1.1ABSTRACTThe objective of this experiment is to study the
function and the working of shell and tube heat exchanger. For this
experiment, counter-current heat exchanger is used. In counter flow
heat exchangers, the two fluids flow against each other,
maintaining a maximum temperature difference between the hot and
cold streams which allows for maximum heat transfer. Heat transfer
and log mean temperature difference (LMTD) are calculated. In this
experiment, we assume negligible heat transfer between the system
and its surroundings, negligible potential or kinetic energy
changes, constant specific heats, and that the fluids are not
undergoing any phase change. In this case, the heat transfer rate
across a heat exchanger is usually expressed in the form Q = mCp T.
There were also calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference
(LMTD) and the formula is :LMTD, TLM = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out
Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in Tc,out) /( Th,out - Tc,in)]The basic theory in
this experiment is Qh=Qc, which the amount of heat transfer is
equal to the amount of heat absorb.
1.2INTRODUCTIONHeat Exchangers are used to transfer heat from
one fluid to another. The shell and tube exchanger consists of a
bundle of tubes with their axes parallel - much in the manner of
soda straws in a carton - but supported at various points by
baffles at right angles to the tube axes, which serve to keep the
tubes fixed in space in a particular configuration, for example,
with the axes spaced on equilateral triangles, or squares, etc.
(Kessler & Greenkorn,1999). Most processes require the heating
or cooling of streams to produce a desired temperature before the
stream can be fed to operations. In any heat exchanger there must
be a fluid that requires a change in energy (heating or cooling)
and a fluid that can provide that energy change. One fluid is sent
through a pipe on the inside of the heat exchanger while the other
fluid is sent through a pipe on the outside. In this configuration,
no mixing of the hot and cold fluids needs to take place. This is
very convenient for many processes, especially when product purity
needs to be ensured. This arrangement also allows for large
quantities of heat to be transferred quickly, and it is relatively
easy to maintain consistent operating conditions.There are three
principle means of achieving heat transfer, conduction, convection,
and radiation. Heat exchangers run on the principles of convective
and conductive heat transfer. Radiation does occur in any process.
However, in most heat exchangers the amount of contribution from
radiation is miniscule in comparison to that of convection and
conduction. Conduction occurs as the heat from the hot fluid passes
through the inner pipe wall. To maximize the heat transfer, the
inner-pipe wall should be thin and very conductive. However, the
biggest contribution to heat transfer is made through
convection.Heat exchangers are typically classified according to
flow arrangement. In the parallel-flow heat exchanger, the hot and
cold fluids enter at the same end, flow in the same direction, and
leave at the same end. In the counter-flow arrangement, the hot and
cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at different ends and flow in
opposite directions. Each fluid arrangement leads to different heat
rates and the calculations are different accordingly (Incropera,
DeWitt, Bergman & Lavine, 2007Heat exchangers are widely used
in refrigeration, air conditioning, power plants, food processing,
and many other applications. All heat exchangers consist of two
fluids at different temperatures separated by a conductive solid
medium to allow heat transfer to occur between the two fluids and
no mixing of the two fluids. Many types of heat exchangers exist;
plate and frame, shell and tube, counter flow, and parallel flow.
