Expansion and Diversity

Expansion and Diversity

Expansion and DiversityThe Rise of Colonial America, 1625-1700I can explain why New Englanders abandoned Winthrops vision of a city upon a hill.I can describe why indentured servitude gave way to racial slavery in Englands plantation colonies.I can differentiate the Southern, Middle, and New England Colonies as it pertains to social, economic and political developmentEngland and the Atlantic WorldWhen Elizabeth I became Queen she stepped up explorationWith a militant anti-Catholic foreign policy, Drake sets out around the worldColonists settle in Virginia: RoanokeBut the colonists refuse to grow their own food and the Spanish-English conflict prevented supplies1590 - CROATOANThe realities of settlement in AmericaEven a well-financed colonizing effort could failColonists didnt bring enough for the first winter and disdained growing their own foodFuture attempts would have to be self-financedInternational conflict made it toughBeginnings of English ColonizationSpain began to view the English as less dangerous, and gave up claims in VirginiaJoint-stock companies formLarge sums of money with limited risk to each investorTwo companiesVirginia Co. of PlymouthVirginia Co. of London: successful ? at Jamestown (38 of 105 by 1608)Very difficult successRequired military ruleLocal officials were corruptHigh death rate due to malnutritionPoor relations with the local IndiansNew England BeginsReligious dissent meant treason 1620 patent to some London merchants for a settlement24 families (102 people) in the MayflowerThey were Separatists who first settled in the Netherlands died within 4 monthsPuritan values of thrift, diligence, and delayed gratificationMiddle class - IMPORTANTThe Great MigrationPush factor economic depression, crime, taxes, dislikedPull factor every man his own master; played well with middle-class valuesTurned from communal farming to individually owned plots; farm surpluses developed; they traded the surplus corn for furs, etc. This established better relations with the IndiansLasting importanceAn outpost for dissenting PuritansA self-governing society could functionBlueprint for Indian relationsBy 1700 more than 250,000 people of European birth or parentage (mostly English)About 1 million Native Americans had died due to contact with Europeans by 1700The New England WayBeginning in 1635 with Charles I there was a systematic campaign to eliminate Puritan influenceMust read the Common Book of PrayerCharter secured to colonize Mass. Bay1630, a self-governing colonyNon-separatists; 11 ships with 700 passengersJohn Winthrops City Upon a HillBy fall six towns had cropped up nearby; 30% had died and 10% went homeHowever, by 1642, 15,000 colonists in New England: it attracted families of modest meansThe Pequot War, 1637One epidemic had wiped up 90% of New Englands coastal Indians, dwindling from 20,000 in 1600 to only a few survivors by the mid-1630sPuritans had already created praying towns reservations for those who gave inThey were not to practice their waysAn attempt to ChristianizeWhen settlement moved into the Connecticut River Valley, the Pequots protestedMass. And Conn. Coordinated military action in 1637 with the support of the Mohegan and NarragansettRuthless (pg. 56)The Pequots land was awarded to the colonists of ConnecticutDissent and OrthodoxyThe New England WayEducationEvery town of 50 or more households to appoint a teacherEvery town of 100 to maintain a Grammar schoolBut not compulsoryHarvard College in 1636 (from 1642-1671 it produced 201 graduates, including 111 ministers)Attendance at churchAll adults, and they must pay set rates to support themRoger WilliamsHe argued that the civil and the religious should be separatedOpposed any type of compulsory churchThought Indians should be properly compensatedHe was banished in 1635 and moved to Providence (R.I.)Or Rogues Island as stated by those who disliked himAnne HutchinsonIssue of good works as signsShe charged that only two of the colonys ministers had been savedHer followers were known as Antinomians- those opposed to the rule of lawThey included Boston merchants, young men, and the womenAnne HutchinsonWhile on trial for heresy, she could out knowledge the General Court on ScriptureHer undoing was claiming a personal revelationShe and many of her followers were banishedThe biggest threat to the City Upon a Hill was the pursuit of self-interest.Government leaders tried to regulate prices so that consumers would not suffer from the chronic shortage of manufactured goods1635- no good was to be priced more than 5 % above its costThose who violated this were fined and shamedPower of the Saints