ewY;foe'kZ - Banaras Hindu University

ISSN 0976-3694

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ISSN 0976-3694

MULYAVIMARSAA Bi-Annual Research Journal on

Ethics & Human Values

Vol. : 6, No. : 12, July-Dec., 2011

Chief EditorKamal Sheel

Executive EditorUsha Tripathi

EditorsDharm Jung

Rajeev Kumar Verma

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/khjsUnz izlkn oekZ ¼izksQslj o Mhu] fof/k ladk;] dk0fg0fo0fo0½

vfuy dqekj vxzoky ¼izksQslj] izca/k ladk;] dk0fg0fo0fo0½

lq'kkar dqekj JhokLro ¼izksQslj] izkS|ksfxdh laLFkku] dk0fg0fo0fo0½

lat; dqekj ¼,lksfl,V izksQslj] dyk ladk;] dk0fg0fo0fo0½

i zdk'kdekyoh; ewY; vuq'khyu dsUnzMalaviya Centre for Ethics & Human Values

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o"kZ&6] vad&12] tqykbZ&fnlEcj] 2011ISSN 0976-3694

ewY;foe'kZ

MULYAVIMARSA

Vol. : 6, No. : 12, July-Dec., 2011

ISSN 0976-3694

Editorial Advisory BoardRamharsh Singh(Professor Emeritus, BHU & Ex. Vice Chancellor, Rajsthan Ayurved University)

Ramesh Chand Panda (Professor & Dean, SVDV, BHU )

Dhirendra Prasad Verma (Professor & Dean, Faculty of Law, BHU)

Anil Kumar Agrawal (Professor, Faculty of Management, BHU)

Sushant Kumar Srivastava (Professor, Institute of Technology, BHU)

Sanjay Kumar (Associate Professor, Faculty of Art, BHU)

PublisherMalaviya Mulya Anusilan Kendra(Malaviya Centre for Ethics & Human Values)Shyamacharan De Niwas, Malaviya Bhawan ComplexBanaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005

Type SettingRituraj Jaiswal

Financial SupportShri Viswanath Mandir, BHU

Contribution Price : 50/-Annual Membership : 100/-Two Years Membership : 150/-Five Years Membership : 400/-Life Membership : 5000/-

Printed ByKishor Vidya NiketanB2/236-A-1Bhadaini, Varanasi

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Ø-lafo’k; i`’B la-1- êgkeuk^ ds izfr

jkds'k dqekj f}osnh 1&32- egkeuk dk fparu ,oa ewY; n`f"V

vouh'k dqekj feJ 4&173- dohUnz johUnz ds dkO;&ewY; vkSj fgUnh dfork

izHkkdj flag 18&264- lefUor laLÑfr ds fuekZ.k esa fuxqZ.k lUr dfo;ksa

dk ;ksxnkuvkuUn dqekj flag 27&36

5- vkt dk le; vkSj dchj ds lkekftd ewY;f”kokuh flag 37&42

6- xq: ukud vkSj muds mins'kksa esa fufgr ekuo ewY;jkds'k dqekj f}osnh 43&49

7- xksLokeh th ds jktuhfrd vkn”kZ vkSj vkt dk le;fdju frokjh 50&56

8- ehjk ds dkO; esa izse] HkfDr ,oa L=h&psruk dk Lo:ijatuk ik.Ms; 57&63

9- izsepUn ds dgkfu;ksa esa fufgr ekuoh;&ewY;jktho dqekj oekZ 64&73

10- egknsoh oekZ ds lEHkk’k.kksa esa f”k{kk vkSj ekuo ewY;izHkkr dqekj feJ 74&79

11- u;h dfork ds ewY; ,oa lkfgfR;d n`f’Vdks.kvf[kys”k dqekj falag ;kno 80&89

12- ewY;ksa ds lEo)Zu esa f”k{kk dh HkwfedkMkW0 nsosUæ flag] fueZyk xqIrk 90&95

13- yksd izpfyr [ksyksa }kjk cPpksa esa ewY;ksa dk fodklvf[kys”k dqekj 96&101

14- Hkwe.Myhdj.k ,oa fir`lÙkkRed Hkkjrh; lektdh ukjhvjfoUn dqekj JhokLro 102&109

15- ofÙkd vkpkj ,oa vf/koäk dh tokcnsgh %,d nk'kZfud v/;;ueqds”k dqekj ekyoh; 110&123

16- yksdra= easa vfgalk dk iz;ksxlqeu tSu 124&131

17- The Code of Conduct Designed for Householders in Svetâmbara

and Digambara Jaina Tradition

Anupam Jash 132&13818- Swami Vivekanand – His Life and Message

Swami Vyomanand 139&144

****

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,d ckj iqu% ewY;foe”kZ ds uohure vad }kjk vki ikBdksa ls tqM+dj gesavikj g’kZ dk vuqHko gks jgk gSA ;g ^tqM+ko* “kCn vius vki esa ije lUrqf’V dkvuqHko djkrk gSA blh ek/;e ds pyrs vki vius eu ds mn~xkj viuksa ls vfHkO;Drdj ikrs gSa vkSj bl izdkj ,d&,d dM+h tqM+rh pyh tkrh gS] tks ,d jk’Vª dksetcwr uhao iznku djrh gS vkSj fdlh Hkh jk’Vª dh mUufr dk ;gh vk/kkj LrEHk HkhgSA

