EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSI S OF WEAR PROPERTIES OF NANO S … · Cite this Article: B. Dinesh Prabhu, Dr.J. Venkatesh, Dr.A.Ramesh and A. Hareesh, Experimental Analysis of Wear Properties

http://www.iaeme.com/ IJMET/index.

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMVolume 9, Issue 12, December 201

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=12

ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976

© IAEME Publication

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSI

PROPERTIES OF NANO S

VINYL ESTER

COMPOSITES AND OPTIMIZATI

TAGUCHI APPROACH

Associate professor, PES

Professor & Head, Dept. of Automobile Engg.,

PE S College of

Professor and Principal, B I T

Assistant professor, Amrutha College of En

ABSTRACT

Polymer composites are prominent materials for numerous industrial applications

and they are utilized for bearings, rollers, seals, gears, cams, wheels and clutches.

These materials are subjected to wear and much of the research carried out to

understand wear behaviour and improvement in the wear resistance. A pin

setup (Magnum Engineers, Bangalore) was used for wear experiments. The Results of

wear properties of vinyl ester

the chosen fillers TiO2, Al

paper. The main objective is to determine the optimum input parameters, those will

give minimum specific wear rate and minimum wear volume and these are considered

as output responses. Effects of input parameters such as, type of filler, percentage of

filler, load and sliding distance on the output responses are studied. As per Taguchi

orthogonal array of L27, experiments have been conducted on vinyl ester/GF nano

composites on Pin on Disk apparatus. Experimental analysis was conducted. The

results were chosen based on the c

optimized for the better output responses using Taguchi method by plotting main effect

plots for SN ratio and means. From the plots it is observed that, Titanium oxide filler

IJMET/index.asp 692 [email protected]

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) 2018, pp. 692–708, Article ID: IJMET_09_12_070

http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=12

6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

Scopus Indexed

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF WEAR

PROPERTIES OF NANO SCALE FILLERS ON

VINYL ESTER-GLASS FIBRE HYBRID

SITES AND OPTIMIZATION BY

TAGUCHI APPROACH

B. Dinesh Prabhu

Associate professor, PES College of Engineering, Mandya, Karnataka

Dr.J. Venkatesh

Professor & Head, Dept. of Automobile Engg.,

PE S College of Engineering, Mandya, Karnataka

Dr.A.Ramesh

Professor and Principal, B I T Institute of technology, Hindupur, Andrapradesh

A. Hareesh

Assistant professor, Amrutha College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka


they are utilized for bearings, rollers, seals, gears, cams, wheels and clutches.


understand wear behaviour and improvement in the wear resistance. A pin

ngineers, Bangalore) was used for wear experiments. The Results of

wear properties of vinyl ester-Glass fibre composites by varying filler percentages of

, Al2O3 and MoS2 for study and were presented in the present

jective is to determine the optimum input parameters, those will



ng distance on the output responses are studied. As per Taguchi



results were chosen based on the choices yielded by the design of experiments and



[email protected]

70


S OF WEAR

CALE FILLERS ON

GLASS FIBRE HYBRID

ON BY

Karnataka

Andrapradesh

gineering, Bangalore, Karnataka


they are utilized for bearings, rollers, seals, gears, cams, wheels and clutches.


understand wear behaviour and improvement in the wear resistance. A pin-on-disc

ngineers, Bangalore) was used for wear experiments. The Results of

Glass fibre composites by varying filler percentages of

for study and were presented in the present

jective is to determine the optimum input parameters, those will



ng distance on the output responses are studied. As per Taguchi



hoices yielded by the design of experiments and



Experimental Analysis of Wear Properties of Nano Scale Fillers On Vinyl Ester-Glass Fibre Hybrid

Composites and Optimization by Taguchi Approach

http://www.iaeme.com/ IJMET/index.asp 693 [email protected]

with 7.5% for load of 29.43N at sliding distance of 1059.80m yielded optimum wear

resistance and minimum wear volume loss.

Key words: Vinyl ester, glass fiber composites, Nanofillers, Hybrid composites.

Cite this Article: B. Dinesh Prabhu, Dr.J. Venkatesh, Dr.A.Ramesh and A. Hareesh,

Experimental Analysis of Wear Properties of Nano Scale Fillers On Vinyl Ester-Glass

Fibre Hybrid Composites and Optimization by Taguchi Approach, International

Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(12), 2018, pp. 692–708.