They did consider themselves members of the Church of England, but self-governing; ignoring the bishops authorityControl of the congregation was in the hands of the male saintsBy majority vote these saints chose their ministers, elected a board of elders and decided who else deserved recognition as saintsThese saints did not just have to profess the Calvinist faith, repent their sins, and live free of scandal (this was the English way)In America they had to stand before the congregation and provide a convincing relation or account of their conversion experienceHowever, political participation was more liberal in New EnglandVoters or officeholders did not have to own property; you just had to be a male saintBy 1641, 55% of the colonys 2300 men could vote (by contrast only 30% in England)1644- the General Court was bicameral (towns deputies and appointed Governors Council)New England legislatures established a town by awarding a grant of land to several dozen landowner-saintsEstablished a churchDistributed the land amongst themselvesEstablished a town meetingEach town determined its own qualifications for voting and holding office (although most all male taxpayers, including nonsaints, to participate Womens rolesSharply curtailed after Anne HutchinsonCommunity of Women to enforce morals and protect the poor and vulnerableMatrimony was a contract rather than a religious sacramentDivorce, though uncommon, was allowed (it was a civil institution that the courts oversaw)Only 27 from 1639-1692Womens rolesHad no property rights unless called for in the will or the husband had no other heirsA widow could usually only claim no more than 1/3 of and estateIn charge of the work in the house, barn, gardenNew Englanders lived longer and had larger families than the rest of the colonistsNew England did not suffer the same prospects of disease as VirginiaMinimal travel between townsWintersEast access to land provided an adequate dietHalf-Way Covenant, 1662By 1650 fewer than half the adults in the Boston congregation were saintsWhy? Public subjection to grillingThe second generations unwillingness to provide a conversion relation meant they were not saints, and Puritan ministers only baptized the children of saintsMost third generation children were unbaptizedThe compromise was the Half-Way CovenantPermitted children of baptized adults, including nonsaints, to receive baptismAllowed the second generation to transmit potential church membership to their grandchildren, leaving their adult children halfway members who could not vote or take communionExpansion and Native Americans, 1650-1676The fur trade became a liability by midcenturyKing Phillips War (1676) also known as Metacoms Rebellion, this was the last major effort of the Southern New England Indians effort to drive out the colonistsDependency = sovereigntyMetacom is captured and beheadedSocial and economic also undermined the New England Wayoutlivers vs. townspeopleDistribution of wealth becoming unevenThese issues were evident in Salem (2nd largest port)Witches1691- what starts out as a few girls asking a slave woman to tell them their fortune, ends up in a colony-wide panic that got to the root of growing problemsA large number of the 342 accused witches were women who had inherited, or stood to inherit, more than the usual 1/3. They were assertive women.The widespread fear led judges to ignore the laws ban on spectral evidenceThe jails filled upThe villages troubled section accused the wealthier from the eastern division of town2/3 of the accusers were 11-20More than half had lost one or both parentsMost worked as servants for othersThey accused middle-age wives and widowsBy early 1693 the Governor pardoned all those convicted or accused (his wife was one of the accused)55 women confessed (they were isolated, saved, but reinforced the belief in witches)A few were successful at fleeing19 try to bet the accusation and are hangedOne 71 yr.old man was pressed to deathFive (?) die in jailOver 200 accusedChesapeake SocietyVery different from the New England Way of family farms and agricultural/economic subsistenceThey were not the wealthiest stock, but they were touchy about their standing (not as educated or refined as they thought they were)However, they became a few wealthy planters with a majority of indentured servants and a growing number of slavesThe State and Church in VirginiaNot set up to be a representative govt.Made so by Charles I in exchange for a tax on tobacco exports and a transferring the cost of the colonys government to Virginias plantersAfter 1630 the burgesses met regularly (taxation)Eventually split into two chambersHouse of Burgesses and