ge ije lkSHkkX;”kkyh gSa fd ge ftl laLFkk ls tqM+s gSa] og ,slh egkufoHkwfr }kjk LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS tks vius esa lHkh mPp fopkjksa ,oa xq.kksa dks lekfgrfd, gq, FksA tSlk MkW0 jktcyh ik.Ms; us fy[kk gS&^êgkeuk ekyoh; th vk/kqfudHkkjr ds fuekZrkvksa esa izeq[k Fks] fdUrq mudh jk’Vªh;rk jktuhfr rd lhfer ugha FkhAos jk’Vª vkSj jkT; dks thou ds mPpre ewY;ksa dh izkfIr dk ek/;e ekurs Fks vkSjmudk ;g Hkh fo”okl Fkk fd mu ewY;ksa dh miyfC/k ds fcuk jk’Vª vkSj jkT; “khyokuvkSj LFkk;h ugha gks ldrkA ;g vkLFkk vkSj fo”okl mudks Hkkjrh; ijEijk ls feykFkkA ^vFkoZosn* ds iFoh&lwä ds fuEufyf[kr eU= ls os vuqizkf.kr Fks&^^LkR;ac`gíreqxza nh{kk riks czã ;K% iFoh /kkj;fUr**A vFkkZr~&^êgku~ lR;] dBksj uSfrdvkpj.k] “kqHkdk;Z djus dk n`<+ ladYi] riL;k] oSfnd Lok/;k; vFkok czãKku] loZyksdfgr ds fy, lefiZr thou i`Foh dks /kkj.k djrs gSaA** bu osn&fofgr fpjUrulk/kuksa ds }kjk gh os jk’Vª dk dk;Z djuk pkgrs FksA jktuhfrd dk;Z vFkok in] eku]izfr’Bk vkfn ds fy, os jktuhfr dk mi;ksx djuk ugha pkgrs Fks] blhfy, jktuhfrmuds iwjs thou dks vkPNkfnr ugha dj ikbZ FkhA jktuhfr ls vf/kd egÙoiw.kZekSfyd thou ds {ks=ksa esa os vius le; vkSj “kfDr dk mi;ksx djrs FksA T;ksgh mUgsavuqHko gqvk fd jktuhfr O;fDrxr LokFkZ vkSj vgadkj dk ek/;e curh tk jgh gS]R;ksgh os jktuhfr ls mnklhu vkSj rVLFk gks x;sA mUgksaus vius dk;Z ds ekSfyd {ks=ksadks igys lhapk Fkk] tgk¡ os lq[kiwoZd vius thou dh lk/kuk dj ldrs FksA /keZ]lekt] laLÑfr vkSj f”k{kk dks os thou dk vk/kkj ekurs FksA os le>rs Fks fd budsmRFkku ds fcuk jk’Vª dk mRFkku vlaHko vkSj vFkZghu gSA bu {ks=ksa esa mudh vewY;nsu gSa] fdUrq bu lHkh {ks=ksa esa f”k{kk dks vf/kd ekSfyd ekurs Fks**A Lo;a egkRekxka/kh th ds vuqlkj] egkeuk ekyoh; th izkr% Lej.kh; gSA vFkkZr~ izkr%dky mudkuke ysus ls mikld dh nSfud izo`fÙk;k¡ ifo= jgrh gSaA os egf’kZ gSaA egkRek xk¡/kh

th] egkeuk ekyoh; th dks viuk cM+k HkkbZ ekurs Fks vkSj egkeuk ds izfr mudseu esa lPph J)k vkSj lEeku FkkA ge lkSHkkX;”kkyh blfy, Hkh gSa D;ksafd gesaegkeuk ekyoh; th dh 150oha tUe&t;Urh eukus dk ekSdk feyk gS] tks bl o’kZlEiw.kZ jk’Vª esa /kwe/kke ls eukbZ tk jgh gSA Hkkjrh; fpUru dh ,d vU; vUkU;foHkwfr xq#nso johUnzukFk Bkdqj dh Hkh 150oha t;Urh blh o’kZ eukbZ tk jgh gSA ÑrKjk’Vª ds lkFk ge vius dks bl g’kksZYykl esa lfEefyr dj xkSjokfUor gks jgs gSaA

êwY;foe”kZ* ds bl vad esa bu egku foHkwfr;ksa }kjk thou&ewY;ksa ds iqu%laLFkkiu ds vnE; iz;klksa dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA lekfgr jpuk,a bUghads thou&oÙk ,oa thou&ewY;ksa ds vklikl ?kwerh gSaA bl vad dh lQyrk lq/khikBdksa }kjk gh fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk,xkA

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e wY;foe”kZ 1

êgkeuk^ ds izfr ¼150oha t;arh o"kZ ij Lej.k djrs gq,½

jkds'k dqekj f}osnh*

gs êgkeuk* !!Fkk /kU; Hkkx dk'kh dk rqeus ftls ojkfo|k ls foyflr fd;k ns'k dh iq.; /kjk]rqe ;qx&uk;d] R;kxh] tu ds vuqjkxh Fkslax jgs rqEgkjs tks tu Fks cM+Hkkxh FksA

gs LoIufirk!!feVus dks vkrs ;gk¡ lHkhrqeus feVus dks gh feF;k gS fl) fd;k]ftl jkg pys la>k esa thou&ukSdk yslkS&lkS /kkjkvksa dk rqeus :[k eksM+ fn;kA

gs rstiqat!!vfiZr djrk eSa rqEgsalqeu eu ds vxf.krln~~Hkko ân; ds uo iqf"irJ)k¡Jq lq[kh eu ds miÑrlc jRu fopkjksa ds] ekul&lkxj rV dsr`.k&xqYe lHkh miÑr gSa&rsjh D;kjh esa]

gs Js"B iq:"k!!eSa p<+k jgk iRrksa&iq"iksa dh HksaVmlh gfj;kyh esatks Kku&Hkwfe] lk/kuk&LFkyh gS rsjhLohdkj djks]gs nso! bls Lohdkj djks!!

gs tx&xkSjo!!rw /kU; vejFkk] re ls rsjk egklejvKku] vf'k{kk esa lks;k Fkk egkns'k

*lgk;d izk/;kid] fgUnh foHkkx] Mh0,0oh0ih0th0 dkyst] okjk.klh

e wY;foe”kZ 2

tc {kh.k pyh vk'kk yi&yi djrh v'ks"krc rqeus ghvkxs c<+dj ladYi fy;k]Fkha c¡Vh Kku&jkf'k;k¡ tks iwjc&if'pe esarqeus ml ykS dh Kku&f'k[kk dks ,d fd;kA

gs ohrjkx!!ml fnu Nyds Fks uhj] czãzru;k n`x ls'kkjnk Lo;a lkdkj gqbZ] ladYi ewrZlqjlfjrk ds fueZy rV ijAbl Kku;K ds Lo;a izFke cu rqe _fRot~ys] îz.k* ;g ea=ksPpkj fd;klLoj lqj esa &^û Roa dke;s jkT;a u LoxZ u iquHkZoe~ Adke;s nq%[krIrkuka izkf.kukekfrZuk'kue~ AA**eehZ izk.kksa us tku fy;kfd] in&inkFkZ lc u'oj gSavioxZ&LoxZ fut bPNk dh gh y?kqrk gS'kk'or lq[k rkstu&lsok gS]vktUe ;gh ôzr* ysdj thou /kU; fd;kA

gs tu&uk;d!!nsoksa dh ;gk¡ vejrk fdlus ns[kh gS \nSR;ksa dk Hkh"k.k ukn lquk fdlus gksxk \vioxZ&LoxZ rks nwj jgs gSa ykspu ls_f"k;ksaa&eqfu;ksa dk /;ku xquk fdlus gksxk \ij] ekuo dk vejRo fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSmlds liuksa dk lR; fn[kkbZ iM+rk gStu dh ihM+k dks thou esa tks thrk gSvejRo ?kw¡V dk] ogh ;gk¡ ij ihrk gSALrqfr djrs gSa osn ;gk¡ rks nsoksa dhij ekuo fut&deksaZ ls Lrqfr ikrk gSR;kxrk tUeuk tks lkjs O;keksagksa dksog rsjs tSlk êgkeuk* cu tkrk gSA

