Examples of Movements and Role of Muscles
Sit-up
Start PositionSupine Position (on back), Feet flat on the ground with Knee’s flexed to ≈90˚, hands outstretched over
knees or crossed over shoulders
Finish Position Trunk and Hips Flexed to the full extent the client is capable of
CuesBreathe out during the Concentric phase, maintain muscular engagement through set, finish with
Elbows over knees
Joints & Movements
Hip Flexion & Trunk Flexion (Concentric), Hip Extension & Trunk Extension (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Hip Flexors & Abdominals
Prime Mover Rectus Abdominis
VariationsMachine based, Hand position (if hands placed on head, ensure client does not pull or crane neck),
support on top of feet
Abdominal Crunch
Start PositionSupine Position (on back), Feet off the ground with Hips flexed to ≈100˚, hands outstretched over
knees
Finish Position Same position as starting with additional Trunk Flexion to the maximum extent the client is capable of
CuesBreathe out during the ‘crunch’ (Concentric) phase, maintain muscular engagement through set,
finish with wrists over knees
Joints & Movements
Trunk Flexion (Concentric), Trunk Extension(Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Abdominals (anterior trunk muscles)
Prime Mover Rectus Abdominis
VariationsSwiss Ball under feet, Machine based, Hand position (if hands placed on head, ensure client does not
pull or crane neck)
Oblique DB Crunch
Start PositionStanding, DB in hand at the side opposite to the oblique you would like to work, DB lowered through
lateral trunk extension (of the targeted side) to mid-thigh level (arm straight), free hand by side
Finish Position Standing with DB raised to hip level through lateral flexion (body bends towards targeted side)
Cues Engage trunk, limit forward or backward bending, keep range from hip to mid thigh (DB)
Joints & Movements
Lateral Trunk Flexion (Concentric), Lateral Trunk Extension (Eccentric) (non-targeted side is the opposite)
Muscle Group(s) Abdominals/Obliques (Lateral Trunk muscles)
Prime Mover Obliques
Variations Hanging from feet
Back Extensions - Machine
Start Position Horizontal/Prone – Legs locked in/under ankle supports
Finish Position Hips flexed at 90°. Upper body hanging vertically
Cues Squeeze Gluteal muscles throughout movements
Joints & Movements
Trunk Extension (Eccentric), Trunk Flexion (Concentric)
Muscle Group(s) Hip Extensors
Prime Mover Quadratus Lumborum
VariationsHand Positions; Level 1 – Arms folded across chest, Level 2 – Hands touching temples, Level 3 – Arms
above head. Also can carry/hold weight plates or medicine ball
Back Extensions - Floor
Start Position Lying Horizontal/Prone, facing floor
Finish Position Hips/Trunk extended 10-15° (chest off ground)
Cues Squeeze Gluteal muscles throughout movements
Joints & Movements
Trunk Extension (Eccentric), Trunk Flexion (Concentric)
Muscle Group(s) Back Extensors
Prime Mover Quadratus Lumborum
VariationsHand Positions; Level 1 – Arms folded across chest, Level 2 – Hands touching temples, Level 3 – Arms
above head.
MB Russian Twist
Start PositionLeaning back from a seated position with heels on the ground, maintain a neutral posture of the spine. Hips & Knees should be a ≈120˚. Holding a medicine ball close to the abdomen, rotate the
trunk to one side until the MB is just off the ground
Finish Position Rotate the trunk in the opposite direction until the trunk is on the opposing side
CuesMaintain a neutral curve to spine, control movement, visualise use of core and obliques when
rotating, breathe consistently through movement
Joints & Movements
Trunk Rotation (changes from side to side)
Muscle Group(s) Obliques & Abdominals (Rectus – Isometric, Transverse – Isotonic)
Prime Mover Obliques
Variations Increase Hip flexion angle to increase difficulty
Plank
Start PositionFace down (Prone) supporting body on Elbows positioned under shoulders and Toes create a rigid
‘Plank’ with your body. Shoulders, Hips & Ankles should form a level straight line.
