EXPERIMENTAL INQUISITION OF CONCRETE AFTER · PDF filepapercrete. 2. Rubber The rubber wastes are reused as coarse aggregates in concrete. The rubber obtained from discarded or scraped

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 8, August 2017, pp. 140–155, Article ID: IJCIET_08_08_016

Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=8

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

EXPERIMENTAL INQUISITION OF CONCRETE

AFTER THE REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT

WITH CERAMIC WASTES AND

METAPHORICAL STUDY OF THEIR

PROPERTIES WITH THE NOMINAL

CONCRETE

Ifrah Kathwari

P.G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University,

Gharaun, Punjab, India.

Sandeep Nasier

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University,

Gharaun, Punjab, India.

ABSTRACT:

Objective: The aim of this investigation was to observe the change in the

properties of concrete after the partial replacement of cement with the marble dust

powder MDP. In addition to this, the use of ceramics like tiles and marbles is

increasing with the gradual increase in the population day by day. This hike in the use

of ceramics has resulted in the production of ceramic wastes to a larger extent. The

marble powder waste generated from marble industries and construction sites is

useless and is thus disposed off into the landfills, thereby, degrading the

environmental health. The proper use of marble dust powder in concrete makes it

ecofriendly and cost effective which is one of the objectives of this study.

Method/Statistical analysis: The M25 grade of concrete was used for the research

work. The cement was replaced with MDP by 10%, 15%, 25% and 30% and the

concrete cubes were cured for 7 and 28 days. The compression strength, split tensile

strength and flexural strength of the concrete cubes with and without MDP was

checked by conducting tests on them. The results obtained were compared to the

results obtained from nominal concrete.

Findings: The mechanical properties of concrete with MDP were improved. The

strength of concrete was maximum at 10% replacement. It was found out to be

decreasing with the increase in the MDP percentage above 25%.

Applications: Marble dust powder is produced during the cutting process of

marble. It is the solid waste material which can be used as filler in concrete. Marble

Ifrah Kathwari and Sandeep Nasier


powder can act as replacement material for cement as well as aggregates in making

concrete. It not only enhances its properties but also makes it ecofriendly and cheap

which can help the fraternity of civil engineers to reduce the effect of concrete on

environmental health and built the economical infrastructures.

Keywords: MDP, ceramics, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural

strength.

Cite this Article: Ifrah Kathwari and Sandeep Nasier, Experimental Inquisition of

Concrete After the Replacement of Cement with Ceramic Wastes and Metaphorical

Study of Their Properties with the Nominal Concrete, International Journal of Civil

Engineering and Technology, 8(8), 2017, pp. 140–155.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=8

1. INTRODUCTION

Concrete is regarded as the most essential building material in the construction industry and

many efforts have been made to make it beneficial in every possible way. As the population is

gradually increasing day by day, more construction is taking place and the generation of waste

is also increasing subsequently thereby degrading the environment. Thus the researchers

nowadays are working on making concrete affordable and ecofriendly. Much advancement in

the properties of concrete has been made by replacing the constituents of concrete with much

better materials which are comparatively cheap and ecofriendly. Many by-products like fly

ash is being used successfully for the partial replacement of cement in fly ash concrete. Thus

enhancing the properties of concrete and reducing the effect of fly ash on environment. The

use of demolished concrete is also adopted these days. This demolished concrete is recycled

and used as the aggregate which is the major constituent of concrete. The enhancement in the

properties of concrete has been done by reducing the use of steel reinforcement in concrete.

Nowadays different types of organic, mineral and metallic are used in concrete. The weight of

concrete has also been the issue of concern in the construction world and to make it lighter the

changes in the constituents of concrete were made and are still in process. The light weight

materials like waste paper, cotton, hair, etc are being used as replacement materials in

concrete to reduce its weight. The researchers are still working on making concrete the best

building material and a lot has been applied and adopted successfully.