e wY;foe”kZ 3

dfo dk eu J)k ls ur gSgs iwT; iq:"k!! rqe pUnu gksflj&ekFks eSa rqedks j[k yw¡gs /kjk&iq=!! rqe fnO; T;ksfrFkksMk+ izdk'k eSa Hkh ik yw¡Ags deZohj!! rqe oanuh;>qddj oanu eSa Hkh dj yw¡gs tu&lsod!! rqe ;qx&izgjheSa Hkh vc izk.k ltx dj yw¡]gs egkeuqt!! rqe yksd&nsoeSa xhr vejrk dk xk yw¡A

gs êgkeuk* !!tks pyk rsjs iFk&n'kksZa ijthou mldk gh ;gk¡ cukA:Bs&ls D;ksa gks] iq.; iq:"k!!vkvks fQj ls];g dk'kh rqEgsa cqykrh gS'kkjnk lnk rsjh gh xkFkk xkrh gSAlc Hkwy x;s gSa yksx rsjs vkn'kksZ dksri&R;kx vkSj tu&lsok ds dRkZO;ksa dksgs lkSE; iq:"k!!vc lqjfHkr rsjs miou dsekuo ewY;ksa ds fogxclsjk NksM+ jgs];g ns'k] ftls rqeus izdk'k fn[kyk;k Fkklc yksx v¡/ksjs ls vc ukrk tksM+ jgsA

;s ;qx&uk;d!!v{k; gS] rsjh foey dhfrZrqe vkvks fQj!bl HkjrHkwfe dk Hkze.k djksnzqr dk'kh esa] vkdj fQj lsrqe] uork dk ;qx&pj.k /kjks!!

****

e wY;foe”kZ 4

egkeuk dk fparu ,oa ewY; n`f"Vvouh'k dqekj feJ*

cgqÑR;s fu:|ksxh tkxrZO;s izlqIrd%fo'oLlRoa Hk;LFkkus gk iq=d ! fogU;lsAA

*dke cgqr djuk gS] rqe dqN m|ksx ugha dj jgs gksA tkxus dk le; gS]rqe lksrs gksA Hk; dk LFkku gS vkSj rqe fo'okl fd;s cSBs gks fd dqN Hk; ugha gSAgk; ! rqe ekjs tkrs gksA Jh O;kl th dk ;g opu Hkkjro"kZ dh orZeku n'kk esaiw.kZ:i ls ?kfVr gksrk gSA^1 ia0 enu eksgu ekyoh; th us Hkkjr dh /kkfeZd]jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fparu ijaijk ds fodkl esa ,sfrgkfld ;ksxnkufn;k gSA oLrqr% os egkiq:"k ls dgha c<+dj ,d Js"B vkRek FksA egkeuk ds fparudk vkn'kZ egkHkkjr esa crk;h x;h f'kfo dh izkFkZuk gSA ftlesa dgk x;k gSS&

*u Roa dke;s jkT;a u LoxZ u iquHkZoe~A^dke;s nq%[kRkIrkuka izkf.kukekfrZuk'kue~AA^

*eq>s jkT;] LoxZ vkSj eks{k dh dkeuk ugha gSA eSa rks nq%[kksa ls rIr izkf.k;ksads nq%[k dk fuokj.k djuk pgrk gw¡A^2 egkeuk lHkh izkf.k;ksa dk larki feVkuk ghO;fDr dk ,dek= mn~ns'; ekurs FksA egkeuk ekuorkoknh Fks] muds laiw.kZ fparudk dsUnz ekuo FkkA ekuo dk loksZRÑ"V fodkl vkSj izÑfr ds lkFk mldk lkeatL;egkeuk ds fparu dk ewy mn~ns'; FkkA ekyoh; th dk O;fDrRo mudh egku~miyfC/k;ksa ls dgha vf/kd izfrf"Br Fkk] os vk/;kfRed ln~xq.kksa] uSfrd ewY;ksa rFkklkaLÑfrd mRd"kZ ds vlk/kkj.k O;fDrRo FksA os mPpdksfV ds uhfrK FksA uSfrdfl)kUrksa vkSj uSfrd O;ogkj dks os /keZ vkSj laLd`fr dk lkj le>rs FksA mUgksaus ns'kdh vko';drkvksa rFkk turk ds larkiksa vkSj d"Vksa dks vius thou esa vkRelkr djturk dh vkdka{kkvksa dh iwfrZ esa rFkk ns'k ds xkSjo dh o`f) esa viuk lkjk thouR;kx fn;kA ns'kcU/kq xksiky Ñ".k xks[kys th us egkeuk ds dk;ksZa ls izHkkfor gksdjdgk Fkk&*R;kx rks ekyoh; th egkjkt dk gSA os fu/kZu ifjokj esa mRiUu gq, vkSjc<+rs&c<+rs izfl) odhy gksdj lgL=ksa :i;k ekfld dekus yxsA mUgksaus oSHko dkLokn fy;k vkSj tc ân; ls ekr`Hkwfe dh lsok dh iqdkj mBh] rks mUgkasus lc dqNR;kxdj iqu% fu/kZurk Lohdkj dj yhA^3 ekyoh; th Lo;a O;fDr dks lef"V dkvax ekurs Fks vkSj fu%LokFkZ lsok&Hkko }kjk thou esa lef"V dks vkRelkr djukekuo dk ije iquhr drZO; le>rs FksA 10 tuojh 1942 dks dk'kh fgUnwfo'ofo|ky; dh jtr t;arh ij xka/kh th us ekyoh; th dh iz'kalk esa dgk Fkk fd*izse dk n`<+ ca/ku eq>s ekyoh; th ls cka/ks gq, gSA vkSj eS muds vkns'k dk ikyutc dHkh ;g esjs fy, laHko gksrk gS] cMs+ xoZ vkSj larks"k ds lkFk djrk gw¡A ekyoh;th lknk thou vkSj mPp fparu ds ltho mnkgj.k gSaA^

m)jsnkReukRekua ukRekueolkn;sr~AvkReSo g~;kReuks cU/kqjkReSo fjiqjkReu%AA

*viuk m)kj vius vki djsa] vius dks uhps u fxjkosa] euq"; Lo;a gh viukfe= gS vkSj 'k=q Hkh gSA^ bl okD; ds vuqlkj ge yksxksa dh vktdy tks v/kksxfr*'kk s/k Nk=] fgUnh foHkkx] dk'kh fgUn w fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh

e wY;foe”kZ 5

gqbZ gS] og gekjs gh nks"kksa vkSj ikiksa ls gqbZ gS] vkSj gekjh mUufr rHkh gksxh] tc gevius m)kj ds fy, Lo;a ;Ru djsaxsA^4 ekyoh; th dh /kkj.kk Fkh fd fdlh euq";;k tkfr dh rc rd mUufr ugha gks ldrh] tc rd og viuh orZeku n'kk lsvlarq"V gksdj mls lq/kkjus dk ;Ru u djsA ia0 enu eksgu ekyoh; th us lknxhls viuh ckrksa dks tu&tu rd igqapkus dk lQy iz;kl fd;kA mudk O;fDrRonsoLo:i Fkk] mlesa lR;&fu"B] lknxh] drZO;fu"B] ns'kHkfDr] /keZfu"B] d:.kk dkvnHkqr leUo; FkkA mUgksaus vius fopkj ,oa deZ ls egkeuk gksus dk ifjp; fn;kAekuo&ewY;ksa dh v{kq..krk gh mudk LoIu FkkA egkeuk Hkkjr ds uofuekZ.k dsvxznwr FksA lekftd] /kkfeZd lkaLÑfrd psruk ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk mudhn`f"V vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd lq/kkjksa ij Hkh FkhA dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; dhLFkkiuk mudh bl n`f"V dk ,d vk;ke gSA vkfFkZd vkSj vk|ksfxd lq/kkjksa] vk/kqfudÑf"k ,oa f'k{kk uhfr] ewY; vk/kkfjr lkekftd ifjorZu vkSj lkaLÑfrd psruk dsfodkl dh fn'kk esa os ges'kk dk;Z djrs jgsA dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk ds nwljs gh lky1886 esa os dkxzsal ls tqM+ x,A 1909] 1918] 1932] vkSj 1933 esa og pkj ckj dkaxszlds v/;{k jgsA ykyk yktir jk; us muls izHkkfor gksdj dgk Fkk fd ^êkyoh;thtSls egkiq:"k dgha lSdM+ksa o"kksZa esa iSnk gqvk djrs gSaA ns'k ds vFkok dkaxszl ds lkeustc dksbZ fo'ks"k ladV mifLFkr gqvk] egkeuk ekyoh; th mls mckjus ds fy,pV~Vku dh rjg [kMs+ ik;s x;sA ,sls ujjRu dh vpZuk&oUnuk dksSu ns'k ughadjsxkA^^5 Lora= Hkkjr ds nwljs iz/kkuea=h yky cgknqj 'kkL=h ds 'kCnksa esa&*êkyoh;th jk"Vªh; usrk ds :i esa cstksM+ FksA esjh ih<+h ds yksxksa dk lkSHkkX; jgk gS fd gesamuds usr`Ro esa dke djus dk volj feykA vk/kqfud Hkkjr&fuekZrkvksa esa ekyoh;th dk eq[; LFkku gSA mudh lk/kuk] mudk R;kx vkSj mTToy pfj= gekjs fy,lnk ekxZ&n'kZu djrs jgsaxsA^^6

/keZ dh vo/kkj.kk ,deq[kh fjyhtu ls fHkUu cgqyrkoknh Hkh gS vkSj fujarjfodkl'khy HkhA egkeuk blh lukru ijaijk ds izrhd rFkk mlds leUo; dhijaijk ds i{kikrh FksA MkW0 loZiYyh jk/kkÑ".ku us lukru /keZ dks vHk;] vfgalkvkSj vlax ds :Ik esas fu:ifr fd;k gS vkSj egkeuk dks bldk ewfrZeku crk;k gSAekyoh; th dk dk;Z {ks= laiw.kZ Hkkjr gSA os lR;fu"B Fks] tks mfpr gksrk ogfuHkhZdrk ls dgrs vkSj djrsA ckcw txthou jke ds 'kCnksa esa *^dbZ O;fDr;ksa dkjktuSfrd {ks= esa LFkku jgrk gS] rFkk dbZ;ksa dk lkekftd vFkok /kkfeZd {ks= esaAegkeuk ekyoh; th Hkkjr dh ,d ,slh foHkwfr Fks] ftudks thou ds izR;sd {ks= esamPp Lej.kh; LFkku izkIr FkkA mudk fo'kky ân; /kuh o fu/kZu] fo}ku rFkklkekU; O;fDr] fgUnw rFkk vfgUnw lHkh dks lekurk ls Lohdkj djrk FkkA mudsusr`Ro esa Hkkjrh; turk dk dY;k.k gh gqvk gSA^*7 ekyoh; th LoHkko ls fuHkhZdvkSj fujfHkekuh Fks] mudh n`<+rk] frfr{kk vkSj lg;ksx dh Hkkouk ls lefUor FkhAos ekurs Fks fd *îzR;sd ns'k ;k tkfr dk vH;qn; ewy :Ik ls mldh iztk dsvkReikS:"k ij fuHkZj gSA bl n`<+ fo'okl ls tc ge vPNs dkeksa esa m|ksx djasxs rcfQj gekjs fnu fQjsaxs vkSj gekjs ns'k dk oSHko vkSj xkSjo c<+sxkA^*8 ekyoh; th dk

e wY;foe”kZ 6

lkjk thou euq";Ro dh Hkkouk ls vuqizkf.kr] bZ'ojRo dh Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr FkkAmudh ns'k lsok fu"dke mikluk dh Hkkouk rFkk yksd&dY;k.k dh dkeuk lslefUor vkSj vyaÑr FkhA os fu%lansg euq";rk dh mRÑ"V vfHkO;fDr FksA egkeukds fl)kaar LokHkkokuqdwy thoaaaar ,oa izsjd gSaA mudk ,d gh y{; Fkk&jk"VªlsokdjukA fo'ofoHkwfr ekyoh; th ds vlk/kkj.k O;fDrRo ds laca/k esa ;qxiq:"k egkRekxka/kh us vius Hkko izdV djrs gq, dgk Fkk&^*tc eSa vius ns'k essa dk;Z djus ds fy,vk;k rks igys yksdekU; fryd ds ikl x;kA os eq>s fgeky; ls Å¡ps yxsA eSauslkspk fgeky; ij p<+uk esjs fy, laHko ugha vkSj eSa ykSV vk;kA fQj eSa xks[kys dsikl x;kA eq>s os lkxj ds leku xaHkhj yxsA eSaus ns[kk fd esjs fy, bruh xgjkbZesa iSBuk laHko ugha vkSj ykSV vk;kA var esa eS egkeuk ekyoh; th ds ikl x;kAeq>s os xaxk dh /kkjk ds leku fueZy yxsA eSaus ns[kk] bl ifo= /kkjk esa Luku djukesjs fy, laHko gSA**9 fu%lansg egkeuk ekyoh; th ;qxkardkjh vkd"kZd O;fDrRo dsLokeh o egkiq:"k FksA os Hkkjr] Hkkjrh vkSj Hkkjrh;rk ds izrhd FksA xksLokehrqylhnkl ds ckn yksdeaxy dh dkeuk djus okys ekyoh; th ,dek= lar Fks]lkFk gh mUgksaus lukru /keZ dh egRoiw.kZ ,oa izklafxd O;k[;k orZeku ds lanHkZ easdhA muds fopkj rdZ dh dlkSVh ij vk/kkfjr vkSj vdkV~; gksrs FksA

