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IMPACT OF OIL POLLUTION IN THE STRAITOF MALACCA
(Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 18 point font, gold color)
ZANANIN SADAT TAJER
(Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 18 point font, Gold color)
MASTER OF ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
2010
(Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 18 point font, gold color)
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IMPACT OF OIL POLLUTION IN THE STRAIT OF MALACCA
(Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 12 point font)
By
NAZANIN SADAT TAJER
(Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 12 point font)
Research Project Submitted to the Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti
Putra Malaysia in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of
Environment
May 2010
(Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 12 point font. Month and year of viva voce)
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Abstract of research project presented to the Faculty of Environmental Studies
of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirement for the
Degree of Master of Environment
IMPACT OF OIL POLLUTION IN THE STRAIT OF MALACCA
(Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 12 point font)
By
NAZANIN SADAT TAJET
May 2010
(Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 18 point font)
Supervisor: Associate Professor Mohammed Pauzi Zakaria, PhD
Faculty: Environmental Studies
(Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 12 point font. Supervisors name: No Dr but at
the end of the name, put Ph.D)
Seafood is highly likely to be contaminated by heavy metals caused by various
human activities. In this study, the amount of Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd in seafood
was determined to estimate the intake of heavy metals among the population of
Tanjung Karang through the Market Basket Study method. A variety of seafood were
purchased from the Bagan Pasir, Tanjung Karang fish landing area and the
concentration of heavy metals were determined using wet digestion method in
concentrated nitric acid and perchloric acid in the ratio of 3:1. Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to analyze the heavy metals. The concentrations
of metals in seafood were compared to the Food Balance Sheet to determine the
status of metal exposure per day in the individual diet. From the study, the estimated
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intake of heavy metals by the population was 0.17 mg/day for Cu, 0.44 mg/day for
Fe, 0.58 mg/day for Zn, 0.008 mg/day for Pb, 0.007 mg/day for Ni and 0.031 mg/day
for Cd.
Keywords: oil pollution, heavy metals, etc., etc.,(maximum five keywords)
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*Same format as english abstract. Malay abstract must be the same means with
English abstract
Abstrak projek penyelidikan yang dikemukan kepada Fakulti Pengajian
Alam Sekitar, Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan
untuk Ijazah Master Alam Sekitar
IMPAK PENCEMARAN MINYAK DI SELAT MELAKA
Oleh
NAZANIN SADAT TAJER
Mei 2010
Penyelia: Profesor Madya Mohammed Pauzi Zakaria, PhD
Fakulti: Pengajian Alam Sekitar
Makanan laut merupakan salah satu sumber makanan yang berpotensi tinggi
dicemari logam berat akibat daripada pelbagai aktiviti yang dijalankan oleh manusia.
Di dalam kajian ini, kandungan logam Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Ni dan Cd dalam makanan
laut dikaji bagi mengganggarkan jumlah pendedahan penduduk Tanjung Karang
terhadap logam berat dengan menggunakan kaedah "Market Basket Study".Beberapa jenis makanan laut dibeli daripada pelabuhan perikanan Bagan Pasir,
Tanjung Karang bagi menentukan jumlah kandungan logam berat di dalamnya.
Kaedah penghadaman basah dengan kombinasi asid nitrik pekat dan asid perklorik
pekat dengan nisbah 3:1 digunakan bagi menentukan kepekatan logam berat dalam
sampel. Logam-logam berat tersebut dianalisa dengan menggunakan
Spektrofotometer Penyerapan Atom (AAS). Kepekatan logam berat yang telah
ditentukan dibandingkan dengan Jadual Makanan Seimbang penduduk Malaysia bagi
menentukan status pendedahan logam yang dikaji dalam sehari. Anggaran
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pengambilan logam-logam berat oleh penduduk yang dikaji ialah 0.17 mg/hari bagi
logam Cu, 0.44 mg/hari bagi logam Fe, 0.58 mg/hari bagi logam Zn, 0.008 mg/hari
bagi logam Pb, 0.007 mg/hari bagi logam Ni dan 0.031 mg/hari bagi logam Cd.$
Kata kunci: pencemaran minyak, logam berat, dll., dll.(maksimum lima katakunci)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my
Project Supervisor Prof. Dr. Alias bin Mohd. Yusof for the guidance, constant
encouragements and invaluable help given to me during my research study.
The assistance and co-operation during this study, provided by the staff of the
Faculty of Science, UPM, especially P.M. Dr.Noraini Abd Rashid, En. Hashim
Baharin, En. Hanan Basri, En. Mat Yassin Sirin, En.Lee Siak Kuan and En.Sulaiman
Abdullah is also deeply acknowledged. I was also most fortunate in receiving
financial support from UPM, transportation and other facilities in campus.
Special thanks are extended to Dr.Khalik Hj. Wood, Dr. Mohd. Suhaimi
Hamzah, Pn.Shamsiah Abd Rahman, En Halim and Pn.Jamaliah of Analytical and
Environmental Chemistry Department, Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology
Research (MINT), Bangi, Kajang, for their invaluable suggestions, technical
assistance and co-operation in performing analysis using ICP-MS and NAA
facilities. The assistance and co-operation rendered by Jabatan Alam Sekitar Johor,
Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Johor, Majlis Perbandaran Skudai, Majlis Perbandaran
Johor Bharu and Majlis Perbandaran Kulai are also thankfully acknowledged.
I would also like to thank both my parents for their prayers. The love,
patience, support and encouragement by family members are also gratefully
acknowledged. Finally, but not least, the author would like to thank all the wonderful
individuals who have, one way or another, generously contributed their knowledge,
expertise and talents. Special thanks are due to Mr. Mokhlesur, Mr. Mahmud, Ms.
