Experimental Performance Analysis of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine With Blends of Food Grain Based and Non Food Grain Based Biodiesel

Abstract—Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel that can be

produced from renewable feedstock such as vegetable oils, waste frying oils and animal fats. It is an oxygenated, non-toxic, sulphur-free, biodegradable and renewable fuel. The scarcity and increase in the crude oil prices have forced everyone to think on the use of biodiesel as an alternative fuel source. Also, it is important that unlike the traditional fuels which emit green house gases and particulate matter, the biodiesel is greener and hence less polluting. But the use of food grain based biodiesel may lead to increase in food prices. Therefore there is a need for finding availability and feasibility of non-food based biodiesel.

In this work, evaluation of combination of food grain and non food grain biodiesel has been made by using these two different sources of biodiesel in various blends such as B40 and B60. These blends are tested for variety of physical and chemical characteristics of fuel. The present work focuses on important prospect of how non food grain based biodiesel can replace crude petroleum and food grain based biodiesel.

Keywords—Biodiesel, Blend, Food Grain Biodiesel, Non Food

Grain Biodiesel.

I. INTRODUCTION

N view of the escalating petroleum prices and depleting sources of petroleum, the introduction of biofuel as a fifth source of energy is deemed critical. It will help to reduce

the dependency on fossil fuels. The biofuel policy will help the country reduce its petroleum imports and save foreign exchange. Any gain in revenue by the industry and Government will reduce the subsidy burden of the Government. Being renewable, edible oil like palm oil, soybean oil or coconut oil etc. has an important role to play in supplying the energy needs of the country by incorporating in the national diesel supply.

F. A. Nilaj N.Deshmukh , Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi India - 400703 (022-27661924, 09867167754, fax: 022-27660619; e-mail: [email protected])

S. B. Dr. Dileep Malkhede, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Pune, India–411005 ( e-mail: [email protected])

As India’s economy is mostly depend on agriculture, the

use of biofuel with petroleum diesel will create a new demand in the export market, and will thus help to strengthen India’s position as a leading producer and exporter of Biodiesel.

Food based vegetable oil has become so expensive that there is no longer viability of its use as fuel. Food-based vegetable oil pricing is on a similar upward ramp as food in general. Non-food grade vegetable oils are also used to make biodiesel however. There are those that say using a food crop for fuel sets up competition between food in poor countries and fuel in rich countries. In some poor countries the rising price of vegetable oil is causing problems. Some propose that fuel is only be made from non-edible vegetable oils like Camelina, Jatropha or Seashore mallow which can thrive on marginal agricultural land where many trees and crops will not grow, or would produce only low yields.

Other argument is that the problem is more fundamental. Farmers may switch from producing food crops to producing biofuel crops to make more money, even if the new crops are not edible. The law of supply and demand predicts that if fewer farmers are producing food, the price of food will rise. It may take some time, as farmers can take some time to change which things they are growing, but increasing demand for first generation biofuels is likely to result in price increases for many kinds of food. Some have pointed out that there are poor farmers and poor countries that will make more money because of the higher price of vegetable oil. This is an attempt to solve all above issues by using a mixed biodiesel which will be combination of oil from food grain and non food grain with petroleum diesel.

II. NOMENCLATURES

Brake specific fuel consumption bsfc Brake Power bp Indicated Power ip Fuel consumption fc Direct injection DI Brake Thermal Efficiency ηbth Mechanical Efficiency ηmech xx % of biodiesel blended with diesel Bxx

Mixture of PALM AND KARANJI PK

Nilaj N. Deshmukh, Dileep N. Malkhede

Experimental Performance Analysis of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine with blends of Food

Grain Based and Non-Food Grain based Biodiesel

I

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III. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS

Experiments for different mixtures Palm and Karanji are carried out in the IC Engine laboratory for B40 and B60 blends. Engine used for the above purpose has following characteristics. Make: Kirloskar Details: Single cylinder, Four stroke,

DI, Water cooled Bore and Stroke: 80 × 110 mm Compression ratio: 16.5;1 Rated power: 3.7 kW at 1500 rpm Injector opening pressure: 210 bar

Fig. 1 Experimental Set Up.

Physical and chemical characteristics of above mentioned blends are obtained after testing the sample in the UICT, Matunga, Mumbai formerly known as UDCT. Properties are presented in the Table I. One can note that specific gravity and calorific values of blends are very close to that of diesel.

TABLE I

FUEL PROPERTIES FOR DIESEL AND MIXTURE OF TWO BLENDS

Fuel Properties Diesel PKB-40 PKB-60 Calorific Value (kJ/kg)

43000 41236 40937

Specific Gravity 0.840 0.857 0.866 Viscosity at 40 o (cst) 3.5 5.3 5.9 Flash Point 56 77 80

Fire Point 63 84 87 Cloud Point -4 -4 -4.5 Pour Point -10 -15 -15.8

Tests for various blends of biodiesel for various engine loads are carried out. TABLE II and TABLE III shows the readings of Net Load on the engine and corresponding fuel consumption (fc) for two blends (B40 and B60). Experimentally measured data were used to calculate performance parameters as presented in TABLE II and TABLE III. For finding the ip, first friction power (fp) is calculated individually by using William’s line method.