Heat exchangers can even have multiple passes of the fluid or fins
to provide maximum heat transfer. The type of heat exchanger to
provide the best heat transfer varies depending on the
application.Shell-and-Tube heat exchangers shown in Figure 1 and
cross-current heat exchanger which is shown in Figure 2 are among
the common types of heat exchangers. A basic schematic for a single
pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger is shown in Figure 3. The stream
to be cooled enters the tube side and is distributed amongst the
tubes shown with red arrows. The stream that cools the liquid is
shown in blue enters on the shell-side and flows perpendicular to
the tube bundle for maximum heat transfer. The shell-side flow
passes around baffles placed around the tube bundle in order to
increase both the residence time of the fluid around the tube
bundle as well as to promote turbulence in order to maximize the
efficiency of the heat exchanger. Figure 1 : Shell and tube heat
exchanger Figure 2 : Cross flow heat exchangerShell-Side
InletShell-Side Outlet
Tube-Side OutletTube-Side Inlet
Figure 3 : Schematic of a Single-Pass Shell-and-Tube Heat
Exchanger with Parallel-Flow Configuration
For this experiment, counter-current heat exchanger is used. In
counter flow heat exchangers, the two fluids flow against each
other, maintaining a maximum temperature difference between the hot
and cold streams which allows for maximum heat transfer. Figure 4
shows how the counter-current heat exchanger works
Figure 4 : The flow of hot & cold water in counter-current
heat exchanger
1.3AIMS1. To study the function and the working of shell and
tube heat exchanger. 2. To calculate heat transfer and heat load
with constant FT1.3. To calculate Log Mean Temperature Difference
(LMTD) with constant FT1.4. To calculate heat transfer and heat
load with constant FT2.5. To calculate Log Mean Temperature
Difference (LMTD) with constant FT2.6. To study the working
principle of counter flow heat exchanger.7. To study the effect of
fluid temperature on counter flow heat exchanger performance.8. To
study the effect of fluid flow rated on heat exchanger
performance.
1.4THEORYA heat exchanger is a piece of process equipment in
which heat exchange takes place between two fluids that enter and
exit at different temperatures. The primary design objective of the
equipment may be either to remove heat from a hot fluid or to add
heat to a cold fluid. Depending upon the relative direction of
fluid motion, shell-and-tube heat exchangers are classified as
parallel flow, counter flow, cross flow. In parallel flow, the hot
and cold fluids flow in the same direction and therefore enter the
exchanger on the same end and exit the exchanger on the same end.
In counter flow, the two fluids flow in opposite directions and
thus enter the exchanger and exit the exchanger from opposite
ends.
Figure 5 : Parallel and counter flow in Shell & Tube Heat
ExchangerThe way that a heat exchanger works is hot water and cold
water enter the exchanger, where the process of cold water gaining
some heat and the hot water losing some takes place, before they
both exit the exchanger. What is actually happening is, the hot
water is heating either the inside or the outside of the tubes in
the exchanger, depending on where it is flowing, by what is known
as convection. Then the heat is conducted through the tubes to the
other side, either the outside or the inside, where it is then
convection back into the cold water raising its temperature.
Convection is a mode of heat transfer that involves motion of some
fluid that either absorbs heat from a source or gives heat to some
surrounding. For a heat exchanger that flows parallel or
countercurrent then the coefficient of heat transfer is called the
overall coefficient of heat transfer. It is calculated using the
log mean temperature difference, which is found two different ways,
depending on whether the flow is parallel or counter. A heat
exchanger is a device by which thermal energy is transferred from
one fluid to another. The types of heat exchangers to be tested in
this experiment is counter-flow cheat exchanger.Heat exchangers
transfer heat from one working fluid to another. For instance,
steam generators, feed water heaters, re heaters and condensers are
all examples of heat exchangers found in nuclear power systems. The
important quantity in heat exchanger analysis is the total rate of
heat transfer between the hot and cold fluid. Several different
expressions for this heat transfer rate can be developed, relating
the heat transfer rate to quantities such as the inlet and outlet
fluid temperatures and the overall heat transfer coefficient. When
these expressions are developed, care must be taken to ensure that
the appropriate mean temperature expressions are used. Several
assumptions can be made to simplify these expressions. We assume
negligible heat transfer between the system and its surroundings,
negligible potential or kinetic energy changes, constant specific
heats, and that the fluids are not undergoing any phase change. The
basic theory in this experiment is Qh=Qc, which the amount of heat
transfer is equal to the amount of heat absorb. In this case, the
heat transfer rate across a heat exchanger is usually expressed in
the form Q = mCp T. Heat transfer rate for hot water, = mh Cp T
Heat transfer rate for cold water, = mc Cp T Heat loss Rate =
Efficiency = Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (Qh+Qc)where : Q is heat
exchanged m is flowrate Cp is heat capacity T is the temperature
difference
There were also calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference
(LMTD).LMTD, TLM = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in
Tc,out) /( Th,out - Tc,in)]1.5APPARATUSThe apparatus for this
experiment is the HE158C Tube Heat Exchanger. This apparatus has a
tank with a heater inside to heat water to a specified temperature.
