Exam Questions Style - Wikispaces file · Web viewThe WD1 exam will be for 2 hours and will have 4 questions. The exam paper will have two sections: Section A and Section B. Each

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ContentsExam Questions Style............................................................................................................................... 2

Content.................................................................................................................................................... 3

Keywords.............................................................................................................................................. 3

Theme 1: Development, Resources and Global Citizenship.................................................................5

The 5 Key Ideas of Theme 1..............................................................................................................5

1.1 There are a few things that every human needs. These have an impact on how resources are used................................................................................................................................................... 5

1.2 There are environmental limits to what resources are available................................................8

Theories of resource consumption..........................................................................................................8

Thomas Malthus: doom and gloom…...................................................................................................8

Esther Boserup: things are always greener on the other side..............................................................8

1.3 Using resources for development responsibly involves Sustainable Development....................9

1.4 People have different views on how natural resources should be managed............................10

Case studies..................................................................................................................................... 10

1.5 Different locations and organisations require different approaches to Sustainable Development................................................................................................................................... 11

Theme 2: Poverty and Inequality.......................................................................................................11

The 5 Key Ideas to Theme 2............................................................................................................11

2.1 Poverty can be defined and measured in different ways..........................................................11

2.2 Poverty and inequality are created and addressed in many different ways.............................12

2.3 International debt has hindered some countries’ ability to address poverty and inequality....14

2.4 Particular social groups experience inequality..........................................................................14

2.5 International initiatives may raise awareness of poverty and create a demand to reduce these inequalities...................................................................................................................................... 14

Causes of Poverty - Case Study.......................................................................................................15

Example of PRSP..............................................................................................................................15

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Exam Questions Style

The WD1 exam will be for 2 hours and will have 4 questions.

The exam paper will have two sections: Section A and Section B.

Each section will have two questions. You must answer all the questions. There are no options.

In each question there will be 4 questions:

(a) 5 marks are allocated for this question. This will be a use figure question. For this question you must use the information you have been given and answer the question in your own words. If you just give basic points for these questions you will only get 1 mark per point, however if you explain your points you will get more.

Example of mark scheme:

As you can see, 5 marks will only be awarded if you explain two separate ideas in detail. The answers have to be clear and linked directly to the question. If you copy directly from the text, you will only get a maximum of 2 marks.

(b) This question will have two parts to it. (i) has 4 marks allocated to it and (ii) has 6 marks. These questions will use one of the following words:

Define Give a clear definition of the word or term asked forSuggest Explain briefly two or three separate pointsDescribe Clearly explain one point in detailOutline Briefly explain the model/feature giving 2 or 3 separate pointsExplain Give reasons why

(c) This question will have 10 marks allocated to it. This question will use one of the following words:

EvaluateIn all these questions you must explain more than one view, explaining

the arguments for and against the different views, making a judgement about which one you think is the best view with clear

reasons explaining why.

ExamineCompareAssessDiscuss

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Content

KeywordsMEDC/MDC More Economically Developed Country/ More Developed CountryLEDC/LDC Less Economically Developed Country/ Less Developed CountrySustainable Development

Development that meets the needs of the current population without jeopardising the future generation or the environment.

Global interdependence

The idea that different countries around the world all depend on each other.

Global Citizenship

The idea that people should all understand the issues affecting the whole world and help support campaigns to bring about equality.

NGO Non-Governmental OrganisationVulnerability Being at riskEntitlement What people deserve/needEndowment What people are givenIncome What people earnMaterial deprivation

Not being able to afford the basic things that people should have.

Status A person’s position in societyGNP measures the total economic output of a country, including earnings from

foreign investments.GDP is the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.HDI is a weighted mix of indices that show life expectancy, knowledge (adult

literacy and education) and standard of living (GDP per capita).HPI (Human Poverty Index)

A group's 'health poverty' is a combination of both its present state of health and its future health potential or lack of it.