1. INTRODUCTION

Since two decades a lot of research was carried out on polymer matrix composites for various

reinforcements and its effects. The fillers and reinforcements are chosen either to reduce the

shrinkage, weight and cost. The developed composites were used for aeronautical, satellites,

industrial robots etc. for structures and bearing materials [1] Polymers have an excellent

tribological property, which promotes them to replace traditional materials in most of the

industrial applications subjected to wear- like bearing, gears, bushes etc., [2]. Polymers such

as Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), epoxy, polyvinyl ester are used widely due to semi

crystalline structure having better melting point, low friction coefficient, good toughness,

chemical resistance, and thermal stability [3]. These polymers have poor wear resistance

which makes them susceptible to failure. The wear resistance of these polymers can be

improved by adding fillers and fibers. [4-5]. The fillers particles commonly used in

tribological applications are tio2, mos2, al2o3, carbon, graphite, bronze, and glass. The

tribological properties enhanced by the above fillers owing to shape, size, type, percentage of

fillers [6-9]. Compared to polyester resin poly vinyl ester composites have shown improved

properties and most of the researchers prefer poly vinyl ester has it possesses good moisture

resistance and has better toughness. The addition of glass fibre treated with chemicals have

shown improved mechanical properties and in turn improved wear resistance [10–13]. Adding

secondary reinforcement fillers and particles composites improved mechanical properties of

the vinyl estercompositeand are used in liners in gas vessels, automotive industries and its

high strength and stiffness make them suitable for structural applications [14]. 3% wt.

addition of clay filler to the glass fiber reinforced vinyl ester composite [15] and 3% wt. of

nano clay to the cellulose fiber reinforced vinyl ester composite [16] have shown improved

mechanical properties and thermal properties of these hybrid composite. vinyl ester

composites highly recommended for corrosive environment [17].

2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

The vinyl esterresin was poured into a bowl and slowly add the particulate filler during

mechanical stirring of the resin. Then cobalt octate of 0.35% by volume was added as

accelerator. Alkyl group alkyl group organic compound peroxide (MEKP) catalyst 1% by

volume was added. Then the promoter (2%of organic compound by volume) was added.

Mixer was totally mixed with stirrer. The employment of accelerator was to push

solidification of the vinyl organic compound organic compound. Sufficient time was allowed

to die for the bubbles shaped throughout stirring. The number of accelerator, promoter and

catalyst ought to be optimum in proportion to possess management on the gel time of

vinyl organic compound organic compound and should adversely have an effect on the

impregnation.

In the current investigation optical fiber of 360 gsm and bi-directional was

used. Glassfiber mats were cut in to size (280*280) millimetre to induce a needed size of

B. Dinesh Prabhu, Dr.J. Venkatesh, Dr.A.Ramesh and A. Hareesh


250mm*250mm once the trimming operation of plates and thickness of minimum 3mm was

maintained. The mould surface was totally clean by agent to create it free from dirt and the

other foreign materials before applying the cathartic agent over the surface. The first layer of

the organic compound coat set on the discharge film. Then the primary layer of the Glass mat

is set and organic compound mixture is unfold uniformly over the mat by using a brush.

Equally second layer of glass mat is set and organic compound is unfold uniformly over

the mat by use of brush. Once the second layer, to reinforce wetting and impregnation, a

teethed steel roller is employed to roll over the material before applying organic compound.

This method is continued until all the fourteen cloth layers square measure placed. Then

another unleash film is placed over the material layers. In order to keep up correct thickness

of (3mm) of laminate spacers were used. Another surface plate is placed over the spacers and

loaded with uniformly distributed weight on the side. Symmetry ought to be maintained in

stacking the fibre layers. In non-symmetric laminate, a bending – stretching coupling

causes associate undesirable deformation of the composite plate. The casting is cured

at temperature for 6-8 hours and eventually faraway from the mould to induce a glassy fine

finished composite plate. A pin-on-disc setup (Magnum Engineers, Bangalore) was used for

wear experiments. The surface of the specimen having a size of 3millimetre x

3 millimetre pasted to a pin of dimensions 3 millimeter diameter and fifty millimeter length

comes in reality with a hardened disc of hardness sixty-two HRC. The disc was made

from En32 steel having dimensions of 160mm in diameter, 8mm in thickness and surface

roughness of 0.84 micrometres. The check was conducted on a track of 115mm diameter

by choosing he check length, load and speed in accordance with ASTM G-99. Before testing,

the check samples were polished against a 600 grade sand paper to make sure correct contact

with the counter surface. The surfaces of each the sample and also the disc were clean with a

soft artefact totally dried before the check. The pin assembly was at first weighted to associate

accuracy of 1.0x10-4

g in an exceedingly digital balance (SCHEMANDU, 200g). The dry slide

wear tests were conducted for various samples as per the subsequent table.

The variations between the initial and final weights were taken to estimate the wear and

tear loss. For every condition, tests were performed and also the average of weight loss was

recorded. A 20kg load cell was mounted tangential to the lever arm through that the friction

force was measured [18].

Figure 1 Photograph of a pin-on-Disc wear tester

Table 1 shows tabulations of Test conditions with output results of vinyl ester and Glass

fibre, Table 2 shows tabulations of Test conditions with output results of vinyl ester and Glass

fibre with Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3), Table 3 shows tabulations of Test conditions with

output results of vinyl ester and Glass fibre with molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) and Table 4




shows tabulations of Test conditions with output results of vinyl ester and Glass fibre with

Titanium Dioxide (TiO2).

Table 1: Test conditions with output results of vinyl ester and Glass fibre

Sl.

No.