Gov. Council (life)1634 Virginia adopts the county court systemJustices and sheriffs (adm. during the courts recess) appointed by Gov.Most everywhere south of New England was run by the unelected county courts until 1710The Church of EnglandRequired to pay fixed rates to the Anglican ChurchIn each parish were six vestrymen (chosen amongst the wealthy) who handled church finances, etc.Hard to get ministers (10 served 45 parishes)Maryland1632 Lord Baltimore (Cecilius Calvert)Proprietary colony control given to himPower to appoint all sheriffs and judgesSecured freedom from taxationThe crown controlled war and trade as well as the requirement that an elected assembly approve all lawsA refuge for Catholics2% of the pop.Couldnt worship in publicHad to pay tithes to the Anglican ChurchBarred from holding office Adopted Virginias headright systemWealthy settlers bring others at their own costWhat they got was a 2000 acre manor for 5 adults (moved to 20 by 1640)Settlement did not go as plannedMost were ProtestantThey bought their own land to avoid being tenantsAct of Religious Toleration in 1649Maryland was second to Rhode Island in granting religious tolerationBut was mostly successful symbolicallyPunishment for blasphemy; banned Catholics form voting; did not protect non-Christians; In 1654 the Protestant majority banned Catholics from voting and repealed the Toleration ActThey ousted the pro-toleration GovernorHe raised an army, was defeated, imprisoned and 3 Catholics were hangedDeath, Gender, KinshipTobacco lured population to the Chesapeake (110,000 from 1630 to 1700)90% indentured servants80% male (only 1/3 could find a bride)Female ind. servants faired better; often hooking up with wealthy planters who bought their yearsGreatest diseasesTyphoid, dysentery, salt poisoning, malaria after 1650Life expectancy for males was 48; females 44 (New England was 70)Servants usually died within 6 years of arrival of those married became widows within 7 yearsWomen had more property rights hereDeath created very complex family patterns (pg. 70)High death rates and male immigration retarded growthTobacco Shapes a Region, 1630-1670Population was dispersed (6 per sq.mi)Most did not travel far from homeIn the isolated world tobacco was king, even when it lost 97% of its former valueGrown on fertile river bank soiltransportationIndentured servants faced a bleak futureEntered the world impoverishedSome states obliged masters to provide clothes, corn, ax, hoe, even land (Maryland 50 acres)However, by the 1660s and 1670s the tobacco prices plummetedEngland had a law that all of their tobacco was to be shipped exclusively to England in English ships (to drive Dutch merchants out)The Dutch retaliated by burning farmsEven the Governor was commenting on the colonies addiction to the vicious, ruinous plant.Bacons RebellionAnger over poor lot was taken out on the Indians Though many Indians had agreed to stay on specific lands, continued white encroachment and being outnumbered the Indians and whites were in constant conflictThe govt. didnt care to do anything about it protecting their fur tradingGov. Berkeley (page 147)His cronies got the best land, paid little taxes andJune 1675 Virginia and Maryland militia pursue the wrong tribe, murdering 14Frontier folk wanted the least costly solution war of exterminationThey chose Nathaniel BaconHe is give free reign at first but then Gov. Berkeley recantedBacon and his force march on Jamestown and burn it; the rebels offered freedom to those who supported themBacon dies of dysentery and the Governor hangs 23Slavery in the Chesapeake1689- more open competitionDeclining white migrationBegan passing laws restricting slave behavior (30 lashes for threatening remarks)No white could free a slave without paying for their way out of the colonyFree blacks would not bear arms, hold office, vote or employ white servantsLasting impactEconomic opportunism (frontiersmen)Racism increased attacks on Natives Briefly a more stringent royal control fell upon VirginiaReinstituting the headright systemIncreased slaveryRise of the Great Planter (landed gentry)Seeds of the American RevolutionSugar and Slaves: The West IndiesThe Dutch suggested to the French and English to raise and then process sugar cane (they would market it)It took 3x as many workers per acreSlaves did cost 2-4x more than servants, but they were a long-term investmentIncreasing demand for slaves (from 40,000 to 130,000 in 1713) diverted white migration to North America1650 more white colonists lived in the West Indies than Chesapeake and New England combined44,000 to 12,000 + 23,000Barbados was the key. It housed 30,000 English (only 166 sq. mi.)