GRPI Gender Related Poverty IndexLife expectancy the average age to which a person lives, eg this is 79 in the UK and 48 in

Kenya.Infant Mortality Rates

counts the number of babies, per 1000 live births, who die under the age of one. This is 5 in the UK and 61 in Kenya.

Literacy rates is the percentage of adults who can read and write. This is 99 per cent in the UK, 85 per cent in Kenya and 60 per cent in India.

PRSPs Poverty Reduction Strategy ProgrammesMulti-Lateral Aid Multilateral means "many sides". Here organisations that involve many

countries, give help. This aid is run by groups such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) - both of which are part of the United Nations (UN).

Bilateral Aid Bilateral means "two sides". This type of aid is from one country to another. An example would be Britain giving money and sending experts to help build a dam in Turkey. Quite often bilateral aid is also tied Aid.This is the most common type of aid.

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Emergency Aid Most aid is long term developmental aid. However after a natural disaster such as an earthquake or flood, help is needed straight away. This help includes food, clean water, shelter, medicines and the staff to organise these materials. Such items are not useful for long term aid as local farmers and business people would not be able to compete with the free hand outs and so the local economy would be damaged.

HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) is a group of 39 developing countries with high levels of poverty and debt overhang which are eligible for special assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.

Social Groups Social groupings are the groups to which you are 'attached' because of your circumstances. Eg. Gender, age, sexuality etc

Brownfield Old industrial or housing area that has become derelictFair trade A type of trade that guarantees reasonable wages and long term stability.

As mentioned in the previous section, there are two themes:

1. Theme 1: Development, Resources and Global Citizenship2. Theme 2: Poverty and Inequality

In each theme there 5 key ideas and for each idea you will have to know about at least 2 case studies.

Theme 1: Development, Resources and Global Citizenship

The 5 Key Ideas of Theme 11. There are a few things that every human needs. These have an impact on how resources are used.2. There are environmental limits to what resources are available.3. Using resources for development responsibly involves Sustainable Development.4. People have different views on how natural resources should be managed.5. Different locations and organisations require different approaches to Sustainable Development.

1.1 There are a few things that every human needs. These have an impact on how resources are used.

What do you need to know?People have basic human needs, material and social.

The UN basic human needs are;

• Food, shelter, clothing and fuel.

• Clean water, sanitation, transport, healthcare and employment.

• A healthy and safe environment.

• An ability to take part in decision making.5 | P a g e

The impacts of using resources may vary based on different environments. For example the water shortages in the UK and water shortages in Kenya have very different impacts.

Case StudyBriny future for vulnerable MaltaBy Matt McGrath Environment reporter, BBC World Service

Later this week, scientists on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change will report on how global warming will impact the world now and in the future.

About 400,000 people live on the tiny island of Malta. It is one of the most crowded spaces in the world. It is also highly vulnerable to climate change. Rising sea levels in the Mediterranean over the next century caused by global warming threaten to submerge parts of the island. But there is another aspect to sea level rise that is already having a significant effect on Malta. It is the impact on the supply of drinking water.

In the tourist season Malta's population trebles. All these extra people put great pressure on the island's water supply, which depends on a vast reservoir that lies under the island. Because the fresh water is less dense than salt water, this reserve effectively floats on the sea.

Down the centuries, the Maltese have developed a clever system of underground tunnels, called galleries, to extract the water for human consumption. About 97m (320ft) beneath the surface of the island lie the Ta' Kandja galleries. Reached by a lift, the tunnels stretch out for several kilometres like the spokes of a wheel, all half-filled with water that is pumped up to the surface and then to homes and farms around the island.

The water in the tunnels is fresh. But just 10m below, it is salty. And thanks to climate change the brackish water is rising. The Ta' Kandja galleries supply fresh water to the inhabitants. And the Malta water services engineer Paul Micallef says the rising sea will make the galleries very difficult to operate in the future.

"According to recent studies, the water will rise about 96cm by the year 2100," he told the BBC.

