EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - Punjab Pollution Control Board

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The existing methods of Management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in India are not only unscientific but also inadequate. At present not even 5% of the total waste produced is subjected to processing methods like biomethanation, composting, etc. for its reuse.

Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB) engaged Punjab State Council for Science & Technology (PSCST) to carry out detailed study of MSW management practices in two towns of Punjab namely, Mandi Gobindgarh and Kartarpur to assess the quantity and quality of municipal solid waste (MSW), to study the existing mechanism of storage, collection, transportation and disposal of MSW and to develop economically viable strategies for its scientific management. This report presents the findings of Mandi Gobindgarh. Administrative structure for MSW management

Mandi Gobindgarh, popularly known as “Steel Town of India” is a Class-I municipality spread over an area of 16 sq. km. The existing population has been worked out as 77,144 with additional floating population of 19,500.

The town is divided into 19 wards, each represented by elected councilor. MSW management in the town is carried out by the Municipal Council (MC) headed by the President who is consensually elected amongst the ward councilors. The administrative head of the MC is Executive Officer who carries out the work with the help of sanitary inspectors, sanitary supervisor and sanitary mates. MC handles the collection and transportation of MSW from 12 wards where as rest of the 7 wards are covered by a private contractor. The overall manpower employed for MSW collection & transportation is 178 (including contractor’s employees). Present status

The storage and collection practices in Mandi Gobindgarh vary from family to family. MC/Contractor employees or private sweepers engaged by the owner, collect the waste from source and then either dump it at designated Primary Collection Centers (PCC) or throw it in the open. A total of 26 designated PCCs and approximately 100 open dump sites have been identified. Most of the PCCs are on private property except two on MC’s land No segregation of MSW is being practiced at individual house. However, rag-pickers (approximately 150 in number) do pick up lot of recyclable waste (approximately 7.5 tons) from PCCs and open dump sites.

For estimating the quantity of MSW generated from Mandi Gobindgarh, door-to-door survey of the town was done by PSCST engineers. Solid waste

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from Residential, Commercial, Vegetable & Fruit market, Hotels & Restaurants, Slaughter Houses, Dairy & Cattle Shed Waste, Construction & Demolition Waste, etc. was estimated separately. It was found that the total MSW generation from the town is 44 tons/day, thus resulting to per capita generation of 420 g against a population of 96,654. Out of 44 tons, residential area alone generates 31 tons of waste, thus leading to 320g/capita for residential waste. Also, it was noticed, that on a particular day, from collection and transportation perspective, MC and contractor both are able to cover only 60-70% of the town.

One Dumper Placer and four tractor trolleys are being used to transport

the waste from PCCs to the final landfill site, currently located on Ajnali road. All the transported waste finds its way to the landfill site, no further processing is being done. It was found that only 21 tons out of a total waste of 44 tons reaches the landfill site. This can be attributed to the fact that lot of waste is consumed by stray animals, part of the recyclable waste is picked up by rag-pickers and a substantial part is left uncollected and littered around the town.

To get an idea of the quality of MSW from Mandi Gobindgarh, four samples representing different zones viz. residential (rich and poor area), commercial area and landfill site were collected and got analyzed from M/S Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, New Delhi. Analysis results reveal that:

Total compost-able matter which includes organic residues, paper, leather

and wood varies between 24.5 to 28% for the undisturbed samples whereas the same is 21.1% at landfill site, indicating a part of organic waste is being eaten away by stray animals.

Recyclable material which includes paper, plastics, rubber, metals glass,

etc. constitutes 15.3 to 28% in undisturbed sample whereas it is 10.7% in disturbed sample. This difference can be attributed to the fact that rag-pickers pick up approximately 50% of the recyclable waste from the PCCs.

Inert inorganic material including construction waste, street sweeping and

other non-volatile matter varies from 50.5%-54% at undisturbed site to 59.7% at landfill site.

Calorific value ranges between 1088 to 1258 kcal/kg and moisture content

was found to be high in both disturbed and undisturbed samples. On comparison with similar studies carried out for the cities of Kapurthla, Vejalpur, Namkkal, Suryapet, it can be safely assumed that MSW from Mandi Gobindgarh will constitute 25% recyclable material, 30% compostable matter and the inert material forms 45% of the total.

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Proposed SWM practices 1.0 Segregation of Waste: 100% segregation of compostable and recyclable waste (household, shops, hotels and restaurants etc.) at source is proposed to avoid degradation and devaluation of recyclables, higher recovery of recyclables, lesser infrastructure for transportation, better quality of non-recyclable waste and final product like compost, biogas etc. 2.0 Collection and transportation of waste 2.1 Compostable/recyclable waste

The total waste generation of compostable & recyclable waste has been estimated as 13TPD and 11 TPD respectively. The total area has been divided as broad area (16000 units) and narrow area (4000 units). 40 No. tricycles are proposed for the collection of waste in narrow areas on the basis that one tricycle would cover 100 units. 2 no. dumper placers are required for transferring the waste from tricycles to the compost plant. Where as 16 one toners are required for the collection of waste from broad areas on the basis that each one toner would cover 1000 units in two rounds with 8 hrs. working daily. The one toners will transport the compostable waste directly to the compost plant. Recyclable waste would be sold by the safai sewaks at their own level. The details are placed at Annexure - I.

2.2 Inert waste

The total generation of inert waste has been estimated as 20 TPD. 60

sweepers are required to sweep 120 km of road/street length on the basis that each safai sewak will sweep 2 Kms of the road length. 12 tricycles are required for the collection of waste in narrow areas. On the basis that one tricycle will collect the sweeping waste from 2km length. One dumper placer is required to transfer the waste from these tricycles to the land fill site. 5 one toners are proposed for collection of waste from broad areas to the land fill site. The existing tractor trolleys (2 no.) are proposed for the transportation of garden/construction waste to the landfill site. The details are placed at Annexure - II.

The details of the measures recommended for the storage & collection of waste and infrastructure & manpower required for the collection and transportation of compostable and inert waste is placed at Annexure III.

3.0 Mechanical Compost plant

A mechanical compost plant of 25 TPD capacity is proposed for the treatment of bio-degradable waste considering the future projection of 16 years. Windrow composting is proposed for the treatment of organic waste with size of

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each windrow as 8x2.7x1.5 m (33 m3). The details are placed at Annexure - IV. 4.0 Scientific Sanitary Land fill Site

A sanitary land fill site of 34 TPD capacity is proposed for the treatment of inorganic waste considering the future projection of 15 years. The selection of the site would be done in compliance with the criteria mentioned in detailed report. Environmental impact assessment will be carried out of the identified site. 3 cells, each having life of 5 years are required to be constructed at the site with height of the land fill site as 9 m. In the proposed project, the development and closure cost of one cell has been taken into account. The land fill site has been designed meeting the guidelines mentioned in Municipal Solid waste management manual published by Ministry of Urban Development. The details are placed at Annexure - V. 5.0 Capital Cost

The cost of the project has been estimated as Rs. 365.85 lacs which includes the cost of segregation, collection and transportation of waste, compost plant, scientific sanitary landfill site and others etc. The details are placed at Annexure - VI.

6.0 Operation and Maintenance

The total operation and maintenance cost has been estimated as Rs. 188.82 lacs per annum on account of manpower, fuel, maintenance of vehicles, compost plant, land fill site , medicines/ germicides, uniforms etc. The details are placed at Annexure - VII. 7.0 Revenue Generation

The revenue generation from the sale of compost from the compost plant has been estimated as 61.32 lacs per annum against the annual operation and maintenance expenditure on compost plant as 28.51 lacs. The details are placed at Annexure - VIII. 8.0 Proposed Mechanism to meet O&M expenditure The total operation and maintenance expenditure after deducting annual revenue generation from the compost plant has been estimated as Rs.127.50 lacs per annum. It is proposed that 70% of this expenditure shall be met out by

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levying a reasonable charges of Rs.60/- per month from the commercial units and Rs. 35 per month from the residential units. The remaining 30% may be borne by the Municipal Committee.

9.0 Awareness Awareness campaigns will be organized by inducting social engineers to educate the public for adopting segregation concept. A team consisting of councilors, municipal staff and a few prominent citizens would be taken around the state of the art cities like Surat, Vejalpur, Nammakkal etc. where the solid waste management is being handled successfully so as to give them a first-hand glimpse of the possible improvements in the city. Even the visit of workers, manning the solid waste in the model cities, would be arranged to Mandi Gobindgarh to narrate their experiences. The local NGOs would also be involved in this process. 10.0 Management of Information System: It is proposed to introduce e-governance as being practiced in Vejalpur where bio metric machines have been installed to record the presence of the MC workers/employees. This ensures efficient collection and disposal system making a transparent and accountable.

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1.0 CITY PROFILE

1.1 Introduction

Solid waste can be defined as material that no longer has any value to the person who is responsible for its generation. At the same time, it is generally disposed off in open. The terms garbage, trash, refuse and rubbish are also commonly used to denote solid waste. Solid waste management includes all activities that seek to minimize its adverse impacts on health, environmental and aesthetics.

Growing urbanization and industrialization have led to generation of large quantities of solid waste which can be broadly classified as Municipal solid waste (MSW), Industrial solid waste (ISW) and Biomedical solid waste. MSW includes commercial and residential wastes generated in a Municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi solid form.

India produces approximately 36.5 million tones of MSW every year. The urban local bodies spend approximately Rs. 500 to Rs. 1500 per ton on solid waste for collection, transportation, treatment and disposal. About 60-70% of this amount is spent on collection, 20-30% on transportation and less than 5% on final disposal (India Country report, Taiwan). Out of the total solid waste collected, on an average 94% is dumped on land and 5% is composted. The uncollected waste finds its way into sewers, some is eaten by stray animals, some burnt on roadsides and some is left to rot in the open. All these practices lead to air and water pollution, clogging of sewers and ill health effects.

Today, no town is devoid of the heaps of garbage piled up in the street

corners and road sides with the result that the total hygiene of the people and the environment has been mindlessly compromised. Today, the public and civic authorities are seriously looking into the solution of this mounting crisis.

In this context, Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB) awarded a project

to Punjab State Council for Science & Technology (PSCST) for “Preparation of Detailed Project Report on MSW for the town of Mandi Gobindgarh” on 17th Feb. 2005. The main objectives of this project are:

To assess the quantity and quality of municipal solid waste (MSW)

generated from Mandi Gobindgarh To study the existing mechanism of storage, collection, transportation and

disposal of MSW. To develop economically viable strategies for scientific management of

MSW.

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1.2 History of Mandi Gobindgarh Old records of State of Nabha, Mughal history of Sirhind Suba and Sikh history from Shiromani Gurudwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) have been consulted for tracing the history of Mandi Gobindgarh. Mughal history reveals that during Mughal empire prior to 1763, Mandi Gobindgarh was known as Barri Dhab, a big Sarovar, and Rulers of Suba Sirhind used to come here for Shikar. The then Governor, Jani Khan was defeated at the erstwhile State of Patiala, Nabha and Jind in the battle field and this area was taken over by the then Maharaja of Nabha Estate during 1763. Thereafter, Maharaja Heera Singh laid the foundation stone of Mandi Gobindgarh in 1902. He built Mandi (market place) within 4 gates while constructing similar types of shop-cum-residential accommodation which can also be seen today. However, the gates were demolished by the Municipal Committee, later on for want of space and expansion of roads etc. According to historian, Bhai Kahan Singh of Nabha, Mandi Gobindgarh has been named after the name of a small village Gobind situated in tehsil and police station, Amloh where 6th Guru of Sikhs “Shri HarGobind Singh” stayed for 2 months during 1646, at the bank of a big Sarovar known in those days as Barri Dhab in Punjabi. He was accompanied by his followers and warriors. Some clash occurred between Guru Sahib Lashkar (Sepoys) and the then Mughal Fauz in which swords of some Sepoys went blunt and broke. They then requested Guru Sahib that there was not even a piece of steel in this area for repairs of their weapons, so how could they fight further. Guru Sahib smilingly said, “some day this place will be a big steel producing centre in the country where you say that no steel is available for repair of the weapons”. Then, the Sepoys were directed to a nearby place, where they found some steel scrap and repaired their weapons. The village (repair place) is known as Lahar Majra. Guru Sahib stayed nearby a big sarover where Gurudwara Chhevin Patshahi is built now. Further, during the British Regime in 1940-42, some restrictions were imposed under the Iron & Steel licensing system declaring that no person could produce Iron rounds etc., without the permission of the Government. At that time, the area of Gobindgarh was under Nabha State and was a free trade zone. There were some factories of steel re-rolling functioning at Khanna, a nearby town which was under the British rule. Due to the ban, these factories opted to shift to Mandi Gobindgarh being a free trade zone. (Taken from Municipal Council, Mandi Gobindgarh, Sector plan map) The first re-rolling mill started functioning during 1940 and till the end of 1959, there were only 32 steel re-rolling mills at this place. Thereafter, the Government of India announced a general relaxation in rules on 14.4.1960 and every one was free to install a steel re-rolling mill anywhere in the country. By virtue of this relaxation, the steel re-rolling industry started flourishing at Mandi Gobindgarh and nearby stations like Khanna, Sirhind and Amloh. According to a latest survey, there are about 310 steel re-rolling mills, collectively in Mandi Gobindgarh & Khanna, spread over a radius of 10 km.