1.1 Concrete and Environment

Environment in itself is a world where we live and our life is interconnected with the health of

this environment. It is well said that what we do to our planet is what we do to ourselves. The

degradation of environmental health has lead to many severe damages to human health and

hence it has become the major concern for all the researchers. The pollutants of the

environment have an easy access to human beings through food, water and air. Thereby

increasing the number of various severe diseases in people which leads to the deaths of

hundreds and thousands of people annually. The transport, energy sectors, agriculture,

industry and waste disposal are the major sources of air and water pollution. The drastically

increasing population has lead to more construction as all members in a family prefer to

construct their own house. More people mean more construction and more construction brings

us to the use of huge amount of concrete. Concrete as we know consists of cement, sand and

aggregates. Cement being one of the most essential constituent of concrete acts as a binder

which sets and adheres with other materials to form the concrete mix. But during the

production of cement, it is heated to very high temperature which is the reason why carbon

emission is more in cement. The cement industry is regarded as one of the sources of air

pollution as it is the primary producer of carbon dioxide which is the major green house gas.

Experimental Inquisition of Concrete After the Replacement of Cement with Ceramic Wastes and

Metaphorical Study of Their Properties with the Nominal Concrete


A single industry of cement is found to produce about 5% of global carbon dioxide emission.

Million metric tons of cement is produced annually and concrete is considered as the second

most consumed material on earth after water. It is estimated that the cement production is

going to rise up to 5 billion tons by 2050. And in India the consumption of cement is found to

be 398 million metric tons in 2017 which is a huge amount. In order to reduce the amount of

carbon emissions, attempts are being made to replace cement with eco-friendly materials. The

eco-friendly materials that are being used as the substitutes in concrete are mainly the waste

products from industries, agriculture, factories, residential wastes and many more.

1.2 Use of waste materials in concrete

The waste materials from various sources like factories or industries can be used properly as

cement replacements. The few examples are fly ash, silica fumes, GGBS, rice husk ash, etc.

These waste products can be processed or they can be used partly to produce materials

suitable to be used as aggregates, cement replacement or fillers in concrete. In addition to

these materials various other wastes generated from households, construction sites, agriculture

are catching the eye of the researchers. Few of them can be discussed as under:

1. Paper:

The waste paper from paper industries, households, schools, offices, commercial

buildings can be used as one of constituent in concrete. Paper pulp is now-a-days

being used in concrete for producing light weight concrete and it is named as

papercrete.

2. Rubber

The rubber wastes are reused as coarse aggregates in concrete. The rubber obtained

from discarded or scraped tyres, shoe soles, floor mates, washers, gaskets are used in

concrete. There use not only protects the dumping of tyre wastes in landfills, thereby

maintaining environmental health but also increases the durability,

3. Construction and Demolition (C&D) Wastes:

Construction waste is the waste that is generated from new construction, land

excavation and demolition wastes are prompted from the destruction of a structure.

The wastes that arise from construction or demolition of structures are as under:

1) Insulation and asbestos materials.

2) Concrete, bricks, tiles and ceramics.

3) Wood, glass, plastic.

4) Tar, coal tar, bituminous mixtures.

5) Metallic wastes.

6) Cement.

7) Gypsum.

8) Paints and varnishes.

9) Sealants and adhesives.

10) Contaminated soil and stones.

1.3 Ceramics

The word ceramics has been derived from a Greek word keramikos which means „of pottery‟

or „for pottery‟. Ceramics primarily referred to pure pottery and the also to the articles that

were made by firing the materials obtained from earth. With the passage of time and the

advanced sense of using the materials, the definition of ceramic was also quoted in broader



sense. Ceramics, technically, are defined as inorganic and non-metallic solids consisting of

metal or non-metal atoms which are held together in ionic and covalent bonds. The most

commonly used ceramics are pottery, brick, glass, porcelain and cement. Ceramic materials

can be highly crystalline, semi-crystalline, vitrified (non-crystalline amorphous solid i.e. they

can be transformed into glass) or completely amorphous. The ceramic materials are found out

to be good thermal and electrical insulators due to the variation in their crystallinity and the

consumption of electrons in the ionic and covalent bonds. The domestic, industrial and

building products are now included in ceramic materials.