"This will affect the availability of groundwater as the interface between sea water and fresh water will actually rise by about 1m and the high salinity levels will be close to our extraction sources."

The effects of the increasing salinity are already being felt in some parts of the island. In the beautiful Im'selliet valley, David and Mary Mallia run an organic farm that produces grapes, citrus fruits and

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vegetables. Like many people on Malta, the Mallias use a bore hole to extract water for their crops. David says that he has noticed changes in the water in recent months.

"Since the rainfall has become less, the salinity is becoming higher and higher. Normally in winter, it would be about 2,000 microsiemens, which is a measure of salinity. "This year, with the lack of rain, it went up to 4,000. It's not good for irrigation. If you water your trees with this water, it will kill them."

Because the rising sea is poisoning their ground water with salt, the authorities in Malta are investing in desalination to make the sea water drinkable. More than half the potable water on the island is now produced in this way.

A bore hole is used to extract water for crops on the Mallias' farm. But desalination plants contribute significantly to global warming as they are powered by fossil fuels. As a member of the European Union, the Maltese are already facing sanctions for failing to co-operate on carbon cutbacks with Brussels.

Cutting their emissions will not be easy, according to Dr Christopher Chaintor who is responsible for environmental policy within the Maltese ministry of rural affairs and the environment. He says that the people of Malta will want to see climate change impacts first before they are willing to spend money changing their lifestyles.

New predictions for the Mediterranean area suggest that heat waves and droughts will become much more common - and the sea will continue to rise. To deal with these problems, the EU says that serious emission cuts must be made across Europe. These cutbacks could hamper Malta's tourist industry - and that is an option few local politicians would like to embrace.

Need for firewood and grazing are affecting Nepal's forests

There was a time when Nepal was an extensively forested country. Now, only 29% of forest-cover remains. The main reasons for deforestation have been land clearings, to gain new agricultural land, and the demand for timber and, especially, the demand for firewood. About 87% of domestic energy in Nepal is produced by firewood. Wood is used for cooking and, during winter, also for heating.

The need for firewood is not only a burden for nature, but also for women. In true Nepalese tradition, women are responsible for fetching firewood and carrying it home.

As the forests disappear, these women need to spend more and more time in finding enough wood, an activity that may take several hours each day.

Then there are cattleMany rural Nepalese people depend on cattle for their livelihood but do not have sufficient land holdings for grazing. Thus, it is common place to see cows, water buffaloes and goats grazing in forests.

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Forests could sustain small numbers of grazers, but today the grazing pressure in many areas is immense enough to destroy all new tree seedlings right at the beginning of their growth.

How to bring the forests backOne of the main objectives of TAL, is to ease the pressure on remaining forests - and to bring back forests to areas where they have disappeared. Biogas is introduced as an alternative fuel, and improved cooking stoves save firewood in households that cannot afford a biogas system.

Both alternatives have also tremendously eased the workload of women. To regenerate forests that already have disappeared, the project promotes planting trees that are grown in tree nurseries by local volunteers.

1.2 There are environmental limits to what resources are available.

What do you need to know?Economic growth and population pressure have led to a depletion of the world’s natural resources. There continues to be a lot of debate whether the earth can cope with the growing population. There are two theories that describe resource consumption. You need to know both.

Theories of resource consumption

Thomas Malthus: doom and gloom…In the 18th century Malthus wrote that the rate of population growth was faster than the rate that food supplies could grow. In time, there would not be enough resources for everyone. Some people would therefore starve and the population would reduce again. More people may be killed from wars over trying to get hold of resources - he called these a positive check.

People might try to prevent this from happening by having smaller families. He called this a preventative check.

He was wrong because he did not take technological improvements into consideration.

Esther Boserup: things are always greener on the other side...In 1965 Boserup wrote "necessity is the mother of invention". That means, if you need it, someone will invent it. So if more food was needed she wrote that people would invent ways of increasing food supply - crops that fight diseases or survive with less water are examples of this.

Case study

To what extent does Kenya support Malthus’ view?

