Expert opinion on the water-energy nexus Presented to General Accounting Office, Natural Resources and Environment Committee investigating water and power plant siting, Tucson, April 8, 2009
Dec 11, 2015
Expert opinion on the water-energy nexus
Presented to General Accounting Office, Natural Resources and
Environment Committee investigating water and power
plant siting, Tucson, April 8, 2009
Water and Energy SustainabilityWater and Energy Sustainabilitywith Rapid Growth in the with Rapid Growth in the
Arizona-Sonora Border RegionArizona-Sonora Border Region
Dr. Martin J. (Mike) Pasqualetti Dr. Christopher ScottDr. Martin J. (Mike) Pasqualetti Dr. Christopher Scott Joseph HooverJoseph HooverSchool of Geographical SciencesSchool of Geographical Sciences Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, & Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, & Dept. Geography Dept. Geography
Barrett Honors College Barrett Honors College Dept. Geography & Regional Development Dept. Geography & Regional Development & Regional Devt.& Regional Devt.
Arizona State UniversityArizona State University University of Arizona University of Arizona Univ. of ArizonaUniv. of Arizona
[email protected] [email protected]
This work is supported by the Arizona Water Institute
OutlineOutline
Growth, energy and water Growth, energy and water Energy resources (including renewables) at the borderEnergy resources (including renewables) at the border Water resources at the borderWater resources at the border Tucson case studyTucson case study Preliminary conclusions and next stepsPreliminary conclusions and next steps
1.1. Growth, Energy & WaterGrowth, Energy & Water
Arizona’s Rapid Growth
Population Trends in Mexico – Population Trends in Mexico – 1970 - 19951970 - 1995
Source: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte
Population vs Energy DemandPopulation vs Energy Demand(1990-2005)(1990-2005)
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Year
Po
pu
latio
n
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
70000000
80000000
An
nu
al M
Wh
r co
nsu
me
d
MWhr consumed
Population
Average Gallons per MWhrAverage Gallons per MWhrfor Arizona-Based Facilitiesfor Arizona-Based Facilities
Re
vise
d 9
/29
/08
785
510
415
350 350311
195
<1<5 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
NUCLEAR COAL NATURAL GAS LANDFILL BIOFUEL SOLAR - thermal NATURAL GAS -CC
GEOTHERMAL SOLAR - pv
APS’ projected energy demandAPS’ projected energy demand
317
1,281257
511
5,506
1,989
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
2015 2025
Meg
awat
ts
Renewables
DSM / Conservation
Still needed
2,563 MW
7,298 MW
Source: Allan T. Marks, 2008. http://www.iamericas.org/documents/energy/ljc08/Allan%20Marks.pdf
Water-Energy Joint ManagementWater-Energy Joint Management
Water Energy
Water Energy
EnergyWater
EnergyWater
United States
Mexico
Current resource management
in the border area
Potential binational, joint management of water and energy
2. Energy and renewables at 2. Energy and renewables at the borderthe border
Arizona has several promising areas located primarily from St. Johns northwest to Gray Mountain
Arizona’s Wind
Energy Resource
Geothermal EnergyGeothermal EnergyMexico is 3Mexico is 3rdrd Largest Geothermal Country (over 300 sites identified) Largest Geothermal Country (over 300 sites identified)
On May 2007, the Wagner Trench off Puerto Peñasco was surveyed by researchers from the Institute of Geophysics and the Institute of Marine Science using UNAM’s hydrographic nautical cruiser
Map prepared by Patrick Laney and Julie Brizzee, INEEL for US DoE, based on data from Geo-Heat Center Geothermal Database, 2002 & NOAA, 1982.
Land Ownership
Geothermal Categories
Arizona’s Geothermal ResourceArizona’s Geothermal Resource
Solar Potential in the USSolar Potential in the US
Solar Potential in MexicoSolar Potential in Mexico
Solar radiation in Mexico is one of the highest in the world, allowing for Solar radiation in Mexico is one of the highest in the world, allowing for an average solar power generation of 5 KW /m2 per day. an average solar power generation of 5 KW /m2 per day. A hybrid combined cycle power station, with a 25 MW thermo-solar A hybrid combined cycle power station, with a 25 MW thermo-solar system, is scheduled to begin operations in 2009, in Agua Prieta, system, is scheduled to begin operations in 2009, in Agua Prieta, Sonora.Sonora.
Source: Renewable energies for sustainable development in Mexico 2006, Sener.
