SOUTH-SOUTH EXCHANGE REPORT Guadalajara, Mexico, August 11 to 13, 2015 Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+ Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+
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South-South ExchangE REpoRtGuadalajara, Mexico, August 11 to 13, 2015
Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+
Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+
Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+
Presenters:
BRAZIL: AlexandreSantosAvelino, Ministry of the Environment, Brazil
CHILE: OsvaldoQuintanilla,National Forestry Commission of Chile, CONAF
COSTA RICA: AlexandraSaénz,MaríaElenaHerrera,FONAFIFO
COLOMBIA: EderssonCabrera,IDEAM RubénDaríoGuerrero,Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development
ECUADOR: MaríadelCarmenGarcía, Ministry of the Environment
GUATEMALA: JorgeLu,National Council for Protected Areas
HONDURAS: MelaniaDurán,Programa ONU-REDD Honduras; JorgeLuisSantos,Institute for Forestry Conservation
PARAGUAY: DamianaMann,INFONA DaniaMoreno,Ministry of the Environment
PERU: JoséLuisCapella, Peruvian Society for Environmental Law ClaudiaOchoayJorgeTorresPadilla, Ministry of the Environment
Guest Experts:MaríaDoloresAlmeida(Consultant);JosefinaBraña(WWF),WalterOyarzabal(Ministry of the Environment of Uruguay and Expert at the UNFCCC);ZeniaSalinas(FCPF),GmelinaRamírez(BID-FIP),DanielaRey(Climate Law & Policy). Editing of the report:PatriciaToquica, UN-REDD Programme
The UN-REDD Programme is the United Nations collaborativeinitiativeonReducingEmissionsfromDeforestationandForestDegradation(REDD)indevelopingcountries.TheProgrammewaslaunchedin2008andbuildsontheconveningroleandtechnicalexpertiseoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),theUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). TheUN-REDDProgrammesupportsnationally-ledREDD+processesandpromotesthe informedandmeaningful involvementofallstakeholders, including Indigenous Peoples and other forest-dependent communities, in national and international REDD+implementation.
Practical Experiences towards the Implementation of the Warsaw Framework for REDD+: Opportunities and Challenges
CountriesinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanhavemadesignificantprogressinpreparingfortheimplementationofREDD+withvariousdegreesofprogressintheiralignmentwithexistingguidelinesoftheUNFCCC,particularlywithregard to the guidelines of theWarsaw Framework forobtainingresults-basedpaymentmechanisms.
In August 2014, an initial exchange was held in Quito,Ecuador,relatingtotheexperiencesbetweencountriesintheregionregardingthedevelopmentoftheirNationalStrategiesandREDD+ActionPlans.ThiseventwitnessedthesharingofexperiencesbetweencountriesinpreparingforthefutureimplementationofREDD+.Aspartofthefollowupdoneafterthemeetingbetweenparticipatingcountries,participantsrecognizedtheneedforcarryingoutadditionalexchangesconcerningtheimplementationofthefourpillarsoftheWarsawFrameworkaswellaspossibleoptionsforsuitablecoordinationwithotherresults-basedpaymentmechanisms.
Taking into account the various opinions expressedby countries relating to priority issues, stakeholdersidentifiedtheneedtodiscusspracticalissuesrelatingtotheimplementationoftheWarsawFrameworkforREDD+andinparticular,theexchangeofexperiencesrelatingto theapproachesand ideasofcountries for tacklingchallengesandopportunitiesforputtingthisframeworkintopractice.
• Progress has been witnessed in defining the legalconditionsofthevariouspilotagreementsforresults-based payment of REDD+ in which countries in theregionareinvolved.
Inthiscontext,theUN-REDDProgrammeandtheNationalForestryCommissionofMexico(CONAFOR)havemadeadecisiontoprovideaforumforlearningandthepracticalexchange of experiences among the countries in theregion,basedonthefollowingspecificobjectives:
• Provideaframeworkforlearningandobtaininglessonslearnedfromcountriesintheregionregardingprogressand challenges towards the implementation of theWarsawFrameworkforREDD+
• Familiarizationwiththepracticalexperiencesofcountrieswhen it comes to relationships between the fourpreparatorypillarsofREDD+, includingtechnicalandlegalissues
Theeventcountedontheparticipationof83individuals(48menand35women)from15countriesintheregion,including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica,Ecuador,ElSalvador,Guatemala,Honduras,Mexico,Panama,Paraguay, Peru, the Dominican Republic and Surinam.The event took place over three days and consisted of10 thematic sessions in which the countries themselveswerethemainprotagoniststhroughtheirexperiencesinspecializedpanelsandworkinggroups.
01MAURICIO RAMíREZ,UNDP Mexico Country Director (Representing the Resident Coordinator of the United Nations in Mexico)
• As reflected in thePeruCOP(UNSummitonClimateChange),countriesinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanare making significant progress with regard to theimplementation of REDD+, building capacities anddeveloping instruments to meet the requirementsestablishedintheWarsawFrameworkforresults-basedpaymentmechanisms,anincreasingexpectationwhichhasnotyetbeentranslatedintotherequiredflows.
• Countries recognize the need to continue makingprogressandexpeditethecompletionofpreparatorymechanisms,particularlywiththepresentationoftheReferenceLevels,thedefinitionofthelegalconditionsapplicabletothevariousarrangementsforresults-basedpaymentandprogressintheNationalStrategy,aswellasintheNationalForestMonitoringSystemsandtheSafeguardInformationSystem.
• Notwithstanding the fact that the guidelines of theWarsaw Framework have been definitive, challengesstill exist that impede their implementation and thisworkshopistheopportunityforsharingexperiencesandlearningbestpractices,especiallyatawatershedmoment
ARTURO BELTRáN RETIS,Deputy General Director of the National Forestry Commission of Mexico, CONAFOR
• Theexchangeofexperiencesisofvitalimportanceforachievingcommongoalsfollowingtherecentdecisionsrelating to the Warsaw Framework and UNFCCCnegotiations.
• Mexicoandothercountries inLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean are making decisive progress towards thesuccessful implementation of the strategy for theReductionofEmissionsderivedfromDeforestationandForestDegradation(REDD+).