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Kenya’s circumstances make it ideal for evaluating Malthus’ ideas and seeing there is evidence of the positive and negative checks that his model predicts. In the graph above, the data supports the Malthusian model in which the geometric growth of the population outstrips the arithmetic growth of food production. Despite food production having increased by more than 300%, food production per person has actually fallen, leading to food insecurity which has been exacerbated by significant agricultural exports and by periodic droughts.

To what extent does Kenya support Boserup’s view?

Food production has increased significantly over the last 50 years and, while this has been part been due to the development of new agricultural areas, technology and farming innovationhave also played a dignificant role. The Machakos region, for example, is south east of Nairobi. Since 1937 population has increased by 600%, however crop production increased by 1,000%.

1.3 Using resources for development responsibly involves Sustainable Development.What do you need to know?

Sustainable development includes helping people improve their livelihoods and the management of the environment to preserve it for the future.

Case studyLondon Olympics 2012

Some people would say London Olympics were sustainable because:

All structures built would be permanent and used even after the Olympics. The project will create 12,000 permanent new jobs. 11,000 new homes were created.

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Some would disagree because:

Building of Olympic sites have resulted in many wildlife habitats being destroyed. Over 300 businesses had to be moved for the Olympic sites. This resulted in some job losses. Local residents were affected during the building works by noise, dust and visual pollution.

Case Study 2

The Liana Project

This was a project that was run by the Rainforest Action Network (RAN) to protect rainforests and their inhabitants.

Residents collect Liana vines and use them to create wooden furniture or rattan (wicker) style product such as mats, baskets, bowls etc.

RAN found a market for the products in Brazil and USA and gave money, technical knowledge and equipment to set up businesses which are then run by the local community for the benefit of the local community.

It was sustainable because:

Many local people were employed Encouraged people to look after trees.

1.4 People have different views on how natural resources should be managed.Approaches to the management of resources:

Top down: Central government dictates a solution without consultation. This is normally expensive and large scale. It is not always as effective as bottom up management.

Bottom up: Empowering the local people in managing resources. This is normally small scale, done by local people, cheap and involves local people.

Case studiesThe work of Water Aid in Nepal –

Fourteen year old Devi Kumari lives in Satu Pasal, Nepal with her family. The women of the village worked with WaterAid's partner NEWAH to build a water supply close to their homes while the village men were fighting with the army. Before they had their safe water supply they used to have to collect water from a dirty river at the bottom of the hill. When the men returned they were so inspired by the women's work that they decided to build a path from the village to the new water point.Devi's grandmother Devaka Kahtri explains the difference that water has brought to her family's life.

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"We used to get water from the stream, it was very dirty. The children would get sick with diarrhoea at least once a month. Now that hardly ever happens. A neighbours son died four years ago from diarrhoea and it is still happening in villages further up the hill where they don't have safe water."

1.5 Different locations and organisations require different approaches to Sustainable Development.Top Down – Three Gorges Dam

In China, very expensive, resulted in the loss of many animal habitats, however provides hydroelectricity and is very economically friendly.

Bottom Up – Work of practical action

In Nepal, Practical Action has supported local people to develop facilities that help people cope after natural disasters. This is local action, provides local people with jobs, empowers them and makes them want to improve their situations.

Theme 2: Poverty and Inequality

The 5 Key Ideas to Theme 21) Poverty can be defined and measured in different ways2) Poverty and inequality are created and addressed in many different ways3) International debt has hindered some countries’ ability to address poverty and inequality4) Particular social groups experience inequality5) International initiatives may raise awareness of poverty and create a demand to reduce these

inequalities.

2.1 Poverty can be defined and measured in different ways

The definitions of poverty change over time and different countries define poverty quite differently.

Europe – Income falls below 60% of the median

United Nations uses a HDI – Human Development Index which includes factors such as schooling and life expectancy

America – If a person earns less than the price of the basic cost of food for a household multiplied by three, they are considered poor.