Sample

Name

Initial

Weight

(gm)

Final

Weight

(gm)

Weight

Loss (N)

Wear

Volume,

m3

Speed

(rpm)

Time

(mins) Density

Load

(N)

Sliding

Distance

(m)

Sliding

Velocity

(m/S)

Wear

Rate m3/m

Specific

Wear Rate

m3/n-m

1

VE

+G

F

0.48 0.44 3.90E-04 1.82E-04

250

5

2.15

9.81

353.25

1.17

5.14E-07 5.24E-08

2 0.48 0.32 1.57E-03 7.30E-04 19.62 2.07E-06 1.05E-07

3 0.49 0.21 2.73E-03 1.27E-03 29.43 3.59E-06 1.22E-07

4 0.37 0.26 1.08E-03 5.02E-04

10

9.81

706.50

1.42E-06 1.45E-07

5 0.52 0.16 3.53E-03 1.64E-03 19.62 4.65E-06 2.37E-07

6 0.67 0.06 5.99E-03 2.79E-03 29.43 7.89E-06 2.68E-07

7 0.35 0.18 1.75E-03 8.15E-04

15

9.81

1059.75

2.31E-06 2.35E-07

8 0.57 0.01 5.52E-03 2.57E-03 19.62 7.26E-06 3.70E-07

9 0.96 0.01 9.25E-03 4.30E-03 29.43 1.22E-05 4.14E-07

Table 2 Test conditions with output results of vinyl ester and Glass fibre with Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3)

Sl.

No.

Sample

Name

Initial

Weight

(gm)

Final

Weight

(gm)

Weight

Loss (N)

Wear

Volume,

m3

Speed

(rpm)

Time

(mins) Density

Load

(N)

Sliding

Distance

(m)

Sliding

Velocity

(m/S)

Wear Rate

m3/m

Specific

Wear Rate

m3/n-m

1

VE

+G

F+

al2o3

(7.5

%)

0.47 0.44 3.19E-04 6.38E-05

250

5

5.00

9.81

353.25

1.17

1.81E-07 1.84E-08

2 0.35 0.27 7.85E-04 1.57E-04 19.62 4.44E-07 2.26E-08

3 0.36 0.23 1.25E-03 2.51E-04 29.43 7.10E-07 2.41E-08

4 0.48 0.25 2.26E-03 4.51E-04

10

9.81

706.50

6.39E-07 6.51E-08

5 0.46 0.06 3.92E-03 7.85E-04 19.62 1.11E-06 5.66E-08

6 0.59 0.02 5.59E-03 1.12E-03 29.43 1.58E-06 5.38E-08

7 0.49 0.06 4.20E-03 8.39E-04

15

9.81

1059.75

7.92E-07 8.07E-08

8 0.74 0.02 7.06E-03 1.41E-03 19.62 1.33E-06 6.80E-08

9 1.12 0.11 9.94E-03 1.99E-03 29.43 1.88E-06 6.37E-08

1

VE

+G

F+

al2o3

(10

%)

0.48 0.45 2.67E-04 4.61E-05

5

5.79

9.81

353.25

1.31E-07 1.33E-08

2 0.55 0.50 5.34E-04 9.22E-05 19.62 2.61E-07 1.33E-08

3 0.88 0.80 8.05E-04 1.39E-04 29.43 3.94E-07 1.34E-08

4 0.59 0.43 1.57E-03 2.71E-04

10

9.81

706.50

3.84E-07 3.91E-08

5 0.51 0.15 3.53E-03 6.10E-04 19.62 8.64E-07 4.40E-08

6 0.59 0.03 5.53E-03 9.56E-04 29.43 1.35E-06 4.60E-08

7 0.68 0.39 2.86E-03 4.95E-04

15

9.81

1059.75

4.67E-07 4.76E-08

8 0.69 0.02 6.54E-03 1.13E-03 19.62 1.07E-06 5.43E-08

9 1.06 0.06 9.81E-03 1.69E-03 29.43 1.60E-06 5.43E-08

1

VE

+G

F+

al2o3

(12

.5%

)

0.40 0.37 2.59E-04 3.68E-05

5

7.03

9.81

353.25

1.04E-07 1.06E-08

2 0.52 0.48 4.41E-04 6.28E-05 19.62 1.78E-07 9.06E-09

3 0.69 0.63 6.36E-04 9.05E-05 29.43 2.56E-07 8.71E-09

4 0.52 0.40 1.18E-03 1.67E-04

10

9.81

706.50

2.37E-07 2.42E-08

5 0.50 0.20 2.94E-03 4.19E-04 19.62 5.93E-07 3.02E-08

6 0.68 0.20 4.72E-03 6.71E-04 29.43 9.49E-07 3.23E-08

7 0.69 0.47 2.09E-03 2.98E-04

15

9.81

1059.75

2.81E-07 2.86E-08

8 0.70 0.14 5.45E-03 7.75E-04 19.62 7.31E-07 3.73E-08

9 0.98 0.09 8.80E-03 1.25E-03 29.43 1.18E-06 4.01E-08



Table 3: Test conditions with output results of vinyl ester and Glass fibre with molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2)

Sl.

No.