• InDecember2014,MexicosubmitteditsNationalForestReferenceEmissionLevelstotheUNFCCC,whicharestillbeingreviewedby itsexperts;aspartof theMexico-Norway Programme, the National Forest MonitoringSystemwascompletedandatthiswritingwearecarryingoutanextensiveprocessofpublicconsultationforourREDD+NationalStrategy.
KEY MESSAGES
6
Possible Relationships between the Elements of the Warsaw Framework for REDD+
SESSION
02Panel including representatives from Brazil, Ecuador and Mexico
• We begin with the REDD+ National Strategy, whichseekstosupportpolicyconvergenceandcoordination,integrate governmental structures and existinginstrumentsandmobilizeinternationalresourcesformitigation.
• Finally,safeguardshavebeenamorerecentconcernwhich still calls for greater coordination betweengovernmentandcivilsociety.
KEY MESSAGES EMERGING FROM PANEL PRESENTATIONS
7
8Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+South-South Exchange Report
• As a lesson learned, the involvement of Brazil ininternationalclimatechangeactivitieshascontributedtostrengtheningthepoliticalcommitmentthatwasalreadyinevidencedomestically.
Seepresentation Session 2 Brazilhere.
EcuadorMARíA DEL CARMEN GARCíAMinistry of the Environment
Initially,aftertheCancunCOP,thefourpreparatoryelementswere separately seen in Ecuador and were worked in aparallelmanner.TheWarsawFrameworkmadeitpossibleto expedite coordination between these elements andtoregardthemmoreasanoverallprocess.“TheNationalStrategyorActionPlanisanumbrella,wherethethreeothercomponentscanbepillarsforimplementation”.
• Thewaysinwhichsafeguardsarecompliedaredifferent,depending on the focus of projects or policies. For
Ecuador, the integration of technical studies wasimportantinexpeditingtheNationalStrategyprocesswhichanalyzeddrivers (analysisofcauses,economic,politicalandsocialfeasibilityaswellasmeasuresandactionsfortacklingcauses).
Seepresentation Session 2 Ecuadorhere.
MexicoANA KARLA PEREACONAFOR
Mexico described the interrelationships between thecomponents of the Warsaw Framework for REDD+ inaccordancewithitsownexperiencesandwiththefollowingresults:
• MexicowillworkonanationalFREL,withinaninternallyconsistent, coherent, and transparent approach tomitigationeffortsintheforestrysector.
• A National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS) will bedevelopedtomonitortheeffectivenessofmitigationpolicies;thissystemwillbetransparentandrobust,anditwillpromotegrass-rootsparticipation.
9Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+South-South Exchange Report
Thecountryseeslinksbetweenthefourpillars,beginningwith the FRELs which are inextricably linked to thepreparationofthetechnicalannex.Intermsofsequencing,inMexico’sopinionthetechnicalannexcannotbepreparedunlesstheFRELispublished.ThepresentationoftheFRELand its validation is a process that takes between sixmonthsandoneyearduetotheevaluations.WithregardtotheSIS,thelinkispublishedattheUNFCCCinformationhub,andMexicoexpectsthatthelinkwillbepublishedin2016—theyearinwhichtherewillalsobeanationalcommunicationandanupdateoftheGHGInventory.By2016,Mexico’sgoalistopresentthetechnicalannex,thesafeguardssummary,andtheupdatedGHG.
• BetweenCancunandWarsaw,anevolutionwasobservedin the manner in which countries regarded the mainelementsofREDD+,fromisolatedpillarstocomponentsthatcanbeviewedinamoreintegratedmanner.
• TheNationalStrategycanberegardedasanumbrellafor framing and integrating the four elements. Thenationalstrategydocumentcanhelptostrengthenthelinksbetweenthesecomponentsandshowthegeneralconsistencyinthecountry-ledapproachtoREDD+.
• The decisions taken in each of the four elements ofREDD+canhaveimplicationsforothers.Itisimportanttoensureregularcommunicationandcross-fertilizationinthedevelopmentandimplementationofthedesignoftheelmentsinordertocontributetoamoreefficientpreparatoryprocess.
• There is some flexibility with regard to the sequenceof work in the Warsaw Framework, for example, theFRELsshouldbedevelopedandevaluatedbeforetheoutcomescanbereported.But,ingeneral,thereisnolinearsequence;instead,iterativeflexibleprocessesareatwork.
• With regard todesignconsiderations for theSIS, it isimportantforacountrytoidentifyREDD+policiesandthemeasuresproposedforimplementationbeforethecountryisinapositiontoidentifywhatinformationisneededfordemonstratingthattheREDD+safeguardsarebeingaddressedandrespected.ThetypesofREDD+actions, and their potential benefits and risks, willdeterminewhattypesofinformationshouldbeprovidedthroughtheSISaswellasthemannerofcompilingandcoordinatingsuchinformation.
› TheWarsawFrameworkdecisionsclarifytheinteractionsbetween the REDD+ preparatory pillars: these defineclearandcoordinatedmechanismsthatwillbecriticalfor requesting results-based payments under theConvention.
› In the process of defining the links between theREDD+pillars,countriesagreethattheENREDD+istheumbrellathatencompassestheotherpillarsalthough
› Thedecisionsthateachcountrytakeswithregardtothescope(REDD+eligibleactivities),scaleofimplementationand priority causes of deforestation have importantimplications in termsof thedevelopmentof the fourpreparatory pillars for REDD+ and the subsequentimplementationofmeasuresandactions.
Through inter-institutional coordination (AgricultureMinistry,TreasuryMinistryandForeignAffairsMinistry)and inter-sectoral coordination (including regionalorganizations and the private sector) Chile seeks topromote and improve policies for the management offorests.Allianceswithacademiaandresearchcentershavebeenkeyintermsofgeneratingtechnicalinputsforthedevelopmentofpoliciesandmeasureswhileservingtobuildcapacitiesinnationalagencies.
11Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+South-South Exchange Report
With regard to financing, Chile has elected to rely onthreesources:internationalfunds,andgoingforward,theGreenClimateFundandtheprivatesector.ConvincingtheTreasuryMinistryandtheFinanceMinistryisoneofthegreatestchallengesforCONAFasitseekstomobilizenationalresourcesandallowforthefutureimplementationoftheENCCRVstrategy.