3. Water resources at the 3. Water resources at the borderborder
Photos by Ashley Coles and Joseph Hoover
Source: Robert Varady (2007) Water issues and institutions: transboundary basins and global water initiatives (PowerPoint)
Arizona and Sonora share Arizona and Sonora share multiple rivers, basins, and multiple rivers, basins, and aquifersaquifers
Transboundary rivers:
Transboundary basins:
Colorado
Sonoyta-Bámori
Santa Cruz
Bavispe San Pedro
Colorado BasinDesierto de Altar-Río Bamori
Douglas/ Río Yaqui
Concepción-Arroyo CocósperaSanta Cruz
Transboundary aquifers:
San Pedro
Santa CruzSan Pedro
Subterránea
30.3%
Superficial
69.7 %
Current Water Use (CONAGUA Northwest Region)
Público urbano ( 5.07% ) 377 Mm3
Agrícola ( 93.50% ) 6,949 Mm3
Pecuario ( 0.70%) 51.7 Mm3
Industrial ( 0.73% ) 54.5 Mm3
Recreación y Turismo (N/SIG.) 1 Mm3
Usos consuntivos
de
7,433.2 Mm3
Growing Exports of Ag. Produce = Growing Exports of Ag. Produce = Growing (Virtual) Water TradeGrowing (Virtual) Water Trade
Arizona/Sonora Border Aquifers Arizona/Sonora Border Aquifers StressedStressed
US Legend
Mexico Legend
Stressed by over-pumpingImpacted by over-pumping
Impacted by salt water intrusion
Changes in Depth to WaterChanges in Depth to WaterIrrigation Well Average Depth to Water (Feet)
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
19941998
2003Arizona
NewMexico
Source: USDA FRIS
Sonora Ag. Power Consumption
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
MW
h
Night
Reg./ day
Chihuahua Ag. Power Consumption
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
MW
h
Night
Reg./ day
Coahuila Ag. Power Consumption
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
MW
h
Night
Reg./ day
Guanajuato Ag. Power Consumption
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
MW
h
Night
Reg./ day
Night-time ag. Night-time ag. pumpingpumping
3. Tucson Case Study3. Tucson Case Study(preliminary results)(preliminary results)
Acknowledgments:Acknowledgments:Asia Philbin, Tucson WaterAsia Philbin, Tucson Water
Tim Kacerek, Central Arizona ProjectTim Kacerek, Central Arizona Project
Wendy Gort, Pima County Wastewater Wendy Gort, Pima County Wastewater ManagementManagement
Tucson WaterTucson WaterCurrently serves Currently serves 675,000 people675,000 people
Over 220,000 potable Over 220,000 potable connectionsconnections
4,500 miles of 4,500 miles of pipelinepipeline
51 reservoirs51 reservoirs
5 wellfields5 wellfields
Tucson Water. 2004. “Water Plan: 2000-2050.” City of Tucson Water Department. November 22, 2004.
Projected Water DemandProjected Water Demand
Tucson Water. 2004. “Water Plan: 2000-2050.” City of Tucson Water Department. November 22, 2004.
Unit SenseUnit Sense
1 acre foot of water 1 acre foot of water = 325, 851 gallons= 325, 851 gallons
1 kWh = 1000 watts. 1 kWh = 1000 watts. Ex: 100 watt Ex: 100 watt lightbulb left on for lightbulb left on for 10 hours10 hours
End UseEnd Use kWh/YearkWh/Year
Total Total HouseholdHousehold
10,65610,656
RefrigeratorRefrigerator 1,2391,239
Desktop Desktop ComputerComputer
262262
Coffee MakerCoffee Maker 116116
Color TVColor TV 137137
Ceiling FanCeiling Fan 5050
DOE. End-Use Consumption of Electricity 2001. <http://eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs2001/enduse2001/enduse2001.html> Accessed September 19, 2008.
ConveyanceConveyance
3,140 kWh/AF to get to Tucson
Ex: 2007 CAP delivery 90,300 AF = 283,542,000 kWh
Water Extraction Water Extraction Energy CostsEnergy Costs
Water Treatment Water Treatment Energy CostsEnergy Costs
Direct delivery of CAP water in 1993 and 1994 caused increase in treatment costs
Water Water DistributionDistribution
Wastewater Wastewater Treatment Treatment
Weighted Average for three
major Tucson area wastewater treatment plants:
1, 145 kWh/AF
*21, 313 kWh/AF for Mt. Lemmon wastewater treatment
*
Reclaimed Water Reclaimed Water SystemSystem
3,981 kWh/AF
28 kWh/AF
355 kWh/AF
2,203 kWh/AF
Energy Use Numbers
Implications of FindingsImplications of Findings
Energy for potable water delivered to Tucson Energy for potable water delivered to Tucson Water customers: Water customers: ~4,400 kWh/AF~4,400 kWh/AF57%57% of energy for potable water is CAP of energy for potable water is CAP
Energy for reused water: Energy for reused water: ~2,200 kWh/AF~2,200 kWh/AF48%48% of energy for reuse is reclaimed distribution of energy for reuse is reclaimed distribution
Future WorkFuture Work
Continued work with Tucson WaterContinued work with Tucson Water
Expand work to include other water providers in Expand work to include other water providers in ArizonaArizona– Salt River ProjectSalt River Project– Phoenix Water ServicesPhoenix Water Services– Small water providers throughout the stateSmall water providers throughout the state
Nogales, Sonora - preliminary results by Nogales, Sonora - preliminary results by OOMAPAS water provider for potable delivery: OOMAPAS water provider for potable delivery: ~1,900 kWh/AF~1,900 kWh/AF (43% of Tucson Water) (43% of Tucson Water)
Water and Energy SustainabilityWater and Energy Sustainabilitywith Rapid Growth in the with Rapid Growth in the
Arizona-Sonora Border RegionArizona-Sonora Border Region
Dr. Martin J. (Mike) Pasqualetti Dr. Christopher ScottDr. Martin J. (Mike) Pasqualetti Dr. Christopher Scott Joseph HooverJoseph HooverSchool of Geographical SciencesSchool of Geographical Sciences Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, & Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, & Dept. Geography Dept. Geography
Barrett Honors College Barrett Honors College Dept. Geography & Regional Development Dept. Geography & Regional Development & Regional Devt.& Regional Devt.
Arizona State UniversityArizona State University University of Arizona University of Arizona Univ. of ArizonaUniv. of Arizona
[email protected] [email protected]
This work is supported by the Arizona Water Institute