Sharmila, Ms. Caroljit and Ms. Devagi for their assistance and companionship in the
research work.
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This research project was submitted to the Faculty of Environmental Studiesof Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted as fulfilment of the
requirement for the Degree of Master of Environment
.
Associate Professor Dr Mohammed Pauzi Zakaria
Supervisor
Date:
..
Dr Ahmad Zaharin Aris
Coordinator
Date:
Associate Professor Dr Ramdzani Abdullah
Dean
Faculty of Environmental Studies
Date:
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the research project is my original work except for quotations
and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been
previously, and is not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti
Putra Malaysia or at any other institution.
______________________
NAZANIN SADAT TAJER
Date:$
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sewage
Sewage refers to any waste product from a community and its industries that
contain numerous types of both organic and inorganic substances (Danish
Environmental Protection Agency, 2002; Fulazzaky, 2009). It also known as
municipal wastewater which is specifically concern about any waste produced from
activities involved in that area (Kutty et al., 2009).
2.1.1 Composition of sewage
The composition of sewage is an important parameter used in the designing
of sewage treatment plants. The character of sewage differs from place to place
according to habits and living standards of population. Previous study has shown that
the sewage compositions in developing countries are changing drastically due to their
development. This answer the reason why the interpretation of the result obtained
from different analyses should be done carefully. In addition, necessary estimations
for future characteristics should be made when these data is referred for designing
sewage treatment plants (Curl, 1976).
In general, sewage is made up of domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater,
storm water and by groundwater seepage entering the municipal sewage networks.
Domestic wastewater consists of effluent discharges from households, institutions,
and commercial buildings. Industrial wastewater is the effluent discharged bymanufacturing units and food processing plants (Hussain et al., 2002).
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REFERENCES
* Please note that you have to arrange you references in alphabetical order (not
based on materials cited). Below are only examples on how each
reference material should be cited.
BOOK
Alley, W.M. 1993.Regional ground-water quality . New York: Van Nostrand
Rheinhold.
Appelo, C.A.J. & Postma, D. 1993. Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution.
Rotterdam: Balkema.
CHAPTERS IN BOOK
Konikow, L.F. & Reilly, T.E. 1999. Seawater intrusion in the United States,In Bear,
J., Cheng, A.H.-D., Sorek, S., Ouazar, D. & Herrera, I. (eds.). Seawater
Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers-Concepts, Methods and Practices. pp. 463-506.
Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
APHA. 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.21st
ed. Washington: American Water Works Association, Water EnvironmentFederation.
JOURNAL
Abdullah, M.H. & Musta, B. 1999. Phreatic water quality of the Turtle Islands of
East Malaysia: Pulau Selingaan and Pulau Bakkungan Kechil.Borneo
Science.6(1): 1-9.
Petalas, C. & Lambrakis, N. 2006. Simulation of intense salinization phenomena in
coastal aquifers: the case of the coastal aquifers of Thrace.Journal of
Hydrology. 324: 51-64.
JOURNAL (IN PRESS OR PUBLISHED ONLINE)
Chua, L.H.C., Lo, E.Y.M., Freyberg, D.L., Shuy, E.B., Lim, T.T., Tan, S.K. &
Ngonidzashe, M. 2007. Hydrostratigraphy and geochemistrty at a coastal
sandfill in Singapore.Hydrogeology Journal. doi 10.1007/s10040-007-0195-8.
Montety, de V., Radakovitch, O., Vallet-Columb, C., Blavoux, B., Hermitte, D. &Valles, V. 2008. Origin of groundwater salinity and hydrogeochemical
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processes in a confined coastal aquifer: Case of the Rhone delta (Southern
France).Applied Geochemistry. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.03.011.
PROCCEDINGS
Abdullah, M.H. & Aris, A.Z. 2005. Groundwater Quality of Sipadan Island, Sabah:
Revisited 2004.Proceedings of the 2nd Regional Symposium on
Environment and Natural Resources. Kuala Lumpur, March 22-23. pp. 254-
257.
Abdullah, M.H., Musta, B. & Ramli, M.Z. 1996. Groundwater quality as freshwater
resource in Manukan island a preliminary finding.Proceedings of Geology
and Environmental Seminar. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. pp. 33-
37.
THESIS
Abdullah, M.H. 1995. Kualiti Air Tanah Pulau Sipadan, Semporna, Sabah. MSc.
Thesis. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Abdullah, M.H. 2001. Phreatic water extraction from shallow aquifer of a small
island. PhD thesis. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
USER MANUAL
Allison, J.D., Brown D.S. & Novo-Gradac, K.J. 1991. MINTEQA2, A geochemical
assessment database and test cases for environmental systems: Vers. 3.0 users
manual. Report EPA/600/3-91/21. Athens: USEPA.
GOVERNMENT REPORT
Dillon, P. 1997. Groundwater Pollution by Sanitation on Tropical Islands. Technical
Documents in Hydrology . UNESCO IHP-V No.6. Paris: UNESCO.
Falkland, A.C. 1992. Small tropical island: Water resources of Paradise Lost. IHP
Humid Tropics Programme Series No.2. Paris: UNESCO.
Falkland, A. & Custodio, E. 1991.Hydrology and water resources of small islands:
A practical guide. Place de Fontenoy: UNESCO.
WEBSITES
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Bates, W.J. 2003. Analysis of sediment quality of summit Lake, Akron, Ohio.
http://gsa.confex.com /gsa /2003NC/finalprogram/abstract_47066.htm
(accessed on 18 April 2008).
MAP
DigitalGlobe. 2008. Satellite image of locality of Manukan island.