With regard to opportunities, Chile identifies theimprovementoflegalinstrumentsandthedevelopmentofnewlaws;theimprovementofforeststhroughmonitoringand supervision systems; and the development of asafeguardsplanforpublicpolicies.
Seepresentation Session 3 Chilehere.
EcuadorMARíA DEL CARMEN GARCíAMinistry of the Environment
At the beginning of the UN-REDD Joint NationalProgramme in Ecuador, many challenges existed thatmade it necessary to define the REDD+ approach, andopportunitiesweresoughtformainstreamingREDD+intoclearlydefinednationalpoliciesregardingclimatechange.
Insummary,thisprocessincludedtheidentificationandanalysis of causes of deforestation, the identification ofpolicymeasuresandactionsfortacklingthesecauses,thecreationofeconomicstudiesforassessingthefeasibilityof implementing policies and measures in addition to asubsequentprocessofvalidationandprioritizationofthePAMs.
In tandem, for Ecuador a number of important legalconsiderationsexisted,includingthelegalframeworkwithregard to carbon, policies with regard to the causes ofdeforestation,aswellasthoseconcerningindividualandcollectiverights.
TheumbrellaframeworkinCostaRicaistheforestrylawthatprohibitschangesinlanduse,withcompensationsthrough Payments for Environmental Services (PES).The framework is also based on the National ForestryDevelopmentPlanandtheNationalProgrammeforForestsandRuralDevelopment.“ItwasnotnecessarytoinventaREDD+strategy,thenationalforestrydevelopmentplanhadalreadyestablishedthenecessarybasis.”
Asinothercountries,thecausesofdeforestationinMexicoaremanyandvarious,andarenotsimplytobefoundintheforestrysector;asaresult,MexicohasdecidedtotackletheseEcuador’s Presentation. Policies and Measures. August 2015.
Mexico’s Presentation. Policies and Measures. August 2015.
Mexico has a clear vision of REDD+ which seeks to: 1)integratepublicpoliciesthatpromotesustainableruraldeve-lopment,2)strengthencommunity-basedmanagementofforestsandtheirconservationand3)ensuretheintegratedmanagementoftheterritory.
Inthestrategy,thecausesofdeforestationanddegradationare approached from four angles: Actions designedto meet the needs of regions; promoting a model ofregionalgovernancethatfostersparticipation;promotinginstitutionalarrangementsforbolsteringcoordinationacrosssectorswhilegalvanizingsustainableruraldevelopment;andlastbutnotleast,coordinationinsectoralpolicies.
TheENREDDinMexicodoesnotestablishspecificactionsbut rather generates the necessary inter-institutionalarrangements to ensure more effective coordinationtowardsacommonvisionofsustainableruraldevelopmentthroughbroad-basedeffortstodealwiththedirectcausesofdeforestationandforestdegradation.
Seepresentation Session 3 Mexico.
InvitedExpertDOLORES ALMEIDAFormer Vice-Minister of Finance in Ecuador
• Asapointofdeparture,thecountryshoulddefinewhy,where and with what aim in mind it is implementingREDD+.
• It is important to speak the language of financiersregardingbenefitsandlinkswithStatepoliciesandtospecifythebenefitsintheshort-term,mid-termandlong-term.
• It is important that various government institutionsmanagefinancingprojectsjointly.
• It is necessary that the Treasury Ministry and internalrevenue offices are present at the meetings as theseagenciesarepowerful instruments formotivatinganddeterringconsumptionandproductionandpublicpolicymeasures.
• Howtomonitortheefficiencyofpoliciesandmeasures in order to introduce correctivemeasuresinatimelymanner?
• Howtoarticulatelong-termresultsandshort-termoutcomes?Inthisregard,JaimeSeverinofromMexicoarguedthattheplanningofpublicpolicies forclimatechangetakesplaceoverthelong-termanditisimportanttotakethisfact intoaccountinshort-termprojectsandfinancing.Countriesshouldestablishhowtocoordinatestepsandshort-termprojectssothat a scenario encompassing x number ofyearsleadstoareductionindeforestation.
ChALLENGES
› Thecausesofdeforestationarevariousandmanifoldand do not arise only in the forestry sector, andthereforethedesignofthePAMsshouldbemanagedjointlybyvariousStateinstitutions,callingforpoliticalwillatthehighestlevel.Inthisregard,REDD+shouldstrengthen and/or build on efforts thatpertain toalreadyexistinginvestmentpoliciesandprogrammes.
› Thepoliciesandmeasurescanbedesignedwithagrass-rootsfocuswithgreaterimportancegiventolocalconcernsasopposedtonationaldimensions,and with various and complementary operationsamongthepoliciesandmeasures,thatcontributetowell-definednationalpoliciesandobjectives,withREDD+ being not an end in itself but a means ofachievingtheseobjectives.
› Thecountriesthathavebeensuccessfulinclarifyingthe strategic vision regarding REDD+ have alsobeen successful in more clearly linking REDD+strategies with existing policies or programmes.SomenoteworthycasesinpointareMexicointheareaofsustainableruraldevelopmentandlivestock,and Ecuador in the area of the transformation ofproduction.
› It is crucial to prioritize measures and actions intandem with other institutions and stakeholdersthat play a key role in implementation, such astheMinistriesofAgricultureandTreasury,regionalandlocalgovernments,andtheprivatesectorandacademia,andtoaligneconomicandfiscalpolicieswithREDD+objectives,seekingtocomplementorincentivizepublic-privateactions.
› Inordertomaintainadialoguewithothersectorsit isnecessarytohaveaccessto informationthatfacilitates understanding between parties withdifferent interests and“to speak the language offinanciers”.
KEY MESSAGES
Legal Aspects of REDD+
SESSION
04Panel with the participation of Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay and Peru
Moderated byThaisNarciso,UN-REDDProgramme
GuatemalaJORGE LUNational Council for Protected Areas, CONAP
15Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+South-South Exchange Report
HondurasMELANIA DURáNUN-REDD National Programme
InHondurasalegalanalysisofREDD+hastakenplace,inwhich31internationalconventionsand48nationallawsexist that support the REDD+ framework; nonetheless,variouslegalloopholesandlawswithconflictingobjectiveshavebeenidentified.Theanalysisidentifiedduplicationofeffortsingovernmentorganizationsandhasbeenusefulin embarking on a process of the restructuring of thegovernmentcabinet, focusingontheneedtopromoteinter-institutionaldialogue.