Sample

Name

Initial

Weight

(gm)

Final

Weight

(gm)

Weight

Loss (N)

Wear

Volume,

m3

Speed

(rpm)

Time

(mins) Density

Load

(N)

Sliding

Distance

(m)

Sliding

Velocity

(m/S)

Wear Rate

m3/m

Specific

Wear Rate

m3/n-m

1

VE

+G

F+

mo

s2 (

7.5

%)

0.50 0.44 5.89E-04 1.22E-04

250

5

4.84

9.81

353.25

1.17

3.44E-07 3.51E-08

2 0.44 0.32 1.18E-03 2.43E-04 19.62 6.89E-07 3.51E-08

3 0.40 0.22 1.74E-03 3.59E-04 29.43 1.02E-06 3.45E-08

4 0.56 0.37 1.86E-03 3.85E-04

10

9.81

706.50

5.45E-07 5.56E-08

5 0.49 0.22 2.64E-03 5.45E-04 19.62 7.72E-07 3.93E-08

6 0.53 0.18 3.43E-03 7.10E-04 29.43 1.00E-06 3.41E-08

7 0.51 0.19 3.12E-03 6.45E-04

15

9.81

1059.75

6.09E-07 6.21E-08

8 0.47 0.06 4.11E-03 8.49E-04 19.62 8.02E-07 4.09E-08

9 0.58 0.07 5.10E-03 1.05E-03 29.43 9.94E-07 3.38E-08

1

VE

+G

F+

mo

s2 (

10

%)

0.44 0.42 1.96E-04 2.40E-05

5

8.18

9.81

353.25

6.79E-08 6.92E-09

2 0.37 0.32 4.91E-04 6.00E-05 19.62 1.70E-07 8.65E-09

3 0.30 0.22 7.79E-04 9.52E-05 29.43 2.70E-07 9.16E-09

4 0.33 0.21 1.18E-03 1.44E-04

10

9.81

706.50

2.04E-07 2.08E-08

5 0.36 0.21 1.47E-03 1.80E-04 19.62 2.55E-07 1.30E-08

6 0.36 0.18 1.79E-03 2.19E-04 29.43 3.10E-07 1.05E-08

7 0.49 0.27 2.15E-03 2.63E-04

15

9.81

1059.75

2.48E-07 2.53E-08

8 0.48 0.23 2.45E-03 3.00E-04 19.62 2.83E-07 1.44E-08

9 0.47 0.19 2.75E-03 3.36E-04 29.43 3.17E-07 1.08E-08

1

VE

+G

F+

mo

s2 (

12

.5%

)

0.48 0.47 9.81E-05 7.63E-06

5

12.85

9.81

353.25

2.16E-08 2.20E-09

2 0.54 0.51 2.94E-04 2.29E-05 19.62 6.48E-08 3.30E-09

3 0.40 0.22 1.74E-03 1.35E-04 29.43 3.82E-07 1.30E-08

4 0.54 0.45 8.83E-04 6.87E-05

10

9.81

706.50

9.73E-08 9.91E-09

5 0.52 0.40 1.18E-03 9.16E-05 19.62 1.30E-07 6.61E-09

6 0.36 0.21 1.46E-03 1.14E-04 29.43 1.61E-07 5.47E-09

7 0.38 0.21 1.66E-03 1.29E-04

15

9.81

1059.75

1.22E-07 1.24E-08

8 0.48 0.27 2.05E-03 1.60E-04 19.62 1.51E-07 7.67E-09

9 0.48 0.23 2.43E-03 1.89E-04 29.43 1.79E-07 6.07E-09

Table 4: Test conditions with output results of vinyl ester and Glass fibre with Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)

Sl.

No.

Sample

Name

Initial

Weight

(gm)

Final

Weight

(gm)

Weight

Loss (N)

Wear

Volume,

m3

Speed

(rpm)

Time

(mins) Density

Load

(N)

Sliding

Distance

(m)

Sliding

Velocity

(m/S)

Wear

Rate

m3/m

Specific

Wear Rate

m3/n-m

1

VE

+G

F+

TIO

2 (

7.5

%)

0.48 0.44 3.54E-04 1.22E-04

250

5

2.90

9.81

353.25

1.17

3.46E-07 3.53E-08

2 0.54 0.33 2.06E-03 7.10E-04 19.62 2.01E-06 1.02E-07

3 0.60 0.22 3.77E-03 1.30E-03 29.43 3.68E-06 1.25E-07

4 0.53 0.27 2.53E-03 8.73E-04

10

9.81

706.50

1.24E-06 1.26E-07

5 0.57 0.16 4.02E-03 1.39E-03 19.62 1.96E-06 1.00E-07

6 0.60 0.02 5.69E-03 1.96E-03 29.43 2.78E-06 9.43E-08

7 0.50 0.05 4.35E-03 1.50E-03

15

9.81

1059.75

1.42E-06 1.44E-07

8 0.66 0.05 5.98E-03 2.06E-03 19.62 1.95E-06 9.93E-08

9 0.79 0.02 7.61E-03 2.63E-03 29.43 2.48E-06 8.42E-08

1

VE

+G

F+

TIO

2 (

10%

)