1.3.1 Classification of ceramics

The ceramics are broadly classified as CERAMICS

Crystalline ceramics Non-crystalline

ceramics

Crystalline ceramics:

The crystalline ceramics are found to be non submissive to the wide range of processing and

hence the crystalline ceramic is prepared in a desired shape either by reaction on site or by

forming powders in the desired shape and then heating it until it becomes a solid mass.

Non-crystalline ceramics

The non-crystalline ceramics are made from melts. The shape of the glass is formed either on

a molten state or when it is in a toffee like viscosity

1.3.2 Properties of ceramics

Ceramics are brittle solids and hence they are suitable for withstanding high temperatures. If

the different materials are added to ceramics, it can enhance their properties. The

quintessential properties of ceramics include:

1) High electrical and thermal resistance.

2) Strength and durability.

3) Inertness which is responsible for their ability to confront the damages caused by

oxygen, acids, or any other chemicals.

4) The surface of ceramic is extraordinarily finished.

5) Ceramics are considered to be anti-static i.e. it prevent the buildup of static electricity

(static electricity is the imbalance of electric charge that is produced mainly due to

friction.)

6) Ceramics have high fracture toughness.

7) Excellent wear resistance.

8) Ceramics show considerably better resistance to friction.

9) They show non-magnetic behavior.

10) The modulus of elasticity of ceramics is same as that of steel.

1.3.3. Applications of ceramics

Ceramics are now used in almost every field. Due to the advancement of ceramics, the

applications of the ceramics have been increased. From automobile industries to the




construction industry, the use of ceramics is becoming a trend. The clay based ceramics have

been in use for more than 25,000 years. The advanced ceramics were developed within last

100 years. Some of the core applications of advanced ceramics are as under:

1) They are used as components for water and fuel pumps in automobile industries. The

use of ceramics in automobiles increases the efficiency of the vehicle. Moreover it

results in less wear and tear and lower noise emission.

2) They are used in cutting tools, mechanical pumps as they have high wear resistance

and a very high level of resistance to corrosion.

3) The use of advanced ceramics has also been quite evident in the world of electronics.

The heat sinks in the ceramics furnish the favorable climate for high-power

electronics. They are used as insulators and capacitors in many electronic devices.

4) As the medical sciences also prefer sound technology these days. The use of advanced

ceramics has also been found in the field of medical sciences. The advanced ceramics

are biocompatible and this property of ceramics has helped doctors to take optimum

care of patients. These biocompatible and wear resistant advanced ceramics are used

in the artificial bones, the dental products and much more.

5) The advanced ceramics are being used efficiently in environment technology. The

example being the use of ceramics in water treatment, recycling and processing of

waste. The use of ceramic components can ensure long life of the parts that are

exposed to high stress during conveying, transporting or processing of raw materials.

6) Ceramics have various applications in aerospace. The ceramics are used in engines as

a shield which protects other parts. They are used in air frames which are light weight

and bear high stress and high temperature. Similarly ceramics are used in space

shuttles and rocket nozzles hence enabling them to withstand the exhaust of the rocket

booster.

7) In the modern and increasingly growing industries ceramics are being used very

smartly. Ceramics like boron carbide and silicon carbide are used in bullet proof vests.

The watch cases are made up of high-tech ceramics. Zirconium dioxide ceramics are

used in the manufacturing of knives.

1.4 Ceramic Wastes

The huge amount of waste production is seen all over the world. The Construction and

Demolition wastes come up with the highest percentage of production in all countries of the

world which is around 75%. Out of the total percentage of production of C&D wastes, the

maximum percentages of wastes are the ceramic wastes which are around 54%. This large

large amount of ceramic waste goes nowhere but is dumped and disposed in landfills. The

ceramic wastes include ceramic tile wastes, ceramic marble wastes and sanitary wastes. The

worldwide production of the ceramic tiles is about 11,166 million square meters for the year

2011-2012 and for ceramic marble is 7,000,000 tons annually. The production of both the

ceramics is too high and large scale. India ranks third in the production as well as in the

consumption of ceramic tiles in world which is 6.2%. With the large scale production of

ceramics comes the question of the disposal of the ceramic wastes produced during processing

and production of ceramic wastes and the ceramic wastes that are generated during

construction or demolition of structures. About 30% of the ceramic materials in India are

sabotaged into waste daily which equals to million tons per year. The waste generated is not

used in anyway presently. Being useless in practice they cause the problems for their disposal

as they can impart harmful chemicals to the soil, hence causing environmental degradation.