ekuo&ewY; ,sls izfreku gSa ftuds vk/kkj ij euq"; vkpkj&fopkj dkslarqfyr ,oa O;ofLFkr djrk gSA euq"; dks foosd'khy ,oa e;kZfnr cukus esa ekuoh;ewY; lgk;d gksrs gSaA os ekuork ds laizs’kd gksrs gSa tks *Lo^ dh vis{kk *ij^ ij vf/kd cy nsrs gSaA ekuoh;&ewY; ekuoh; laosnuk ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa] tks O;fDr dksu dsoy lkekftd lanHkksZa ls tksM+rs gSa vfirq lekt ds izfr mlds nkf;Roksa dk Hkhcks/k djkrs gSa ,oa ekuo dks thus dh fof/k o Js"B dyk ls ifjfpr djkrs gSaA ogekuo ds lokZaxh.k fodkl esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA la{ksi esa dgk tk; rks ekuoh; ewY;ekuoh; vkn'kksZa ds iqat gSaA ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks NksM+dj dksbZ lH;rk ;k laLÑfrvf/kd fnuksa rd ugha fVd ldrhA lexz ekuork o ekuoh; thou&ewY; ,d ghmn~ns'; ij fVds gSa&

losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku% losZ lUrq fujke;k%AlosZ Hknzkf.k i';Urq ek df”pr~ nq%[k Hkkx~ Hkosr~AA

egkHkkjr esa dgk x;k gS&*u fg euq"kkr~ Js"Brja fg fdafpr^ vFkkZr~ euq";ls Js"B dqN Hkh ugha gSA orZeku leL;kvksa esa lcls cM+h leL;k euq"; dks *euq";^cukus dh gSaA izkphu _f"k&vkpk;ksZa us ekuo&ewY;ksa dks /keZ dgk Fkk vkSj lHkh /keksZadk ewy ekuork esa fufgr gS ,slh ?kks"k.kk Hkh dh FkhA vkt /keZ flQZ fn[kkos]LokFkZ&flf) vkSj ikiksa ls ekufld lqj{kk ikus dk lk/ku ek= jg x;k gSA ekyoh;th ekurs Fks&^*/keZ ds tks ewy fl)kUr gS mu lc dk mn~ns'; ns'k esa 'kkafr] lef)vkSj lq[k mRiUu djuk rFkk euq"; dks ikjykSfdd xgu fo"k;ksa dk fparu djus ds;ksX; cukuk gSA*^10 mudh /kkj.kk Fkh fd *euq"; ds i'kqRo dks bZ'ojRo esa ifj.krdjuk gh /keZ gSA euq";Ro dk fodkl gh bZ'ojRo vkSj bZ'oj gS vkSj fu"dke Hkko lsizkf.kek= dh lsok gh bZ'oj dh lPph vjk/kuk gSA^ ekyoh; th dk lkjk thou

e wY;foe”kZ 7

euq";Ro dh Hkkouk ls vuqizkf.kr FkkA mudh ns'k lsok fu"dke mikluk dh HkkoukrFkk yksd dY;k.k dh dkeuk ls lefUor vkSj vyaÑr FkhA

ekyoh; th ns'kkuqjkx dks /keZ dk egRoiw.kZa vax ekurs FksA mUgksaus /keZ dhO;k[;k djrs gq, dgk Fkk&*^tks yksx 'kq) eu ls izkf.k;ksa dk ije dY;k.k pkgrsgSa] mudks mfpr gS fd os mudks /keZ dk mins'k nsa vkSj mUgsa /keZ ds ekxZ esa yxkosaAlq[k dk ewy /keZ gh gSaA euq";ksa dk ije /ku /keZ gh gSA lalkj dh leLr lEifŸkvkSj Hkksx&inkFkZ feydj euq"; dks og lq[k ugha ns ldrs] tks /keZ nsrk gSaA ftrusnq%[k vkSj Dys'k euq"; dks lrkrs gSa] muds fy, ,d fl) vkS"k/k /keZ gh gSA*^11

ekyoh; th ns'k dh mUufr ds lkFk&lkFk euq"; ds lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] ekufldo laLdkfjr ifj"dkj ds fy, /keZ dks egRoiw.kZ ekurs FksA os ekurs Fks fd *ftl euq";dks vius /keZ esa fo'okl gS vkSj drZO; dk Kku gS] tks /keZ&cqf) ls izkf.k;ksa dsfgr&lk/ku rFkk ns'k vkSj lekt dh n'kk ds lq/kkj ds fy, tru djrk gS] og fcukmn~ns'; ds fl) gq, dHkh ml dke ls fojDr ugha gksrkA^ ekyoh; th ns'kfgrfo"k; ij fprau djrs gq, dgk gS fd *gekjs ns'k esa /keZ vkSj drZO; dh n`<+&cqf)ls ns'k dk lekt ds fgr ds fy, tru djus okys iq:"kksa dh la[;k vHkh cgqr FkksM+hgS vkSj ;gha dkj.k gS fd ;|fi ns'k&fgr dh ppkZ cgqr lqu iM+rh gS] rFkkfi mrukdk;Z gksrk ugha fn[krkA^ ekyoh; th ekurs Fks fd ns'k&cU/kqRo dks vius /keZ dkKku vkSj mlesa n`<+ fo'okl gksuk pkfg, vkSj blds fy, tru djuk lc lPPksns'k&fgrSf"k;ksa dk ije /keZ gS] D;ksafd ns'kHkfDr ls ,drk mRiUu gksrh gS] ,drk lsjk"Vªh;rk dk Hkko vkSj jk"Vªh;rk ds Hkko ls ns'k dh mUufr gksrh gSA ekyoh; th/keZ dks yksd dY;k.k dh Hkkouk ls tksM+dj ns[kus ds i{k/kj FksA mUgksaus dgk fd*/keZ ;g gS fd izk.kh dks izk.kh ds lkFk lgkuqHkwfr gks] ,d nwljs dks vPNh voLFkkesa ns[kdj izlUu gksa vkSj fxjh gqbZ voLFkk esa lgk;rk nsaA* orZeku voLFkk esa vlarks"kvkSj mUufr dh bPNk] ;s nks mUufr ds nks ewy ea= gSa] ,slk ekyoh; th ekurs FksAos ekuo&ewY;ksa dh iquZizfr"Bk gsrq laLdkfjr fo/kk dks vko';d ekurs Fks] os ekursFks] fd *tc yksxksa dks Hkyh&Hkkfr fy[kuk&i<+uk vk tk,xk] rc os jkek;.k] HkkxorbR;kfn xazFkksa ds Hkk"kkuqoknksa dks i<+dj Hkkjro"kZ dh izkphu efgek dks tku ldsaxs vkSjorZeku iqLrdksa vkSj lekpkji=ksa ls tku ysaxs fd gekjh vc dSlh n'kk gSA bllsmudks vius ns'k dh n'kk esa mfpr ifjorZu djus dh izcy bPNk mRiUu gksxh vkSjcqf)eku yksx ns'k dh jktuhfrd] lekftd vkSj vFkZ laca/kh n'kk lq/kkjus ds fy,mik;ksa dk fu'p; djasxs] muesa lc yksx lgk;d gksaxsA dke] Øks/k] yksHk] eksg] en]ekRl;Z ls jfgr fo}ku~ vkSj ijksidkjh iq:"k ns'k ds dY;k.k ds fy, mik;ksa dks lkspsvkSj lk/kkj.k yksx mu mik;ksa dks vey esa ykus esa l&iz;Ru djsa] rks ns'k dh n'kkesa Li"V ifjorZu gks ldrk gSA* oLrqr% /keZ /kkj.k djus dh gh fo|k gSA Hkkjrh;/keZ ds mins'k ije ifo= vkSj yksdksidkjh gSaA