0.46 0.44 2.10E-04 4.37E-05

5

4.81

9.81

353.25

1.24E-07 1.26E-08

2 0.45 0.31 1.37E-03 2.85E-04 19.62 8.08E-07 4.12E-08

3 0.48 0.22 2.53E-03 5.26E-04 29.43 1.49E-06 5.06E-08

4 0.47 0.27 1.96E-03 4.08E-04

10

9.81

706.50

5.77E-07 5.88E-08

5 0.41 0.091 3.13E-03 6.50E-04 19.62 9.20E-07 4.69E-08

6 0.49 0.05 4.30E-03 8.95E-04 29.43 1.27E-06 4.30E-08

7 0.46 0.08 3.71E-03 7.71E-04

15

9.81

1059.75

7.27E-07 7.41E-08

8 0.54 0.04 4.89E-03 1.02E-03 19.62 9.58E-07 4.88E-08

9 0.69 0.07 6.07E-03 1.26E-03 29.43 1.19E-06 4.05E-08

1

VE

+G

F+

TIO

2

(12

.5%

) 0.48 0.48 1.08E-05 1.14E-06

5 9.47

9.81

353.25

3.22E-09 3.29E-10

2 0.46 0.4009 5.80E-04 6.12E-05 19.62 1.73E-07 8.83E-09

3 0.43 0.313 1.15E-03 1.21E-04 29.43 3.43E-07 1.17E-08




Table 4: Test conditions with output results of vinyl ester and Glass fibre with Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)

Sl.

No.

Sample

Name

Initial

Weight

(gm)

Final

Weight

(gm)

Weight

Loss (N)

Wear

Volume,

m3

Speed

(rpm)

Time

(mins) Density

Load

(N)

Sliding

Distance

(m)

Sliding

Velocity

(m/S)

Wear

Rate

m3/m

Specific

Wear Rate

m3/n-m

4 0.51 0.36 1.47E-03 1.55E-04

10

9.81

706.50

2.20E-07 2.24E-08

5 0.43 0.201 2.25E-03 2.37E-04 19.62 3.36E-07 1.71E-08

6 0.50 0.19 3.03E-03 3.19E-04 29.43 4.52E-07 1.54E-08

7 0.68 0.38 2.93E-03 3.10E-04

15

9.81

1059.75

2.92E-07 2.98E-08

8 0.61 0.21 3.92E-03 4.13E-04 19.62 3.90E-07 1.99E-08

9 0.54 0.04 4.91E-03 5.18E-04 29.43 4.89E-07 1.66E-08

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

Dry slide wear behavior

The industrial components made by the composite are acceptable if these materials have less

wear loss and have a better wear resistance. The addition of fillers and fibres have proved the

hybrid composite having better tribological properties [18]. In the present study the addition

of nano fillers to vinyl ester-Glass fibre composites with varying percentage of TiO2, Al2O3

and MoS2 have yielded better tribological properties

Effect of load

Glass fibre reinforced polymer composite have shown improved tribological properties

toughness, dimensional stability [19]. The dry slide wear behavior of Glass fibre reinforced

composites is carried out as a function of sliding velocity, for different loads and sliding

distances. The effect of wear volume was compared through graph and discussed by scanning

electron microscopy study. The variation in wear loss with different loads for Glass fibre

samples subjected to different sliding distances is shown in the Fig. 2 a, b and c. The variation

of wear loss with respect to the sliding distance varies uniformly with respective to the

specific load applied. The interesting feature observed is that wear loss value is higher at

higher sliding distances. Therefore, the higher wear loss occurs at 1059.75 M and at a load of

29.43 N. Thus the wear loss increases with increase in sliding distance and load.

Fig.2a Wear volume vs Sliding distance at constant load of 9.81 N



Fig.2b Wear volume vs Sliding distance at constant load of 19.62 N

Fig.2c Wear volume vs Sliding distance at constant load of 29.43 N

Figure 2 a, b & c records the change in the pattern of the wear volume with respect to the

applied load for varying sliding distances. In particular, the increased sliding distances and the

associated generation of frictional heat as well as the loss of the matrix material and the

consequent loosening of the reinforcement material aroused interest in this work. Thus, the

lowest sliding distances of 353.25m shows the least gradient, while the 1059.75m shows the

highest. It is observed that, loss of the matrix material and the resultant more loss of material

was observed in VE+GF+TiO2 (7.5%), which is evident from other researchers and it was

due to TiO2 hard and abrasive in nature [20,21].

The effect of varying the load is depicted in Figure 3a,b& c. An upward trend in the

gradient (like in Figure 2), as the applied load is increased, is noted (Figure 3). Also, obvious

from this plot (Figure 3) is that the highest wear loss has occurred for all the sliding distances

when the load is maximum (29.43 N). It is observed that, loss of the matrix material and the

resultant more loss of material was observed in VE+GF+TiO2 (7.5%), which is evident from

other researchers and it was due to TiO2 hard and abrasive in nature [20,21].