The temperature setting is adjusted at the thermostat on the front
panel. Once the water is heated to the desired temperature it is
transferred by a water pump next to the tank. On the pump there is
a knob which varies the pump pressure. When using a volumetric flow
rate above 2 L/min the switch should be set to the highest
pressure. The hot water is pumped through a pipe to an insulated
tube for which heat will be exchanged. The actual heat exchange
takes place in the insulated tubing for which cold water flows
concentricity around the hot water tube in two different flow
arrangements. These two arrangements, parallel and counter flow,
can be changed by opening and closing certain valves within the
network of hot and cold water tubing. Each flow arrangement is
shown on a diagram located on the front panel. It is worthwhile to
note that the temperature at cold-in changes to temperature at
cold-out when a counter flow arrangement is used. The same
situation applies to the temperature at cold-out, which changes to
temperature cold-in for the counter flow. The other readings remain
the same. The flow rates can be adjusted for both cold and hot
water by turning the valve knobs on the right side of the panel.
Thermometers are located at the inlet, exit and middle of the
insulated heat exchanger tubing for both hot and cold water.
1.6PROCEDURE1.6.1General Start-up Procedures :1. A quick
inspection was performed to make sure that the equipment is in
proper working condition.2. All valves were initially closed except
V1 and V12.3. Hot tank was filled via a water supply hose connected
to valve V27. Once the tank is full, the valve was closed.4. The
cold water tank was filled up by opening valve V28 and the valve
was left opened for continuous water supply.5. A drain hose was
connected to the cold water drain point.6. Main power was switched
on. The heater for the hot water tank was switched on and the
temperature controller was set to 50oC.7. The water temperature in
the hot water tank was allowed to reach the set point.8. The
equipment was now ready to be run.
1.6.2General Start-up Procedures :1. The heater was switched
off. The hot water temperature was waited until it dropped below
40oC.2. Pump P1 and pump P2 were switched off.3. The main power was
switched off.4. All water in the process line was drained off. The
water in the hot and cold water tanks were retained for next
laboratory sessions.5. All valves were closed.
1.6.3Counter-current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger Procedures
:1. General start-up procedures was performed.2. The valves to
counter-current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger arrangement was
switched.3. Pumps P1 and P2 were switched on.4. Valves V3 and V14
were adjusted and opened to obtain the desired flowrates for hot
water and cold water streams, respectively.5. The system was
allowed to reach steady state for 10 minutes.6. FT1, FT2, TT1, TT2,
TT3 and TT4 were recorded.7. Pressure drop measurements for
shell-side and tube side were recorded for pressure drop studies.8.
Steps 4 to 7 were repeated for different combinations of flowrate
FT1 and FT2.9. Pumps P1 and P2 were switched off after the
completion of experiment.
1.7RESULTSExperiment A : Counter-current Shell & Tube Heat
Exchanger (constant FI 1).FI 1 (LPM)FI 2 (LPM)TT 1 (0C)TT 2 (0C)TT
3 (0C)TT 4 (0C)DPT 1 (mmH2O)DPT 2(mmH2O)
10243.530.447.549.29718
10439.230.147.049.710323
10636.829.546.349.710065
10835.029.945.648.991130
101034.730.544.848.992190
Table 1 : Counter-current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger with
constant FI 1
Experiment B : Counter-current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
(constant FI 2).FI 1 (LPM)FI 2 (LPM)TT 1 (0C)TT 2 (0C)TT 3 (0C)TT 4
(0C)DPT 1 (mmH2O)DPT 2(mmH2O)
21031.930.437.848.75195
41032.530.542.948.85194
61033.430.544.149.15193
81034.330.644.549.760192
