EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH METHODS: SAMPLING AND ETHICS Ms. Carmelitano
Dec 31, 2015
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH METHODS: SAMPLING AND
ETHICSMs. Carmelitano
Good Psychological Studies
In order to conduct a successful study, researchers need to have a plan, people to participate in a study, a method to collect and analyze data.
Experimental Method 1) Develop an Aim:
The Aim is the purpose of the study, what will you study
2) Plan a Procedure The step-by-step process that the researcher will
follow to carry out the study 3) The Findings
How the researcher interprets the data that is collected
Creating the experiment
First you need participants! People who take place in a study The Target Population is the specific group the
researcher will investigate IE: Children from single family houses, people
who have been abused, twins, etc It is not possible to test the entire target
population, so a sample is needed A good sample is a representative sample, this
means that it represents the overall population
Finding Participants
Opportunity Sampling: a sample of whoever happens to be there and agrees to participate Gathered through advertising, usually
universities Can lead to biased results because hard to
generalize to larger population Self-Selected Sampling: a sample made
up of volunteers However, rarely represent larger general
population
Opportunity Sampling:
Mall Survey:
Want a free gift card?? Stop and take a survey!
Self-Selected:
Need help quitting smoking?
Come to town hall on Monday
June 11th to be part of a new medication trial that
will help you quit!
Finding Participants
• Snowball Sampling: When participants of a study recruit other participants from friends and family May bias the findings if all participants share a common
set of traits Random Sampling: One in which every
member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected Most desirable because most likely to contain all the
characteristics of the population Findings can be generalized to the larger population However, some groups may be over represented
Finding Participants
Stratified Sampling: draws random samples from each subpopulation within the target population Example: If a researcher does a study in a
school that has 20% Indian population, then for a sample containing 20 students, 6 chosen for the study would be Indian.
Activity
For each of the following scenarios, what sampling technique was used and why? 1. A researcher at the mall asks teenagers
who pass her booth to fill out a survey
2. A researcher wants to know what the effect of video games has on a child's behavior in a certain school. They find the percent of African, Caucasian, and Hispanic Americans in a school. They then carefully select participants so that their sample contains the same percentages.
Activity
3. A researcher wants to test the effect reading has on students. They go to a specific school, and give each student a number. At random, they pull numbers out of a hat. Those students are tested.
4. A researcher wants to test hypnosis as a way to help people quit smoking. They put an advertisement in a paper, and wait for the phone calls.
Activity
5. A researcher wants to conduct a study looking at the long term affects of spousal abuse on women. They go to a support group, and ask for participants. They then ask the women they have selected to recruit other women in the support group to also be apart of the study.
Ethics in research
Participants in a study should always be treated in an ethical manner
Psychologists agree on certain ethical standards to not harm human beings 1. Informed Consent – Participants must be
informed about the nature of the study 2. Deception: Slight deception may be used if
necessary for the study, but at the end of the study full disclosure should be made
3. Debriefing – at the end of the study, the true aim and results should be disclosed to participants.
4. Withdrawal from a study – At the beginning of the study, participants should be told that they have the right to withdraw at any point
5. Confidentiality – All information obtained must be confidential
6. Protection from physical or mental harm – no harm is to be done to participants. You should not humiliate participants or force them to reveal private information
ACTIVITY: Is this ethical? How could you make it ethical?