ApriorityissueforHondurasistosecuretheparticipationof indigenous peoples. A draft law relating to Free,Prior and Informed Consent (CLPI) exists and, withinthe framework of the UN-REDD National Programme,consultations will continue to take place betweengovernmentagenciesandindigenouspeoples.
PeruJOSE LUIS CAPELLAPeruvian Society for Environmental Law
InthePeruvianlegalframework,thelawoncompensationfor ecosystemic services and the forestry law are ofparticularimportance.ForREDD+specifically,somemainpoints to be taken into account are: To whom will beentrustedownershipofemissionreductions,andwherewilltheresponsibilitiesbeestablished,includingwhowillleadtheprocessininstitutionalterms,andhowtotakenationalgovernancetothesub-nationallevel.
Peruhasextensiveexperienceinearlyinitiativesandnowthechallengeisthattheseprocessesandprotocolsshouldbeformalizedintheframeworkofnationallegislation.Thecurrentmainchallengeistogenerateaformalmechanismthat is sufficiently flexible to accommodate these newundertakingsonanongoingbasis.
› ThereareseveralcomponentsofREDD+implementationthat require legal security. This legal backing is alsonecessaryforfacilitatinginvestmentsforthepreparationandimplementationofpoliciesandmeasures.
› There are aspects of REDD+ implementation whoselegalimplicationsaredefinedaccordingtothefinancingframework,forexamplethetradingofemissionreduction
› With regard to the institutional status of REDD+, thelegalframeworkcansupportinstitutionalarrangementsforguaranteeingtheparticipationofkeystakeholders,includinginstitutionsandcivilsociety.
› The legal understanding regarding results-basedpaymentsversusthepurchaseofEmissionReductionUnits(ERUs)shouldberefined,asthepurchaseofERUsislinkedtoanapproachthatwasoriginallydesignedtobemarket-oriented.
In addition to efforts made in terms of conservationand land titling for indigenous communities and afro-colombians,manyelementsofREDD+havebeenprioritizedin the AmazonianVision (Visión Amazonía) programme,an early REDD+ initiative linked to the Colombian LowCarbonDevelopmentStrategythatsetsouttocoordinatemanagement processes and a vision based on fivepillars (forestry governance, sectoral agreements, agro-environment,indigenousgovernanceandMRV).AmazonianVisionencompassesinvestmentneedstothetuneofUSD450millionandcombinesfinancingsourcesfornational
With regard to international cooperation, this includesaperformancepaymentagreementwiththeREMintheamountofUSD64.9million,GEFresourcesthroughtheHeartoftheAmazonprogrammeintheamountofUSD40millionandanagreementisbeingnegotiatedwiththeUnitedKingdom(USD50million)aswellasamemorandumofunderstandingwithNorway.
Mainchallenges:
• Clear identification of financial resources needed forcomplyingwithdeforestationobjectivesanddevelopmentofcostbenefitanalysis.
17Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+South-South Exchange Report
• The requirements of certain results-based paymentmechanismsarehighlystringentinmethodologicaltermsandlimitthepossibilitiesforparticipation,(e.g.;ColombiadeclinedtoparticipateintheFCPFforthesereasons).
• Coordination: As has been pointed out, the issues offinancing are bound up with policy, legal, as well astechnicalissuespertainingtotheREDD+andcannotbeviewedinisolation.
Seepresentation Session 5 Colombia.
CostaRicaMARIA ELENA HERRERAFONAFIFO
The objective of Costa Rica’s programme for reducingemissionsistocontributetothecarbonneutralitygoaland to the National Programme for Forests and RuralDevelopment.
tons of CO2, on terms including a sales period 2010-2020(thiscanvaryandbenegotiable),compliancewithsafeguardsoftheWorldBank(inadditiontotheCancunSafeguards), the FREL and the NFMS, the programmedocumentandduediligence.
• Income:25percentoftheuserfeeforwater,inadditionto resources from the tax on fuel, relating to the PESprogramme(privateagreementswithairlines,nationalcompanies,hydroelectricplants,etc.)andincomefromtheagro-forestryprogrammeandresults-basedpayments.
Theinvolvementoftheprivatesectorisenvisionedthrough1) goods linked to pineapple, as an indirect cause of
Finally, Costa Rica established four types of CarbonEmissionReductions,whetherornotrecognizedundera market mechanism to be used domestically and tomaintainmethodologicalconsistency:
BrazilALEXANDRE SANTOS AvELINOMinistry of the Environment
The presentation focused on the experiences of theAmazonianFundasapilotfundforresults-basedpaymentsforREDD+, theend-productofanagreementbetweenBrazil and Norway, with grants from Germany andcompaniessuchasPetrobras.
After the explanation of the structure, financing andgovernance of the Amazonian Fund, which has beenfunctioningforfiveyears,Brazilhighlightedthefollowinglessonslearned:
• TheNFMShastoberobust,efficientandtransparent.
• The MRV system should be linked/integrated withoperationsoftheAmazonianFund.
PeruJORGE TORRES PADILLAMinistry of the Environment
FromPeru’svantagepoint,financingneedsareestablishedbasedonactivitiestobefinancedintheNationalStrategy:PES, improving forests and agriculture, empoweringconditionsandgovernance,interalia.Variousfinancingsourcesareavailablefortheseactivitiesthatincludecredit,donationsandresults-basedpayments.
The National Strategy for Forests and Climate Changetranscends the focus of the environmental sector andshouldbeacommitmentundertakenbythevariousrelevantstakeholders, transcending government, including theprivatesector,civilsociety,communitiesetc.Theresourcescomefromvarioussourcesandaddressvariousneeds:publicresourcesforgovernanceandempoweringconditions;ruralcreditforimprovingforestryandagriculture;andprivateresourcesforcarbonmarketsandpaymentforecosystemicservices.
Withregardtoresults-basedpayments,theagreementswithNorway,Germany,theCarbonFundandtheGreenClimate Fund are cross-cutting to complement thefinancialstrategy,anditshouldbemadeclearthattheseresourcesdonotexistinisolationandshouldfunctioninacoordinatedmannerandwithoutcrowdingoutalreadyexistingpublicandprivateresources.
