FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS COURSE CODE BNQ 20104 EXPERIMENT NO. EXPERIMENT 4 EXPERIMENT TITLE SEPARATING AND THROTTLING CALORIMETER DATE GROUP NO. LECTURER/ INSTRUCTOR/ TUTOR 1) DR. NADIRUL HASRAF BIN MAT NAYAN 2) PUAN AZIAH BT ABU SAMAH DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR LABORATORY REPORT ATTENDANCE/PARTICIPATION/DISPLINE /5% INTRODUCTION: /5% PROCEDURE: /5% RESULTS & CALCULATIONS /15% ANALYSIS /15% DISCUSSIONS: /20% ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS: /15% CONCLUSION: /10% SUGGESTION & RECOMENDATIONS /5% REFERENCES: /5% TOTAL: /100% EXAMINER COMMENTS: RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP
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FACULTY : ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EDITION:
LABORATORY: THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
REVISION NO:
EXPERIMENT: SEPARATING AND THROTTLING CALORIMETER
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT DATE:
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGYDEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS
COURSE CODE BNQ 20104
EXPERIMENT NO. EXPERIMENT 4
EXPERIMENT TITLE SEPARATING AND THROTTLING CALORIMETER
DATE
GROUP NO.
LECTURER/ INSTRUCTOR/ TUTOR
1) DR. NADIRUL HASRAF BIN MAT NAYAN
2) PUAN AZIAH BT ABU SAMAH
DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION
DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR LABORATORY REPORT
ATTENDANCE/PARTICIPATION/DISPLINE /5%
INTRODUCTION: /5%
PROCEDURE: /5%
RESULTS & CALCULATIONS /15%
ANALYSIS /15%
DISCUSSIONS: /20%
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS: /15%
CONCLUSION: /10%
SUGGESTION & RECOMENDATIONS /5%
REFERENCES: /5%
TOTAL: /100%
EXAMINER COMMENTS: RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP
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FACULTY : ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EDITION:
LABORATORY: THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
REVISION NO:
EXPERIMENT: SEPARATING AND THROTTLING CALORIMETER
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT DATE:
STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit
to not accept or provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that
is in it is true.
1) Group Leader __________________________________________(Signature)Name : _____Yeu Ho Kiet__________________Matrix No. : _____AN140177___________________
2) Group Member 1 __________________________________________(Signature)Name : ____Kogulan a/l Subramaniam_____Matrix No : ____DN140115_____________________
3) Group Member 2 __________________________________________(Signature)Name : _____Jaayshini a/p Murugiah_____Matrix No. : _____AN140023___________________
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FACULTY : ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EDITION:
LABORATORY: THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
REVISION NO:
EXPERIMENT: SEPARATING AND THROTTLING CALORIMETER
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT DATE:
1.0 OBJECTIVES
a) To determine the dryness fraction of steam.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this experiment students are able to:
a) Understand the concepts of dryness fraction.
b) Implement and analyse the required data collectively within member of
group.
c) Produce good technical report according to the required standard.
3.0 INTRODUCTION
3.1 Dryness Fraction
The dryness fraction is defined as the quantity of dry vapour present in any
wet vapour mixture.
3.2 Separating Calorimeter
This is mechanical process where the incoming steam to the calorimeter is
made through a series of obtuse angle the inertia of the water droplets
causes them to separate from steam flow. If
Wi = quantity of dry steam discharged from calorimeter
Ws = quantity of water separated in the calorimeter in the same time
interval;
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FACULTY : ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EDITION:
LABORATORY: THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
REVISION NO:
EXPERIMENT: SEPARATING AND THROTTLING CALORIMETER
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT DATE:
then the dryness fraction as measured by the separating calorimeter (Xs)
3.3 Throttling calorimeter
Consider a fluid flowing through a throttling orifice from higher pressure P1
to a lower pressure P2. From the steady flow energy equation, it can be
shown that adiabatic throttling is a constant enthalpy process. The wet
steam before the throttling will become superheated steam at the lower
pressure after throttling.
Enthalpy of wet steam P1 before throttling;
Where, = specific enthalpy of saturated liquid (sensible heat)
corresponding to pressure P1
= dryness fraction of steam measured by throttling calorimeter
= specific enthalpy of vaporisation (latent heat) corresponding to
pressure P1
Enthalpy of superheated steam at P2 after throttling
Where, = specific enthalpy of saturated vapour corresponding to
pressure P2
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FACULTY : ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EDITION:
LABORATORY: THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
REVISION NO:
EXPERIMENT: SEPARATING AND THROTTLING CALORIMETER
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT DATE:
= specific heat at constant pressure
= steam temperature at throttling calorimeter
= saturated steam temperature corresponding to pressure P2
Since H1 = H2,
3.4 Combined Separating and Throttling
If w = quantity of water in steam leaving the separating calorimeter and
entering the throttling calorimeter, then by definition of dryness fraction
But the separating calorimeter has already removed WS water, therefore
total quantity of water is (WS + w) in wet steam (WS + Wt)
Applying this to the definition of dryness fraction
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FACULTY : ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EDITION:
LABORATORY: THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
REVISION NO:
EXPERIMENT: SEPARATING AND THROTTLING CALORIMETER
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT DATE:
But w = Wt (1 – Xt)
From equation (1),
Therefore:
True dryness fraction,
X = XS x Xt (3)
4.0 INSTRUMENTS /APPARATUS
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FACULTY : ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EDITION:
LABORATORY: THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
REVISION NO:
EXPERIMENT: SEPARATING AND THROTTLING CALORIMETER
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT DATE:
Figure 1: Cusson P7660 Separating and throttling calorimeter
Figure 2: The equipment panel mounted on a freestanding framework
5.0 PROCEDURE
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FACULTY : ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EDITION:
LABORATORY: THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
REVISION NO:
EXPERIMENT: SEPARATING AND THROTTLING CALORIMETER
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT DATE:
1. Cooling water flow through condenser is started.
2. Condensate collecting vessel is placed under the condenser
outlet.
3. Small valve on throttling calorimeter is closed to isolate the
manometer.
4. The steam valve is opened and the steam is allowed to flow
through the condenser is sufficient to condense all the steam.
5. When condition have stabilised, the valve to the manometer
is opened.
6. The separated condensate level is allowed to build up in the
separating calorimeter until liquid can been in the calorimeter condensate
level tube.
7. The condensate-collecting vessel is drained.
8. The main condensate-collecting vessel is refitted under the
condenser outlet.
9. Measure and record;
a) Initial value of fluid level in the separating calorimeter.
b) Initial value of condense level in the main condensate-collecting vessel.
c) The steam pressure in the steam main.
d) The steam pressure after throttling.
e) Steam main steam temperature.
f) Temperature in the throttling calorimeter.
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FACULTY : ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EDITION:
LABORATORY: THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
REVISION NO:
EXPERIMENT: SEPARATING AND THROTTLING CALORIMETER
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT DATE:
g) Barometric pressure.
The value from (c) to (f) parameter values should be checked about six
times during the course of measurement.
10. The apparatus is allowed to cool and the condenser cooling