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TABLE II

MEASURED AND CALCULATED DATA FOR “PALM+KARANJI” AS B40 BLEND

W: Net Load (kg) fc (gm/min) Bsfc (gm/kW min) ip (KW) bp (KW) ηbth (%) ip (kw) ηmech (%)

1 6.51 26.04 4.47 0.25 5.59 1.625 15.38 2.9 7.79 10.81 5.35 0.72 13.46 2.095 34.36

4.8 9.02 7.45 6.2 1.21 19.51 2.585 46.81 6.7 10.49 6.31 7.21 1.66 23.02 3.035 54.69 8.6 11.96 5.58 8.22 2.14 26.03 3.515 60.88

10.4 13.18 5.08 9.06 2.59 28.59 3.965 65.32 13 14.69 4.53 10.1 3.24 32.08 4.615 70.21

13.8 16.59 4.83 11.4 3.43 30.08 4.805 71.38

TABLE III MEASURED AND CALCULATED DATA FOR “PALM+KARANJI” AS B60 BLEND

Fig. 2 Mechanical Efficiency vs. Brake Power for both blends and neat diesel.

Fig. 2 shows variation of mechanical efficiency for mixture of different blends. Blended fuels exhibited better mechanical efficiency compared to the neat diesel fuel. This is due to better lubricity properties of blended fuels compared to diesel. .

Fig. 3: Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs Brake Power for both blends and neat diesel

Fig. 3 shows Brake Specific Fuel Consumption for mixture of both the blends. For both mixtures, BSFC variation is on little higher side but very closed to diesel” with “For both mixtures, bsfc is found to be almost the same and is higher by about 0.15 gm/kW min compared to neat diesel.

W: Net Load (kg) fc (gm/min) Bsfc (gm/kW min) ip (kW) bp (kW) ηbth (%) ip (kw) ηmech (%)

1 6.39 24.57  4.36 0.26 5.96 2.01 12.94 2.8 7.99 11.25  5.45 0.71 13.02 2.46 28.86 4.7 9.21 7.675  6.28 1.2 19.1 2.95 40.68 6.6 10.57 6.32  7.21 1.67 23.16 3.42 48.83 8.5 11.8 5.51  8.05 2.14 26.58 3.89 55.01

10.3 13.46 5.17  9.18 2.6 28.32 4.35 59.77 13 14.84 4.58  10.13 3.24 31.98 4.99 64.93

13.9 16.65 4.79  11.36 3.47 30.55 5.22 66.48

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Fig. 4 Brake thermal efficiency vs. Brake Power.

The Fig. 4 Shows Brake Thermal Efficiency for mixture of

different blends. For part load the thermal efficiency variation is very close to neat diesel but at higher load better thermal efficiency is seen for both mixture compared with neat diesel.

IV. CONCLUSION

The mixture of food grain and non food grain based biodiesel is tested on Diesel Engine without any modification in engine. It is found that for both the blends engine performance was closer to neat diesel. It was observed that exhaust gas temperature was little on higher side.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We are very thankful to Dr. D. N. Bhowmick, Head of Oil, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Department, UICT, Mumbai for providing Lab facility to test the fuel sample. We are also thankful to Mr. Sandeep Arote, Lab Assistant, Mechanical Engineering Department, Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi, Navi Mumbai for helping in performing the trials on the engine.

REFERENCES [1] Biodiesel development and characterization for use as a fuel in C.I.

Engine by A.K. Agarwal, L.M. Das, April 2000, University of Wiscosin, IIT Delhi, Journal of Engineering, gas turbine and power (ASME)

[2] Srivastava A, Prasad R – Triglycerides – based diesel fuels, Renewable Energy Reviews 2004; 111-133.

[3] Goldman Sachs via Wall Street Journal (Aug 24,2007).Chart by mongabay.com.

[4] Evaluation of jatropha curcas oil properties by P. Sakthivel, K. Mayilsamy, G.Ramadoss National Conference on AAQMENT-2006 Erode Sengunthar Engineering College, Erode -57, Tamilnadu.

[5] A.S. Ramadhas, S. Jayaraj, C. Muraleedharan – Use of Vegetable Oils as I.C.Engine Fuels – A Review, Renewable Energy 29 (2004) 727-742.

[6] B.K. Barnwal, M.P. Sharma – Prospects of biodiesel production from vegetable oils India, Renewable and sustainable energy reviews 9 (2005) 363-378.

[7] Deepak Agarwal, Lokesh Kumar, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Performance Evaluation of a Vegetable oil fuelled CI Engine, Renewable Energy, June 2007

[8] Nilaj Deshmukh, Amol Thorat, Vaibhav Rakshe, Kamlesh Chawla, Pawan Motwani, Mandar koli Evaluation of Non-food based Biodieselfor low carbon vehicle, proceeding of International Conference Team Tech -2008 organized by Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.

Nilaj N. Deshmukh is from Vashi, Navi Mumbai, and date of birth is 24-06-1976. Author completed Bachelor Degree in Mechanical Engineering from Amravati University, Maharastra, India in 1998 and Master of Technology in Mechanical Engineering with specilisation in Automobile Engineering from Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Matunga, Mumbai, India in the year of 2006. He worked as Project Engineer for Econ Engineers and Consultants for Two Years. He joined Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering Karjat as Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering Department

and worked for Two years. He then joined Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi, Navi Mumbai in July 2002 as a Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering Department and promoted as Assistance Professor in January 2008. Mr. Deshmukh is interested to work in the areas of I. C. Engine, Heat and Mass Transfer, Data Acquisition, Alternative Fuels, Computational Fluid Dyanamics, Wind Energy etc.

Dr. Dileep N. Malkhede is a Doctorate in Mechanical Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. He has about 03 years of industrial and 17 years of teaching experience in engineering field. He is presently working as Assistant Professor at College of Engineering, Pune-India. His research interests are modeling of internal combustion engines and engine controls. He is presently working on the project related to controllers for diesel engines funded by

Government of India.

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