Peru is creating a flexible financial mechanism forprogressiveimplementation(privatefunds,publicfunds,marketandnon-marketfunds,localfundsandinternationalfunds)andatthesametimeitismanagingthecreationofadomesticmarketforforestrycarbon.Thisfundcanbeofaprivatenatureandoperateasatrust,aprocessthatisbeingdefined.
Seepresentation Session 5 Peru.
Peru’s Presentation. REDD + financing. August 2015.
19Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+South-South Exchange Report
WORK GROUPSGroup 1: Challenges for the financing of REDD+ PAMs
POINTS FOR DISCUSSION:What plans are being made for financing the implementation of PAMs? Challenges, risks,opportunitiesandlegalissuestobeconsidered.
› Engaging in outreach efforts to the “rural” financial sector.Countriesseethisaspivotalandhaveinitiatedstrategiestoenhanceaccesstothefinancialsectorassociatedwithagriculturalactivities,awareastheyarethatsomeoftheirinstrumentscallforchangesinlanduse.However,inthesearchformutualareasofinterest,challengesaretobefacedinmanagingacommonlanguage,includingintermsofmaintaininganongoingdialogue.
› Various types of financing for various “users”. Itisessentialtoenvisagevarioussourcesoffinancingfor diverse users and needs, as well as to identifystakeholders from the perspective of supply anddemand. The instruments used for mobilizingresources should be flexible and tailored to thecharacteristicsofeachsector.
› Role of the State as the catalyst for consistent financing.TheStatecanimprovepublicinvestmentthrough intra-sectoral coordination with a view togenerating investments consistent with REDD+objectives;and,moreover,theStatecanactasasourceoffinancingtoharmonizetheuseofresourceswithREDD+objectives.
› Credit lines and the private sector as key agents.Aconsiderablepartoffinancinglinkedtochangesinlanduseisrelatedtoactivitiesthatcauseemissions.These activities may or may not be related to theprivatesector.Inanycase,itisimperativetobeawareof this relationship and verify possible financingalternatives.
KEY MESSAGES
20Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+South-South Exchange Report
Group 2: Results-based payments for REDD+ and challenges for harmonization
POINTS OF DISCUSSION:Whatstrategyforensuringasufficientvolumeoffundsforresults-basedpaymentsisbeingconsideredbycountries?Challenges,risksandopportunitiesandlegalissuestobeconsidered(harmonizationofmechanisms,ownership,accountingforemissions).
Two main problems were identified:
› Results-based payment is a new tool.ItisclearthatOfficialDevelopmentAssistance(ODA)hasthusfarnotbeenfunctioninginaccordancewiththesameprinciples.Whatwehaveatpresentisthe“worstofbothworlds”wherebesidesthecustomarydemandsplacedontraditionalODAthereisthedemandforresults.Theemergingresult-basedpaymentsoptionsareverydemandinganditisnotclearthattheseareattractive.
› The coordination of support for the Decision of the CP19 is not being achieved.Thecurrentschemeisfragmented with various donors with their owndemands and that are often different from theWarsawFrameworkundertheUNFCCC.TheUNFCCCstatesthatthePFREDD+shoulddesignateentitiesfor receiving results based payments, the GreenClimateFundopensupapathforaccreditationandthesetwoprocessesshouldbecoordinatedbuttherearemanyotherfinancingsourcessuchasFCPF-CFandREM.
Possible policies for facilitating solutions:
› Countries should create efficient structures for safeguarding national and international funds.Financingfromnationalresourcesiskeytoensuringsustainability.Theuseofasingletoolatthenationallevel can be more efficient but the challenge isto comply with the requirements of the variousfinancingsources.Itshouldalsobeensuredthatthistoolfacilitatesthechannelingofresourcestowardsactivitiesinthefield.
› Achieving coordination of support within the emerging framework is the responsibility of REDD+ countries.Thisconsiderationincludessettingclearobjectivesandcreatinga functionalstructure.Thecountriesshouldspellouttheirneeds,andtakeintoaccountwhichoptionsarecost-effectiveandwhicharenot.Inthisregard,theimportanceofageneralfinancing framework is paramount, and for manycountriesthisisdefinedintheREDD+strategy.
› Facedwiththechallengeofhowtoinitiatetheprocessandensurenecessaryinvestmentforachievingresultsor passing through “death valley” without accesstoexantefinancing,the UNFCCC has established that there has to be ex ante support.Therecanbeanadvancepayment,notallthefundsshouldcomeattheend.SomeexamplesaretheagreementwithNorwaywiththeassociatedpolicymilestones(Peru)andtheFCPFwithitsadvancepaymentsofupto20percent.
KEY MESSAGES
Lessons Learned Regarding the Preparation of Forest Reference Emission Levels and the Technical Annex for Access to Financing
SESSION
06Panel with delegates from Brazil, Mexico and PeruModerated byLucioSantos,UN-REDDProgramme
BrazilALEXANDRE SANTOS AvELINOMinistry of the Environment
Brazil submitted its FREL to the UNFCCC in June 2014followedbywhattheytermed“averyintensebutfruitfulprocessoftechnicalrevisionanddialogue.”Themainlessonlearnedwasthattechnicalcoordinationandinstitutionalcoordination should go hand-in-hand to obtain betterresults.
With regard to additional activities, the Amazonian andCerrado biomass make up 90 per cent of emissions. InadditiontotheFRELfordeforestation,BrazilwillmakeaReferenceLevelfordegradationfortheAmazon.Themainchallengeidentifiedistechnologyformonitoringbysatellite.
With regard to the technical annex, the first step is theformulation of the FREL. While Brazil does not perceiveconsiderablechallengesinthisconnection,itrecognizesthattheBURhascalledforsignificantinstitutionalcoordination.
2. Colombia incorporated national circumstances andpoliticaldecisions(includingthosepotentiallyderivingfromthesigningofapeaceprocess)thatcouldaffectdeforestationandasaresult“itispossibletoincorporatenational circumstances into the formulation of theFRELs”.