101035.030.845.449.882191
Table 2 : Counter-current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger with
constant FI 2
1.8CALCULATIONSEXPERIMENT 1 :1. Calculation On Heat Transfer and
heat load (constant FT1) and Calculation of Log Mean Temperature
Difference (LMTD) :
Heat transfer rate for hot water, = mh Cp T = 10.0 x x x 988.18
x 4175 x (43.5-30.4) C = 9007.67 W Heat transfer rate for cold
water, = mc Cp T = 2.0 x x x 995.67 x 4183 x (49.2-47.5) C = 236.01
W Heat loss Rate = = 9007.67-236.01 = 8771.66 W Efficiency = = =
2.62 % LMTD, TLM = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in
Tc,out) /(Th,out- Tc,in)]
= = -10.38C Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (Qh+Qc) = 0.5 (9007.67+236.01)
= 4621.84
2.Calculation On Heat Transfer and heat load (constant FT1) and
Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) : Heat
transfer rate for hot water, = mh Cp T= 10.0 x x x 988.18 x 4175 x
(39.2-30.1) C= 6257.24 W Heat transfer rate for cold water, = mc Cp
T= 4.0 x x x 995.67 x 4183 x (49.7-47.0) C= 749.67 W Heat loss Rate
= = 6257.24-749.67 = 5507.57 W Efficiency = = = 11.98 % LMTD, TLM =
[( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in Tc,out) /( Th,out -
Tc,in)]
= = -13.45C Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (Qh+Qc) = 0.5 (6257.24+749.67)
= 3503.46
3.Calculation On Heat Transfer and heat lost (constant FT1) and
Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) : Heat
transfer rate for hot water, = mh Cp T= 10.0 x x x 988.18 x 4175 x
(36.8-29.5) C= 5019.54 W Heat transfer rate for cold water, = mc Cp
T= 6.0 x x x 995.67 x 4183 x (49.7-46.3) C= 1416.06 W Heat loss
Rate = = 5019.54-1416.06= 3603.48 W Efficiency = = = 28.21 % LMTD,
TLM = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in Tc,out) /(
Th,out - Tc,in)]
= = -14.76C Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (Qh+Qc)= 0.5 (5019.54+1416.06)=
3217.8
4.Calculation On Heat Transfer and heat lost (constant FT1) and
Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) : Heat
transfer rate for hot water, = mh Cp T= 10.0 x x x 988.18 x 4175 x
(35.0-29.9) C= 3506.80 W Heat transfer rate for cold water, = mc Cp
T= 8.0 x x x 995.67 x 4183 x (48.9-45.6) C= 1832.55 W Heat loss
Rate = = 3506.80-1832.55 = 1674.25 W Efficiency = = = 52.28 % LMTD,
TLM = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in Tc,out) /(
Th,out - Tc,in)]
= = -14.78C Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (Qh+Qc)= 0.5 (3506.80+1832.55)=
2669.68
5.Calculation On Heat Transfer and heat lost (constant FT1) and
Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) : Heat
transfer rate for hot water, = mh Cp T= 10.0 x x x 988.18 x 4175 x
(34.7-30.5) C= 2887.96 W Heat transfer rate for cold water, = mc Cp
T= 10.0 x x x 995.67 x 4183 x (48.9-44.8) C= 2846.01 W Heat loss
Rate = = 2887.96-2846.01 = 41.95 W Efficiency = = = 98.75 % LMTD,
TLM = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in Tc,out) /(
Th,out - Tc,in)]
= = -14.25C Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (Qh+Qc)= 0.5 (2887.96+2846.01)=
2866.99
EXPERIMENT 2 :1.Calculation On Heat Transfer and heat lost
(constant FT2) and Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference
(LMTD) : Heat transfer rate for hot water, = mh Cp T= 2.0 x x x
988.18 x 4175 x (31.9-30.4) C= 206.28 W Heat transfer rate for cold
water, = mc Cp T= 10.0 x x x 995.67 x 4183 x (48.7-37.8) C= 7566.21
W Heat loss Rate = = 206.28-7566.21 = -7359.93 W Efficiency = = =
3667.93 % LMTD, TLM = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in
Tc,out) /( Th,out - Tc,in)]
= = -11.46C Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (Qh+Qc)= 0.5 (206.28+7566.21)=
3886.25
2.Calculation On Heat Transfer and heat lost (constant FT2) and
Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) : Heat
transfer rate for hot water, = mh Cp T= 4.0 x x x 988.18 x 4175 x