However, the various properties of ceramic wastes make them suitable to be used in



construction purposes. The various research works are being conducted for the efficient use

of ceramic wastes as additives in structural as well non-structural concrete. This was also

done to produce high performance concretes (HPC) and sulphate resistant concrete and the

results so obtained were positive and better too.

1.4.1 Properties of ceramic wastes

The properties of ceramic waste are same as the properties of advanced ceramic wastes. The

core properties of ceramic wastes are as under:

1) Ceramic wastes are durable.

2) Ceramic materials have the ability to act as pozzolanic material and hence it can be

used effectively in the cement production.

3) Ceramic wastes have the ability to withstand the forces due the biological, chemical

and physical degradation which makes them suitable to be used in concrete.

4) The sanitary wastes, waste marble tiles, crushed tiles can be used as aggregates in

concrete.

5) Ceramic wastes increase the workability of concrete.

6) The use of ceramic waste can also prove aesthetic if used effectivelu for decorative

purposes.

1.5 Marble Dust Powder (MDP)

Marble is the highly valued rock and is well known for its strength, durability and aesthetics.

Marble is regarded as the metamorphic rock that is composed of limestone and dolomite. The

core resources of marble in India are Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Jammu And Kashmir,

Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Sikkim. In 2011-12, around 1912.99 crore of marble was

produced in India and the increase is still counting. The drastic increase in the production of

marble worldwide annually is due to the continuously increase in population. The use of

marble dust powder which is one of the solid waste materials is also worked upon these days.

7 million tons of marble waste is produced during the manufacture of marble in marble

factories in India. The marble waste is produced during sawing and polishing processes. The

maximum marble is produced in Rajasthan as it is the core source of marble. Out of the total

waste produced in India, about 95% of waste comes from Rajasthan because of the presence

of about 4000 marble mines and 1100 marble cutters. The marble dust produced is useless.

The only way to get rid of marble waste from construction sites or marble factories is to

dispose it off to the landfills. The marble dust is highly alkaline in nature, this can degrade the

soil, making it unfit for any other use. The marble wastes are dumped in the area near to the

marble producing industries. The area surrounding the dumping area also gets polluted. In the

dry season, the marble dust dries up, flies and floats in the air and gets deposited on the crops.

This degrades the vegetation and mortifies the crops thus creating fatal ecological conditions

for flora and fauna. The assembling of the marble waste for a longer period of time over the

soil surface results into the contamination of the surface and it also pollutes the underground

resources.

1.5.1 Properties of marble powder

The properties of marble dust powder are as under:

1) Marble powder is alkaline in nature.

2) It has been observed that marble powder has high specific area which can prove

fruitful for improving the cohesiveness of concrete.

3) Marble is proved to have cementatious properties.




4) The use of marble powder in concrete can reduce the CO2 emission to a greater

extent.

5) Marble powder when used effectively can withstand the chemical attacks.

6) The rate of productivity of marble powder is quite high and continuously increasing

which means it is readily available.

7) The bulk density of the marble powder is high which is around 1282 Kg/cu.m.

8) Marble powder produced has various colors like white, brown, green, grey, gold,

purple, etc.

1.5.2 Marble powder in construction

The marble dust powder is used as a substitution in concrete. The cement can be replaced in

concrete by marble powder to enhance the properties of concrete. The marble granules can

also be used as aggregates in concrete. The crushed marble tiles are used as aggregates in

concrete. The use of such tiles and marble powder not only increase the mechanical properties

of concrete but also make it ecofriendly. The carbon emission due to the presence of cement

in concrete are reduced to a considerable extent. The inclusion of marble powder in concrete

not only enhances the physical and mechanical properties of concrete but also reduces the

porosity of concrete. The lesser the porosity of concrete, the more durable and lost lasting will

be the concrete structures as helps concrete to protect the entering of water or any other

moisture that can result in corrosion or rusting of reinforcement.