Fig.3a Wear volume vs load at constant Sliding distance of 353.3m

Fig.3b Wear volume vs load at constant Sliding distance of 706.5m

Fig.3c Wear volume vs load at constant Sliding distance of 1059.75m

Figure 4a, b & c records the change in the pattern of the Specific wear rate with respect to

the applied load for varying sliding distances. In particular, the increased sliding distances and

the associated generation of frictional heat as well as the loss of the matrix material and the

consequent loosening of the reinforcement material aroused interest in this work. Thus, the

lowest sliding distances of 353.25m shows the least gradient as the specimens were subjected

adhesive wear only. While the 1059.75m shows the highest. It is observed that, loss of the

matrix material and the resultant more loss of material was observed in VE+GF+TiO2 (7.5%),



which is evident from other researchers and it was due to TiO2 hard and abrasive in nature

[20,21].

Fig.4a Specific Wear Rate vs sliding distance at constant load of 9.81N

Fig.4b Specific Wear Rate vs sliding distance at constant load of 19.62N

Fig.4c Specific Wear Rate vs sliding distance at constant load of 29.43N

The Specific wear rate for effect of varying the load is depicted in Figure 5 a, b & c. An

upward trend in the gradient (like in Figure 4), as the applied load is increased, is noted

(Figure 5). Also, obvious from this plot (Figure 5) that the highest wear loss has occurred for

all the sliding distances when the load is maximum (29.43 N). At higher loads abrasive wear

occurs due to generation of more heat making the ceramic fillers peel out of the matrix and act

as abrasive particles effecting three body abrasive wear. It is observed that, loss of the matrix




material and the resultant more loss of material was observed in VE+GF+TiO2 (7.5%), which

is evident from other researchers and it was due to TiO2 hard and abrasive in nature [20,21].

Fig.5a Specific Wear Rate vs load at constant sliding distance of 353.3N

Fig.5b Specific Wear Rate vs load at constant sliding distance of 706.5N

Fig.5c Specific Wear Rate vs load at constant sliding distance of 1059.75N

From Fig.6a,the signal noise plots, the poly vinyl ester glass fibre composite with nano

fillers TiO2, Al2O3 and MoS2of varying percentage of 7.5,10 and 12.5% by volume

subjected to varying loads from 9.8 N to 29.43N and sliding distances from 353.25m to

1059.8m was present in the above fig no.6a. Out of the three nano fillers used titanium oxide

found to be a better option compared to other two fillers.



Overall Wear Volume (Smaller is Better)

Fig.6a: Main effects plot for SN Ratios, Effect of control factors on wear resistance

From, Fig.6b, The titanium oxide filler with 7.5% by volume has yielded the optimum

wear resistance and low wear volume when subjected to a load of 29.43N and at a sliding

distance of 1059.80m. From the above SN plot it is inferred that for higher loads and sliding

distance applications titanium oxide filler with 7.5%, can be adopted to have better wear

resistance and less wear volume loss. It is true from the main effect plot of SN ratios as shown

in the following fig.6b.

Fig.6b: Main effects plot for SN Ratios, Effect of control factors on wear resistance

FromFig.7a, the main effect means plots, the poly vinyl ester glass fibre composite with

nano fillers TiO2, Al2O3 and MoS2of varying percentage of 7.5,10 and 12.5% by volume


1059.8m was present in the above fig no.7a. Out of the three nano fillers used Molybdenum




disulfide found to be a better option compared to other two fillers. The Molybdenum disulfide

filler with 12.5% by volume has yielded the optimum wear resistance and low wear volume

when compared with the mean values obtained from the taguchi analysis when subjected to a

load of 9.81N and at a sliding distance of 353.25m. From the mean plot it is understood that

Molybdenum disulfide is a better option as a nano filler for the poly vinyl ester composite as

it is a solid lubricant and behaves similar to the graphite.

Overall Wear Volume (Smaller is Better)

Fig.7a:Main effects plot for means, Effect of control factors on wear resistance.

Specific Wear Rate Larger is Better

Fig.7b: Main effects plot for means, Effect of control factors on wear resistance.

From Fig.7b, the main effect means plots, the poly vinyl ester glass fibre composite with

nano fillers TiO2, Al2O3 and MoS2of varying percentage of 7.5,10 and 12.5% by volume




1059.8m was present in the above fig no.7b. Out of the three nano fillers used Titanium oxide

found to be a better option compared to other two fillers. The Titanium oxide filler with 7.5%

by volume has yielded the optimum specific wear rate and low wear volume when compared

with the mean values obtained from the taguchi analysis when subjected to a load of 29.43N

and at a sliding distance of 1059.80m.

From Fig.8a&b, The Residual plots shows the dispersion of outcome values of Residuals

which are independent from one another. Independent residuals show no trends or patterns

when displayed in time order. Patterns in the above plot show the dispersion of residuals to

one another and a linear pattern depicted. The frequency of residuals found to be more

towards the lower side of the mean centerline.

Fig.8a: Residual plots for Specific Wear.

S = 3.80968 R-Sq = 59.66% R-Sq(adj) = 0.00%

Fig.8b: Residual plots for Wear volume.




Table 5. ANOVA table for wear rate

The various parameters which are affecting the outcomes of the above experiments were

considered by involving orthogonal arrays in taguchi method. The design of experiments

yielded the above number of levels and parameters. The experiment results were fed from the

experimental study as per the design of experiment [22].