Finish Position As above
Cues Keep hips level (no sagging & no arching), breathe, engage Glutes and core
Joints & Movements
None (Isometric contraction of muscles surrounding the shoulders, hips, trunk & knees)
Muscle Group(s) Core/Abdominals/Trunk
Prime MoverRectus Abdominis, and to a lesser degree Transverse Abdominis (Contracts Isometrically to increase
intra-abdominal pressure)
Variations On knees (creates a shorter, easier to perform plank), on Swiss Ball
Squat – Body Weight
Start Position Standing with feet just wider than hip width
Finish Position In ‘Squat’ position hips level with ankles, neutral curve in spine
Cues Lower hips as if sitting down on a low chair
Joints & Movements
Hip Flexion, Knee Flexion, Dorsi Flexion (Eccentric). Hip Extension, Knee Extension, Plantar Flexion (Concentric)
Muscle Group(s) Quadriceps, Hamstrings, Glutes, Calves
Prime Mover Quadriceps
Variations Squat on to bench/chair, Wall Squat with FitBall
Back Squat - Weighted
Start Position Standing upright with bar across posterior shoulders, feet just wider than hip width
Finish Position In ‘Squat’ position hips level with ankles, neutral curve in spine
Cues Lower hips as if sitting down on a low chair
Joints & Movements
Hip Flexion, Knee Flexion, Dorsi Flexion (Eccentric). Hip Extension, Knee Extension, Plantar Flexion (Concentric)
Muscle Group(s) Quadriceps, Hamstrings, Glutes, Calves
Prime Mover Quadriceps
Variations Feet width, toe direction, front squat
Leg Press - Machine
Start Position Seated with legs fully extended (slight bend in knees)
Finish Position Hips and knees flexed to about 90°, or Tibia/Fibula parallel to ground
Cues Always hold hand-grips, be cautious of “locking” legs out during extension
Joints & Movements
Hip Flexion, Knee Flexion, Dorsi Flexion (Eccentric). Hip Extension, Knee Extension, Plantar Flexion (Concentric)
Muscle Group(s) Quadriceps, Hamstrings, Glutes, Calves
Prime Mover Quadriceps
Variations Feet width, feet higher/lower on plate
Leg Extension
Start Position Knees bent
Finish Position Legs straight
CuesAlways hold hand-grips (when applicable), controlled movements (especially during Eccentric
contraction)
Joints & Movements
Knee Extension (Concentric). Knee Flexion (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Quadriceps
Prime Mover Quadriceps
Variations -
Hamstring/Leg Curl
Start Position Legs straight
Finish Position Knees bent
CuesAlways hold hand-grips (when applicable), controlled movements (especially during Eccentric
contraction)
Joints & Movements
Knee Flexion (Concentric). Knee Extension (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Hamstrings
Prime Mover Hamstrings
Variations Seated/Supine - depending on machine
Glute Raise
Start Position Lying Supine on ground (facing upwards). Knees at 45°, feet flat on ground
Finish Position Hips neutral (straight). Shoulders and feet still on ground, knees ≈90°
Cues Arms out to the side for support
Joints & Movements
Hip Extension (Concentric). Hip Flexion (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Gluteals
Prime Mover Gluteals
Variations Weight plates/bar added to pelvis
Standing Calf Raise
Start Position Standing upright with ankles at 90°, toes on a step of some description
Finish PositionStanding upright with ankles Plantar-Flexed at 180° (or as close as client can), toes on a step of some
description
Cues Plantar Flex ankles (point toes inferiorly) until ankles at 180°
Joints & Movements
Plantar Flexion (Concentric). Dorsi Flexion (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Calves
Prime Mover Calves
Variations Added Dumbbell or Plate/Bar weights. Machine – Shoulder supports/pads
Bent Knee Calf Raise
Start Position Sitting down with knees and ankles at 90°, feet flat on ground
Finish Position Sitting down with ankles Plantar-Flexed at 180° (or as close as client can)
Cues Plantar Flex ankles (point toes inferiorly) until ankles ≈180°
Joints & Movements
Plantar Flexion (Concentric). Dorsi Flexion (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Calves
Prime Mover Calves
Variations Added Plate weights to Femurs
Upper-body Pull Compound Movements
Pulling Exercises
Horizontal Pulling Exercises
Vertical Pulling ExercisesUpward Pulling ExercisesDownward Pulling Exercises
Upright Row
Start Position Standing upright, feet shoulder width apart. Hands hanging in front (Anterior) of hips
Finish Position Standing upright, feet shoulder width apart. Hands finish directly below (Inferior) to chin
Cues Body movement (other than shoulders and elbows) kept to an absolute minimum
Joints & Movements
Shoulder Abduction, Elbow Flexion (Concentric). Shoulder Adduction, Elbow Extension (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Shoulders, Biceps
Prime Mover Lateral Deltoid
Variations Barbell, dumbbell, kettlebell, Handle types on machine (cable); ropes, straps, solid handle
Chin-up
Start Position Body hanging, arms straight. Hands Supinated
Finish Position Body lifted, chin above (Superior to) hands
Cues Full range of movement, controlled contractions
Joints & Movements
Shoulder Extension, Elbow Flexion (Concentric). Shoulder Flexion, Elbow Extension (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Lats, Shoulder Extensors, Biceps
Prime Mover Latissimus Dorsi
Variations Hands mid-prone, weight added (belt). “Negatives” (extended Eccentric phase)
Pull-up
Start Position Body hanging, arms straight. Hands Pronated
Finish Position Body lifted, chin above hands/bar
Cues Full range of movement, controlled contractions
Joints & Movements
Shoulder Abduction, Elbow Flexion (Concentric). Shoulder Adduction, Elbow Extension (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Lats, Teres Major, Biceps
Prime Mover Latissimus Dorsi
Variations Grip width, weight added (belt). “Negatives” (extended Eccentric phase)
Lat Pull-down
Start Position Elbows fully extended, shoulders completely Abducted/Flexed
Finish Position Shoulder blades fully Adducted
CuesSqueeze shoulder blades together. Don’t let shoulders be pulled up (Elevated) at end of Eccentric
phase.