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Table – 1:Ward-wise details of population

Ward no.

No. of Houses

Population

1 637 2276 2 445 2176 3 445 2693 4 430 3099 5 638 2331 6 808 2894 7 1099 2827 8 771 3286 9 379 2291 10 542 2853 11 702 3460 12 644 3466 13 750 3460 14 664 3112 15 764 3565 16 761 3160 17 668 2692 18 574 2481 19 629 3276

Total 12,350 55,398

1.3 Area & Population Municipal boundary of Mandi Gobindgarh spans over a total area of 16 sq.

km (10 sq. km residential and 6 sq. km industrial) with G.T. Road (National Highway No.1) running through the town. Mandi Gobindgarh, being a highly industrialized town and also known as Steel Town of India – constitutes very little green cover and recreational area. There are only three municipal gardens and 40-50 kitchen gardens in big kothis. The town is divided into 19 wards as shown in Drawing 1. However, on lines of the most well planned cities in India like Chandigarh and Gandhinagar in Gujarat, a plan is underway for converting the existing wards of Mandi Gobindgarh into sectors. 1.3.1 Registered Population: Statistical Abstract of Punjab reveals population of Mandi Gobindgarh as per 2001 census as 60,672. The Municipal Council (MC) office reported the ward-wise population as 55,398 in the same year (Table 1). The issue of difference in population figures was discussed in detail with the Councilors in a meeting held on 10th March, 2005 where all were of the opinion that population of the town should be considered as 60,672 in year 2001 (Minutes of the meeting attached in Annexure-IX). Using various mathematical tools, the population for the year 2007 works out to be 77,144 as per details given in Annexure – X. 1.3.2 Floating Population:

Keeping the industrial activities and actual survey of the town in view, it was observed that a large number of migrant labour are residing in a number of industrial godowns and slums and they are not covered under the Census. The MC, Mandi Gobindgarh has not specifically identified any slum areas. During visits to Ward No.8,11,12,13,14 and 15, it was observed that groups of 50-100 workers working in various metallurgical units are residing in industrial godowns or single room dwelling units having common public utilities specifically meant for labour class. Some of these migrant labours are also keeping the milking animals of industrialists and landlords for their day to day milk requirements. Further reconnaissance of public places such as railway station, bus stand, hospitals and religious places reveal that there is a substantial

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floating population visiting the town, mainly relating to transportation and steel business sector etc. As such the total population including unregistered voters and floating population which otherwise generates municipal waste; has been assessed as approximately 19,500. Design Population for working out MSW Quantity

The total population contributing to municipal solid waste in the year 2007 is estimated to be 96,654 with the break up as:- Estimated population against registered voters : 77,144 Floating and Unregistered Population : 19,500

1.4 Main Tourist spots in the city

Mandi Gobindgarh has some very important buildings of historical importance. These places and their year of construction and establishment are given below:

Table - 2 : Tourist spots and their year of establishment S.No. Tourist Spot Year of establishment 1. Shree Krishan Mandir 1914 2. Gurudwara Chhevin Patshahi 1922 3. Floating Restaurant 1976

1.5 Climate

Mandi Gobindgarh being in North India, experiences extreme climate. It experiences three major seasons – summer, winter and the monsoon. Summers (March-June) are hot, humid and extremely harsh. Temperature varies from 20 to 45˚C. However, winters (November-February) are extremely cold when temperature ranges between 2 -15˚C. Monsoon generally arrives in last week of June to first half of October with annual average rainfall as given below: Table – 3 : Annual Rainfall Data

Year Annual Rainfall in mm 1970 171.4 1980 873.9 1990 1195.7 1999 315.7 2000 364.2 2001 399.0 2002 285.7

(Source : Statistical Abstract of Punjab)

It may be mentioned that local climate is influenced by the air pollution levels. Two major industrial towns – Mandi Gobindgarh and Khanna, very closely located, contribute approximately 50 tons of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in an area of around 40 sq. km. Because of this, MoEF/CPCB has declared Mandi Gobindgarh a highly polluted town in Punjab. The ground water table in this town as reported by the MC is 70-80 feet.

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Table – 4: Manpower involved for Management of MSW

Name of the official

Numbers

Executive officer

01

Sanitary Inspector

02

Sanitary supervisor

01

Sanitary mates

03

Safai sewaks & Drivers (MC & Contractor)

178

1.6 Political set up

Mandi Gobindgarh has been divided into 19 wards. Each ward of the MC is represented by one councilor who is elected for a five year term. The President of the council is elected by the 19 councilors and is among them.

1.7 Administrative set up

The administrative head of the MC is Executive Officer. He carries out various activities through various departments such as Health, Engineering, Taxation, Water & Sewerage, etc. The ward councilors provide the policy guidelines to the Executive Officer. The organizational structure of the Municipal Council is given in Chart 1.

1.8 Solid Waste Management Management of MSW in Mandi Gobindgarh is carried out by the Municipal Council. It is executed under the overall supervision of the Executive Officer, who carries out the work through sanitary inspectors, sanitary supervisor and sanitary mates. One Sanitary mate is in-charge of around 50-60 safai-sewaks. Municipal Council has employed a total of 132 safai-sewaks & drivers. Out of that, 86 are male and 46 are female. Also, safai-sewaks are deployed on temporary basis in addition to the regular staff from time to time as per requirement. The Municipal Council is handling the solid waste of 12 wards (1-5 and 13-19). The remaining 7 wards (from ward nos. 6 to 12) have been outsourced to the private contractor for collection, transportation and disposal of MSW because of the shortage of staff and infrastructure with the Municipal Council.

The private contractor has also engaged 46 safai-sewaks, including drivers and loaders. All the workers, hired by contractor are male. Total manpower deployment for MSW management in the town is given in Table - 4.

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For MSW Management For Civil works including For Finance Water supply, sewerage, etc. S ` Chart 1 :- Administrative structure of Municipal Council, Mandi Gobindgarh

President Elected Members (19 councilors)

Executive Officer (1)

ME Accountant Superintendent Sanitary Inspector (2)

Supervisor (1) AME Accounts Clerk Inspector

Sanitary Mate (3) JE Peons Clerical Staff

Safai –Sewaks &Drivers (132 with MC, 42 with contractor)

Work Mistry

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2.0 PRESENT SCENARIO OF SWM PRACTICES

2.1 Sources & Quantum of MSW

Solid waste is a heterogeneous matter coming from various sources. To assess the quantity of MSW generated at present level, the whole town was surveyed. Various sources and types of MSW are given in Tables 5 & 6. Following paragraphs summarizes the findings under different categories: 2.1.1 Residential: As mentioned earlier in section 2.5, there are a total of 19 wards in Mandi Gobindgarh. Representative 14 wards (ward #s 2 to 6, 8 to 15 & 18) comprising of business, middle and mixed class were selected for household survey. In each ward surveyed, approximately 10 houses were visited personally and data with respect to the number of people in the family and primary type of waste generated, practices for waste collection, etc. was collected and studied. Polythene bags were distributed and the families were asked to collect the waste produced in one day in the given bag. On the next day, the bags were collected back and were weighed and contents were analyzed. Whereas in labour colonies (ward nos. 8,13 &14) i.e. slum areas, big size bags were distributed because in these areas the number of people (factory workers, etc.) living together ranges from 50 to 100 in each house or godown. Visit to slum areas has also reinforced the fact of floating population as discussed earlier under the head slum population. Detailed data of this survey is given at Annexure - XI.

Interaction was also done with school children (Gobindgarh Public School, Mandi Gobindgarh) to get an idea about practices of solid waste collection in their houses. Children were given specifically designed questionnaire for getting household inputs. Sample of duly filled in questionnaire is at Annexure-XII.

The per capita solid waste generation from households based on the survey works out to be 320g/day. Sample data of solid waste generation as per household survey is given in Table -7.

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Table - 5: Sources of MSW in Mandi Gobindgarh Sl. No.

Source Typical facilities, activities & location

Types of MSW

1. Residential Single & multi family dwellings

Food waste, recyclable waste (including combustibles & non-combustibles), street waste.

2. Commercial Offices, Institutions, Markets, Auto repair shops.

Food waste, recyclable waste (including combustibles & non-combustibles), street waste, occasionally hazardous waste

3. Hotels & Restaurants

Hotels & Restaurants, Clubs, Community Centres, Marriage Palaces and Public Utilities

Food-waste, packaging material.

4. Slaughter House

Slaughter houses, meat and fish markets.

Left over biological waste

5. Dairy/Cattle Shed

Dairies Left over cow dung, animal waste fodder, etc.

6. Fruit & Vegetable market

Fruit & vegetable markets

Fruits & vegetable left-over

7 Miscellaneous Construction & industrial activity, cleaning of municipal sewers, storm sewers, road gullies, street sweeping, etc.

Construction material i.e. grit and silt. Street sweepings (mainly silt).

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Table-6 : Details of different components of waste

Sr. No.

Type Description

1. Food Waste The fruit or vegetable residue (Garbage) resulting from handling, preparation, cooking and eating of foods.

2. Combustible Paper, cardboard, plastics, textile, rubber, leather, wood, furniture and garden trimmings.

3. Non-combustible Glass, crockery, tin cans, aluminum cans, ferrous and non-ferrous materials, dirt and construction wastes.

4. Street waste Street sweepings, roadside litter, debris.

Table - 7: Sample data of survey showing waste generation from

residential area in Mandi Gobindgarh

Ward No.

No. of houses surveyed

Total No. of people in the families surveryed

No. of adults in the families surveyed

No. of children in the families surveyed

Total waste produced by houses surveyed (kg)

Per capita generation (kg)

2 6 57 41 16 18.5 0.3246

3 6 31 23 8 9 0.2903

4 6 36 26 10 10.05 0.2792

5 6 67 42 25 22.5 0.3358

6 5 32 16 16 11 0.3438

8 5 104 84 20 39 0.3750

9 8 194 170 24 32.7 0.1686

10 7 99 81 18 52 0.5253

11 9 98 78 20 26.05 0.2658

12 7 64 44 20 25.65 0.4008

13 6 31 28 3 9.9 0.3194

14 7 84 77 7 30.25 0.3601

15 10 84 62 22 25.3 0.3012

18 4 38 22 16 11 0.2895

Total 1019 794 225 322.9 Average per capita generation on the basis of survey (kg) 0.317 say 320 g

Total household waste generated by the entire population (96,654) in Mandi Gobindgarh

=0.320 kg/capita * 96,654 people

=30.93 tons

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2.1.2 Commercial Waste : The waste generated from each market has been worked out in consultation with the safai-sewaks from the particular market. It was observed that the containers/dustbins lying in the commercial area also include residential waste because there is no specific separate earmarked commercial area. Total waste (both from residential and commercial activities) generated from the area engaged in commercial activities has been estimated as 9.0 tonnes per details given below in table-8.

Further, the ratio of commercial to household waste in this area has been worked out as 60:40. As such the total commercial waste comprising mainly of recyclable waste has been worked out as 5.4 tons/day. Table -8: Sample data showing commercial waste generation

Market Name No. of wheel barrows per day

Amloh Road 18 Loah bazar to railway bazar 15 Purana Bazar 6 Krishna Mandir Road 6 Gaushala Road 5 Subhash Nagar to Jasla Road 8 Dhiman to J.K.Kanda 6 Modi Road to Railway Phathak 4 Disposal Road 4 Deepak road to Gurudwara 3 Rail Phatak to Bridge 2 Phatak to Railway Station 2 Back side of park 6 Channi Road to G.T.Road 6

Battan Lal Road 6

Total 97 say 100 wheel barrows / day Average wt. of the waste carried by each wheel barrow = 90 kg/day Total waste produced = 9000 kg/day = 9.0 tons/day Assuming the ratio of commercial waste to residential waste in this as 60:40

commercial waste = 5.4 tons/day

2.1.3 Fruit & Vegetable Market: There is one permanent fruit & vegetable market in ward no. 17. Besides, one fruit and vegetable market known as Apni Mandi functions daily in different wards on revolving basis. The waste generated from these markets is mostly organic in nature.

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One container is specifically assigned for collection of the waste generated from permanent market and MSW generation has been assessed as 2.0 tonnes/day. Whereas, the waste generated from Apni Mandi is mostly picked up by the farmers themselves for their cattle and the remaining organic waste is picked up by the municipality workers on the next morning which has been estimated as approximately 400 kg. Thus, the total estimated waste from the fruit & vegetable market in the town is 2.4 tons/day.

