NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway Dasmariñas City, Cavite EXPERIMENT # 1 Passive Low-Pass and High-Pass Filter Bani, Arviclyn C. June 28, 2011 Signal Spectra and Signal Processing/ BSECE 41A1 Score: Eng’r. Grace Ramones Instructor
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NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway Dasmariñas City, Cavite
EXPERIMENT # 1
Passive Low-Pass and High-Pass Filter
Bani, Arviclyn C. June 28, 2011
Signal Spectra and Signal Processing/ BSECE 41A1 Score:
Eng’r. Grace Ramones
Instructor
OBJECTIVES
1. Plot the gain frequency response of a first-order (one-pole) R-C low-pass filter.
2. Determine the cutoff frequency and roll-off of an R-C first-order (one-pole) low-pass filter.
3. Plot the phase-frequency of a first-order (one-pole) low-pass filter.
4. Determine how the value of R and C affects the cutoff frequency of an R-C low-pass filter.
5. Plot the gain-frequency response of a first-order (one-pole) R-C high pass filter.
6. Determine the cutoff frequency and roll-off of a first-order (one-pole) R-C high pass filter.
7. Plot the phase-frequency response of a first-order (one-pole) high-pass filter.
8. Determine how the value of R and C affects the cutoff frequency of an R-C high pass filter.
COMPUTATION
Step 4
Step 6
Question – Step 6
Question – Step 7
–
Step 15
Step 17
Question – Step 17
Question – Step 18
DATA SHEET
MATERIALS
One function generator
One dual-trace oscilloscope
Capacitors: 0.02 µF, 0.04µF
Resistors: 1 kΩ, 2 kΩ
THEORY
In electronic communication systems, it is often necessary to separate a specific range of
frequencies from the total frequency spectrum. This is normally accomplished with filters. A filter is
a circuit that passes a specific range of frequencies while rejecting other frequencies. A passive
filter consists of passive circuit elements, such as capacitors, inductors, and resistors. There are
four basic types of filters, low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop. A low-pass filter is
designed to pass all frequencies below the cutoff frequency and reject all frequencies above the
cutoff frequency. A high-pass is designed to pass all frequencies above the cutoff frequency and
reject all frequencies below the cutoff frequency. A band-pass filter passes all frequencies within a
band of frequencies and rejects all other frequencies outside the band. A band-stop filter rejects all
frequencies within a band of frequencies and passes all other frequencies outside the band. A
band-stop filter rejects all frequencies within a band of frequencies and passes all other
frequencies outside the band. A band-stop filter is often is often referred to as a notch filter. In this
experiment, you will study low-pass and high-pass filters.
The most common way to describe the frequency response characteristics of a filter is to plot the
filter voltage gain (Vo/Vi) in dB as a function of frequency (f). The frequency at which the output
power gain drops to 50% of the maximum value is called the cutoff frequency (fC). When the output
power gain drops to 50%, the voltage gain drops 3 dB (0.707 of the maximum value). When the
filter dB voltage gain is plotted as a function of frequency on a semi log graph using straight lines to
approximate the actual frequency response, it is called a Bode plot. A bode plot is an ideal plot of
filter frequency response because it assumes that the voltage gain remains constant in the
passband until the cutoff frequency is reached, and then drops in a straight line. The filter network
voltage in dB is calculated from the actual voltage gain (A) using the equation
AdB = 20 log A
where A = Vo/Vi
A low-pass R-C filter is shown in Figure 1-1. At frequencies well below the cut-off frequency, the
capacitive reactance of capacitor C is much higher than the resistance of resistor R, causing the
output voltage to be practically equal to the input voltage (A=1) and constant with the variations in
frequency. At frequencies well above the cut-off frequency, the capacitive reactance of capacitor C
is much lower than the resistance of resistor R and decreases with an increase in frequency,
causing the output voltage to decrease 20 dB per decade increase in frequency. At the cutoff
frequency, the capacitive reactance of capacitor C is equal to the resistance of resistor R, causing
the output voltage to be 0.707 times the input voltage (-3dB). The expected cutoff frequency (fC) of
the low-pass filter in Figure 1-1, based on the circuit component value, can be calculated from
XC = R
Solving for fC produces the equation
A high-pass R-C filter is shown in figure 1-2. At frequencies well above the cut-off frequency, the
capacitive reactance of capacitor C is much lower than the resistance of resistor R causing the
output voltage to be practically equal to the input voltage (A=1) and constant with the variations in
frequency. At frequencies well below the cut-off frequency, the capacitive reactance of capacitor C
is much higher than the resistance of resistor R and increases with a decrease in frequency, causing
the output voltage to decrease 20 dB per decade decrease in frequency. At the cutoff frequency,
the capacitive reactance of capacitor C is equal to the resistance of resistor R, causing the output
voltage to be 0.707 times the input voltage (-3dB). The expected cutoff frequency (fC) of the high-
pass filter in Figure 1-2, based on the circuit component value, can be calculated from
Fig 1-1 Low-Pass R-C Filter
When the frequency at the input of a low-pass filter increases above the cutoff frequency, the filter
output drops at a constant rate. When the frequency at the input of a high-pass filter decreases
below the cutoff frequency, the filter output voltage also drops at a constant rate. The constant
drop in filter output voltage per decade increase (x10), or decrease ( 10), in frequency is called
roll-off. An ideal low-pass or high-pass filter would have an instantaneous drop at the cut-off
frequency (fC), with full signal level on one side of the cutoff frequency and no signal level on the
other side of the cutoff frequency. Although the ideal is not achievable, actual filters roll-off at -
20dB/decade per pole (R-C circuit). A one-pole filter has one R-C circuit tuned to the cutoff
frequency and rolls off at -20dB/decade. At two-pole filter has two R-C circuits tuned to the same
cutoff frequency and rolls off at -40dB/decade. Each additional pole (R-C circuit) will cause the filter
to roll-off an additional -20dB/decade. Therefore, an R-C filter with more poles (R-C circuits) more
closely approaches an ideal filter.
In a pole filter, as shown the Figure 1-1 and 1-2 the phase (θ) between the input and the output will
change by 90 degrees and over the frequency range and be 45 degrees at the cutoff frequency. In a
two-pole filter, the phase (θ) will change by 180 degrees over the frequency range and be 90
degrees at the cutoff frequency.
Fig 1-2 High-Pass R-C Filter
PROCEDURE
Low-Pass Filter
Step 1 Open circuit file FIG 1-1. Make sure that the following Bode plotter settings are selected: