH
n 3D and 2D Viewsn Interactive Zoom, Rotate, Translaten Alternating, Staged, Unidirectional w/wo Fanningn Outfall Hydraulics w/T. Blenniger at IFH
The CorSpy shows an alternating multiport diffuser with fanning.
CorSens Sensitivity Study Tool
n Automatically Vary Discharge and Ambient Variablesn Full CORMIX Rule-base Verification
n Automatically Vary Discharge and Ambient Variablesn Full CORMIX Rule-base Verification
CorSens tool automatically creates time series data.
CorVue Hydrodynamic Visualization
n 3D and 2D Viewsn Interactive Zoom, Rotate, Translate, Distortionn Concentration vs. Distance Graphs
n 3D and 2D Viewsn Interactive Zoom, Rotate, Translate, Distortionn Concentration vs. Distance Graphs
CorVue Visualization of near-field and far-field mixing for a buoyant plume.
CorJet Near-field Jet Integral Model
n For Stable Discharges w/o Attachmentsn Detailed Near-field Analysisn Arbitrary Stable Ambient Density Profiles
n For Stable Discharges w/o Attachmentsn Detailed Near-field Analysisn Arbitrary Stable Ambient Density Profiles
FFL Far-field Plume Locator
n Post Processorn Shallow River Environmentsn Based on Cumulative Discharge Method (Yotsukura & Sayre,
1976)
n Post Processorn Shallow River Environmentsn Based on Cumulative Discharge Method (Yotsukura & Sayre,
1976)
FFLocatr adjusts plume dimensions in the far-field to reconcile with dye study data.
CORMIX Validation
A) Validation of CORMIX1; B) CORMIX2 (Source: Fergen, et al. 1994 SEFLOE)
C) Validation of CORMIX3; D) D-CORMIX (Source Jones et al. 1995, and Doneker & Jirka (1997)
A B
C D
n Wide range of outfalls
n Over 10 years of application
n Predictions within +/- 50% of std. Deviation
n Over 18 independent validation studies since 1990
n Wide range of outfalls
n Over 10 years of application
n Predictions within +/- 50% of std. Deviation
n Over 18 independent validation studies since 1990
CORMIX Development History• 1986-1995: USEPA: Cornell University• 1996-present: USEPA: OGI/IFH
Portland, Oregon youth of 1938 join the mayor in protest of Willamette River pollution. Photo: Oregon Hist. Soc.
Research Needsn Model Certification QA/QC
• ISO14000• Validation Database• “Benchmarking” & Standard • Field Data/Monitoring
n Boundary Interaction• Stratified Terminal Levels• Attachment/Detachment• Bottom Density Current
n Sediment Density Currents• Deposition Characteristics• Chemistry/Reaction
Processes• Settling Rates/Mixing
n Area Sources: GW/SW interaction
n Comparison w/CFD Modelsn Linkage with Far-field Models
n Model Certification QA/QC• ISO14000• Validation Database• “Benchmarking” & Standard • Field Data/Monitoring
n Boundary Interaction• Stratified Terminal Levels• Attachment/Detachment• Bottom Density Current
n Sediment Density Currents• Deposition Characteristics• Chemistry/Reaction
Processes• Settling Rates/Mixing
n Area Sources: GW/SW interaction
n Comparison w/CFD Modelsn Linkage with Far-field Models
The CORMIX Systems Approach
CORMIX-GI tools integrate to form a comprehensive design system.
n Minimal Data Inputn Range Of Applicability
• CORMIX1,2, & 3n Widespread Application
• Over 1800 Users Worldwide
n Documented Analysisn Common Language
• Regulators/Applicantsn Integrated design/analysis
systemn http://www.cormix.info
n Minimal Data Inputn Range Of Applicability
• CORMIX1,2, & 3n Widespread Application
• Over 1800 Users Worldwide
n Documented Analysisn Common Language
• Regulators/Applicantsn Integrated design/analysis
systemn http://www.cormix.info
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