Scanning electron microscopy

SEM Picture of 7.5% Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) before wear at 2000x

The material microstructure assumes a noteworthy job in deciding the wear in fiber

strengthened composites. Uniform complete surface and higher fiber contest prompts better

wear obstruction. Severe wear was seen at higher contacted load and higher sliding speeds.

The photomicrographs (Fig. 5.1-5.4) are acquired through examining electron microscopy for

the chosen parameter conditions the tests were taken out. By looking at the fiber surfaces of

the micrographs at various parameter conditions, effect on wear rate and tribological attributes

can be understood effectively.

Fig.5.1-5.4 Photomicrographs

Fig:5 (a) SEM indicating grim wear and fiber thinning,5 (b) demonstrates broken fiber in

the wear sample,5 (c)shows interfacial deboning of fiber from matrix of the composite and (d)

shows fibre peeling-off amid wear process. The last two phases happened successively, i.e.

the interfacial de-bonding was trailed by fiber evacuation. Consequently, the genuine

breakage of the matrix and the fibre in the interfacial area was found to occur (Fig. 6.3) could

result in a huge fiber expulsion (Fig. 6.4).

Sl.No. Filler Filler % Load Sliding Distance Wear Volume Specific Wear

1 1 7.5 9.81 353.25 0.0620 1.789

2 1 10.0 19.62 706.50 0.6100 4.400

3 1 12.5 29.43 1059.80 1.2504 4.000

4 2 7.5 19.62 1059.80 0.8940 4.080

5 2 10.0 29.43 353.25 0.0966 0.928

6 2 12.5 9.81 706.50 0.0685 0.998

7 3 7.5 29.43 706.50 1.9620 9.430

8 3 10.0 9.81 1059.80 0.7710 7.140

9 3 12.5 19.62 353.25 0.0610 0.883



Fig.6.1-6.4 Breakage of the matrix &fibre in the interfacial area

Also, it is observed and agreed that, the fibre filaments were evacuated with bigger

patches and severe wear occurs [23,24]. Additionally, the substantial fiber trash could

additionally diminish the wear obstruction of composite promoting a three-body wear impact

[25], though the little ones were accepted to be useful in the arrangement of the exchange film

and prompted a lessened frictional coefficient [26– 28].

REFERENCES

[1] Ramachandrareddy et al., “Tamarind fruit fibre and Glass Fibre Reinforced polymer

composite”, Mechanics of advanced materials and

structures.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/ 10.1080/15376494.2013.862330

[2] S. S. Prabu, S. Prathiba, A. Sharma, S. Garg, G. Manikandan, and C. Sriram,

“Investigation on adhesive wear behaviour of industrial crystalline and semi-crystalline

polymers against steel counter face” Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res., 6, No. 7, 3422-3430 (2014).

CODEN (USA): IJCRGG ISSN : 0974-

4290.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286636086

[3] R. K. Goyal and M. Yadav, “Study on wear and friction behavior of graphite flake-filled

PTFE composites,” J. Appl.Polym. Sci., 3188-3191 (2013). DOI: 10.1002/APP.37707.

http://sci-hub.tw/10.1002/app.37707

[4] J. Khedkar, I. Negulescu, and E. I. Meletis, “Sliding wear behaviour of PTFE

composites,” Wear, 252, 361-369

(2002).https://www.tib.eu/en/search/id/tema%3ATEMA20020507861/

[5] K. Friedrich, Z. Zhang, and A. K. Schlarb, “Effects of various fillers on the sliding wear

of polymer composites,”Compos. Sci. Technol., 65, 2329-2343 (2005).http://sci-

hub.tw/10.1016/ j.compscitech.2005.05.028

[6] S. E. Franklin, “Wear experiments with selected engineering polymers and polymer

composites under dry reciprocating sliding conditions,” Wear, 251, 1591-1598

(2001).http://sci-hub.tw/10.1016/s0043-1648(01)00795-5

[7] H. Unal, U. Sen, and A. Mimaroglu, “Dry sliding wear characteristics of some industrial

polymers against steel counter face,” Tribology Int., 37, 727-732 (2004).

[8] X. D. Yuan and X. J Yang, “A study on friction and wear properties of PTFE coatings

under vacuum conditions,” Wear, 269, 291-296

(2010).https://iarjset.com/upload/2016/si/ICAME-16/IARJSET-ICAME%2020.pdf




[9] G. Kalácska G. “An engineering approach to dry friction behaviour of numerous

engineering plastics with respect to the mechanical properties,” express Polymer Lett. 7,

No. 2, 199-210 (2013).http://sci-hub.tw/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2013.18

[10] Umachitra C, Palaniswamy NK, Shanmugasundaram OL, SampathPS (2017) Effect

Mechanical Properties on Various Surface Treatment Processes of Banana/Cotton Woven

Fabric VinylEster Composite. In: Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vol 867, pp 41–47).