SlavesEach laborer had to dig at least 60 hole by hand a dayBetween 1645-55 the English govt. shipped captives from rebellions (Scots, Irish Catholics)But they could pass a freemen if they escapedSwitched to the distinctively colored slaveBarbados becomes the first English colony with a black enslaved majority 27,000 to 26,000 in 1660 (and by 1680 17:1 ratio of slaves to indentured servantsSlave CodeDefinition Heathenish, brutish, uncertain, and dangerousProperty with no legal or political rightsOwners required to provide pants, cap, (females a petticoat). Nothing about shoes, shirts, diet, or working conditionsNo penalty for whippingGovt. compensated owners for executed slavesSlave codeMandated strict policy of surveillanceNo slave could leave the plantation without written approvalSlaves could not beat drums, blow horns, or use loud instrumentsTo encourage black cooperation, those who turned in fugitives got fancy new clothesThe English refused any attempt to convert slavesHowever, those that survived in the West Indies did preserve much more of their native languages and customsBarbadian planters goal was personal wealth; they developed a siege mentality and walled themselvesDue to the growing elite on Barbados and the massive slave population, common whites move to JamaicaThe Gov. encouraged it with generous quantities of land: 30 acres to each planter, plus 30 more for each family member, servant, and slaveProblem with the Spanish solved by Capt. Henry MorganBy 1680 Port Royal was the 3rd largest town in English America behind Bridgetown and BostonJamaican maroonsRunaway slaves that could escape to the densely vegetated mountains and other secluded areas and live autonomouslyThey developed formidable bush fighting techniquesRice and Slaves: CarolinaCarolina becomes a Restoration Colony (King Charles II in 1663)Located boldly close to Spanish America, it needing settlement 50 acres for every family member, indentured servant or slaveGovt. set up a 3-tiered nobility system that would control 2/5 of the land (not really followed), religious toleration, political representation and English Common LawColonists in the Northern part exported tobacco, lumber, pitch (it became North Carolina in 1691 due to stubborn independence)Colonists in the Southern part raised livestock and traded Indian slaves and then RiceRice earned annual profits of 25%Required 65 slaves per 130 acresAfricans because (1) they new rice and (2) immunities to yellow fever and malariaThe colonists agreement with the Indians over returned slaves equaled a gun and three blankets for eachThere was a fear amongst Carolinians that the slaves and the Indians would conspire against themIn 1702 South Carolina quickly stifled the policy of religious toleration and barred non-Anglicans from holding office and established the state-sponsored Anglican churchIn 1719 (in a coup) they staged their own little revolution to rest control from the proprietors in a attempt to become a royal colony. It worked.Carolinians were very good at the gun tradeIt brought lucrative animal hides and human slavesDepleted the Natives by requiring them to over huntPitted tribe against tribeMade them dependent on whites for ammunitionGeorgiaSet up in honor of King George II, it appealed to a group of wealthy philanthropists and social reformers (1732)to alleviate English urban poverty by shipping miserable wretches and drones to a new southern colony, where hard work on their own farms would cure indolence and so they could defend the empire on a colonial frontierIt was the first colony funded by the taxpayers of BritainHeaded by James OglethorpeHow?Restricted amount of property (>50 acres)No slavesGrow compact, high value cropsNo alcoholNo lawyersNo elected assemblyThey actually rallied behind the slogan Liberty and Property without restrictions1751 permitted slaves and surrendered Georgia to the crownMiddle ColoniesNew NetherlandThe Dutch buy to sell again, take in to send outIt was a liberal government that adopted policies of intellectual freedom and religious toleration1625: New Amsterdam was settled, and Americas first multiethnic colony of New Netherland was formedBarely its colonists were DutchProtestants, Catholics, Jews, Muslims (but religion counted for little)18 languages1/5 of the colonists were dissident Puritans (Anne Hutchinson)Favored slaves were granted half-freedomWomen got half her husbands property after his deathIts privatization led to an influx of guns, which went to Iroquois alliesUpriver Dutch trade with the IndiansDownriver Dutch get the Indians out (missions were an unnecessary expense)They used these in the beaver wars against the French and their alliesHowever, relations with coastal Indians werent to good. A massacre set off Kiefts War (1600 to 700) (Anne Hutchinson died during this)