egkeuk lokZaxh.k mUufr vkSj lekftd ,drk ds i{k/kj FksA os ekurs Fks fd*ns'k vkSj tkfr dk m)kj djus ds fy,] blds lq[k] lEifŸk vkSj izfr"Bk ikus ds fy,lc izdkj dh mUufr&/keZ lEcU/kh] lkekftd] O;kikj lEcU/kh vkSj jktuhfrd

e wY;foe”kZ 8

mUufr t:jh gSA mUufr ds fy, fgUnqLrku dh lc tkfr;ksa esa ijLij izhfr vkSj,drk vfuok;Z gSA* egkeuk pkgrs Fks fd ns'k ds izR;sd ukxfjd ds eu esa ;g Hkkotx tk; fd ns'k dh mUufr esa viuh mUufr] ns'k ds thou esa viuk thou vkSjns'k dh eR;q esa viuh eR;q le>saA egkeuk lPph ns'kHkfDr dks jktHkfDr vkSjiztkHkfDr dks lPph jktHkfDr dgrs FksA muds vuqlkj lPps ns'kHkDr os gSa] tks dqNdjsa] /kjsa] lc dqN ns'k ds fy, gks vkSj ns'k ds dk;Z ds izfr{k.k rRij jgsa] vkSj ,dkdhyxu ls /;ku vkSj mikluk esa yxs jgsaA mUgksaus jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dks lHkh Hkkoksals Js"B ekukA mUgksaus dgk fd *jk"Vªh;rk ml Hkkouk dk uke gS tks ns'k ds laiw.kZfuokfl;ksa ds ân; esa ns'k&fgr dh ykylk ls O;kIr jgh gks] ftlds vkxs vU; Hkkoksadh Js.kh uhph gh jgrh gksA^ vkpk;Z gtkjh izlkn f}osnh us ekyoh; th ds ns'kHkfDrdk;ksZ ls izHkkfor gksdj dgk Fkk fd *îwT; ekyoh; th Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds loksZŸkeLo:i ds ewfrZeku :i FksA ns'k dh laiw.kZ turk ds J)kHkktu FksA muds ns'k&fgrds dk;ksZa dks fxukuk cgqr dfBu gSA mudh ok.kh esa lk{kkr~ ljLorh dk fuoklFkkA*^

12 ekyoh; th ds O;fDrRo dh loZrksUeq[kh izfrHkk lkgl ,oa mRlkg vkSj R;kx

rFkk jk"Vªlsok esa mudh fu"Bk vkSj yxu vrqyuh; FkhA os fu%lansg mPpdksfV dstuuk;d rFkk jk"VªfuekZrk FksA egkRek xka/kh mudh iz'kalk djrs gq, dgrs Fks fd*eS ekyoh; th ls cM+k ns'kHkDr fdlh dks ugha ekurkA eSa lnSo mudh iwtk djrkgw¡A thfor Hkkjrh;ksa esa eq>s muls T;knk Hkkjr dh lsok djus okyk dksbZ fn[kkbZ ughansrkA^ egku fo}ku~ euh"kh HkrZ`gfj us egkRek ds izÑfrfl) y{k.kksa dk o.kZu djrsgq, oSjkX; 'krd esa fy[kk gS&

foifn /kS;ZeFkkH;qn;s {kek] lnfl okd~iVqrk ;qf/k foØe%A;'kfl pkfHk:fpO;Zlua JqrkS] izÑfrfl)fena fg egkReuke~AAvFkkZr~ foifŸk esa /kS;Z] lEifŸk esa {kek] lHkk esa okd~iVq] ;q) esa foØe] ;'k esa

:fp] 'kkL= esa yxu&;s lHkh xq.k egkRekvksa esa LoHkko ls gksrs gSaA bl n`f"V lsekyoh; th cgqxq.k laiUu egkRek FksA ekyoh; th dh izfrHkk cgqeq[kh FkhAf'k{kk&foLrkj rFkk izkphu lukru /keZ dh j{kk djrs gq, turk esa lr~ f'k{kk dkizlkj muds thou dk iz/kku dk;Z FkkA os Jhen~Hkkxor~ ds lk{kkr~ foxzg FksA ekuorkvkSj ekuoh; ewY;ksaa dk ;g egku~ xzaFk gh ekyoh; th dh 'kfDr dk lzksr vkSjlk/kuk dk lksiku FkkA bl xzaFk esa P;ou _f"k dh ,d izkFkZuk dks ekyoh; th viuhizkFkZuk ekurs Fks ôg dkSu lk mik; gS] ftlds }kjk eS nq%[kh tuksa ds var% dj.k esaizos'k dj muds nq%[kksa ls nq%[kh gksÅ¡&

dks·uq l L;knqik;ks·= ;sukga nq%f[krkReuke~AvUr% izfo'; Hkwrkuka Hkos;a nq%[kHkkd~ lnkAA

egkeuk fgUnh] fgUnw] fgUnwLrku ds mn~cks/kd o izorZd FksA os dsoyjktuhfrK gh ugha Fks cfYd Hkkjr dh jk"VªHkk"kk laca/kh vkanksyu ds tud Hkh FksAmUgksaus lkaLÑfrd uo&tkxj.k dks 'kfDr'kkyh cuk;k] ftlds QyLo:i Hkkjrh;Hkk"kkvksa esa uo&;qx dk mn; gqvkA jk"VªHkk"kk jk"Vªh; psruk dh laokgd gksrh gSAjk"VªHkk"kk esa jk"Vª dh Hkkouk fufgr gksrh gS] ftlds }kjk ukxfjdksa esa Kku dk lapkj