Joints & Movements
Shoulder Abduction, Elbow Flexion (Concentric). Shoulder Adduction, Elbow Extension (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Lats, Teres Major, Biceps
Prime Mover Latissimus Dorsi
Variations Grip width, Pronated/Supinated grip
Supine Row (Reverse Push-up)
Start PositionSupine Position (laying flat on ground), facing upwards. Bar at Shoulder “height”. Arms horizontally
flexed at 90°. Hands Pronated
Finish PositionLying down, heels on ground. Hips straight. Arms horizontally extended, Scapulae Adducted, Elbow
Flexed. Bar directly Anterior to Pectoral muscle group.
Cues Keep body rigid at all times. Squeeze shoulder blades together
Joints & Movements
Horizontal Shoulder Extension, Elbow Flexion, Scapula Adduction (Concentric). Horizontal Shoulder Flexion, Elbow Extension, Scapula Abduction (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Rhomboids, Trapezius (lower and upper), Latissimus Dorsi, Posterior Deltoid, Biceps
Prime Mover Traps
Variations Hands Supinated. Feet on bench. Weight added (vest/plate)
Supported Row
Start PositionLying Prone (facing down) on bench. Hands Pronated. Hands shoulder-width apart. Elbows straight,
arms horizontally flexed
Finish PositionLying Prone (facing down) on bench. Hands Pronated. Hands shoulder-width apart. Elbows straight,
arms horizontally extended
Cues Squeeze shoulder blades together
Joints & Movements
Horizontal Shoulder Extension, Elbow Flexion, Scapula Adduction (Concentric). Horizontal Shoulder Flexion, Elbow Extension, Scapula Abduction (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Rhomboids, Trapezius (lower and upper), Latissimus Dorsi, Posterior Deltoid, Biceps
Prime Mover Traps
Variations Supinated/Mid-Prone grip. Angled bench. Grip width
Single-Arm Bent-over Row
Start PositionKneeling on bench, same-side hand on bench for support. Opposite foot on ground, ankle slightly
behind hip, knee straight. Opposite hand holding weight, elbow straight.
Finish PositionKneeling on bench, same-side hand on bench for support. Opposite foot on ground, ankle slightly
behind hip, leg straight. Opposite hand holding weight, elbow flexed.
Cues Keep back, hips and shoulders parallel to ground at all times
Joints & Movements
Shoulder Extension, Elbow Flexion (Concentric). Shoulder Flexion, Elbow Extension (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Rhomboids, Trapezius (lower and upper), Latissimus Dorsi, Posterior Deltoid, Biceps
Prime Mover Traps
Variations Barbell, dumbbell, kettlebell. Standing (2 feet on ground). Bilateral bent-over Row
Upper-body Push Compound Movements
• Pushing Exercises• Horizontal Pushing Exercises• Vertical Pushing Exercises
• Upward Pushing Exercises• Downward Pushing Exercises
Push-up
Start PositionLaying face down on ground. Hands underneath shoulders. Arms Horizontally Extended, elbows
Flexed.
Finish PositionLaying face down on ground. Hands underneath shoulders. Arms Horizontally Flexed, elbows
Extended.
Cues Keep body rigid at all times.
Joints & Movements
Horizontal Shoulder Flexion, Elbow Extension (Concentric). Horizontal Shoulder Extension, Elbow Flexion (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Pectoral Group, Anterior Deltoid, Triceps
Prime Mover Pecs
VariationsOn toes/on knees. Hands above body/ground (block/bench). Hands below body (knees/feet on
bench). Tricep/Diamond push-up
Chest Press
Start Position Laying face up on bench. Arms Horizontally Flexed, elbows Extended.