New SwedenActually originally settled by disgruntled Dutch (former New Netherlands governor Peter Minuit on behalf of the SwedishThe trading post lost money and the Dutch settlers sold it to the Swedish CrownThen most of the settlers came from Finland (they did leave the log cabin)1655 New Netherlands Gov. Peter Stuyvesant appeared with 7 warships and 300 men to take it overHowever the New Netherland colony failedSmaller pool of emigrantsLess incentive for those to emigrateIndian warsNavigation ActsIn an effort to curtail Dutch colonial tradeBegan in 1651, and then strengthened in 1660 and 1663Navigation Acts1. Only English ships could carry trade with any English colonyAn English ship was one built within the empire, owned and captained by an English subject and sailed by a crew at least English2. a few enumerated commodities produced in the colonies could be shipped only to the mother countryThose that yielded the greatest profit to merchants and the highest revenues to the customs: tobacco and sugar3. all European goods carried to the colonies had to pass through an English port, where they paid customs dutiesThis was a mercantilist political economy: policies aimed at guaranteeing prosperity by making a nation as economically self-sufficient as possibleEliminate dependenceDamage foreign competitorsIncrease stock of gold and silverImpact on the British coloniesLaid the foundation for Britain being the foremost shipping nation in Europe and Americas shipbuilding industryEncouraged economic diversificationColonies were a protected market for low-priced consumer goods from BritainBack to New NetherlandThe English wanted to capture the fur trade and intimidate New England, as well as the fact that King Charles wanted to give his younger brother James (the Duke of York) a proprietary colony 3 warships later, the Dutch surrenderQuaker PennsylvaniaThe noblest attempt at carrying out European concepts of justice and equalityWilliam Penn- received this because his dad was owed a huge debt by Charles IIPenns goalsLaunch a holy experiment base on the teachings of George FoxA little something for himselfQuakersOften came from the bottom rung of societyRidiculed for their practices: did not tip their hats to social betters; wore them in court and would not swear oaths; used thee and not you, would not bear armsBelieved in the Inner Light that could inspire anyoneNo need for clergy

Penn gave Pennsylvania a strong executive branch and granted the lower legislature only limited powersHe carefully oversaw land sales and planned Philadelphia on a grid plan, laying out the streets at right angles and reserving small areas for parksBought land from the IndiansThe population grew because they immigrated as families; relations with Indians were better than other colonies (+they had been depleted)However, after Penn returned to England in 1699, the colony struggledReligious challenge by George KeithDelaware was formed from some southern counties the population of immigrants dwindled after 1710Rebellion and War, 1660-1713Before 1660, England made little effort to reign in the colonies and consolidate them into a coherent empireRoyal CentralizationFirst evidence was in New YorkCharles appointed former army officers to about 90% of all gubernatorial positionsBy 1680 governors generals ruled 60% of all American colonistsNew England ignored the Navigation Acts and continued to welcome Dutch traders1679- Charles carved out New Hampshire (royal colony)1684- declared Massachusetts a royal colony and revoked its charter1686- consolidated MA, NH, CT, and RI into the Dominion of New EnglandAdded NY and Jersey in 1688The appointed Gov., Sir Edmund Andros, forced toleration of Anglicans and the Navigations ActsColonists feared that they would by betrayed by the Catholic officials to FranceThe Glorious RevolutionWilliam and Mary take back England and create a limited monarchy and the English Bill of Rights are establishedAndros is arrested trying to skip town in womens clothingThe Dominion of New England is dismantled, restoration of elected governors to Connecticut and Rhode Island, but they retain authority in MassachusettsMass. Got Plymouth and Maine, but not NHNew charter allowed the crown to appoint governorProperty ownership, not church membershipToleration of ProtestantsOverall, William and Mary dismantled the previous consolidation and handed authority back over to the colonial elites; it reestablished legislative government and ensured religious freedom for ProtestantsA foundation was laid for an empire based on voluntary allegiance rather than submission to raw power imposed from afarA Generation for War, 1689-1713King Williams War1st war to embroil colonists and Native Americans in European rivalriesNew Yorkers and New Englanders launch an attack on New France in 1690Five Nations Iroquois Confederacy suffered the most by 1696 French armies had destroyed the villages of most Iroquois nations (pop. Decline of 20%)Grand Settlement Five Nations made peace with France: this allowed them to rebuild their population and gain recognition as a key to the balance of power in the NEQueen Annes WarAlso called the War of Spanish SuccessionThis war reinforced the Anglo-American awareness of their military weaknessIn the north, French and Indian raiders destroyed several towns in Maine and Mass.In the south, the Spanish invade Carolina and almost take Charles TownTreaty of Utrecht (1713) France gives up claims to Hudson Bay, but not North Americas interior (Mississippi River system)