e wY;foe”kZ 9

gksrk gSA og fdlh izns'k ;k {ks= dh Hkk"kk ugha cfYd leLr Hkkjr esa Hkkjrh ds :iesa xzg.k dh tkrh gSA ekyoh; th us fgUnh dks jk"VªHkk"kk dk xkSjo fnyk;kAdpgfj;ksa o ljdkjh dke&dkt esa mfpr LFkku fnyk;kA fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyuds ukSosa vf/kos'ku ¼cacbZ] 11 vizSy 1919½ esa vius lHkkifrRo Hkk"k.k esa mUgksaus dgkFkk&^fgUnh Hkk"kk ,d ,slh lkoZtfud Hkk"kk gS ftls lc HksnHkko NksM+dj izR;sdHkkjrh; xzg.k dj ldrk gSA^ vkxs mUgksaus dgk **ftl ns'k dh tks Hkk"kk gS] mlhHkk"kk esa okLRko esa ml ns'k ds U;k;] dkuwu] jktdkt] dkaSfly bR;kfn dk dk;Z gksukpkfg,A*^13 fnypLi ckr ;g gS fd lafo/kku lHkk us fgUnh dks jktHkk"kk cukus dktks ,sfrgkfld fu.kZ; fn;k Fkk] mldh iwoZ ?kks"k.kk egkeuk us Lora=rk izkfIr ds rhlo"kZ igys gh dj fn;k FkkA mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd *Hkkjro"kZ dh eq[; ekr`Hkk"kk fgUnhvFkok fgUnwLrkuh dks vo'; LFkkfir djuk iMs+xkA gekjs fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fdlh Hkhfo"k; esa mruk vPNk Kku ugha gks ldrk ftruk mlh fo"k; dk viuh ekr`Hkk"kk ds}kjk v/;;u djds ,d vaxzst ckyd Kku izkIr djrk gSA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk viuhmRrerk ds mPp f'k[kj ij rc rd ugha igq¡p ldrh tc rd turk dh ekr`Hkk"kkvius LFkku ij f'k{kk ds ek/;e rFkk loZlk/kkj.k ds O;ogkj ds :i esa u LFkkfirdh tk;A^ ekyoh; th us Hkkjr esa igyh ckj 1922bZ0 esa dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;esa fgUnh foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dj mlesa mPp f'k{k.k o 'kks/k dk izca/k fd;kA os pkgrsFks] fd ljy Hkk"kk esa fgUnh lkfgR; dk fuekZ.k gks] ftlls Hkkjrh; tuekulykHkokfUor gksA fuf'pr gh ekyoh; th us fgUnh dks jk"VªHkk"kk cukus ds fy, lkFkZdiz;kl fd;k vkSj mlds izpkj&izlkj esa lnSo nŸkfpŸk jgsA jktf"kZ iq:"kksŸke nklV.Mu dk ekuuk gS fd *îzkr% Lej.kh; iwT; ekyoh; th fgUnh ds iz'u dks mBkusesa usrk vkSj eq[; lapkyd FksA jktuhfr vkSj f'k{kk nksuksa {ks=ksa esa mUgksaus ;qx&ifjorZuvkSj ;qx&izorZu dk dke fd;kA*^14

egkeuk ekyoh; th vk'kk ds thoUr :i FksA os vk'kkoknh lkfgR; dsl`tu ds Åij loZnk vkxzg djrs FksA os dgrs Fks fd tks lkfgR; turk esa LQwfrZdk ea= u Qw¡ds] vk'kkokn dh T;ksafr u txkos] og lkfgR; eqnkZ gSA mls ge thforlkfgR; ds uke ls ugha iqdkj ldrsA /keZ ls vuqizkf.kr rFkk pfj= dks fo'kq) cukusokys lkfgR; ds gh os i{kikrh gSa vkSj blhfy, os xksLokeh rqylhnkl Ñr *jkepfjrekul^ dks *iapeosn^ dh laKk nsrs gSaA egkeuk dgrs Fks fd&*tc rd vlQyrkeuq"; dh Nkrh ij cSB dj mldk xyk u ?kksaVs] tc rd vk'kk dh ,d Qhdh fdj.kHkh nwjLFk f{kfrt ij nh[k iMs+] rc rd euq";ksa dks fujk'k u gksuk pkfg,] izR;qr iw.kZmRlkg ds lkFk dke esa MV tkuk pkfg,A fo'okl j[ksa og dke fl) gksdj ghjgsxkA bl fo"k; esa mudk fiz; 'yksd Fkk &

mRFkkRkO;a tkx`rO;a ;ksDrO;a Hkwfr deZlqAHkfo";rhR;so eu% ÑRok lrreO;FkS%AA

*dke gkssdj gh jgsxk^&;g ekudj ds lrr~ O;Fkkghu gksdj ekuoksa dksmBuk pkfg,] tkxuk pkfg, rFkk dY;k.kizn dkeksa esa fujarj yxuk pkfg,A^fu%lansg egkeuk vkRefo'okl dh tkxr ewfrZ FksA os vkRefo'okl dks lQyrk dk

e wY;foe”kZ 10

ewy jgL; ekurs FksA euq"; ds lkgl dks vk'kkokfUor djrs gq, os dgrs Fks fd*^dksbZ Hkh y{; vklku ugha gksrk] mls 'kkafr vkSj lg;ksx] /khjt vkSj mRlkg] iztkvkSj ikS:"k] rst vkSj lgu'khyrk] izse vkSj LokFkZ&R;kx rFkk buds leku vusdmRre xq.kksa dk laxzg djuk gksxkA^* ekyoh; th *f'k{kk^ dks O;fDr ds lkekftd]lkaLÑfrd] ekufld o lkaLÑfrd fodkl ds fy, vko';d ekurs FksA os dgrs Fks*xjhcksa dks lq[k 'kkafr cgqr gn rd f'k{kk ij fuHkZj gSA blds tfj, gh os foosd vkSjvkRe lEeku ls LoHkko izkIr dj ldrs gSa] ftuls lc xq.k fodflr gksrs gSaAekyoh; th lekt ds lefUor fodkl ds laca/k esa Ñf"k f'k{kk] vkS|ksfxd f'k{kk]O;kikfjd f'k{kk rFkk iz;ksxkRed foKku dh f'k{kk ds leqfpr izca/k ij fo'ks"k tksjfn;kA os ekurs Fks fd *^fo|k dk izpkj dsoy Ldwyksa vkSj ikB'kkykvksa ds }kjk ughagks ldrkA ,d cgqr lh/kk vkSj cgqr Qy nsus okyk mik; ;g gS fd gj ,d i<+kfy[kk iq:"k vkSj L=h ;g ladYi djs fd tgk¡ rd muls gks ldsxk] og viusvkl&ikl ds jgus okyksa vkSj ukSdjksa rd dh Hkh bruh f'k{kk vo'; nsxk ;k fnykusdk izca/k djsxk] ftlls os viuh Hkk"kk vPNh rjg fy[k i<+ lds vkSj ekewyh fglkcdj ldsa vkSj mudks vius /keZ dk Hkh dqN Kku gks tk;A^ ekyoh; th f'k{kk ds izfrvius mn~ns';ksa dks ysdj dkQh ltx Fks] blhfy, mUgksaus dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;dh uhao j[khA fczfV'k lkaln duZy cstcqM us dgk Fkk fd *Hkkjrh; f'k{kk fdl izdkjia0 ekyoh; ds izfr _.kh gS] blls ;ksjksi ifjfpr gSA fdUrq eSaus ,slk fo'kky fo|kdsUnz ¼dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;½ vU;= dgha ugha ns[kk] tks flQZ ,d O;fDr dhÑfr gksA^ ekyoh; th f'k{kk dks ekuo ek= dk vf/kdkj] rFkk mldk leqfprizca/k jkT; dk drZO; le>rs FksA thou dk lokZaxh.k fodkl ekyoh; th dh f'k{kki)fr dk ewy ea= FkkA os L=h f'k{kk dks lekt dk iquhr drZO; le>rs FksA mudkdguk Fkk fd iq:"kksa dh f'k{kk ls fL=;ksa dh f'k{kk dgha vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gS] D;ksafdos gh Hkkjr dh Hkkoh larkuksa dh ekrk,a gaSA muds fopkj esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk pfj=xBugh f'k{kk dk izkFkfed y{; gSA os v/;kid dks lekt dk *loZJs"B lsod^ Lohdkjdjrs FksA mudh /kkj.kk Fkh fd *vxj og ns'kHkDr gS] jk"Vªh;rk ls mls izse gS vkSjvxj og vius mŸkjnkf;Ro dks le>rk gS] rks og ns'kHkDr iq:"kksa vkSj fL=;ksa dhtkfr mRiUu dj ldrk gS] tks LoHkkor% ns'k dks fdlh ,slh Js.kh ij igqapk nsaxs tgk¡jk"Vªfgr ds lkeus tkrh; LokFkZ vkSj }s"k dk ys'k Hkh ugh jgsxkA^ ekuoh; xq.kksa dkfuekZ.k vkSj vk/;kfRed vuq'kklu ekyoh; th dh f'k{kk ds vk/kkjHkwr rRo FksAmudk mn~ns'; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh izfrHkk ,oa jpukRed izo`fŸk;ksa dks izksRlkgu nsuk Fkkrkfd os lgh vFkksZa esa vuq'kkflr o mŸkjnk;h ukxfjd cudj ns'k ds fodkl esalkFkZd Hkwfedk fuHkk ldsaA ekyoh; th dk dguk Fkk fd f'k{kk vH;qn; vkSjfu%Js;l dh izkfIr ds fy, gS&*;rks vH;qn; fu%Js;l flf) l /keZ%Â fo|k ls veRodh izkfIr dh gksxhA blh Hkkouk ls egkeuk us vk/kqfud f'k{kk 'kq: dhA f'k{kk dkmn~ns'; tgka ,d vksj oSfnd n'kZu dk izpkj&izlkj o mls mn~Hkkflr djuk Fkk] oghanwljh vksj izkphu euhf"k;ksa] izKkokuksa dh ekU;rkvksa] fl)karksa o fn'kk&funsZ'kksa dsvuq:i f'k{kk&iz.kkyh dks <kyuk Hkh FkkA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mudk mn~ns'; vkSj