2.1.4 Hotels & Restaurants:

There are approximately 30 hotels, restaurants and dhabas in Mandii Gobindgarh. Also, there are 3 marriage palaces, 2 clubs and 4 community centres. Discussion with owners/management of these establishments revealed that most of the left-over cooked food goes to the piggery units (10 in no.). The waste comprising raw left-over vegetables/fruits which has been estimated as about 800 kg/day. finds its way to the Municipal bin 2.1.5 Slaughter House: There is no slaughter house in the town. However, there is one fish & meat market having four meat shops and around 20 open chicken kiosks on road side. Approximate quantity of waste has been assessed as 150 kg/day.

2.1.6 Dairy Waste:

A total of 12 dairies with an average of 12 animals in each are located mainly in Ward No.13, 14 and slums. Most of the waste generated from dairies, which reaches the Municipal bin is from floor sweepings only. Whereas, cow-dung is being used for cow-dung cakes meant for household fuel. An estimated amount of dairy waste is 1.0 ton/day.

2.1.7 Miscellaneous Waste:

The miscellaneous waste includes construction waste, wastes from offices in industries, street sweepings, etc. As per MC Bye-laws, the collection & disposal of construction waste is the responsibility of the house owner or the contractor. However, it is observed that in the majority of cases, the waste is left where it is generated. Only in cases of large construction sites, the waste is taken to low-lying areas for disposal. Rest of the waste is picked up by MC staff. The construction waste has been estimated as 1.0 ton/day. For street sweepings, usually MC safai-sewaks are allotted the area individually. Approximately, 60-70% of the total road/street length is swept daily. Also, street sweeping machine (already available with MC) is sometimes used on the G. T. Road. An exercise has been carried out to assess the quantity of street sweepings in 5 different wards, where it has been observed that 1 km length of road generates 30kg of total waste. This includes 50% in form of sand & silt and

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the balance 50% is in the form of rags, tree leaves and some other organic waste. Total length of roads/streets in the municipal limits of Mandi Gobindgarh has been reported as 120 kms. Street sweepings generate about 2.3 tons/day waste. Thus, the total misaneous waste from streets and construction activities works out to be 3.3 tons/day. Considering the above quantities of solid waste from various sources, the total MSW generated works out to be 43.98 tonnes/day say 44 tonnes, which is tabulated below: Table - 8: Category wise waste generation in Mandi Gobindgarh

Sl. No.

Category of solid waste generated

Amount of solid waste generated in 2005

(tonnes/day)

1 Residential (320 g/capita for present designed population as 96,654)

30.93

2 Commercial 5.40

3 Fruit & Vegetable Market 2.40

4 Hotels & Restaurants 0.80

5 Slaughter House 0.15

6 Dairy waste (mainly floor sweepings)

1.00

7 Miscellaneous (including construction waste and street sweeping)

3.30

Total 43.98

SAY 44.00 Whereas MC officials reported the solid waste generation as 25-30 tonnes/day and around 80% of it i.e. 20-24 tons of MSW is being lifted daily except on Sundays and gazetted holidays. To estimate the amount of MSW reaching the landfill site on a daily basis, an exercise was carried out all through a week when a private hired person was deputed at landfill site to keep track of various types of vehicles reaching the landfill site and amount of MSW being carried by them. Average MSW being lifted and transported daily (except Sundays and gazetted holidays) has been worked out as 21 tons as per details given in Table - 9.

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Table – 9: Waste going to the landfill site

Average waste lifted per day : 123.5/6 = 20.58 ton Huge variation in solid waste generation and solid waste being lifted/transported can be attributed to the following factors as observed by the Council Engineers:

1. Around 20-25% of MSW, which is mainly recyclable material in form of metals, plastics, glass, rags, paper and rubber etc. is being sorted and picked up by the rag pickers. The Council arrived at this conclusion after visiting the various primary collection centres and interacting with rag-pickers and Kabariwalas. Further, it was observed that around 150 rag-pickers are active in the town. Each rag-picker picks around 50-55 kg/day. Picture – 5 shows the waste collected by rag-pickers. Thus, approximately 7.5 tons of recyclable material gets retrieved from the waste.

2. There are around 100 stray animals in the town. It is estimated that on an

average an animal consumes 20-25 kg of waste per day. Thus, around 2 – 2.5 tons is being consumed by animals from open dumping sites/PCCs in various wards. Picture -6 shows a stray animal eating away waste from PCC.

3. About 27% i.e. 12 tons of total solid waste (worked on the 7 day

generation and 6 day lifting basis) remains uncollected. Some o f this waste finds its way in sewers, some is left to rot in the open and some is burnt on road sides.

Dumper Placers Tractor Trolleys

Date

Number reaching

the landfill site

Total waste carried

(in tons)

Number reaching

the landfill site

Total waste carried

(in tons)

Total waste carried by dumper

placers and tractor trolleys (in tons)

11.03.05 7 14. 6 11.4 25.4 12.03.05 5 10 1 1.9 11.9

Sunday 14.03.05 7 14 5 9.5 23.5 15.03.05 4 8 4 7.6 15.6 16.03.05 7 14 5 9.5 23.5 17.03.05 8 16 4 7.6 23.6 Total 123.5

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4. Also, dumping of Industrial Solid Waste (ISW), mainly slag from

metallurgical units is used for filling low lying areas in Mandi Gobindgarh itself and is not accounted for.

From the above facts, it is clear that of the total of 44 tons, about 9.5-10 tons of waste (7.5 tons by rag-pickers and 2-2.5 tons by animals) is being recycled or consumed. Thus only 33.5 - 34 tons of MSW is to be ultimately managed as on date under the current circumstances.

2.2 Current Waste Storage Practices at Source

2.2.1 Storage of Domestic Waste at Source: The practice of storing the domestic waste varies from locality to locality depending upon the literacy and economic status. It was observed that business class and educated people including some middle class have dustbins in their homes for collecting all the waste generated on a daily basis, but no segregation of dry, recyclable waste and organic wet waste is being practiced. However, the poor and weaker section, either leave the waste open in a corner of their homes or throw it outside their houses as and when it is generated.

2.2.2 Storage of Commercial, Hotel & Restaurant, Slaughter House Waste at Source: Mostly, shopkeepers and institutions have dustbins in their premises for collecting all the waste generated. Whereas, hotels, restaurants, marriage palaces and community centers have two containers i.e. one for left-over cooked food waste for piggeries and another for other waste mainly organic. As discussed earlier, there are no slaughter houses in the town. Storage of slaughter house waste at source is done either in dust bins, polythene bags or in unsafe manner. 2.2.3 Storage of Fruit/Vegetable Market, Dairies and Mislaneous Waste at Source: This has already been discussed in section 3.1 under the head Quantity of MSW generated. 2.3 Segregation of Recyclable Wastes MSW can be classified as recyclable waste, compostable and inert waste. Recyclable waste includes metal, broken glass, paper, plastic, thermocol waste, etc., compostable waste is mainly organic like kitchen waste and inert waste is mainly street sweepings and construction waste.

Visits to around 150 houses in 14 wards and discussion with school children, house-wives and councilors revealed that no segregation of waste at source is being done. Also, it was felt that residents have never heard of the segregation concept and are not aware of its advantages in terms of better hygiene, health and environment. However, rag-pickers do help in segregating at Primary Collection Center, each pick up lot of recyclable waste throughout the day from PCC. They, then

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sell it to the kabari walas in and around the town. The approximate amount of waste picked up by the rag-pickers is 7.5 tons as documented earlier in Section 3.1. Thus, a huge amount of recyclable waste is collected by the rag-pickers. As such, major part of the waste is being taken out as a resource. This not only helps in cleaning the environment but also reduces pressure on the MC for collection, transportation and disposal of MSW. However, the rag-pickers were not seen using proper safety measures and thus are suffering from various diseases like respiratory illnesses from ingesting particulates and bio-aerosols, infections from direct contact with the waste, puncture wounds leading to tetanus, hepatitis and HIV infection, headaches, nausea etc.

2.4 Collection of Waste from Source

2.4.1 Primary Collection of Domestic, Commercial and Institutional Wastes: The collection of domestic waste varies from ward to ward. In most of the wards, either the municipal corporation worker or a private sweeper collects the waste from homes on their tricycles (as shown in Picture – 7) or wheel barrows and then dump the same at the Primary Collection Center or open dumping sites. In few cases, people throw the waste onto or on the sides of streets, the street sweepers then transfer it to the present PCCs. The commercial waste generated is thrown outside the shops by the shop-keepers; the sweepers who come for sweeping the streets collect it and take it to the nearby container placed by the MC. Solid waste generated from Institutes is either taken to the Primary Collection Center by an institutional/private servant or is left outside the premises, which is then picked up by the street sweeper and then taken to the Primary Collection Center. From the Primary Collection Center, waste is taken by the MC workers to the landfill site.

2.4.2 Primary Collection of Hotels & Restaurants Waste, Fruit & Vegetable Market, Slaughter House, Dairies, Construction and Miscellaneous Waste:

This has been discussed earlier in section 3.2 of this report. 2.5 Street Sweeping & Frequency of Street Sweeping

The safai-sewaks sweep the roads and streets using long handled conventional brooms and collect the sweepings at suitable locations on the roadside. From there, they transfer it to the PCC using tricycles or wheel barrows. Sometimes, road sweepings are also being burnt on the roadside, thus causing air pollution in the already highly polluted town. Sweeping of streets is done on daily basis except on Sundays and gazetted holidays.

2.6 Infrastructure Available

The infrastructure employed for MSW management in the town (available with the council and the private contractor) is given in Table – 10.

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Table – 10: Infrastructure available collectively with MC & Contractor for management of MSW

S.No. Equipment Number of equipments 1. Dumper Placers 2 (only 1 in good working

condition) 2. Tractor Trolleys 5 (3* with MC and 2 with

contractor) 3. Road Cleaning Machine 1 4. Water Tankers 2 5. Wheel Barrows 124 6. Tricycles 46 7. Baskets, Shovels, Brooms

and Spades 170 sets

*: Out of the 3 tractor trolleys, only 2 were in good working condition at the time of survey.

2.7 Waste Storage Depots There are a total of 126 primary dumping stations. Out of which, 26 are designated Primary Collection Centers (PCCs) as shown in Pictures 1 and 2, where proper waste containers have been placed by the MC. Rest 100 are open undesignated dump-sites (in Picture -4). At some places, the PCC has a boundary wall on three sides and open on one. However, in other situations, containers are just placed in open spaces. Also, it was noted that most of the PCCs in the town are on private property except only two on MC’s land. Each PCC has at least one container except two to three PCCs where two containers are kept. Sweepers/Safai-Sewaks after collecting the waste from individual locations, dump the same into the containers at PCC. However, it had been observed that most of the times, sweepers dump the collected waste outside the container which creates nuisance in the nearby areas. There are some workers deputed by MC at PCCs to transfer that waste into the containers. During the interval between dumping and actual lifting, rag-pickers and stray animals play their part. These containers are being lifted using dumper placers (details in subsequent section on transportation of waste). Following points are note-worthy about the current location of containers (PCCs) in the town: Most of the 26 containers are placed in few wards like ward #s 2, 3, 9 and

18. There is no container in Ward #s 10, 11 and 15, due to which open

dumping is being practiced. Only one container is placed in Ward #6, which is otherwise 4-5 km in

length along the G. T. Road. In case of open dumping sites, sweepers & residents throw the waste

haphazardly and one can observe very unhealthy and unsightly conditions

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around these dumping sites. This waste is ultimately being transported to the landfill site by tractor trolleys.

2.8 Work Norms Waste collection and lifting is done 6 days a week i.e. Monday through Saturday. Also, no SWM services are provided on gazetted holidays and Sundays. For administrative work, the timings are: 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM. For Safai-Sewaks & Drivers, the work timings are: 7:30 AM to 12:30 PM and 2:00 PM to 5:00 PM.

However, neither the staff of MC nor the contractor is able to cover their assigned area on any particular day. MC authorities have reported shortage of staff and infrastructure required for managing solid waste.

2.9 Transportation of Waste Tri-cycles and wheel barrows are being used for transportation of solid waste from homes/offices/markets/etc. to the PCCs. From PCCs to landfill site, dumper placers (shown in Picture - 8) and tractor trolleys are being used.

Each dumper placer has a driver and a helper for its operation. Whereas, a tractor trolley has a driver and 2-3 helpers for putting all the waste littered around in the trolley.