(32.9-30.5) C= 660.10 W Heat transfer rate for cold water, = mc Cp
T= 10.0 x x x 995.67 x 4183 x (48.8-42.9) C= 4095.47 W Heat loss
Rate = = 660.10-4095.47 = -3435.37 W Efficiency = = = 620.43 %
LMTD, TLM = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in Tc,out)
/( Th,out - Tc,in)]
= = -14.08C Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (Qh+Qc)= 0.5 (660.10+4095.47)=
2377.79
3.Calculation On Heat Transfer and heat lost (constant FT2) and
Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) : Heat
transfer rate for hot water, = mh Cp T= 6.0 x x x 988.18 x 4175 x
(33.4-30.5) C= 1196.44 W Heat transfer rate for cold water, = mc Cp
T= 10.0 x x x 995.67 x 4183 x (49.1-44.1) C= 3470.74 W Heat loss
Rate = = 1196.44-3470.74= -2274.30 W Efficiency = = = 290.09 %
LMTD, TLM = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in Tc,out)
/( Th,out - Tc,in)]
= = -14.62C Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (Qh+Qc)=
0.5(3470.74+1196.44)=2333.59
4.Calculation On Heat Transfer and heat lost (constant FT2) and
Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) : Heat
transfer rate for hot water, = mh Cp T= 8.0 x x x 988.18 x 4175 x
(34.3-30.6) C= 2035.32 W Heat transfer rate for cold water, = mc Cp
T= 10.0 x x x 995.67 x 4183 x (49.7-44.5) C= 3609.57 W Heat loss
Rate = = 2035.32-3609.57 = -1574.25 W Efficiency = = = 177.35 %
LMTD, TLM = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in Tc,out)
/( Th,out - Tc,in)]
= = -14.63C Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (Qh+Qc)= 0.5 (203.32+3609.57)=
1906.45
5.Calculation On Heat Transfer and heat lost (constant FT2) and
Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) : Heat
transfer rate for hot water, = mh Cp T= 10.0 x x x 988.18 x 4175 x
(35.0-30.8) C= 2887.95 W Heat transfer rate for cold water, = mc Cp
T= 10.0 x x x 995.67 x 4183 x (49.8-45.4) C= 3054.25 W Heat loss
Rate = = 2887.95-3054.25= -166.3 W Efficiency = = = 105.76 % LMTD,
TLM = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in Tc,out) /(
Th,out - Tc,in)]
= = -14.70C
Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (Qh+Qc)= 0.5 ( + )= 2971.1
1.9DISCUSSIONSIn this experiment of shell and tube heat
exchanger particular apparatus, water is used as both the hot and
cold fluid. The purpose of this heat exchanger is to cool a hot
stream. Cooling water flows through the outer pipe (the shell), and
hot water flows through the inner pipe on the inside. Heat transfer
occurs in both directions; the hot water is cooled, and the cooling
water is heated. This arrangement is called a shell-and-tube heat
exchanger. There are many other forms of heat exchangers; most
notably, the double-pipe heat exchanger.In this arrangement, a cold
fluid flows through a pipe in the center of the apparatus and is
heated by a hot fluid on the outside of that pipe. The hot water
used in the shell-and-tube heat exchanger is produced by means of a
double-pipe heat exchanger. The discharge from the shell of the
shell-and-tube heat exchanger is circulated through the inner pipe
of the double pipe heat exchanger. Low-pressure steam condenses on
the outside of the pipe, heating the water before it enters the
tubes of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger. For this experiment,
counter-current heat exchanger is used. In counter flow heat
exchangers, the two fluids flow against each other, maintaining a
maximum temperature difference between the hot and cold streams
which allows for maximum heat transfer.In this experiment we are
able to determine the value of heat load (Qh and Qc) besides to
calculate the LMTD. We assume negligible heat transfer between the
system and its surroundings, negligible potential or kinetic energy
changes, constant specific heats, and that the fluids are not
undergoing any phase change. In this case, the heat transfer rate
across a heat exchanger is usually expressed in the form Q = mCp T.