Finish PositionLaying face down on ground. Arms Horizontally Extended, elbows Flexed. Bar across chest at nipple
height
Cues Keep body rigid at all times. Full flexion and extension of arms and shoulders
Joints & Movements
Horizontal Shoulder Extension, Elbow Flexion (Eccentric). Horizontal Shoulder Flexion, Elbow Extension (Concentric).
Muscle Group(s) Pectoral Group, Anterior Deltoid, Triceps
Prime Mover Pecs
Variations Grip width, incline press, decline press
DB Chest Press
Start Position Laying face up on bench. Arms Horizontally Flexed, elbows Extended.
Finish PositionLaying face down on ground. Arms Horizontally Extended, elbows Flexed. Dumbbells across chest at
nipple height
Cues Keep body rigid at all times. Full flexion and extension of arms and shoulders
Joints & Movements
Horizontal Shoulder Extension, Elbow Flexion (Eccentric). Horizontal Shoulder Flexion, Elbow Extension (Concentric).
Muscle Group(s) Pectoral Group, Anterior Deltoid, Triceps
Prime Mover Pecs
VariationsGrip width, incline press, decline press. Unilateral, alternating reps. Pronate/Supinate Concentric
phase
Handstand Press-up
Start PositionHands on ground about 15-20cm away from wall, shoulder-width apart. Facing wall. Feet up on wall.
Shoulders fully abducted, elbows straight
Finish PositionHands on ground about 15-20cm away from wall, shoulder-width apart. Facing wall. Feet up on wall.
Shoulders abducted to about 45°. Elbows flexed to about 90°
Cues Feet can either roll or slide up and down wall
Joints & Movements
Adduction, Elbow flexion (Eccentric). Abduction, Elbow extension (Concentric)
Muscle Group(s) Lateral & Anterior Deltoid, Traps, Pec Major & Triceps
Prime Mover Triceps
Variations Single-armed, partner assisted. Palm orientation (pronation/supination)
Shoulder/Military Press
Start PositionStanding upright. Hands/Bar “sitting” on Posterior side of shoulders. Shoulders adducted, elbows
fully flexed.
Finish Position Standing upright. Shoulders fully abducted, elbows fully extended
Cues No body swinging
Joints & Movements
Abduction, Elbow Extension (Concentric). Adduction, Elbow Flexion (Concentric)
Muscle Group(s) Lateral Deltoids, Traps, Serratus Anterior, Triceps
Prime Mover Lateral Deltoids
Variations -
DB Shoulder Press
Start PositionStanding upright. Hands “sitting” on Anterior side of shoulders. Shoulders adducted, elbows fully
flexed.
Finish Position Standing upright. Shoulders fully abducted, elbows fully extended
Cues No body swinging
Joints & Movements
Abduction, Elbow Extension (Concentric). Adduction, Elbow Flexion (Concentric)
Muscle Group(s) Lateral Deltoids, Triceps
Prime Mover Lateral Deltoids
Variations Sitting on Bench. Bar weight
Bench Dips
Start PositionArms by side (shoulder adducted) – slightly Posterior, elbows extended. Heels on ground, ankles at
90°.
Finish Position Shoulders extended, elbows flexed to 90°. Heels on ground, ankles at 90°.
Cues
Joints & Movements
Shoulder extension, elbow flexion (Eccentric). Shoulder flexion, elbow extension (Concentric)
Muscle Group(s) Anterior Deltoid, Pec Major, Triceps
Prime Mover Triceps (smaller muscle, but larger range of motion)
Variations Feet out in front of body (elevated) on chair or another bench (hips flexed, knees extended)
Dip Machine
Start Position Arms by side (shoulder adducted), elbows extended. Knees flexed to 90°.
Finish Position Shoulders extended, elbows flexed to 90°. Knees flexed at 90°.
Cues Knees bent or straight – depending on height of machine
Joints & Movements
Shoulder extension, elbow flexion (Eccentric). Shoulder flexion, elbow extension (Concentric)
Muscle Group(s) Anterior Deltoid, Pec Major, Triceps
Prime Mover Triceps (smaller muscle, but larger range of motion)
Variations Added weight (belt)
DB Lateral Raise
Start Position Standing upright, arms by side holding onto dumbbells. Palms mid-prone (facing hips)
Finish Position Standing upright, hands at shoulder height (abducted), elbows extended.