Thesub-nationalapproachwithfivebiomasseswillallowColombia to continue to take steps with regard to thenational FREL. The UN-REDD Programme will work onpreparingtheroadmapfortheintegrationofthereferencelevels.TheFRELthathasbeensubmittedonly includesdeforestationbutthisyearitintendstoincorporateforestrydegradation.Regardingothergases,theissueofforestfireshasalsobeenconsideredimportantanditsinclusionisapriority.
2. Much effort has been invested in inter-institutionaldialogue and coordination in order to replicateprocesses,agreeoninputs,andcarryoutqualitycontrol,bothfortheNFMSandtheFREL.
In preparing the FRELs, existing data were analyzedand after the review process, participants identifiedchallenges regarding the definition of“forest” that wasto be presented—in addition, any modification to theFREL would have to be reviewed again in agreementwiththeinstitutionsinvolvedandif,intheprocessoftherecalculation,thefiguresweretochangesubstantially,ajustificationwouldhavetobeprovided,anditwouldbenecessarytoupdateallthereportsthatareinterconnected.
23Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+South-South Exchange Report
PeruCLAUDIA OCHOAMinistry of the Environment
PeruiscurrentlypreparingtheproposalandmethodologyforpresentingFRELsintheCOP21fortheAmazonianbiomassandwhichwillbeupdated insomeyears fortheCoastandtheSierraregions.Inthisprocessthemainlessonshaveindicatedthatcoordinationshouldincludetechnicalandpoliticaldimensionsandthatcoherenceandconsistencyisimportantwhenvariousreportsareinvolved. In the case of Peru, the FREL is the point ofdepartureandgeneratesinputsfortheNationalStrategy,INDCs,BUR,etc.
The greatest challenge identified has been toinstitutionalize MRV processes to ensure that they aremaintainedover timeand inamannerconsistentwithpoliticalchangesgiventhattheyalsosupportinformationforresults-basedpaymentarrangements.
In terms of building upon these efforts, the countryauthoritieshave identifieda furtherchallenge intermsof integrating degradation, a state of affairs which isattributablenotonlytomethodologicalconsiderationsbut
24Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+South-South Exchange Report
• It is important that the information be transparent,consistent and as accurate as possible; and it is alsoimportant that all the necessary information for thereconstructionoftheFRELbeavailable;
• Theuseofthecountry’sowndefinitionofforests;andif there is a different definition (for REDD+) then thisneedstobeindicatedfromthetechnicalpointofview.ItisimportanttohavethesamedefinitionfortheFRELandfortheinventory,andifthatisnotthecase,thenanydifferencesneedtobeaccountedfor.
Moreover, he praised Brazil’s FRELs for being simple,transparent, well structured, with a document that isconcise but complete (including information that wasnecessaryforthemaintextandannexes);andtermedasexcellenttheexchange,themechanismforconsultation
with the various technical units and the revision ofsuccessivedrafts.TheinteractiongeneratedanewversionoftheFRELofanevenhigherstandard.
“ThedecisionsoftheCOParewiseastheyallowcountriestotakeonestepatatime,forexamplebeginningwithasubnational/biomass—one activity, and they need notevenincludeallthepools,andjustonegas(CO2)whilesettingoutintheFRELhowinthefutureimprovementswilltakeplaceandencompassingthewholeofthenationalterritoryandotheractivities,”saidOyarzabal.
• Itisimportanttoobtainaccuratedata(withasufficientlyacceptablelevelofuncertainty)fortheresultspresentedin the annex; in addition it is also necessary to haveaccuratedataondegradationinparticular.
• It is important to be able to maintain consistencywithresultsandtheFRELaspointedoutbyMexico,inpassingfromanexternalconsultativeprocesstoamoreinstitutionalizedprocess,whichhelpstomaintainconsistency.
› ThereshouldbecohesionbetweentheFREL,NFMS(National Forest Monitoring System) and GHGInventoriesgiventhatthedatafortheconstructionoftheFRELcomesfromtheNFMS.
› Someadditionalchallengesincludetheintegrationofthesub-nationalFRELinanationalFRELandtheinclusion of activities transcending deforestation(degradation and others) as well as nationalagreementsconcerningthedefinitionofforestsandtheinternalsynchronizationwiththevariousreports.
PresentationbySTEvEN SWAN,Safeguards Global Expert, UN-REDD Programme
ThepresentationemphasizedhowthesafeguardsundertheConventionencompassanextensivespectrumrangingfrom matters relating to governance and social andenvironmentalconcernstothemitigationofrisks.However,therearethreemainpointsthatcountriesneedtotakeintoaccountregardingUNFCCCrequirements:
1. Promoting and supporting the Cancun safeguardsthroughouttheentireprocessofREDD+implementation.
2. HavingSafeguardInformationSystems(SIS)thatoffersinformation about how the country is tackling andcomplyingwiththeCancunSafeguards.
In order to support countries with these requirements,the UN-REDD Programme has developed the Country-LedApproachtoREDD+safeguards(seediagram)whichindicates in a general manner the necessary steps and
components, including evaluations of the country’sapproachtoandoutlookonsafeguards.Insummary,theseinclude1)existingpolicies,lawsandregulations(greencolour)2) institutionalcapacitiesandarrangementsforimplementingandcomplyingwithsafeguards(blue)and3)informationsystemsandsources(purple).
Seepresentation Session 7. Safeguards, Steven Swan.
• It should be borne in mind that the measurement,evaluationandreportingofcertainsafeguardsisverycomplicatedandattheinitialstageitmaybeadvisabletohaveinplaceafewindicatorsofthegeneralstructure.
• With regard to the SIS, it is necessary that this be aflexiblesystem.Withregardtotheresponsemechanism,shouldthisbeacomponentoftheSISorpartofanothermechanismandlinked?
• Inter-institutionalcoordinationiskeyfortheconstructionof the SIS although it poses a challenge due to themandatesandrolesoftheinstitutionsinvolved.
• ThekeystepsintheconstructionoftheSISshouldbeparticipatory and transparent, incorporating relevantstakeholdersandmainstreaminggenderperspectives.
• Finally,safeguardsshouldbelinkedtocommunicationsstrategiesandtailoredtothenationalcontextinorderto enhance comprehension of the underlying issuesinvolved.