As mentioned earlier in section 3.1 of this report, only around 21 tons of the waste is being transported to the disposal site daily. Maximum one-way distance that a dumper placer or a tractor trolley travels for transporting the waste is approximately 7 or 8 kms. However, since the present landfill site is expected to get filled very soon, MC authorities are looking for a new landfill site. If the maximum travel distance for the waste carrying vehicle exceeds 10 km, there will be a need for a transfer station (a station in between the PCCs and disposal/processing site where waste can be segregated. This is needed in case the maximum traveling distance exceeds 10 km). PSCST feels that the closed dumping yard may be used as transfer cum composting station. 2.10 Quality of MSW Generated

Knowledge of physical as well as chemical characteristics of MSW is pre-requisite for effective and techno-economic planning of collection, transportation, treatment and disposal system. For the same, samples were collected from different locations and were analyzed for its physical and chemical composition. Following sections cover details about the sample locations and analysis. 2.10.1 Sample Location: Reconnaissance of the town was carried out so as to identify representative sample location sites from different zones. A total of four samples representing different zones such as residential areas having upper class and weaker section, mixed sample containing residential and commercial waste was collected from community containers and one sample was collected from existing landfill site.

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Due care was taken to ensure that waste is almost fresh and is not

disturbed by animals or rag-pickers except at landfill site. Details of samples collected are given in Table 11 as below: Table – 11: Details of the samples collected for analysis

Zone Sample Location Residential

Upper Class

Weaker Section

Shastri Nagar (Receiving waste from Ward No.4 & 18) Labour Colony (receiving waste from Ward No.13 & 14.)

Mixed mainly commercial Amloh Chowk Disposal/landfill site Ajnali Road.

2.10.2 Method of Sampling: Samples were collected by M/S Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, New Delhi as per standard quadrant method prescribed in IS 9235-1979 in the presence of PSCST engineers and MC employees. Raw waste to be analyzed was mixed properly to make it homogeneous. Representative sample of 100 kg from each location was collected, mixed thoroughly and divided into four equal parts. Two diagonally opposite parts were retained and the other two parts were discarded. The retained portion of the waste were again properly mixed and further subjected to quartering. This time the other two diagonal parts weighing 25 kg were retained for physical and chemical analysis. 2.10.3 Analysis of Results: M/S Shriram Institute for Industrial Research analyzed all the four samples as per the standard methods prescribed in IS codes and the results are given in Table -12. Table - 12: Results from M/S Shriram Institute for Industrial Research. Sl. Tests Results

Undisturbed Disturbed

Shastri Nagar

Model Town

Amloh Chowk

Ajnali Road

1 Moisture content, % by mass 46 48 46 39

2 Physical Composition (Dry basis)

i Paper, % by mass 1 1.3 5.8 0.6

ii Plastic, % by mass 8.9 6.8 13.9 4.3

iii Rubber & leather, % by mass 0 5.9 0 1.1

iv Metals, % by mass 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

v Glass & china ware, % by mass 0.4 1 0.8 0.6

vi Clothes, % by mass 4.2 4.6 6.9 3.7

vii Wood, % by mass 0.6 0 0.5 0.3

viii Stones & bricks, % by mass 6.1 8.3 3.3 10.5

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ix Organic Residue, , % by mass (Grass, vegetables, Leaf etc.)

24 20.8 18.2 19.1

x Soiled matter ^ others, % by mass

54 51.2 50.5 59.7

a Volatile matter, (loss at 600 Deg.C), % by mass

7.6 10.9 7.7 11.2

b Non-volatile matter, % by mass 47 40.3 42.8 48.5

xi Total compostable matter, % by mass (Organic residue+paper+clothes+rubber+leather+ wood)

36.8 43.5 39.1 36

3 Chemical Analysis

i Volatile matter, (loss at 600 Deg.C), % by mass

22.2 24.2 24 22.5

ii Non-volatile matter, % by mass 77.8 75.8 75.4 77.5

iii Ash content, % by mass 75.5 73.3 72.8 74.9

iv Organic matter, % by mass 15.2 15.3 5.9 12.6

v Organic carbon (as C), % by mass

8.8 8.9 9.2 7.3

vi Nitrogen (as N), % by mass 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8

vii Gross calorific Value, GCV, cal/gm

1150 1226 1258 1088

Photo-copy of the reports received from M/S Shriram Institute for Industrial Research is at Annexure – XIII. Analysis of results reveals the following facts: Total compost-able matter which includes organic residues, paper, leather

and wood varies between 24.5 to 28% with average as 26.25% for the undisturbed samples whereas the same is 21.1% at landfill site, indicating a part of organic waste is being eaten away by stray animals or may be depicted in soiled matter in the results received.

Recyclable material which includes paper, plastics, rubber, metals glass,

etc. constitutes 15.3 to 28% in undisturbed sample whereas it is 10.7% in disturbed sample. The comparison of analysis of recyclable material at the landfill site & PCCs shows that more than 50% of recyclable material is being taken away from PCCs before it is disposed off at the landfill site.

Inert inorganic material including construction waste, street sweeping and

other non-volatile matter varies from 50.5%-54% at undisturbed site to 59.7% at landfill site.

Calorific value in all the four samples has been observed as very low

ranging between 1088 to 1258 kcal/kg.

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While comparing the above results with other Indian cities like Vejalpur, Namkkal, etc. where 100% segregation at source is being practised, it has been observed that: Recyclable waste produced in those towns is approximately 30%. It is little

higher than the findings at Mandi Gobindgarh. Compost-able matter is higher and inert inorganic material lower in those

towns compared to Mandi Gobindgarh as PCCs constructed there are properly being looked after by chowkidaars or otherwise with proper boundary wall and locked gates and no open dumping is being practiced as in Mandi Gobindgarh. Further, some of the organic waste is being depicted in soiled matter i.e. 59.7% at landfill site.

PSCST is of the view that characteristics of waste will be more or less similar to one’s at Vejalpur/Nammakal considering similar food-habits and living standard of people in these towns and once the following basic principles of solid waste management are implemented :

100% segregation at source 100% door-to-door collection Biodegradable waste to be transported to compost plant and non

biodegradable to the landfill site.

2.11 Processing and Disposal of Waste At present, no processing is being done and all the MSW generated is ultimately disposed off at newly acquired dumping site at Ajnali road (marked as ‘A’ in the Map). However, as mentioned earlier in section 3.4, rag-pickers do play a very important role in segregating the recyclable material and thus reduce the load at the land fill site. The present land fill site in Mandi Gobindgarh measuring 2 acres, belongs to MC. This site is around 4 kms from the office of MC/Bus Stand and lies between railway track and G.T. Road. There is proper boundary wall with gate and drinking water arrangement. The solid waste is being dumped into trenches without paying proper attention to the leachate collection. The effect on ground water quality due to leachate from the dumping needs to be monitored. Whereas, earlier site measuring 16 acres near Ambe Majra (marked as ‘B’ in the Map) – in operation from 1987 to 2004 – has outlived its life and after giving proper soil cover and compaction, the same has been converted into a truck stand. Since, the present site is likely to get filled up very soon, MC is negotiating with some farmers to acquire new site called “Bagh Sikander” measuring 6 acres between village Dadheri and Bagh Sikandar (marked as ‘C’ in the Map). This site is about 9-10 kms from the office of MC and is on other side of the railway track. At the new proposed site, transportation of waste could be time

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consuming due to frequent closure of railway crossing on a busy Ludhiana-Ambala railway line. This would also create unhygienic and unhealthy conditions for other waiting vehicles as well as public nearby. Further, all the formalities e.g. environmental clearance and public acceptance are yet to be completed. In case the deal does not get finalized there should be some alternate arrangements with MC and as such MC has been asked to identify atleast one or two more site for ultimate disposal of MSW. MC has been recommended to keep the following crucial points in mind while selecting the new landfill site: 1. Baseline data of ground water quality in the area shall be collected and

kept in record for future reference. 2. Waste from land-fills leaches into the aquifer below. Hence, hydrological

attributes of the possible site as well as the water usage must be taken into consideration.

3. The land-fill should be preferably away from habitation zones, forest

areas, water bodies, monuments, national parks, wetlands and other places of significance.

4. A buffer zone of no-development should be maintained around the land-fill

site. 5. It should be away from airports. 6. It should be nearer to the solid waste processing facilities. 7. Ideally, waste processing facilities should be designed as an integral part

of a land-fill site. 8. It should be large enough to last for twenty to twenty five years. 9. Direction of wind should be kept in view while selecting the site.

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3.0 TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS

Technologies used for treatment of municipal solid waste have changed over the time due to the changing dimensions of the problem. Any technology proposed to be adopted must be in accordance with the national plans for management of municipal solid waste. A high powered committee for urban waste management was set up by Govt. of India in 1995, under the chairmanship of Prof. J. S. Bajaj, Member, Planning Commission, Govt. of India. The committee’s recommendations in brief regarding disposal of municipal solid waste are:

1. Along with land filling, composting of municipal solid waste should be the next appropriate option.

2. Private participation in setting up pilot plants utilizing appropriate

technologies for municipal solid waste management should be encouraged.

3.1 Technologies Available The municipal solid waste has been divided into following three categories: a. Organic Waste b. Inorganic Waste c. Recyclable Waste a. ORGANIC WASTE Following technological options are available for treatment of organic waste:

I. Composting II. Biomethanation

III. Incineration IV. Vermiculture V. Pelletization

I. Composting

Composting is a slow natural process in which mixed bacteria, fungi, insects and worms consumes organic waste and convert it slowly into a humus like substance, which is used as bio-fertilizer and soil conditioner. Compost provides energy, minerals, nutrients and micro-nutrients, useful microbes and water retaining humus to the soil. This makes the crops drought resistant and decreases irrigation water requirement. The use of compost to enrich the soil along with chemical fertilizers in a balanced ratio is therefore, very necessary.

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Composting can be done by aerobic and anaerobic processes. The aerobic wind-row process can be completed in 30-45 days by repeated turning and aeration. Anaerobic composting processes are very slow. They take about 180 days to produce compost in airless pits or trenches in the ground and generate methane, an environmentally harmful green house gas. Compost can find a good market if properly promoted and made conveniently available to the farming community. II. Biomethanation

Biomethanation is the process in which decomposition of organic wastes takes place in closed reactors in the absence of oxygen. Biogas and organic manure are the useful products of the process. III. Incineration Incinerator is widely acceptable for the waste having high calorific value and low moisture content. It reduces the volume of waste to about 20% of the initial volume of waste. The excess heat recovered is used for various purposes e.g. water heating or power generation. IV. Vermiculture: In this process, earthworms are used for converting the organic waste into compost. This process necessitates use of segregated organic waste and carefully weeding out of toxic material etc. This process also requires management of earthworms and can be successfully used in a limited scale upto 80 MT per day. It has been successfully implemented in Bangalore, Pune, Mumbai etc. but there is no large scale centralized plant in India. This technology, therefore, has a good potential in the cities where decentralized disposal is possible. Vermi pits are generally made having a depth of about 2 feet, width of 5-6 feet and can have any suitable length or it can be kept in conical heaps under large sheds. After making such heaps and ensuring that temperature levels are maintained 28-32°C, chosen varieties of earthworms are introduced. The heaps of waste are probed by light turning after 2-3 days. The harvesting of vermi compost starts after 40 days of introduction of earthworms. The end product looks like fine granular soil and it has good acceptability in the market. V. Pelletization: In this process, fuel pellets can be made from the municipal waste. These pellets can be used as fuel in the industry, serious efforts are being made through research and development to generate power but it is not successful due to the high moisture content, low calorific value in the Indian municipal waste. It is therefore, suggested that this technology should not be adopted until the

29

adequate experimentation or one or two successful pilot projects are implemented in the Indian conditions.

The comparison of the above said technological options is presented in the following Table:

Method of Disposal

Merits Demerits

Composting Easy to operate. Low maintenance cost.

Highly useful product for soil conditioning.

Technology suitable for Indian MSW.

Semi-skilled manpower required for operation.

Odour problem if not maintained properly.

Marketing of compost is still a difficult task.

Bio-methanation

Waste processing in closed reactor provides very good protection to environment.

Resource recovery in the form of bio-gas and bio-fertilizer.

Less land requirement. Incentives available from

various Govt. organizations.

Requires controlled conditions. High initial cost. Technology still in experimental

stage in India.

Incineration Requires less land. Reduces the volume of

waste to great extent. Plastics in the MSW can

be disposed off only by this technique at present. The increasing use of plastics and non-availability of land would necessitate incineration.

High initial cost. Causes environmental pollution

due to stack emission and temperature rise.

No plant operating in India. High moisture content, high

percentage of inorganics and low calorific value of Indian MSW is unsuitable for this technology.

Requires skilled personnel.

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Criteria for the selection of technology The basic consideration in selecting municipal solid waste disposal facility should be: the means to reduce the volume of waste reuse of waste as a resource economic viability effects on the environment acceptability by the people Resource recovery from municipal waste is the demand of the day.