Heat transfer rate for hot water, = mh Cp T Heat transfer rate for
cold water, = mc Cp T Heat loss Rate = Efficiency =
where : Q is heat exchanged m is flowrate Cp is heat capacity T
is the temperature difference
Process fluid streams may contain suspended matters or dissolved
solids. When such a fluid flows through a heat exchanger over a
long period of time, deposition of the tube surfaces and shell
surfaces occurs. The surfaces may also be corroded by fluid slowly
and the resulting corrosion products also get deposited on the
surface. Formation of the deposit on a heat transfer surface is
called fouling and the heat transfer resistance offered by the
deposit is called the fouling factor or dirt factor commonly
denoted by Rd. the dirt factor cannot be estimated. It can only be
determined from the experimental data on heat transfer coefficient
of a fouled exchanger and a clean exchanger of similar design
operated at identical conditions. From the equation to gain Dirt
factor, Q is refer to Qh or Qc. But if error happened, take average
value of U, by calculating Q = 0.5 (QH+QC) Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5
(Qh+Qc)There were also calculation of Log Mean Temperature
Difference (LMTD).LMTD, TLM = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] /
ln[( Th,in Tc,out) /( Th,out - Tc,in)]The basic theory in this
experiment is Qh=Qc, which the amount of heat transfer is equal to
the amount of heat absorb. In this experiment, the value of Qh is
not the exact value as Qc because of some errors occur during this
experiment. For example, heat loss to the surroundings. Presently,
the heat exchanger has no insulation and the ambient room
temperature has a large effect on the results obtained in this
experiment and the reading affects the calculations too.
1.10CONCLUSIONThe heat exchanger apparatus follows the basic
laws of thermodynamics and this can be shown experimentally. From
the other experiments that hold flow rates constant or vary the
flow rates, it is clear that the First Law of Thermodynamics and
conservation of energy applies to the heat exchanger apparatus. The
basic theory in this experiment is Qh=Qc, which the amount of heat
transfer is equal to the amount of heat absorb. Although the value
of Qh obtained in this experiment is slightly different with Qc,
this might due to some errors occur during this experiment and the
recommendations were made to improve this experiment.
1.11RECOMMENDATIONSFor this experiment of shell and tube heat
exchanger, it is recommended that the heat exchanger be well
insulated in order to reduce the heat loss to the surroundings.
Presently, the heat exchanger has no insulation and the ambient
room temperature has a large effect on the results obtained in this
experiment. Apart from that, the flowrate measure during this
experiment must be taken accurately. The eyes must be perpendicular
to the scale of the flow meter so that the readings will be more
accurate. During the experiment, it is recommended that the
readings such as FT1, FT2, DPT1, DPT2 and temperature must be taken
when the system is stabilized and reach its steady state. If the
readings were taken when the system are not in stabilized
condition, error might be occur. Then this will affect the readings
and also the calculations. Next, to improve the system of shell and
tube heat exchanger, it is recommended that the shell and tube heat
exchanger have alert sign or alarm that can give a sign to the
engineer who handles the equipment to take the readings at the
correct time in order to get accurate readings. So that, this would
help in reducing the inaccuracy of the measurements in the future.
Lastly, the water to the tube side should be the first and last
flow rate to be turned on. The steam should be turned on only after
the water is flowing through the tube side and the water should be
turned on only after the steam has been turned on so that the tube
and shell heat exchanger can operates more effectively.
1.12REFERENCES1) Kessler, D.P., Greenkorn, R.A. (1999).
Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer Fundamentals, New York : Marcel
Dekker Inc., pp (768-828).2) Holman, J.P. (1981), Heat Transfer,
5th Edition, New York : McGraw Hill, pp (437-467).3)
http://www.ejbowman.co.uk/products/ShellandTubeHeatExchangers.html
retrieved on 4.4.2015.4)
http://www.alfalaval.com/about-us/our-company/key-technologies/heat-transfer/shell-and-tube-heat-exchangers/pages/shell-and-tube-heat-exchanger.aspx
retrieved on 4.4.2015.5) http://www.thermopedia.com/content/1121/
retrieved on 4.4.20156) McCabe, W.L., Smith, J.C., Marriott, P.
(1985), Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 4th Edition,
McGraw-Hill.7) Incropera, DeWitt, Bergman, Lavine. (2007),
Introduction to Heat Transfer, 5th Edition, New York : John
Wiley.