Technical and financial considerations for preparing and implementing the SIS
• Countries in Latin America and the Caribbean aregoingthroughdifferentstages:beforemovingahead,itisimportanttounderstandthatthereisnouniformconsensusregardingsafeguards.
27Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+South-South Exchange Report
• Thecurrentchallengeistohaveinplaceclearinformationregardingwhatkindsofdatashouldbereported;andhow safeguards provide information to the REDD+nationalstrategy,andviceversa.
• The UNFCCC insists on the safeguards system, whichposesachallengeintermsofconsistencywhenfacedwiththetaskofharmonizingtherequirementsassociatedwiththesafeguardsentailedbyotherinitiatives.
• An additional challenge is how to optimize existinginformationinvariouscountries;Willcountriesdevelopexistingsystemsorcreateanewsafeguardssystem?Inthisregard,theconclusionwasreachedthatitisvitalto have in place just one system for providing suchinformationinsteadofcreatingaseparatemechanismforeachsystem.Thissystemshouldbeflexibleandallowforgradualimprovements.
• With particular reference to the structure of thisinformationsystem,participantsconsidereditessentialtoanalyzewhattypesofinformationcanbegeneratedbyotherexistinginitiativesorprocessessuchastheNFMS.
• With regard to financing, it is crucial to ensure thesustainabilityoftheSISinaccordancewithitsstructure.
Preparing information summaries in accordance with the SBSTA 42 decision
• Finally,countriesconsiderthatmanychallengesmustbeaddressedregardinghowtouseandincludeinformationfrom various initiatives (eg, SESA) for the safeguardssummary.
Perspectives of civil society and indigenous peoples relating to safeguards
• Whilethereisundoubtedlyalegalumbrellaintermsofinternationalconventions,thedegreeofprogressandrecognition of indigenous peoples is far from beinguniformincountriesthroughouttheregion.
28Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+South-South Exchange Report
› Theinterpretationoftheconceptofsafeguardsandeach of the Cancun Safeguards is critical in orderto make progress in providing responses for therequirementsoftheUNFCCCsafeguards.
› With regard to the relationships between thepillarsoftheWarsawFramework, there isaclearlinkbetweenthenationalstrategyandsafeguardsin three areas: 1) in defining the scope of thesafeguards,itisnecessarytoconsiderthecountry-ledREDD+approachasformulatedinthenational
• However, a consensus does exist regarding theimportanceofparticipatoryprocessesandconsultationswithindigenouspeoplesandcivilsocietyatallstagesofREDD+(design,implementation,anddecision-making).
• An important opportunity exists whereby currentcommunitystrategiesandactivitiesregardingforestrycanbestrengthenedthroughREDD+strategies.
• In presenting REDD+, there is a disconnect betweentheforestrytechnicalaspectandhowthelatteraspectgeneratessocialbenefitsforindigenouscommunities.
• In indigenous communities, forestry safeguards havebeendevelopedoverthelast500yearsbutitisnotclearhowtheseactivitiesaretranslatedortakenupatthenationalorinternationallevels.
• Socialorganizationsandindigenouscommunitiesshouldbe encouraged throughout to engage in extensiveparticipationinREDD+activitiesanddecision-makinginREDD+projects.
Progress in the Implementation of the Warsaw Framework Regarding the National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS)
SESSION
08Panel with delegates from Chile, Colombia, Honduras and Paraguay
Moderated bySerenaFortuna,UN-REDDProgramme
ChileOSvALDO QUINTANILLACONAF
• In relation to the links between the NFMS and othercomponentsoftheWarsawFramework,Chile’sNationalClimateChangeandVegetationalResourcesStrategy(ENCCRV)encompassesthesystemforaccountingforcarbonandmetricsforenvironmentalservices.
• TheemphasisoftheREDD+strategyandtheFRELison
degradation and this entails technical challenges onaccountofgeographicalandtechnologicalfactors.
• It is expected that the NFMS will also play a role inmonitoring performance in factors that are not onlyenvironmentalbutalsosocial,andrelatedtosafeguards.
• Regarding inputs required the main are the forestryinventoriesinimplementationledbyvariousinstitutionsand that require additional analysis, in addition toinformation relating to national inventories and theAFOLUsectorasconductedbytheMinistryofAgriculture.
30Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+South-South Exchange Report
• Someofthemainchallengesarerelatedtoimprovingsystemic interoperability both among and withininstitutions.
• Inaddition,theNFMSoperationshouldbeformulatedin a regulation that includes processes, roles andgovernancesothatthisexercisecantakeapermanentformandbefinancedovertime.
Seepresentation Sesison 8. Chile
ColombiaEDERSSON CABRERAIDEAM
• Colombia’s Forests and Carbon Monitoring Systemwas established formally in 2012 and has involvedearlywarningsystemsforreducingdeforestationandassociatedemissions.
• WithregardtothevariouscomponentsoftheWarsawFramework, the NFMS is a component of the systemandcontributesthemain inputsfortheFRELandforgeneratingplanninginputsforthenationalstrategyorActionPlan.
• Equally,fordatacollectioninthefield,stepsarebeingtaken to engage communities; whereas in regard tosafeguards,effortsarebeingmadetoembodyrespectfortherightsandknowledgeofindigenouspeople,whilegenerating information required for maintaining andimprovingthemultiplefunctionsofforests.
• Municipal forestry atlases are being created for thepurposeofhelpingwithstrategicplanningatthelocallevel, and from the point of view of dissemination, apublicinformationgeoportalisbeingcreated.
• The NFMS provides primary information regardingactivity data and emission factors required for theconstructionoftheFREL,theGHGInventory(USCUSSsector),fortheThirdNationalCommunicationandtheBUR.
• In Paraguay the NFMS will be included as a tool forPoliticalActionsandMeasuresfortheREDD+NationalStrategy.
31Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+South-South Exchange Report
› In summary, it should be emphasized that thepreparationandimplementationoftheNFMSisacontinuousprocessofimprovementthathastobesustainableovertimeinordertocontinuetoshowREDD+performanceinthecountry.
› Functions and important points of the NFMS with regard to REDD+:
• Demonstrating the performance of the REDD+strategy (and/or national forestry policies) sothatthisrepresentsabasisforobtainingresults-basedpayments,withdatathatisbothrobustandtransparent;
• Generating data necessary for constructingNational Forest Reference Emission Levels (GHGInventories and others) and contributing tomaintainingconsistencyamongreports(NationalCommunications,BUR,FRAetc).