As per the above mentioned parameters, composting is the most suitable techno-economical feasible option. b. INORGANIC WASTE As per the requirement of the Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000, landfilling shall be restricted only to non-biodegradable inert waste and other waste that are not suitable either for recycling or for biological processes. Landfilling shall also be carried out for the residues of waste processing facilities as well as pre-processing rejects from waste processing facilities. Landfilling of mixed waste shall be avoided unless the same is found unsuitable for waste processing. Design of landfill site should meet with the specification of the Municipal Solid Waste Rules.

c. RECYCLABLE WASTE

It has been experienced that the recyclable material has a good market value and will be the property of the safai-sewaks. Hence, recyclable waste will be disposed off by the safai-sewaks at their own level.

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4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 4.1 Segregation of Waste: 100% segregation of compostable and recyclable waste (household, shops, hotels and restaurants etc.) at source is proposed to avoid degradation and devaluation of recyclables, higher recovery of recyclables, lesser infrastructure for transportation, better quality of non-recyclable waste and final product like compost, biogas etc. 4.2 Collection and transportation of waste 4.2.1 Compostable/recyclable waste

The total waste generation of compostable & recyclable waste has been estimated as 13TPD and 11 TPD respectively. The total area has been divided as broad area (16000 units) and narrow area (4000 units). 40 No. tricycles are proposed for the collection of waste in narrow areas on the basis that one tricycle would cover 100 units. 2 no. dumper placers are required for transferring the waste from tricycles to the compost plant. Where as 16 one toners are required for the collection of waste from broad areas on the basis that each one toner would cover 1000 units in two rounds with 8 hrs. working daily. The one toners will transport the compostable waste directly to the compost plant. Recyclable waste would be sold by the safai sewaks at their own level. The details are placed at Annexure - I.

4.2.2 Inert waste The total generation of inert waste has been estimated as 20 TPD. 60

sweepers are required to sweep 120 km of road/street length on the basis that each safai sewak will sweep 2 Kms of the road length. 12 tricycles are required for the collection of waste in narrow areas. On the basis that one tricycle will collect the sweeping waste from 2km length. One dumper placer is required to transfer the waste from these tricycles to the land fill site. 5 one toners are proposed for collection of waste from broad areas to the land fill site. The existing tractor trolleys (2 no.) are proposed for the transportation of garden/construction waste to the landfill site. The details are placed at Annexure - II.

The details of the measures recommended for the storage & collection of waste and infrastructure and manpower required for the collection and transportation of compostable waste and inert waste are placed at Annexure III.

4.3 Mechanical Compost plant A mechanical compost plant of 25 TPD capacity is proposed for the treatment of bio-degradable waste considering the future projection of 16 years.

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Aerobic windrow composting is proposed for the treatment of organic waste. The total number of windrows required are 45 with size of each windrow as 8x2.7x1.5 m (33 m3). One windrow would cover 16.5 Tons of waste being generated daily by assuming bulk density of the waste as 500 kg/m3.. The cycle time of the process is 45 days. The turning of the windrows would be carried out mechanically by using front end loader so as to maintain the temperature. 5Kg of bio-culture will be sprayed on 1 ton of fresh waste so as to accelerate the process of de-composition of waste. 5 ltr of pesticide and germicide will be sprayed on the waste daily to kill the germs and smell. After the decomposition of the waste, it will be transferred by the front end loader on the various grading screens for separation of inerts, recyclable if any. After screening, waste will be kept in the maturation yard for 3-4 days and will be again screened before packing. One manager, one driver and 8 workers are required for the supervision, operation and maintenance of the compost plant. The details are placed at Annexure - IV 4.4 Scientific Sanitary Land fill Site

A sanitary land fill site of 34 TPD capacity is proposed for the treatment of inorganic waste considering the future projection of 15 years. The selection of the site would be done in compliance with the criteria mentioned in detailed report. Environmental impact assessment will be carried out of the identified site. 3 cells, each having life of 5 years are required to be constructed at the site with height of the land fill site as 9 m. In the proposed project, the development and closure cost of one cell has been taken into account. The land fill site has been designed meeting the guidelines mentioned in Municipal Solid waste management manual published by Ministry of Urban Development. The details are placed at Annexure - V. 4.5 Capital Cost The cost of the project has been estimated as Rs. 365.85 lacs which includes the cost of segregation, collection and transportation of waste, compost plant, scientific sanitary landfill site and others etc. The details are placed at Annexure – VI. 4.6 Operation and Maintenance The total operation and maintenance cost has been estimated as Rs. 188.82 lacs per annum on account of manpower, fuel, maintenance of vehicles, compost plant, land fill site , medicines/ germicides, uniforms etc. The details of the cost are mentioned at Annexure - VII. 4.7 Revenue Generation The revenue generation from the sale of compost from the compost plant has been estimated as 61.32 lacs per annum against the annual operation and

33

maintenance expenditure on compost plant as 28.51 lacs. The details are placed at Annexure VIII. 4.8 Proposed Mechanism to meet O&M expenditure The total operation and maintenance expenditure after deducting annual revenue generation from the compost plant has been estimated as Rs.127.50 lacs per annum. It is proposed that 70% of this expenditure ( i.e. Rs. 90 lacs) may be met out by levying reasonable charges of Rs.60/- per month from the commercial units and Rs. 35 per month from the residential units . The remaining 30% (i.e. Rs. 37.50 lacs) shall be borne by the Municipal Committee.

4.9 Awareness

Segregation at source is being practiced in developed nations and few town in India like Vejalpur in Gujarat, Suryapet in Andhra Pardesh, Namakkal in Tamilnadu, North Dam Dam and New Barackpur falling under Kolkata Municipal Limits. A similar concept is recommended to the residents, wards councilor and staff of the Municipal Council in various meetings held during the collection of data for this project. 1. Organizing awareness campaigns for the residents mainly house-wives and children about good practices in proper storage of waste, public participation in segregation at source and community based primary collection system. This task can be assigned to various interested social organizations prevailing in Mandi Gobindgarh such as Swami Vivekanand Society, Youth Club, Senior Citizens Club, Art of Living, Rotary Club, etc. and few other active NGOs needs to be identified for the purpose. Brochures/ movies will be prepared. 2. Awareness campaigns will be organized by inducting social engineers to educate the public for adopting segregation concept. A team consisting of councilors, municipal staff and a few prominent citizens would be taken around the state of the art cities like Surat, Vejalpur, Nammakkal etc. where the solid waste management is being handled successfully so as to give them a first-hand glimpse of the possible improvements in the city. Even the visit of workers, manning the solid waste in the model cities, would be arranged to Mandi Gobindgarh to narrate their experiences. The local NGOs would also be involved in this process.

4.10 Management of Information System:

Availability of day to day information of working of the solid waste

management system enables the Municipal authorities to take necessary and corrective action in case any problem arises. It also enables the authorities to identify the deficiencies in the system and take corrective action well in time.

The first step to achieve the same would be to make Mandi Gobindgarh

totally e-governed as is the Vejalpur Nagarpalika, India’s first e-governed

34

Nagarpalika. The entire administrative work should be made totally computerized. Property assessment, Tax, Birth & Death registration, shops & establishments registration, solid waste management, Sanitation department, Street Light department, Water Supply department, etc., all information should be available online. As a result, inspite of less staff, it will be possible to get quick, more and perfect work. Each and every citizen of the town can get the information regarding his property as well as complain status from the MC office or through internet.

It is recommended to have Bio-metric machines similar to the Vejalpur Nagarpalika for Mandi Gobindgarh. Each of the workers, clerks, peons and even the chief officer should register their everyday presence by putting a thumb on the above said machine. Similar way, all the safai-sewaks and street sweepers should register their presence between 7:00 AM and 8:00 AM. The sanitary inspector gets the online presence report. If any of the workers is absent, then the responsibility is given to the any one among other reserved staff.

Also, the drivers of the dumper placers and tractor trolleys will be asked to register each container shifting to the dumping/processing site with the computer operator. This will help the MC to achieve a decided goal as analysis of the work can be done more easily and administration of the same becomes very easy. Because of the entire procedure being online, both the residents and administration can observe and analyze entire work being done at any moment.

35

5.0 FUTURE PROJECTIONS

To estimate the manpower deployment, infrastructure required, capital investment needed, etc. for MSW management at any time in future, there is a need to estimate the solid waste generated at that time. For this, mathematical tools are used to project population and MSW generation in coming years. The calculations are documented in subsequent paragraphs. Considering 15 years as design period, population of the town has to be worked out upto the year 2022. 5.1 Population Projections

The method and growth rate adopted for projecting the population is the same as we used for projecting the population in 2007. The following table gives us the population projection up to year 2022.

Year Estimated Resident Population

Floating Population

Total Population

2007 77144 19500 96,654 2012 94597 23649 118246 2017 115999 28999 144998 2022 142243 35560 177803

As discussed earlier, from survey and meeting with councilors, floating

population is assumed to be 19,500 at the time of survey which comes out to be close to 25% of the estimated resident population. Similarly the floating population is estimated to be 25% Percent of the total population for years 2012, 2017 and 2022 also. 5.2 Projection for MSW Generation

Literature and field experience reveal that factors influencing quantity of municipal waste generation include:

Season of the year Collection Frequency Extent of salvaging and recycling Public Attitude Legislation Characteristic of waste The existence of salvage and recycling operations within the community

definitely affects the quantity of waste collected for disposal. Literature reveals that in European and developed countries, significant reduction in the quantity of solid waste generated occurs, when and if public and consumer oriented companies are willing to change – on their own volition – to conserve national

36

resources and to reduce the economic burdens associated with the management of solid waste.

Further, there is no documentation available regarding the past trend of increase in per capita MSW generation for Mandi Gobindgarh or other towns in the State of Punjab. As per Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management by the Ministry of Urban Development, Govt. of India, New Delhi, the solid waste is expected to increase to 34 tonne/day by the year 2021.

37

LIST OF ANNEXURES

38

Annexure – I

DETAILS OF COMPOSTABLE/RECYCLABLE WASTE

1.

Total generation of Solid waste - 44 TPD

Recyclable Waste - 11 TPD Compostable Waste - 13 TPD Inert Waste - 20 TPD

2.

Total number of units - 20,000

No. of units in broad area - 16,000 No. of units in narrow area - 4,000

3.

Total street/road length - 120 km

Street/Road length in broad area – 96 kms Street/Road length in narrow area – 24 kms

COMPOSTABLE WASTE: Broad Area It is proposed that one toners will collect the waste from broad areas and transport the same directly to the compost/landfill site.

Total no. of units in broad area = 16,000 No. of units to be covered by each one = 1000 toner in two rounds in a shift of 8 hrs Nos. of one toners required = 16 No. of rounds per one toner per day = 2 Average distance to be traveled by each one = 60 kms toner per day Each one toner will have one driver and two helpers.

39

Narrow Area In narrow areas where the big size vehicles cannot enter, containerized tricycles are proposed to collect the waste. Each tricycle will transfer the compostable waste directly to the dumper placer which will transport the waste to the compost plant/landfill site.

Total no. of units in narrow area = 4,000 No. of units to be covered by each = 100 Tricycle Nos. of tricycles required = 40

Total compostable waste to be transported by = 6 ton Dumper placer Capacity of one dumper placer per round = 1 ton No. of rounds, each dumper placer can make = 3 per day No. of dumper placer required = 2 Average distance to be traveled by each = 60 kms dumper placer per day Each dumper placer will have one driver and two helpers whereas each tricycle will have one puller and one helper. The safai-sewaks will use a bell or a whistle to indicate their arrival which will alert house/shop owners to bring their waste out. However, in case of working couples, they will leave the waste at suitable locations inside their house which is easily accessible by the safai-sewaks. RECYCLABLE WASTE: Recyclable waste has a very good market value. It will be the property of safai-sewak and he will be free to sell at his own level. So the safai-sewaks will be making extra money by selling the good quality dry waste. Various recyclable items can fetch better price as indicated below:-

Prevalent price of recycle waste

Sl.No. Product Unit Rate (Rs.) 1 Iron kg 10.00 2 Sheet kg 9.00 3 Aluminum kg 4.00 4 Brass kg 80.00 5 Bronze kg 110.00 6 Stainless Steel kg 15.00 7 Plastic kg 10.00 8 Plastic Chappals kg 7.00 9 Plastic Tea Cups kg 4.00

40

10 Note Paper kg 7.00 11 School Book kg 3.00 12 News Paper kg 4.00 13 Mica Cover (Smooth) kg 5.00 14 Beer Bottle (New) Piece 4.00 15 Beer Bottle (Old) Piece 4.00 16 Quarter Bottle Piece 1.25 17 Milk Cover kg 10.00 18 Oil Cover kg 6.00 19 White Records kg 6.00 20 Glass kg 1.00 21 Glass (Ordinary) Piece 0.75 22 PVC kg 20.00 23 Soda bottle Piece 1.00 24 Beer Bottle (Small) Piece 0.50 25 News Paper (Waste) kg 2.50 26 Royal Apple Bottle Piece 0.50 27 Bottle (Pound) Piece 0.50

28 X-Ray Paper kg 20.00

41

Annexure II DETAILS OF INERT WASTE

It is recommended that street sweeping in the whole town is done in early

hours every day as sweeping during the day is unhygienic and interferes with the daily chores of the civics. It is proposed that each sweeper will sweep 2 kms of the road/street length per day. Each sweeper will also be responsible for the cleaning of surface drains and removal of silt from underground drains/manholes in his/her particular 2 kms length. As the total road/street length of the town is 120 kms, 60 sweepers will be required.