Figure 1 Marble Dust Powder (MDP)

1.6 Comparison between the properties of concrete

The comparison between the properties of cement and marble powder is shown in table 1

S.NO PROPERTY CEMENT

(53 GRADE)

MARBLE

POWDER

UNIT

1. Bulk density 1506 1282 Kgs/cu.m

2. Specific gravity 2.56 2.69 gm/cu.cm

3. Specific surface area 225 1140 m2/kg

Table 1 Comparison of the properties of cement (53 Grade) and Marble Dust Powder



2.0 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

2.1 Materials used

The following is the list of materials that were used in this project:

Coarse aggregates.

Fine aggregates.

Cement.

Water.

Marble dust powder.

2.1.1 Coarse Aggregates

The coarse aggregates used for making concrete samples were extracted from common

sources such as mines and were used with or without further processing. The aggregates used

were clean and free from dust particles. Locally available coarse aggregates of size 10mm and

20mm were used.

2.1.2 Fine Aggregates

Sand passing through 1.18mm sieve was used in making samples. Locally available sand was

used. Sand used was clean and grit free.

The sieve analysis of sand used for experimental investigation is given in table 2:

S.no Sieve size Mass retained

(kg)

%Mass

retained

Cumulative

%retained

%Finer

1 4.75mm 0.160 8.0 8.0 92

2 2.36mm 0.170 8.5 16.5 83.5

3 1.18mm 0.210 10.5 27 73

4 600µ 0.910 45.5 72.5 27.5

5 300µ 0.370 18.5 91 9

6 150µ 0.090 4.5 95.5 4.5

7 75µ 0.05 2.5 98 2

8 Pan 0.04 2 100 0

Table 2 Sieve Analysis Fine Aggregates

2.1.3 Cement

The cement used for casting cubes in this project was ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade. It

was fresh and free from lumps.

2.1.4 Water

The water used for making samples and for curing was clean and dust free.

2.1.5 Marble Dust Powder (MDP)

The locally available marble powder was used to replace cement in concrete in this project.

The specific gravity of marble powder was found to be 2.69. The slump value also decreases

with increase in marble powder in concrete. The marble powder is chemically composed of

lime (CaO), silica (SiO2), Alumina (Al2O3) and the oxides and carbonates like NaO and MgO,

and MgCO3 respectively.




2.1.5.1 Physical properties of marble dust powder

The physical properties of marble dust powder is given in table 3

PHYSICAL PROPERTY RESULT

Color White

Odour Odourless

Form Powder

Table 3 Physical properties of the marble powder used

2.1.5.2 Chemical properties of marble dust powder

The chemical properties of marble dust powder are given in table 4.

CHEMICAL PROPERTY PERCENTAGE

STANDARD OF

NATURAL CEMENT

CONTENT (%)

Lime (CaO) 30-50 31-57

Alumina (Al2O3) 2-4 6-9

Silica (SiO2) 20-25 22-29

Nitrogen oxide (NaO) 1.5-2.5 -

Magnesium Oxide(MgO) 15-20 1.5-2.2

Magnesium Carbonate(MgCO3) 30-32 -

Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) 1.0-1,5 1.5-3.2

Table 4 Chemical properties of marble dust powder (MDP)

2.2 Mix Design

Concrete of grade M25 was used in casting the cubes. The water cement ratio taken for the

same was 0.5. 394 Kg/m3 of cement was used in the project. This was done for making

control mixes of concrete. The cement was then replaced by marble dust powder MPD at

10%, 15%, 25% and 30%.

2.3 Specimen Details

The cubes where casted in the steel moulds of dimension 150mm x 150mm x 150mm for

compression test. The columns were casted in cylindrical moulds of dimensions 150mm x

300mm for split tensile strength test. And the beams were casted in rectangular moulds of

dimensions 150mm x 100mm x 100mm for flexural strength test. Two sets of cubes with and

without marble powder were casted for conducting tests on them. The cement was replaced

with marble powder at different percentages to find out the changes in the properties of

concrete.