› Possible points of relationship between the NFMS and the SIS:
• Technical challenges and the importance ofcontinuing to strengthen national monitoringcapacities and ensuring a permanent pool oftrained human resources within governments/stakeholders.
• Inter and intra-institutional coordination toimprovetheinteroperabilityofexistingsystemsandallowingfortheexchangeanduseofdata.
• Financial sustainability that necessitates thecoordination of monitoring activities withbudgetaryplanningandinstitutionaloperationalplanstoachievenationalfinancing.
• Participation and outreach with the owners offoreststhroughcommunitymonitoringandthedisseminationoftheNFMSanditsrelevancetothevarioussectors.
KEY MESSAGES
Analysis of Challenges for the Implementation of the Warsaw Framework for REDD+
SESSION
09Conclusionsofthematicworkgroupssummarizing
themainchallengesfacedbycountries
Challenges concerning the relationship and sequence of components and progress • The UNFCCC guidelines should be contextualized in
• It is the countries that should define their vision ofREDD+anddemonstratebenefitsthattranscendforestryconcerns.TheNationalStrategyistheumbrellagroupforthevariouspillarsoftheREDD+process.
• There is no single way of sequencing the variouscomponentsgiventhatcountriesdisplayvariouslevelsofprogressinthevariouspillars.
› The methods and mechanisms for the transfer ofresources1arevariousandnotallofthesearealignedwiththeUNFCCC;undertheUNFCCC,matterspertainingtoprice,accountingrules(uncertainty,riskofreversions),timeframes/paymentschedules(percentageanteversusexpost)stillhavetobedefined.
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33Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+South-South Exchange Report
› There is a duplication of reports and MRV for thevariousfinancingsystems(eg,UNFCCCandREM)
› Thereare inconsistenciesregardingsafeguardsanddifferences with the FCPF and also regarding thedistributionmechanismforbenefitsthatisvoluntaryundersomesystemsandobligatoryunderothers.
› WhiletheUNFCCCtalksaboutworkingtogethertochannel resources in a manner that is appropriate,predictable, equitable and balanced3, bilateralagreementshavebeennegotiatedwithoutclearortransparentrulesequallyapplicabletoallcountries.
› Nor does clarity exist regarding phases combiningpreparatoryrequirementswithresults-basedpayments.
• As one possible solution for eliminating theseinconsistencies, participants considered the idea ofaligningtherequirementsandprocessesofallresults-basedpaymentswiththeprocessesandcriteriafortheGreen Climate Fund. Proposals have been made forattemptingtoestablishregionalpositionsforsendingtotheGreenFundandapproachingexpertstoresolvethesediscrepancies.Withthisobjectiveinmind,conductingastudyfordealingwithsuchinconsistencieswasdeemedtobeahelpfulcourseofaction.
ofsocialstakeholdersfromtheinitialphasesofREDD+which reminded us that the REDD+ phases are notsequentialbutiterative,therebyaddingcomplexitytotheprocessandposingachallenge for thecountriesconcerned.
• Thelinkagewiththeprivatesectorisacomplexissuethatcallsforconsiderationinaseparateworkshop.Relevantstakeholdersshouldbeclarifiedas to their roles. It isvitaltospeakalanguagethatisaccessibletotheprivatesectorfromtheproductivitystandpoint.
10CountriesinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanacknowledgesignificantprogressmadeintermsofacquiringexpertiseandrecognizetheimportanceoftheexchangingoflessonslearnedandexperiences.Inparticular,agroupofcountries,including those that have made significant progress,believethatsufficientmaturityisnowinplacetoworkwithblockproposals,tobemoreproactiveandtoseeksolutionstocommonchallengestobeaddressedinimplementingtheWarsawFrameworkalongwithvariousresults-basedpaymentmechanisms.
Participants identified the need to pursue exchanges,develop expertise, and embark upon strategies foraddressingvariousspecificissues:financing,legalaspectsof REDD+ and securing the involvement of the privatesectorandtheparticipationofindigenouspeoples.
The challenge of coordinating the strategy of South-Southcooperationwasraisedfromthemethodologicalstandpoint with a view to meeting the needs of thecountriesthatrequiregreatercapacity-buildingtogetherwiththosethatseektoworkonjointpositionstoaddresschallengeswithagenciesandinternationalstakeholders.Inthisregard,theUN-REDDProgrammeispositionedtoplay a major coordinating and catalyzing role, therebypromotingtheleadershipofvariousinterestedcountries.
35Experiences and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean towards the Implementation of REDD+South-South Exchange Report
“Working with block proposals is an option, and we have achieved the level of maturity required to work in this way”.
Jorge Torres, Peru
“The workshop has provided a level of information and participation, taking into account that significant uncertainty exists. There are very significant challenges ahead, we haven’t yet found all the answers but at least the questions are now clear for us”.
Osvaldo Quintanilla, Chile
“More than sharing lessons learned is the fact that this is an important forum so that synergies regarding regional positions can focus on the common challenges that we are facing”.
María del Carmen García, Ecuador
“We require a South-South cooperation strategy for Latin America and the Caribbean that is more programmatic. It is important to have a workshop on financing, as this will be a key issue after Paris so that countries are really ready to implement REDD+”.
Leandro Fernández, Argentina
“I want to recognize the quality of the event as well as the exchange and to highlight two words that keep on coming up—namely, consistency and coordination, especially in the financial area as well as the importance of finding common ground”.
Zenia Salinas, FCPF
“This has been a true South-South dialogue that our teams have been able to follow thanks to the live broadcast. It is clear that we share problems in common, and logically therefore, we must endeavour to identify common solutions”.
Roberto Portillo, Honduras
“The Quito workshop was positive in terms of observing the progress made by the countries and this one to see the degree of coordination between the various pillars. The process is not easy but, provided we can coordinate challenges between countries, civil society and organizations involved, we can work together”.
Josefina Braña, WWF
KEY COMMENTARIES FROM PARTICIPANTS AT ThE CONCLUSION SESSIONS
AnnexesANNEX 1Links to additional workshop documentation