The most important impact of these conflicts was political, and not militaryAnglo-Americans reinforced their identity as Protestant and adherents of political libertyThis also meant acknowledging their dependence upon the newly formed United Kingdom of Great BritainDuring the post 1713 peace Britain could get back to its economic growthAs mercantilism buttressed the growing wealth and diversity of the colonies colonists began to emulate the British. This is where the wealth in the new world went. Commerce was key. Cheap imported goods created a growing middle-class lifestyle (key to democratic development)Staffordshire pottery might be seen as the Coca-Cola of the eighteenth century. The colonists love to sit and have tea.The French and the Spanish systems never quite matched this. Their wealth went straight to the mother country and never fully developed their North American coloniesDuring the 1st half of the eighteenth century all three colonial populations quadruped in size to 1.17 mil. For the British; 60,000 for the French; and 19,000 for the SpanishThey limited immigration to CatholicsSpain just wanted a buffer against both the English and the French presidios and mission work to rally IndiansThe French are discouraged by cold of Canada and the Louisiana reputation - the French sent criminals and paupers there; as well as encouraging large scale slave importsBy 1732 2/3 of lower Louisiana was black and enslavedWhite women in the British colonies had eight children and forty-two grandchildrenNatural increase was the key to the British growth and stability in the American Colonies40% of the newcomers were enslaved, and the owners deliberately mixed them to avoid rebellion (less cohesion)Slavery was a southern institution, but 15% lived north of Maryland, mostly in New York and New Jersey (NY 1/7)By 1750 the rate of natural increase for slaves was almost equal to whitesCreole (American-born) slaves grewSharp differences between them and the African-born slavesDifferencesAutonomyWorked in servicesLearned to speakImmigration to the American Colonies changed as wellA greater percentage of Irish and Germans came in the first half of the 1700sScots-Irish came as complete familiesIrish were 90% unmarried malesGermans from the Rhine Valley

Pattern was that they were poorPg. 99 pie chartsRising number of immigrants to the Piedmont, many first settling in Charles TownBy 1750 1/3 of colonists had moved into the Piedmont; page 100 mapMany were convictsFranklin complained of German influx into PennsylvaniaDue to the number of children, rural white men could give to their heirs little more than 1/6 or 1/7 of their estateOften young men turned to the frontier, the port cities, or the high seasRural families depended heavily on womenColonial FarmersImpact of rapid deforestationDrove away gameRemoved protection from windsHastened run-off of spring waters (heavier flooding)Impediments like mills and floating timbersRapid reduction in fishExhaustion of soil without crop rotationUrban ParadoxA key to the colonist rising prosperity, yet held only 4% of the populationPhiladelphia, Boston, and New York of the children died by 21Adults lived 10 yrs. LessAfter 1700 the problem of the urban poor and how to pay for themBy 1772 4% of NY required public assistance; Philadelphia had 11% listed as poorWealth was remaining in the hands of a fewRichest 10% owned about 45% of the propertyUrban women often worked as servants, helping urban wives with household itemsSlaverys WagesBlack slaves consumed 50 lbs. of meat a year (whites 200)Slaves were provided with eight quarts of corn and a pound of pork each week, but were expected to grow their own vegetables, forage for wild fruits, and perhaps raise poultry.Slaves began part-time labor at 7; full time at 11-14In South Carolina and Georgia under tasking allowed slaves to farm a quarter acre, and even keep and sell their own hogs and sell surplus vegetablesOne slave even bought his own slave and then traded his slave for his freedomBut as the black slave population became a majority, the system became harsher1721 curfew1735 law dress code on slaves1739 Stono Rebellion20 blacks grew to 80 blacks; they killed 20 whites

Result was that slaves came under constant surveillanceMasters were fined for not disciplining slaves and legislation was required for manumissionBy midcentury, slaves made up 20% of New York and over 50% of Charles Town and SavannahMany slave owners rented out their slaves slave artisansFrance and Native Americans1718 New Orleans is est. as the capital and port city of Louisiana (Frances focus)In Louisiana a mix of white, black and Indian (Choctow) traded, farmed, etc.Illinois was the most successful part of the colony: they grew wheatFrance attempts to capitalize on trade with Natives in Ohio Valley countryThis will weaken the EnglishHowever, the French brutally suppressed the Natchez in 1720-30 and enslaved many Native Americans to labor for them in the WestThey traded guns to the Indians of the PlainsThese same Indians were acquiring horses from the remains of the Spanish in the west/southwestNative Americans and British ExpansionMost importantly the Covenant ChainThis was a series of treaties in which the Iroquois confederacy help the colonies subjugate Indians who were on land the English wantedWalking Purchase in PennsylvaniaFraudulent treaty with the Delaware that said the Delawares had sold their land as far west as a man could walk in a day and a half. PA got 1200 more sq. miles