The sweepers/safai-sewaks will be provided with long handled brooms, cane baskets, metal trays and tricycles for the purpose. Since, the sweepings mainly contains silt and a little organic material like leaves, paper etc., it is recommended to have separate tricycles/one toners to collect the sweeping/inert waste (other than the wet waste from houses & shops).

BROAD AREA It is recommended that one toners will collect the sweeping/inert waste from

the broad areas and the same will be transported directly to the landfill site. Total road/street length in broad area - 96 kms (80% of 120 kms) Total inert waste generated - 20 TPD Inert waste generated from broad area - 16 TPD Capacity of one toner per round - 1 ton No. of rounds, each one toner can - 3 make per day No. of one toners required - 5 Each one toner will have one driver and two helpers NARROW AREA

In narrow areas where the big sized vehicles cannot enter, containerized tricycles are proposed to collect the waste. Each tricycle will transfer the inert waste directly to the dumper placer which will run along the G.T. Road or in broad areas. Dumper placer will transport the waste to the landfill site. Each tricycle will have one puller and one helper whereas each dumper placer will have one driver and two helpers.

Total road/street length in narrow area - 24 kms (20% of 120 kms) Inert waste generated from narrow area - 4 TPD Street/road length covered by each - 2 kms Tricycle No. of tricycles required - 12 Waste to be transported by dumper - 4TPD placer Capacity of each dumper placer per - 1.5 ton Round

42

No. of rounds each dumper placer can - 3 make per day No. of dumper placers required - 1 Two existing tractor trolleys are proposed for the transportation of

garden/construction waste on chargable basis on the request of the owner. Each tractor trolley will have one driver and two helpers.

All efforts should be made to explore the possibility of using street sweeping

machine in the internal roads/streets wherever possible.

43

ANNEXURE III

DETAILS OF MEASURES FOR THE STORAGE & COLLECTION OF WASTE

Sr. No.

Source Storage at source Collection from source

1 Residential & Commercial

2 small separate bins fitted with polythene bags for separately storing recyclable and compostable waste.

Door-to-door by safai-sewaks, using tricycles in narrow areas and by one toners in the broad areas. Also, all efforts should be made to hand over left-over cooked food to the safai-sewak itself, who will then be taking it to the cattle pond or gaushalas as once all the open dumping sites and PCCs are eliminated, there won’t be any stray animals.

2

Schools/Offices/ Institutions/Community Halls/Parks/Hotels & Restaurants/Marriage Halls

2 big (110 lts) separate HDPE bins for recyclable & compostable waste. Besides one container for cooked waste. Proper polythene bags should be put in the bins.

Individual's responsibility to send the cooked waste to piggery units and rest of the waste will be collected door-to-door by safai-sewaks, using tricycles or one toners to transport the same to compost plant/landfill site.

3 Meat & Fish markets

2 separate bins for recyclable & comopstable waste fitted with proper polythene bags.

Compostable waste including left-over cooked to be sent to the piggery units. Dry waste will be picked by safai-sewaks

4 Vegetable & Fruit Market

1 big 110 lts HDPE bin for storing compostable waste in individual shops presuming little recyclable waste.

Individual's responsibility to dump the waste in the container of safai sewak exclusive for the purpose.

5 Street food vendors 1 bag according to the individual’s sale.

Individual's responsibility to dump the waste in the container of safai sewak.

6 Garden Waste

Individual's wish on how to store, but should keep it separate from other wastes.

Tractor trolleys to be used to collect the same from source and will directly transport to processing/disposal site.

7 Dairy & Cattle-shed waste

Dung waste has to be treated by the owner. However, the sweeping waste of cattle shed should be stored separately from other wastes. 1 container should be specifically kept for the purpose.

Door-to-door collection by safai-sewaks

44

8 Hospitals/Pathological Laboratories/Health Care Centers

In accordance with the bye-laws for handling hospital waste

In accordance with the bye-laws for handling hospital waste

9 Construction & Demolition Waste

Responsibility of the owner to dispose it off to the low-lying areas as per MC by-laws and with prior approval. Otherwise, facility for storing the waste in container can be made available to individual on request to the MC for which MC will provide a container and will be responsible for lifting of the same. Also, MC will levy some charges for providing these sevices.

All the residents will be educated for the segregation & storage of recyclable

and compostable waste in separate bins. For proper and strict enforcement, some penalty will be levied on the defaulters for which municipal by-laws needs to be amended accordingly.

45

DETAILS OF INFRASTRUCTURE & MAN POWER REQUIRED FOR

THE COMPOSTABLE/RECYCLABLE AND INERT WASTE

INFRASTRUCTURE

Sr. No.

Type of waste

Tricycle One Toners

Dumper placers

Tractor trolleys

1 Compostable /Recyclable waste

40 16 2 -

2 Inert waste 12 5 1 2

Total 52 3 21 2

3 Vacuum sucker for inert waste

1 No.

4 Shed for the parking of above said vehicles

10,000 sq. ft

MANPOWER

Sr. No.

Description Driver Puller Helper Sweeper

A) Compostable /Recyclable waste

1 Tricycles – 40 - 40 40 -

One Toners – 16 16 - 32 -

Dumper placers -2 2 4

B) Inert waste

Street Sweepings - - - 60

Tricycles – 12 - 12 12 -

One Toners - 5 5 - 10 -

Dumper placers -1 1 - 2 -

Tractor trolleys – 2 2 - 4 -

Total 26 52 104 60

46

ANNEXURE IV MECHANICAL COMPOST PLANT

Total compostable waste per day (2007) 13.2 tons

Projection for the next 16 years 24.5 tons / day

Design capacity of plant 25 TPD

Land required on projected waste for composting (windrows, machinery, storage and processing etc)

1.0 hectare

Technology Details

Technology proposed for the treatment of waste Aerobic type windrow composting

Total number of windrows required 45

Size of each windrow 8m x 2.7m x1.5m (33m3).

Waste to be covered by each windrow (assuming bulk density as 500 kg/m3)

16.5T

Cycle time 45 days

Frequency of turning of the windrows Every week

Equipment for turning of waste mechanically to maintain the temperature

Front end loader

Mode of transfer of waste from hopper Picking belt

Infrastructure

Grading machines 2 No.

Screens 2 No.

Destoner 1 No.

Rotary vibrator 1 No.

Mixture Controller 1 No.

Front end loader 1 No.

Weighing and packing machines 2 No.

Building/office

Cost

Grading machines, screens, rotary vibrator, de-stoner, moisture controller, motors, weighing and packing machines

30 lacs

Front end loader 15 lacs

Cost of building/concrete plinth 25 lacs

Total 70 lacs

47

Chemicals

Bio culture to accelerate the process of decomposition of waste for its application on the fresh waste.

5 kg per ton /day

Pesticides/germicides to kill the germs and smell 5 ltrs /day

Manpower Requirement

Manager 1 No.

Driver for front end loader 1 No.

Workers for turning of waste of windrows and general maintenance

8 no.

48

Annexure V

REQUIREMENT of SANITARY LANDFILL SITE

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF LANDFILL SITE

BASIC DATA Location Mandi Gobindgarh Waste Generation 20 TPD Design Life Active Period - 15Years

Closure and Post Closure Period - 25 Years Topography Flat Ground Subsoil Clayey soil underlain by predominantly silt Water- table 24 m below ground surface Average Precipitation 400mm with peak touching 1200mm Base Year 2007

Landfill Capacity, Landfill Height and Landfill Area Cell – 1 (2007 – 2012) Current Inert Waste Generation

20 TPD

Estimated Inert Waste Generation after 5 years

22.34 TPD

Total Waste Generation in 5 years

0.5(20+22.34)x365x5= 38635 T

Total Waste Volume (assuming density 0.85 T/m3

45453 m3

Volume of Daily Cover 0.1x45453 =4545 m3 Volume of Liner and Cover Systems

0.125 x 45453 = 5681 m3

First Estimate of Landfill Volume (Ci)

45453+5681= 51134 m3

Likely Shape of Landfill Rectangular in plan (length : Width), Primarily above ground level, party below ground level

2:1

Area Restrictions Nil Possible maximum Landfill Height

9 m

Area Required 51134/9= 5681 sq. m or 0.56 hectares Approximate Plan Dimensions

52x110 m

49

Cell – 2 (2012 – 2017) Inert Waste Generation on 2012

22.34 TPD

Estimated Inert Waste Generation after 5 years

27.4 TPD

Total Waste Generation in 5 years

0.5(22.34+27.4)x365x5= 45387 T

Total Waste Volume (assuming density 0.85 T/m3

53397 m3

Volume of Daily Cover 0.1x53397 = 5339 m3 Volume of Liner and Cover Systems

0.125 x 53397 = 6674 m3

First Estimate of Landfill Volume (Ci)

53397+6674= 60071 m3

Likely Shape of Landfill Rectangular in plan (length : Width), Primarily above ground level, party below ground level

2:1

Area Restrictions Nil Possible maximum Landfill Height

9 m

Area Required 60071/9= 6674 sq.m or 0.66 hectares Approximate Plan Dimensions

60x110 m

Cell – 3 (2017 – 2022) Inert Waste Generation on 2012

27.4 TPD

Estimated Inert Waste Generation after 5 years

33.6 TPD

Total Waste Generation in 5 years

0.5(27.4+33.6)x365x5= 55662 T

Total Waste Volume (assuming density 0.85 T/m3

65485 m3

Volume of Daily Cover 0.1x65485 = 6548 m3 Volume of Liner and Cover Systems

0.125 x65485 = 8185 m3

First Estimate of Landfill Volume (Ci)

65485+8185= 73670 m3

Likely Shape of Landfill Rectangular in plan

2:1

50

(length : Width), Primarily above ground level, party below ground level Area Restrictions Nil Possible maximum Landfill Height

9 m

Area Required 73670/9= 8185 sq.m or 0.81 hectares Approximate Plan Dimensions

75x110 m

Total area of 3 cells for 15 years (C1+C2+C3)

5681+6674+8185=20540 Sq. m say 2 hectares

Approximate plan dimensions

100 x 200m

Landfill Section and Plan - 4:1 side slope for the above ground portion of the land fill - 2:1 side slope for the below ground portion of the land fill - Material balance for daily cover, liner and final cover material through excavation at site - Extra space around the waste filling area for infrastructural facilities - Additional 30m land is acquired around the landfill to place infrastructure facilities. Final size of landfill = 160 x 260 sqm (4.16 hectares)

Landfill infrastructure and layout

Site Fencing All around the landfill Weighbridge One weighbridge of 50 T capacity Administrative office 15x10 m building Site control office 3mx5m (Portable cabin) Access Roads (i) Main Access Road : 7 m wide; from main

road to parking area after weigh bridge. (ii) Arterial Road : 3.5 m wide all along the periphery.

Equipment Workshop & Garage

15x 10 m building

Vehicle Cleaning within the workshop Other Facilities (Temporary Holding Area)

Excavated portion of half phase to be used

Surface water drain Adjacent to arterial road along periphery Leachate collection pipe,

Adjacent to arterial road along periphery

Leachate holding tank 10x5x3m

51

Leachate treatment facility

10x10 ( in plan) (tentative)

Gas Flaring facility 5x5 (in plan) (tentative)

Surface water sedimentation tank

15x6x1.5m

Liner and Leachate collection system

a) Liner System

The liner system will comprise of the following layers below the waste: (i) 0.30m thick drainage layer comprising of Ghaggar sand (coarse sand) or gravel (stone dust win no fines) (ii) 0.2m thick protective layer of sandy silt (iii) 1.50 mm thick HDPE geomembrane (iv) 1.0 m thick clay layer/amended soil layer

(when clay is not easily available, amended soil layer comprising of local soil + bentonite is proposed)

Amended Soil Layer Design Through Laboratory Testing

Sandy silt mixed with bentonite in proportions of 2,4,6,8 and 10% in laboratory and premeability determined of less than 10-9 m/sec. 5% bentionite +sandy silt assumed in preliminary design.

Leachate Evaluation Average Total Precipitation in Mandi Gobindgarh

400mm/year

Plan area of operating cell (only one cell is operative every year)

1460 m2

Assuming 80% precipitation in 4 months (monsoon period), peak leachate quantity

30 m3/day ( to be confirmed by consultants)

Leachate Collection Pipes

Dia of HDPE pipes (perforated) = 15cm Spacing of pipes required = 10m

Leachate Holding Tank Size of holding 3 days of leachate = 10x5x3m Cover System Design

Cover system

The cover system will comprise of the following layer above the waste. (i) 0.40 m thick gas collection layer comprising

of gravel (stone dust with no fines) (ii) 0.6m thick barrier layer (sandy silt+5%

bentonite) (iii) 0.3 m thick surface layer of local top soil for

vegetative growth Passive Gas Vents Passive gas vents 1m high (above ground surface)

will be provided at a spacing of 50x50 m.