See diagram of measures of poverty below:

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2.2 Poverty and inequality are created and addressed in many different waysWhat do you need to know?

Poverty arises from a variety of factors including the unequal distribution of wealth and resources. People may be poor because they have limited access to resources, unequal status or are vulnerable.

Case studies

Israel: Employment issues for Arab Women

Context In 2005, the Israeli national government and private sector contractors launched a job placement programme for 14,000 poverty-stricken unemployed households among Arab and Jewish minority communities. The aim of the programme, The Wisconsin Plan, was to help income support-dependent, long-term jobless individuals, to break out of the cycle of unemployment and poverty.

The problems with the system Wisconsin participants were interviewed and carried out group work with Laborers’ Voice in order to identify the obstacles Arab women face under the Wisconsin system. They obstacles were listed as follows:

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Forced to work without child care support Chronically low level of education and professional skills Lack of work experience Bad command of the Hebrew language Limited mobility due to insufficient public transport network Absence of industrial zones in Arab communities Lack of day care centres No demand for female Arab workers Low public standing

A minor victoryOxfam (NGO) – caused part of this unfair programme to stop. They created an awareness internationally and put pressure on the Israeli government. The forced volunteer programme which forced women to work for benefits in Israel in exchange for benefits in particular came to an end in January 2006.

Pay in South Africa Oct 31st 2012

White South Africans still take home six times more pay than their black counterparts, 18 years after the end of apartheid and despite the incomes of black households surging 169 per cent in the past decade, the country's latest census has disclosed.

The survey, the first in 10 years, showed that despite a fast-growing black middle class boosted by employment laws designed to redress historic imbalances, there are still major disparities between the overall education and income levels of South Africa's different races.

South African President Jacob Zuma hailed the results as "the tale of our national pride," pointing to the halving of numbers of those living without basic services such as water, sanitation and electricity across the country since 2001.

But he conceded that much more needs to be done. "These figures tell us that at the bottom of the rung is the black majority who continue to be confronted by deep poverty, unemployment and inequality, despite the progress that we have made since 1994," he said.

According to the census, black people now make up nearly eight in 10 of the 51.8 million population. Fewer than one in 10 is white. Only 35 per cent of black people under the age of 20 passed their final exams at high school, compared with 76 per cent of the white population. Among black people aged 15 to 64, 35 per cent were employed compared with 69 per cent of the white population.

Overall, household incomes more than doubled in the past 10 years. The average stands at about $11,900, up from $5,600 in 2001.

But white households earned on average about six times more a year than black households, $42,200, despite the fact that black households have on average more people living in them, and despite an increase in the average black salary of 169 per cent.

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In a 2006 survey of incomes, white households were shown to earn 7.5 times as much as black households. Analysts estimated that at the same rate of development, it would take until 2061 for black and white families to bring home the same salaries.

Read more: http://www.theprovince.com/news/Skin+colour+sets+south+African+wages/7474822/story.html#ixzz2CU0xjuMy

2.3 International debt has hindered some countries’ ability to address poverty and inequality

Heavily indebted poor countries have higher rates of infant mortality, disease, illiteracy, and malnutrition than other countries in the developing world, according to the UN Development Program (UNDP).

Six out of seven heavily indebted poor countries in Africa pay more in debt service (i.e., interest and principal repayments) than the total amount of money needed to achieve major progress against malnutrition, preventable disease, illiteracy, and child mortality before the year 2000. If governments invested in human development rather than debt repayments, an estimated 3 million children would live beyond their fifth birthday and a million cases of malnutrition would be avoided.

2.4 Particular social groups experience inequalityAborigines in Australia face huge issues due to stereotypes:

They are seen by the population as unintelligent, lazy and violent. These stereotypes have resulted in them being excluded from health care, schools, jobs. This results in them being seen as being over reliant on social security and alcohol.

Disability Act 1995 – UK

The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 was the first domestic Act on the issue of disability discrimination, prior to which it was legal to discriminate and exclude on the basis of disability.