Spains TenacityAttempting to repopulate the Southwest after the Pueblo Revolt, Spain awards grants of 26 sq. mi. when 10+ families found a townPopulation in New Mexico 14,000Raids from Apaches, Utes, ComanchesEst. Texas with San Antonio in 1716The Pueblo Revolt (1680)The Spanish sought to rule the SW by subordinating the Pueblo IndiansEst. churches and limited their indigenous religious practicesSet up encomiendasDrove a wedge between the Pueblo and the Apaches and Navajos by forcing the Pueblo to pay tribute in corn (that surplus they traded with the Apache)When skirmishes broke out amongst the tribes the Pueblos sought to return to native waysFranciscan missioners destroyed their sacred kivas (ceremonial centers) and the Gov. ordered soldiers to attackAfter a brief cooling off, in 1680, the Pueblo killed almost 70 Spanish colonists, then proceeded to Santa Fe and killed around 400This act removed the Spanish from the SW for 12 yrs. until it was reconqueredThen the Spanish eliminated the encomieda system and the missionaries were not to disrupt traditional religious practicesPublic Life in British American, 1689-1750Englands new Bill of Rights was the foundation of government and politics in the coloniesThe Enlightenment and the Great Awakening are the two major eventsSignificant because more colonists began to participate inPoliticsIntellectual discussionsNew religious movementsColonial politicsRise of the assemblies, the only political body subject to control by colonists rather than by English officialsSteady assertion of authority by refusing outside meddling, taking control of taxes and budgets, and most importantly reigning in executive salariesDespite executive power to veto acts, dismiss assemblies, and call new elections, the Gov. was subject to financial pressure (they paid his income)There was a political vacuumThere was a Board of Trade that had the authority to monitor American developments, but they rarely exercised authorityColonial assemblies were the wealthiest 2 percentLegal requirements barred 80% of white men from running for the assemblyYou must own at least 1000 acresOnly given living expensesMost towns chose their legislators among 3-4 familiesVotersIn 7 colonies voters had to own 40-50 acresAbout 40% of free white men could not meet these requirementsRural participation was lowMost governors called elections when he say fit so they had little knowledge of themYou had to state your opinion openlyMost elections were uncontested- gentlemans dutyIn the northern seaports a competitive environment ensuedJournals got involved with mudslinging1734 case of the Weekly Journals printer, John Zenger, seditiously libeling the Gov. of New YorkEncouraged a broadening political discussion and participationSeized on the growing colonial practice of allowing attorneys so speak directly to juriesThis empowered nonelites such as voters, readers, and jurorsThen EnlightenmentLiteracy and education allowed colonists to participate in the trans-Atlantic world of ideas and beliefsScience and communityBen Franklin was influential in this movement in the coloniesReading discussion groupsThe American Philosophical SocietyThe Great AwakeningIn the mid 1700s there are those who are thankful for the ability to reason, etc., yet many still suffer the fragility of life (diphtheria killed every tenth child under sixteen in 1737/8)The Great Awakening cuts across class, gender, and even raceRevivals and traveling preachers who appealed to emotions rather than intellectFocus was on the emptiness of material comfort, corruption of human nature, and fury of divine wrathImmediate redemption was neededJonathon Edwardss famous Sinners in the Hands of an Angry GodPresbyterian William Tennent and Dutch Reformed Theodore Frelinghuysen held prayer meetings call RefreshingsGeorge Whitefield pulled crowds as large as 20,000Most converts were young adultsLanguage also exposed societys divisionsChurches divideRevivalists became the New LightsRationalist clergy the Old Lights (Anglican, Presbyterian, and Congregationalist churches)

ministers lack saving grace vs. an epidemic of enthusiasm that has unleashed a sort of madnessCongregationalist churches split the mostEsp. in Massachusetts and Connecticut where the church was est. by lawIf New Lights didnt pay tithes the new churches were denied legal statusRevivalists were barred from preaching, performing marriagesMembers expelled from the legislatureLong-term impact of the GADecline in the influence of the Quakers, Anglicans, and Congregationalists (established denominations)Increase in Presbyterians and BaptistsIncreased the founding of colleges (both sides)Princeton (Pres.), Columbia (Anglicans), Brown (Baptists), Rutgers (Dutch Reformed), Dartmouth (Congregationalists)Religion spreads beyond the ranks of whitesWomen are much more involvedSome denominational differences were blurred