Trans Tech Publications.http://sci-hub.tw/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.867.41

[11] Nabinejad O, Debnath S, Mohsen Taheri M (2017) Oil Palm Fiber Vinyl ester Composite;

Effect of Bleaching Treatment. In: Materials Science Forum. Vol 882, pp 43–50). Trans

TechPublications.http://sci-hub.tw/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.882.43

[12] Sathishkumar S, Suresh AV, Nagamadhu M, Krishna M (2017) The effect of alkaline

treatment on their properties of Jute fibermat and its vinyl ester composites. Mater Today:

Proc. 4(2):3371–

9.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785317304352

[13] Carpenter C (2016) September. Mechanical Characterization and Corrosion Effects on

Glass Reinforced Vinyl Ester Liners used for Oil and Gas Production. In: SPE Annual

Technical Conferenceand Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.http://sci-

hub.tw/10.2118/184493-stu

[14] Torres JP, Vandi LJ, Veidt M, Heitzmann MT (2017) Themechanical properties of natural

fiber composite laminates: Astatistical study. Compos Part A: ApplSciManuf 98:99–

104.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314866527

[15] Chandradass J, Ramesh Kumar M, Velmurugan R (2008) Effectof clay dispersion on

mechanical, thermal and vibration propertiesof glass fiber-reinforced vinyl ester

composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 27(15):1585–1601.https://sci-

hub.tw/10.1177/0731684407081368

[16] Nicolai FNP, Botaro VR, Lins VF (2008) Effect of salinedegradation on the mechanical

properties of vinyl ester matrixcomposites reinforced with glass and natural fibers. J

ApplpolymSci 108(4):2494–

2502.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/app.27909

[17] Chauhan S, Kumar A, Patnaik A, Satapathy A, Singh I (2009)Mechanical and wear

characterization of GF reinforced vinylester resin composites with different co-monomers.

J ReinfPlastCompos 28(21):2675–2684.http://dspace.nitrkl.ac.in/dspace/bitstream/

2080/739/1/alok-jrpc-2008-2.pdf

[18] B. Dinesh Prabhu,Dr. A. Ramesh, Dr. J. Venkatesh, A. Hareesh, Wear Properties Of Nano

Scale Fillers On Vinyl Ester-Glass Fibre Hybrid Composites, International Journal of

Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 7, Issue 5, September–October

2016, pp.344–355. http://103.2.233.230:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/320/1/

IJMET_07_05_034.pdf

[19] Pıhtılı, H., &Tosun, N. (2002). Investigation of the wear behaviour of a glass-fibre-

reinforced composite and plain polyester resin. Composites Science and Technology,

62(3), 367–370. https://sci-

hub.tw/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026635380 1001968

[20] Kishore, Sampathkumaran, P., Seetharamu, S., Vynatheya, S., Murali, A., & Kumar, R. .

(2000). SEM observations of the effects of velocity and load on the sliding wear

characteristics of glass fabric–epoxy composites with different fillers. Wear, 237(1), 20–

27. http://sci-hub.tw/10.1016/s0043-1648(99)00300-2

[21] Sampathkumaran, P., Seetharamu, S., Murali, A., & Kumar, R. K. (1999). Dry Sliding

Wear Behaviour of Glass-Epoxy Composite. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and

Composites, 18(1), 55–62. https://sci-hub.tw/http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/

073168449 901800106

[22] Abhishek Kumar, A study on mechanical and sliding wear behaviour of e-glass fibre

reinforced epoxy composites.https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/53190017.pdf



[23] Kishore, P. Sampathkumaran, S. Seetharamu, S. Vynatheya, A. Murali, R.K. Kumar, SEM

observations of the effects of velocity and load on the sliding wear characteristics of glass

fabric–epoxy composites with different fillers, Wear 237 (2000) 20–27. https://sci-

hub.tw/10.1016/s0043-1648(99)00300-2

[24] Kishore, P. Sampathkumaran, S. Seetharamu, A. Murali, R.K. Kumar, On the SEM

features of glass–epoxy composite system subjected to dry sliding wear, Wear 247 (2001)

208–213. https://sci-hub.tw/10.1016/s0043-1648(00)00537-8

[25] G.W.Stachowiak, A.W.Batchelor, Engineering Tribology, 2nd ed.,

Butterworth’s/Heinemann, Woburn, 2001. https://www.elsevier.com/books/engineering-

tribology/stachowiak/978-0-7506-7836-0

[26] M. Hokao, S. Hironaka, Y. Suda, Y. Yamamoto, Friction and wear properties of

graphite/glassy carbon composites, Wear 237 (2000) 54–62. https://sci-

hub.tw/10.1016/s0043-1648(99)00306-3

[27] R. Bassani, G. Levita, M. Meozzi, G. Palla, Friction and wear of epoxy resin on inox

steel: remarks on the influence of velocity, load and induced thermal state, Wear 247

(2001) 125–132. https://sci-hub.tw/10.1016/s0043-1648(00)00498-1

[28] S. Bahadur, The development of transfer layers and their role in polymer tribology, Wear

245 (2000) 92–99. https://sci-hub.tw/10.1016/s0043-1648(00)00469-5

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSI S OF WEAR PROPERTIES OF NANO S … · Cite this Article: B. Dinesh Prabhu, Dr.J. Venkatesh, Dr.A.Ramesh and A. Hareesh, Experimental Analysis of Wear Properties

Documents