The Act covers a variety of areas of disability discrimination from employment issues to access to transport. This Act also set up the National Disability Council, which was abolished when the Disability Rights Commission was established in April 2000.

The Disability Rights Commission was replaced in October 2007 by the Equality and Human Rights Commission, which is now responsible for the work of three former equality commissions: the Commission for Racial Equality, the Equal Opportunities Commission and the Disability Rights Commission.

The government has increasingly been working with the disabled community to ensure its members are able to participate fully in society. The main areas of focus have been education, employment, welfare provision and transport.

2.5 International initiatives may raise awareness of poverty and create a demand to reduce these inequalities.

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Jubilee 2000 was an international coalition movement in over 40 countries that called for cancellation ofthird world debt by the year 2000. This movement coincided with the Great Jubilee, the celebration of the year 2000 in the Catholic Church. From early 2001, Jubilee 2000 split into an array of organisations around the world.

Jubilee 2000 staged demonstrations at the 1998 G-8 meeting in Birmingham, England. The G-8 refers to the eight countries (US, UK, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, and Russia) that represent a majority of the world's economy. The group holds regular summits to discuss various global issues. At the Birmingham meeting, which, among other things, focused on achieving sustainable economic growth in the context of environmental protection and good governance, between 50,000 and 70,000 demonstrators participated in a peaceful protest in an effort to put debt relief on the agenda of Western governments. The protestors made headlines around the world for their demonstrations and activities aimed at increasing awareness, such as forming a human chain around Birmingham City Centre, passing out petitions, and holding informative workshops.

This programme despite its many successes did not achieve its goal of dropping all LEDC debt by 2000, however they achieved some assurances from USA and Germany to work towards dropping debt.

Causes of Poverty - Case StudyIn Kashmir, the living conditions of people were devastating after the earthquake in 2005, causing the collapse of infrastructure, buildings, houses, destruction of crops (main occupation of area), death of cattle, loss of live.

President Musharraf appealed to the US president for immediate emergency aid, including tents, medicine. The UN provided emergency to Pakistan administered Kashmir in the form of money and emergency relief (medicines, tents). They sent professional architects and engineers to help in the building of earthquake proof infrastructure, bridges, building. This will affect people's lives in the long term as they will have the capacity to cope with an earthquake in the future as Kashmir is on a plate boundary. They sent in trained medical staff, which has a direct impact on the community's healthcare, as it improves. Trained teachers and experts were sent as part of aid to train local people in how to deal with aftershocks or another earthquake.

Example of PRSPPRSPs are in many ways a replacement for the Structural Adjustment Policies set up by the IMF or World Bank in order to help the country repay its debts. However, PRSPs enable a country to set up its own goals with advice from stakeholders, governments. Ethiopia is an example of a country who used PRSPs in order to solve the issue of debt. The PRSPs had 9 points in major:

Invest more in agriculture (where 85% of the population works).

The surplus from that could be used for industry (hence adding to the GDP as well as GNP).

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Strengthening of the private sector will not only help to achieve off-farm employment but also increase production especially in industry.

Invest more and strengthen the export industry of textiles and leather (bringing money into the country which could be used to pay off debt).

Invest more in education (break poverty cycle, more skilled labour, hence more taxpayers).

Empower poor (MDG 3 met and also solving issues within the country at the same time as paying debt.

More agricultural resources (develop their quaternary sector to join the top countries in education and research as well as benefitting 85% of its primary sector employees

Education /research of effective use of water (sustainable use of a resource can mean less dependence on other countries as well as saving money).

Even though Ethiopia has reached a completion point and can have all its debts cancelled in full which is an achievement in itself, it unfortunately could not do much to eradicate extreme hunger and poverty from its nation and slums with inadequate living conditions still continue to exist in places such as Addis Ababa. However, it can be argued that the goals in PRSPs are those suited to long term development and benefit and they may show signs, strengthening Ethiopia's economy in the future.

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