2.4 Casting and Curing

The experimental procedure was started by cleaning and oiling the moulds properly. The nuts

of the moulds were properly tightened so as to avoid the dodging of mix out of the mould.



The materials to be used to make the concrete mix were properly weighed. The pan used for

weighing the ingredients was cleaned thoroughly and the ingredients of the required quantity

were mixed to form a uniform mix. After mixing, the mix was poured into the mould in three

equal layers and was tampered properly to avoid segregation. This was followed by vibrating

the prepared moulds on a vibrator for few seconds. The prepared concrete cubes were de-

molded after 24 hours. The cubes were fully immersed in clean water and then the samples

were taken out of the water after 7 days and 28 days for conducting tests on them.

2.5 Tests performed on concrete

The nominal cubes as well as the cubes containing MDP (10%, 15%, 25% and 30%), after the

curing for 7days and 28 days were tested for checking their compressive strength, split tensile

strength and flexural strength test. The tests performed on the casted cubes are listed below:

Compressive strength test.

Split tensile strength test.

Flexural strength test.

2.5.1 Compressive Strength Test

The compressive strength test on nominal concrete cubes and the concrete cubes with MDP of

varying percentage was conducted. The cubes were taken out of water after 7 days and 28

days of curing. The cubes were dried. The compressive strength test is performed on

compression testing machine which calculates the gain of strength after curing. The test

conducted after 7 days of curing is for checking the gain in initial strength of the concrete.

And the test conducted after 28 days of curing is for checking the final strength gain of the

concrete. The concrete samples were placed carefully inside the testing machine. The

smoother faces of the concrete cube were touching the upper and lower part of the machine.

2.5.2 Split Tensile Strength Test

The split tensile test on nominal concrete columns and the concrete columns with MDP of

varying percentage was conducted. The columns were taken out of water after 7 days and 28

days of curing. The columns were dried and then tested. The compressive strength test was

performed on compression testing machine which calculates the gain of strength after curing.

The test conducted after 7 days of curing is for checking the gain in initial strength of the

concrete. And the test conducted after 28 days of curing is for checking the final strength gain

of the concrete. The concrete samples were placed carefully inside the testing machine. The

columns were placed horizontally at equal spaces between the two plates of compression

testing machine.

2.5.3 Flexural Strength Test

The flexural strength test on nominal concrete beams and the concrete beams with MDP of

varying percentage was conducted. The beams were taken out of water after 7 days and 28

days of curing. They were then dried and tested. The flexural strength test was performed on

flexural testing machine which calculates the gain of strength after curing. The test conducted

after 7 days of curing is for checking the gain in initial strength of the concrete. And the test

conducted after 28 days of curing is for checking the final strength gain of the concrete. The

concrete samples were placed carefully inside the testing machine. The beams were placed

horizontally inside the machine. The beams were placed at equal spaces from the ends. Then

the load was applied on the beams till the time it breaks into two halves. The longer length of

the shorter half was noted for calculating flexural strength.




3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1 Compression test:

The results obtained from compression tests conducted on nominal cubes is shown in table

no.5. The results obtained from compression test conducted on the cubes containing marble

dust powder MDP after 7 days and 28 days of curing is shown in table no. 6 and fig () and

table no. 7 and fig () respectively.

3.2 Split Tensile Strength test

The result obtained from split tensile strength test that was conducted on nominal cylinders is

shown in table no.5. And the results that were obtained from the same test that was conducted

on the cylinders with MDP after 7 days and 28 days of curing is given in table no. 8, fig() and

table no. 9, fig () respectively.

3.3 Flexural strength test

The results acquired on conducting the flexural test on the control concrete beams are given in

table no. 5. And the results procured on conducting the same test on the beams having MDP

after 7 days and 28 days of curing is given in table no.10, fig () and table no.11, fig ()

respectively

4.0 CONCLUSIONS

The conclusions that can be given from the results procured from the various tests that were

performed on nominal concrete blocks and on the concrete with MDP (marble dust powder)

are as under:

The percentage increase in the compressive strength was found maximum at 10%

replacement of cement by MDP and it was 27% increase after 7 days and 15.26% after

28 days.