52

Surface Water Drainage System Surface Water Runoff

Average Total Precipitation in Mandi Gobindgarh = 400mm/year Peak discharge rate reaching drainage channel = 0.02 m3

/sec. Dimensions of drainage channel: Depth = 0.6 m Base width 0.6 Side slopes 3:1

Sedimentation Tank

To remove suspended particles of size 40 microns and above tank size required = 15x6x1.5

Environmental Monitoring System Ground Water Monitoring Wells Numbers

6 ( I upgradient well : 5, well along the sides in downgradient direction; all wells 30m away from landfill)

Lysismeters Numbers 2 (under each cell (Total No. 32) Gas Monitor

Two portable gas monitors for landfill gas

Samples

Stainless steel/HDPE samples (15 nos.) for: Groundwater samples Leachate samples in vertical risers/wells

Grab samplers for landfill gas (10 nos.)

Passive vents Gas wells

Downhole Monitors One multiparameter downhole groundwater monitoring system.

The drawings of proposed layout of disposal site and liner section are placed at Drawing 2 & Drawing 3.

53

COST ESTIMATE OF LANDFILL SITE BASED ON PRELIMINARY DESIGN

Sr. No.

Items Cost (Rs in lacs)

1 Site Selection and Site Characterization Cost (Table 1)

3

2 Design and Detailed Engineering Cost 3 3 Development Cost of one cell having area of

5681 sq.m with height of sanitary landfill as 9 m. (Table 2)

93.18

4 Final Closure cost of one cell having area of 5681 sqm (Table 3)

19.81

5 JCB machine (1 no.) 18 6 Tractor with dozer blade (1 No.) 5 7 Construction of 50T capacity weighbridge 5 Total 146.99

Note: Land acquisition cost will be borne by the Municipal Committee. Table 1 : Site selection and site characterization cost

Sl. No.

Item Cost (Rs in lacs)

1. Data Collection 0.20 2. Environmental Impact Assessment 1.00 3. Preliminary Bore Holes 0.25 4. Geotechnical Investigation for Design, Borrow

Material, Ground Water Investigation 0.50

5. Topographical Investigation 0.20 6. Hydrological Investigation 0.20 7. Geological Investigation 0.20 8. Traffic Investigation 0.20 9. Water and Leachate Investigation 0.35 Total 3.00

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Table- 2 Development cost of one cell S.No. Description Unit Qty. Rate

(in Rs.) Amount (in lacs)

1. Excavation up to 4.5 m depth m3 25564 40 10.22 2. Providing and laying of 300mm

thick layer of gravels m3 1704 550 9.37

3. Providing and laying of 200mm thick layer of sandy soil

m3 1136 200 2.27

4. Providing and fixing 1.5mm thick geo membrane HDPE sheet

m2 5681 350 19.88

5. Supply & laying of 1000mm thick clay layer

m3 5681 250 14.20

6. Supply, laying & joining perforated HDPE pipes of 150mm dia.

m 1000 600 6.0

7. Supply, laying & joining of HDPE gas vends (header pipes)

m 40 600 0.24

8. Providing all materials , lab., & construction of leachete holding tanks of size 10 x 5 x 3m

No. 1 6 lacs 6.0

9. Cost of infrastructure 25.0 Total 93.18 lacs Table 3: Final closure cost of one cell S.No. Description Unit Qty. Rate

(in Rs.) Amount (in lacs)

1. 450mm thick Gas collection layer of gravels

m3 2272 550 12.49

2. 600mm thick barrier layer consisting of sandy silt

m3 3408 200 6.81

3. Laying of 300mm thick layer of local top soil for vegetative growth

m3 1704 30 0.51

Total 19.81 Note : This estimate is lump sum and approximate. The values are indicative. However, actual costs will vary from site to site and should not be restricted by the range indicated in the table.

55

Manpower required at Landfill site

Sr. No. Description Operator Driver Helper

1 Weighbridge 1 - 1

2 JCB Machine 1 1

3 Tractor with dozzer blade 1 1

4 House keeping, compaction, spreading of daily cover, leachate collection

- - 4

Total 1 2 7

56

Annexure VI

PROJECT COST

Sr. No. Description No. of

units

Unit Cost

(in lacs)

Amount

(in lacs)

1. Segregation, collection and transportation of waste

1.1 Tricycles 52 0.18 9.36

1.2 One Toners 21 2.5 52.50

1.3 Dumper placer 3 7.0 21.00

1.4 Vacuum sucker 1 6.0 6.00

1.5 Construction of shed (10,000 sq.

feet area)

1 10.00

1.6 HDPE bags only for poor families

for dry waste (50% units)

10000 .0025 2.5

Total 101.36

2 Compost Plant

2.1 Grading Machines, screens, rotary vibrator, de-stoner, mixture controller, motors, weighing and packing machines

30 .0

2.2 Front end loader 15.0

2.3 Cost of building and concrete plinth (2500 sq.m) 25.0

Total 70.0

3. Scientific sanitary land fill site

1 Site Selection and Site Characterization Cost (Table 1) 3 2 Design and Detailed Engineering Cost 3 3 Development Cost of one cell having area of 5681 sq.m

with height of sanitary landfill as 9 m. 93.18

4 Final Closure cost of one cell having area of 5681 sqm 19.81 5 JCB machine (1 no.) 18 6 Tractor with dozer blade (1 No.) 5 7 Construction of 50T capacity weighbridge 5 Total 146.99 4 Others

4.1 Meetings to create awareness 40 0.15 6.0

4.2 Resource material (movies/posters/ brochures)

2.5

57

4.3 Visit to the state of art sanitary landfill/ compost sites like

Vejalpur, Surat, Gujarat, Nammakal etc

3.0

4.4 Inspection vehicle (Gypsy) – 1 No. 4.0

4.5 Computers 4 0.50 2.0

4.6 Biometric machines for marking attendance of the worker

4 1.25 5.0

4.7 Tools such as brooms, kahi, basket, Funjar & uniforms, Apron, gloves and masks (Details as per Annexure – XV)

5.0

Total 27.5

Overall Total (1+2+3+4) 345.85

5. Consultancy charges of Council towards manpower, traveling, infrastructure, preparation of tender document, interaction with experts and Govt. agencies etc. (Details as per Annexure XIV)

20.0

Grand Total 365.85

58

Annexure VII OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

The total operation and maintenance cost has been estimated as Rs.188.82 lacs per annum which includes salary of the staff, fuel for vehicles, maintenance of vehicles, maintenance of the compost plant and land fill site. The details are as under: ABSTRACT OF OPERATION & MAINTENANCE COST: Sr. No. Description Amount per

annum (in lacs)

Remarks

1 Salary 89.27 Details as per Table A

2 Fuel 25.05 Details as per Table B

3 Maintenance of vehicles 4.76 Details as per Table C

4 Compost plant 21.70 Details as per Table D

5 Landfill site 41.0 Details as per Table E

6 Others 7.04 Details as per Table F

Total 188.82

59

SALARY

MANPOWER REQUIRED

Sr. No

Description Supervisor Driver Puller Helper Sweeper

1 Collection and Transportation of Compostable /Recyclable waste and Inert waste

20 26 52 104 60

2 Compost Plant 1 1 - 8 -

3 Landfill site 1 2 - 7 -

Total 22 29 52 119 60

SALARY

Sr. No. Description Salary/month (Rs.)

Numbers Amount per annum

(In lacs) 1 Supervisor 4000 22 10.56

2 Driver 3500 29 12.18

3 Puller 2400 52 14.98

4 Helper 2400 119 34.27

5 Sweeper 2400 60 17.28

Total 89.27

Table A

60

FUEL

Sr. No

Description Total Nos.

Total distance

traveled/day

Average (Km/ltr)

Rate/ltr Amount per

annum (In lacs)

1 Dumper placers

3 160 km 5 33 3.85

2 One Toners 21 1440 km 20 33 8.67

3 Tractor trolley 2 8 hrs 4 ltr/hr 33 3.85

4 Front end loader

1 5 hrs 6ltr/hr 33 3.61

5 JCB Machine 1 4 hrs 5 ltr/hr 33 2.41

6 Tractor with dozer blade

1 4 hrs 4 ltr/hr 33 1.93

7 Gypsy 1 60 km 15 50 0.73

Total 25.05

Table B

Basis:

a. Dumper Placer

Total number of dumper placers required – 3

Total No. of rounds to be made per day - 8

Average distance to be traveled per round - 20 km

Total Distance to be traveled by dumper placers- 160 kms per day b. One Toner

Total number of one toner required – 21

Total No. of rounds to be made per day - 48

Average distance to be traveled per round - 30 km

Total Distance to be traveled by one toner - 1440 kms per day

61

c. Tractor Trolley Total number of tractor trolley required – 2

No. of working hrs. per tractor trolley per day - 4

Fuel consumption of one tractor trolley per hour- 4 litres

Total fuel consumed by each tractor trolley - 4x4 = 16 litres per day d. Front End Loader Total number of Front End Loader required – 1

No. of working hrs. per day - 5

Fuel consumption per hour - 6 litres

Total fuel consumed by one front end loader - 6x5 = 30 litres per day e. JCB Machine Total number of JCB Machine required – 1

No. of working hrs. per day - 4

Fuel consumption per hour - 5 litres

Total fuel consumed by one JCB Machine - 5x4 = 20 litres per day f. Tractor with dozer blade Total number of tractor with dozer blade required - 1

No. of working hrs. per day - 4

Fuel consumption per hour - 4 litres

Total fuel consumed by one tractor with - 4x4 = 16 litres Dozer blade per day g. Gypsy Total number of vehicle required – 1

Average distance to be traveled per day - 60 km

Fuel average per litre - 15 km

Total fuel consumed per day - 4 litres

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MAINTENANCE OF VEHICLES

Sr. No Description Total Nos.

Annual cost (Rs. in lacs)

1 Dumper placers 3 0.54

2 One Toners 21 2.52

3 Tractor trolley 2 0.24

4 Front end loader 1 0.24

5 JCB Machine 1 0.24

6 Tractor with dozer blade 1 0.12

7 Gypsy 1 0.24

8 Tricycles 52 0.62

Total 4.76

Table C

This includes the maintenance cost of the vehicles to be used for collection, transportation of waste, at landfill site, at Compost plant and inspection vehicle. The maintenance cost includes services charges like oiling, change of filters, welding, electrical and mechanical breakdowns, punctures and replacement of tyres and tubes etc. Basis: 1. Maintenance cost of one dumper placer per month - Rs.1500/- 2. Maintenance cost of one one-toner per month - Rs.1000/- 3. Maintenance cost of one tractor trolley per month - Rs.1000/- 4. Maintenance cost of front end loader per month - Rs.2000/- 5. Maintenance cost of JCB machine per month - Rs.2000/- 6. Maintenance cost of tractor with dozer blade - Rs.1000/- per month 7. Maintenance cost of Gypsy per month - Rs.2000/- 8. Maintenance cost of one tricycle per month - Rs.100/-

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COMPOST PLANT

Sr. No. Description Quantity Rate Amount

per annum (in lacs)

1 Electricity (50 HP) 50x 0.746x8x365

1,08,916 units 4/unit 4.36

2 Bio-culture (5kg/ton) for 14 tons per day

70kg/day 50/kg 12.78

3 Spray 5 ltr/day 250 4.56

Total 21.70

Table D

This includes the cost of electricity to be used for running the machinery, bio-cultures to be used to speed up the process of decomposition and sprays to kill the germs and smell. LANDFILL SITE This includes three types of expenditure as mentioned in the table below:-

Sr. No.

Description Cost per annum (Rs. In lacs)

1 Cell operation cost 18.5

2 Cell closure cost 18.5

3 Post closure care cost 4.0

Total 41

Table E

The break up of the above said cost is as below: 1. Cell Operation Cost: This includes the activities like day-to-day waste filling, spreading, compaction, laying of daily cover and its spreading and pollution prevention. The details of expenditure in this category are discussed in below mentioned table:-

Sr. No, Items Cost (Rs. In lacs)

1 Waste Filling, Spreading and Compaction 15 2 Daily Cover Laying, Spreading and

Compaction 3

3 Pollution Prevention During Operation 0.50 Total 18.5

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2. Cell Closure Cost: This includes providing final cover system after the closure of landfill site, surface water drainage system, monitoring facilities and vegetative growth on the top layer. The detailed expenditures are discussed in the below mentioned table:-

Sr. No.