Cues Always have a very slight bend at elbows
Joints & Movements
Shoulder abduction (Concentric). Shoulder adduction (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Lateral Deltoids
Prime Mover Lateral Deltoids
Variations Chain resistance (varies with height of hands). Cable machine
DB Front Raise
Start Position Standing upright, arms by side holding onto dumbbells. Palms pronated
Finish Position Standing upright, hands at shoulder height, elbows extended.
Cues Always have a very slight bend at elbows
Joints & Movements
Shoulder Flexion (Concentric). Shoulder Extension (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Anterior Deltoids
Prime Mover Anterior Deltoids
Variations Chain resistance (varies with height of hands). Hands mid-prone. Cable machine
Overhead Tricep Extension
Start Position Standing up. Shoulders fully abducted. Elbows flexed, hands behind head
Finish Position Standing up. Shoulders fully abducted. Elbows extended, hands above head
Cues Isolate elbows, do not move shoulders where possible
Joints & Movements
Elbow Extension (Concentric). Elbow flexion (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Triceps
Prime Mover Triceps
Variations Supine position – elbows extend anteriorly to forehead
DB Tricep Kickback
Start PositionStanding up. Left knee and right hand on bench, right foot on ground. Left hand holding dumbbell.
Left elbow next to hip, elbow flexed at about 135°
Finish PositionStanding up. Left knee and right hand on bench, right foot on ground. Left hand holding dumbbell.
Left elbow next to hip, elbow straight.
Cues Isolate elbows, do not move shoulders where possible
Joints & Movements
Elbow Extension (Concentric). Elbow flexion (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Triceps
Prime Mover Triceps
Variations Cable machine (same positioning)
Cable Tricep Extensions
Start Position Standing up. Shoulders by side. Elbows flexed in front of chest.
Finish Position Standing up. Elbows extended, hands down by side
Cues Isolate elbows, do not move shoulders where possible
Joints & Movements
Elbow Extension (Concentric). Elbow flexion (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Triceps
Prime Mover Triceps
Variations Rope/bar attachments
Pec Fly
Start Position Lying on bench (Supine). Shoulders horizontally extended slightly, elbows straight
Finish Position Lying on bench (Supine). Shoulders horizontally flexed, elbows straight
Cues Isolate shoulders. Slight bend in elbows
Joints & Movements
Horizontal Shoulder Flexion (Concentric). Horizontal Shoulder Extension (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Pec Major, Anterior Deltoid
Prime Mover Pec Major
Variations Cable machine fly
Reverse Fly
Start PositionStanding upright. Brace with one foot in front of other – about 1 metre in front of each other,
shoulder width apart. Shoulders horizontally flexed, hands touching. Elbows straight
Finish PositionStanding upright. Brace with one foot in front of other – about 1 metre in front of each other,
shoulder width apart. Shoulders horizontally extended. Elbows straight
Cues Stand facing twin pulley cables positioned close together and approximately shoulder height
Joints & Movements
Horizontal Shoulder Extension (Concentric). Horizontal Shoulder Flexion (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Rhomboids, Traps, Posterior Deltoid
Prime Mover Posterior Deltoid
Variations Prone, reverse cable-fly
DB Hammer Curl
Start Position Arms down by side (shoulders adducted), hands mid-prone, elbows straight
Finish Position Arms down by side (shoulders adducted), hands mid-prone, elbows flexed
Cues Palms stay mid-prone throughout range of movement
Joints & Movements
Elbow flexion (Concentric). Elbow extension (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Biceps
Prime Mover Biceps
Variations Standing, sitting. Unilateral, bilateral
BB Curl
Start Position Arms down by side (shoulders adducted), hands supinated, elbows straight
Finish Position Arms down by side (shoulders adducted), hands supinated, elbows flexed
Cues Isolate elbows, no body movement
Joints & Movements
Elbow flexion (Concentric). Elbow extension (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Biceps
Prime Mover Biceps
Variations Standing, sitting.
Cable Pullovers
Start PositionLie with upper back on bench. Flex hips slightly, so hips are slightly lower than torso. Shoulders fully
flexed. Knees flexed at 90°. Feet flat on ground
Finish PositionLie with upper back on bench. Flex hips slightly, so hips are slightly lower than torso. Shoulders
slightly flexed (hands anterior to stomach). Knees flexed at 90°. Feet flat on ground
Cues Slight elbow flexion
Joints & Movements
Shoulder Extension (Concentric). Shoulder Flexion (Eccentric)
Muscle Group(s) Lats
Prime Mover Lats
Variations Elbow flexion/extension incorporated into movement