The percentage decrease in the compressive strength was at 30% replacement of

cement with MDP and it was around 7.76% after 7 days and 32.27 % after 28 days.

The compressive strength was seen maximum at 10% replacement and it was found

decreasing at 15%, 25% but was more than compressive strength of nominal concrete

but at 30% replacement it was found lesser than traditional concrete.

The percentage increase in split tensile strength was found maximum at 10%

replacement of cement with MDP and it was around 60% increase for 7 days and 55%

for 28 days.

The percentage decrease in the split tensile strength was at 30% replacement of

cement with MDP and it was around 3.75% after 7 days and 6.77 % after 28 days.

The split tensile strength was also found to be increasing at 10%, 15%, 25%. But the

values obtained were relatively lesser than each other and greater than the compressive

strength of controlled concrete. The minimum strength was obtained at 30%

replacement.

The percentage increase in the compressive strength was found maximum at 10%

replacement of cement by MDP and it was 63.37% increase after 7 days and 39.34%

after 28 days.

No percentage decrease was found in case of flexural strength. The flexural strength

was found more than that of traditional concrete even at 30% replacement of cement

with MDP.



The flexural strength was maximum at 10% and minimum at 30%.

As being a civil engineer, the safe and healthy environment is of utmost importance,

the use of this marble powder dust not only makes concrete eco friendly but also saves

the environment from the harmful effects of useless marble dust powder

The marble powder has the efficient micro filling ability, thus it makes concrete less

porous. In other words, it decreases the porosity of concrete

The use of marble dust powder was found cheaper than any other material used. It

therefore reduces the cost of construction

5. REFERENCES

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Figure 2

Figure 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0% 10% 15% 25% 30%

Compressive strength of concrete with marble powder (7 days)

Concrete with marblepowder

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0% 10% 15% 25% 30%

Compressive strength of concrete with marble powder (28 days)

concrete with marblepowder



Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0% 10% 15% 25% 30%

Split tensile strength of concrete with marble powder (7 days)


0

1

2

3

4

5

0% 10% 15% 25% 30%

Split tensile strength of concrete with marble powder (28 days)

Concrete with MarblePowder

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0% 10% 15% 25% 30%

Flexural strength of concrete with marble powder (7 days)





Figure 7

Table 5

MATERIAL

USED

NO. OF DAYS

FOR CURING

COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH

SPLIT

TENSILE

STRENGTH

FLEXURAL

STRENGTH

M25 CONCRETE 7 days 22.4 1.6 4.56

28 days 33.15 2.36 6.1

Table 6

MATERIAL USED % REPLACED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

(N/mm2)

Marble Powder

0% 22.40

10% 28.46

15% 24.13

25% 22.47

30% 20.66

Table 7

MATERIAL USED % REPLACED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

(N/mm2)

Marble Powder

0% 33.15

10% 38.21

15% 35.50

25% 25.28

30% 22.45

Table 8

MATERIAL USED % REPLACED SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

(N/mm2)

Marble Powder

0% 1.60

10% 2.93

15% 2.56

25% 2.46

30% 1.54

0

2

4

6

8

10

0% 10% 15% 25% 30%

Flexural strength of concrete with marble powder (28 days)




Table 9

MATERIAL USED % REPLACED

SPLIT TENSILE

STRENGTH

(N/mm2)

Marble Powder

0% 2.36

10% 3.91

15% 3.73

25% 3.55

30% 2.20

Table 10

MATERIAL USED % REPLACED FLEXURAL STRENGTH

(N/mm2)

Marble Powder

0% 4.56

10% 7.45

15% 6.04

25% 5.83

30% 5.62

Table 11

MATERIAL USED % REPLACED FLEXURAL STRENGTH

(N/mm2)

Marble powder

0% 6.1

10% 8.50

15% 7.93

25% 7.35

30% 6.75

EXPERIMENTAL INQUISITION OF CONCRETE AFTER · PDF filepapercrete. 2. Rubber The rubber wastes are reused as coarse aggregates in concrete. The rubber obtained from discarded or scraped

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