Items Cost (Rs. In lacs)

1 Final Cover System 15 2 Surface Water Drainage System on Cover 3 3 Monitoring Facility on Cover 0.25 4 Vegetation Growth on Cover 0.25 Total 18.5

3. Post Closure Care Cost: This includes the long term vegetative growth stabilization cost, leachete management, maintenance of cover and drainage system and environmental monitoring etc. The details are as under:-

Sr. No.

Items Cost (Rs. In lacs)

1 Long Term Vegetative Stabilization 1.00 2 Operation of Leachate Management Facility 1.00 3 Maintenance of Cover and Drainage System 1.50 4 Environmental Monitoring 0.50

Total 4.00

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OTHERS

This includes the medicines/germicides required for spray in the city to kill the mosquitoes, flies, prevention from spreading of epidemic diseases and uniforms, shoes to be provided to the workers for their safety from the diseases. Sr. No. Description Annual cost

1 Medicines/germicides for spray in city 6.0

2 Uniforms/shoes/jersey/chappals (total workers – 260 @Rs. 400/- Per annum )

1.04

Total 7.04

Table F

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Annexure VIII

REVENUE GENERATION The total annual operation and maintenance expenditure has been estimated as Rs.188.82 lacs for the management of municipal solid waste at Mandi Gobindgarh whereas the revenue generation from the sale of compost from the Compost Plant has been estimated as Rs.61.32 lacs per annum against the annual operation and maintenance expenditure on compost plants as Rs.28.51 lacs. The details are as described in the below mentioned tables:- Revenue Generation:

Sr. No. Description Amount (In lacs)

1 Waste processed – 14 TPD Yield obtained (60%) – 8.4 TPD Selling cost – Rs. 2000 /T Revenue Generated - Rs.16,800/day Annual Revenue - 16800x365

61.32

Net O & M expenditure:

Sr. No. Description Amount (In lacs)

A. Annual Expenditure on compost plant (Electricity, bio-culture and spray- 21.70 +Manpower – 3.20 +fuel – 3.61)

28.51

B. Annual Revenue generation from compost plant

61.32

C. Annual Net income of compost plant (61.32 – 28.51)

32.81

D. Total Annual O & M expenditure 188.82

E. Total Annual Revenue generation 61.32

F. Net Annual expenditure 127.50

So the total operation and maintenance expenditure after deducting the annual revenue generation from compost plant has been estimated as Rs.127.50 lacs. The following methodology is proposed to met out this expenditure:- Out of 20,000 units, around 2000 are commercial and remaining 18000 are

residential. 70% of the net annual expenditure of Rs. 127.50 lacs (i.e. Rs. 90

67

lacs) may be met out by levying a reasonable charge of Rs. 60 per month from each commercial unit and Rs. 35 per month from each residential unit.

The remaining 30% expenditure of Rs. 127.50 lacs (i.e. Rs. 37.50 lacs) may be

borne by the Municipal Committee. At present, the Mandi Gobindgarh Municipal Committee is spending Rs.1.5 – 1.75 crores per annum on sanitation, so the estimated expenditure of Rs 37.50 lacs is easily affordable from the municipal budget.

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Annexure IX

Minutes of the Meeting on 10th March’2005 A meeting with the Municipal Councilors and Officers from Municipal Council was organized by PSCST in the office of President, Municipal Council, Mandi Gobindgarh on 10th March’05. The objective of this meeting was to make Municipal Councilors and Municpal Council’s officers aware about this project, to get their support and feedback/ideas for the work to be done in the town in order to accomplish the goals of this project. Following were present in the meeting: S.No. Name Designation Contact Number 1. Mr. Jagdev Singh

Bhangu Municipal Counsiller, Ward No. 1

98145-01438

2 Mr. Jagmeet Singh Sahota, Vice President, MC

Municipal Counsiller, Ward No. 9 98724-56356

3 Mrs. Reeta Garg

Municipal Counsiller, Ward No. 8

98142-00572, 01765-259209

4 Mrs. Sushma Kumari

Municipal Counsiller, Ward No. 14

921788826, 01765-254938

5 Mr. Rajiv Sood

Municipal Counsiller, Ward No. 4

98140-53530

6 Mrs. Kanwaljeet Kaur

Municipal Counsiller, Ward No. 11

98147-16617

7 Not Known

Municipal Counsiller, Ward No. 15

01765-258253, 98156-64753

8 Not Known

Municipal Counsiller, Ward No. 19

01765-500587

9 Mr. Sunil Khosla Municipal Engineer 01765-255350 10 Mr. Rajesh Kumar Sanitary Inspector 01765-255350 11 Mr. Ranjeet Singh

Sandhu Sanitary Inspector

98147-65347

12 Mr. S.K. Jain

Senior Engineer, PSCST

0172-2793300

13 Dr. Satnam Singh Ladhar

SSO, PSCST 0172-2793300

14 Mr. Krishna Kant

Project Associate, PSCST

0172-2793300

15 Ms. Lovleen Gupta

Project Associate, PSCST

0172-2793300

All the Municipal Councilors and official of the MC, Mandi Gobindgarh were supportive and gave very useful information. Also, they offered their full co-operation in accomplishing the goal. Important points which came up in the meeting are:

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1. MC officials informed that soon the ward system of Mandi Gobindgarh will be switched over to a sector plan. According to this plan, the whole town will be divided into 26 sectors (including 5 sectors for future extension). Each sector will have maximum of 4000 houses. This effort is commendable and indicates that people have a progressive vision and think ahead of times.

2. Mr. Sahota, Vice President, MC told that there is a large community of people

who are living in the slum areas, godowns and are not registered with the census board. Consensus came up that the total population contributing to the solid waste in the town must be around 80,000 -1,00,000 instead of 55,000 as per 2001 census. Following areas are reported to house unregistered population (poor people, people working in industries):

Motiya Khan & Subhash Nagar in Ward #7 and 8 houses around 5000

people. Sant Nagar, Iqbal Nagar, Vidhi Cahowdhry Colony, Shanti Nagar, Dilip

Nagar, Bhant Nagar, Ram Nagar collectively houses around12,000 – 14,000 people.

3. Rag-pickers (people who pick up recyclable waste) live in the slum areas near

the railway station. They usually start picking up the waste at around 4:00 in the morning and continue collecting the waste through out the day.

4. Presently, around 70% - 80% of the Primary Collection Centers are on the

private property as Municipal Corporation doesn’t have its own land. 5. In some areas, streets are very small and it is not possible for a dumper placer or

a tractor trolley to reach and collect the waste. Waste from these areas is presently being burned out by the residents. It was recommended to use three-wheelers for collecting the house-hold waste in those areas.

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Annexure – X

Population Projection for year 2007

Present population (in 2007) has been worked out and compared using following methods:

1. Arithmetic increase method 2. Geometric increase method 3. Incremental increase method

Year Population

Increase in Pop. Incremental Increase % Increase

1961 7,026 1971 9387 2,361 33.60 1981 26637 17,250 14,889 183.76 1991 42063 15,426 -1,824 57.91

2003 60672 18,609 3,183 44.24 Average 13411.5 5416 45.25 Arithmetical Increase Method Present Population (2007) = 60,672 + 13411.5 *(6/10) = 68718

Geometric Increase Method = 60,672 + (45.25/100)*(6/10)*60672 = 77144

Incremental Increase Method = 60,672 + (13411.5 + 5416)*(6/10) = 71968

It is worthwhile to mention here that while arriving at the average percentage increase of 45.25 (used in Geometric Increase Method), the value of 183.76 % (percentage increase during 1971 – 81) has been ignored, assuming it to be an outlier and abnormal growth in this decade (due to an industrial revolution era in the town). Out of the above 3 methods of population projection, geometrical increase method is/will be adopted for future projections as it gives maximum projection. Further, this method is considered as most suitable for the town of Mandi Gobindgarh which has vast scope of future development being the most industrialized town in the State. Hence, population of Mandi Gobindgarh will be taken as 77144 for the year 2007 for all estimates.

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Annexure –XI

Detailed Information from Residential Survey

Sample data showing waste generation from residential area in Mandi Gobindgarh

Ward No.

No. of houses surveyed

Total No. of people in the families surveryed

No. of adults in the families surveyed

No. of children in the families surveyed

Total waste produced by houses surveyed (kg)

Per capita generation (kg)

2 6 57 41 16 18.5 0.3246

3 6 31 23 8 9 0.2903

4 6 36 26 10 10.05 0.2792

5 6 67 42 25 22.5 0.3358

6 5 32 16 16 11 0.3438

8 5 104 84 20 39 0.3750

9 8 194 170 24 32.7 0.1686

10 7 99 81 18 52 0.5253

11 9 98 78 20 26.05 0.2658

12 7 64 44 20 25.65 0.4008

13 6 31 28 3 9.9 0.3194

14 7 84 77 7 30.25 0.3601

15 10 84 62 22 25.3 0.3012

18 4 38 22 16 11 0.2895

Total 1019 794 225 322.9 Average per capita generation on the basis of survey (kg) 0.317 say 320 g

Total household waste generated by the entire population (96,654) in Mandi Gobindgarh

=0.320 kg/capita * 96,654 people

=30.93 tons

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Annexure –XII Sample of filled in Questionnaire by School Children

73

74

Annexure XIII Reports received from M/S Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, New Delhi.

75

76

77

78

Annexure XIV Consultancy Charges of Council

Sr. No. Description Amount (Rs. in lacs)

1 Mandays

(To creat awareness, interaction with govt. agencies, consultants & Municipal Councils, preparation of DNIT, invitation & finalization of tenders, visit to sites etc.)

11.0

2 Expert charges 3.0

3 TA/DA 1.50

4 Hotel Stay charges 0.50

5 Stationery, communication,photography etc. 1.0

6 Contingencies 0.50

Total 17.50

Institutional expenses @ 15% of the Total cost 2.62

Grand Total 20.12 lacs say 20 lacs

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Annexure XV

Tools required Description Qty Reqd. Life Reqd./year Rate Total

Brooms 179 One/month 2148 20 42,960 Kahi 119 One/4 month 357 100 35,700 Basket 119 One / 2 month 714 50 35,700 Funjar 119 One / 4 month 357 50 17,850 Uniforms 260 One / year 260 1000 2,60,000 Appron 231 One / year 231 50 11,550 Gloves 231 One / month 2772 30 83,160 Mask 231 One / year 231 40 17,325

Total 5,04,195

Say 5.0

lac

80

LIST OF PICTURES

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Picture – 1: A Typical PCC at Mandi Gobindgarh

Picture – 2: An MC employee transferring the waste into the container at PCC (unhygienic condition)

82

Picture – 3: Bio-medical waste in MSW at Mandi Gobindgarh

Picture -4: Open dumping on private land

83

Picture – 5: Recyclable waste segregated by rag-pickers

Picture -6: Stray animals eating away the MSW at PCC

84

Picture – 7: Tri-cycles used for MSW collection from source

Picture – 8: Dumper Placer with hydraulic system used for lifting of containers from PCCs.

85

Picture -9: Proposed containerized and covered tricycle for MSW

collection from source.

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I N D E X

S.No Description Page No.

Executive Summary 1 – 5

1.0 City Profile 6 - 11

2.0 Present Scenario of SWM Practice 12 - 26

3.0 Technological Options 27 - 30

4.0 Recommendations 31 - 34

5.0 Future Projections 35 - 36

6.0 ANNEXURES (1 to 15) 37 Annexure I - Compostable/recyclable waste 38-40 Annexure II - Details of inert waste 41-42 Annexure III - Measures for storage & collection of

waste 43 - 45

Annexure IV - Mechanical compost plant 46 - 47

Annexure V - Requirement of sanitary landfill site 48 – 55

Annexure VI - Project cost 56 – 57

Annexure VII - Operation & maintenance 58 – 65 Annexure VIII - Revenue generation 66 – 67 Annexure IX - Minutes of meeting on 10th march’2005 68 – 69 Annexure X - Population projection for year 2005. 70 Annexure XI - Detailed Information from Residential

Survey 71

Annexure XII - Sample questionnaire 72 – 73 Annexure XIII - Analysis reports. 74 – 77 Annexure XIV - Consultancy charges of council 78 Annexure XV- Tools required 79 Pictures (1 – 9) 80 -85 Drawing 1 – Ward map Drawings 2 – proposed layout of disposal site Drawing 3 – liner section

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Senior Environmental Engineer, Punjab Pollution Control Board, Nabha Road, Patiala. (Punjab). Kind Attn: Shri D.K. Dua, Senior Environmental Engineer

Subject Implementation of the provision of Municipal Solid

Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 – Installation of demonstration facility

With reference to your letter no. SEE(EPA)205/F.No/Gen

MSW/8/7893 dated 7.6.205 on the above mentioned subject, please find

enclosed herewith the updated DPR for Solid Waste Management for the town of

Mandi Gobindgarh for further action at your end.

Additional Director (CC)

Encl: As above