e wY;foe”kZ 11

vk'khokZn Fkk&T;ksfr jkRefu pkU;= lea rRloZtUrq"kqALo;a p 'kDr;s nz"Vqa lqlekfgr psrlkAA ¼O;kl½lR;su czãp¸;sZ.k O;k;kesukFk fo|;kAns'kHkDR;kReR;kxsu lEekugZ% lnk HkoAA

vFkkZr~ *czã dh T;ksfr vius Hkhrj gh gS] og lc tho/kkfj;ksa ds leku gSAeuq"; eu dks vPNh rjg 'kkar vkSj lqlekfgr dj mls ns[k ldrk gSA^ *^lR; ls]czãp;Z ls] O;k;ke ls] fo|k ls] ns'kHkfDr ls vkSj vkReR;kx ls lnk vknj ds ;ksX;cuksaA**15

dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk ds le; egkeuk us blds mn~ns';ksaij fopkj izdV djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd *dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; lalkj esa ,d fo'ks"kmn~ns'; vkSj fuf'pr dk;ZØe ysdj mRiUu gqvk gSA vius eafnj ds Kkue; LraHkksals va/kdkj esa iMs+ gq, lalkj dks izdk'k nsus vkSj euq";ek= dks ije T;ksfreZ;ijes'oj dh >k¡dh fn[kkus ds fy, ;g iSnk gqvk gSA vius nh{kkar Hkk"k.k esa mUgksausdgk Fkk fd *^fo'ofo|ky; dk igyk /;s; Fkk fd f'k{kk dk ek/;e mPp d{kkvksaesa Hkh ekr`Hkk"kk gh jgs] ijUrq ;g /;s; iwjk gksrk ugha fn[krkA fo'ofo|ky; dk nwljk/;s; Fkk&dyk vkSj foKku esa lkoZtfud f'k{kk rFkk vUos"k.k dh o`f) gksA rhljk/;s; Fkk fd iz;ksxkRed Kku ds lkFk foKku] dyk&dkS'ky rFkk O;olkFk laca/kh ,slhf'k{kk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks nh tk; ftlls ns'kh O;olk; rFkk ?kjsyw /ka/kksa dh mUufr gksAblh izdkj fo'ofo|ky; dk pkSFkk vkSj vafre /;ss; Fkk&/keZ vkSj uhfr dks f'k{kk dkvko';d vax ekudj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds pfj= fuekZ.k dk fodkl gksA vius Hkk"k.k esaegkeuk us fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mins'k fn;k Fkk fd ;g 'kjhj ijekRek dk eafnj gSA blesabZ'oj dk okl gSA mldks lnSo vius Hkhrj vuqHko djks vkSj bl eafnj dks dHkhvifo= u gksus nksA^^16 ekyoh; th fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, czãp;Z fu;e ds ikyu ijvf/kd cy nsrs gq, dgk fd czãp;Z gh gesa vkRecy nsrk gSa] ftlds }kjk ge lalkjdks thr ldrs gSaA czãp;Z dh ;g egRrk gS fd es?kukFk dks ijkLr djus ds fy,y{e.k tSlk czãpkjh pquk x;kA egkohj] Hkh"e] vtqZu] y{e.k] 'kadj czãp;Z dh ewfrZgSaA ge czãp;Z ds }kjk vius Hkhrj og fo|qr&'kfDr Hkj ldrs gSa] ftUgsa izkIr djge fo'ofot;h cu ldrs gSA^ ekyoh; th fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Mk;jh fy[kus dk mins'knsrs Fks D;ksafd mudk ekuuk Fkk fd Mk;jh fy[kus ls viuh cqjkbZ;ksa] nks"kksa vkSjvijk/kksa ds fy, i'pkrki djus vkSj ijekRek ls {kek ekaxus dk volj feyrk gSAmUgksaus dgk fd *rqEgkjs thou dks ifo=] lq[kh] fu;e;qDr cukus ds fy, xhrk dk;g 'yksd cgqr ykHknk;d fl) gksxk&^

;qDrkgkjfogkjL; ;qDrps"VL; deZlqA ;qDrLoIukocks/kL; ;ksxks Hkofr nq%[kgkAA

lHkh ckrksa esa la;e lh[kksA ok.kh esa la;e] Hkkstu esa la;e j[kksa vkSj viuslHkh dk;ksZa esa 'khyoku~ cuksA 'khy ls gh euq"; euq"; curk gSA 'khya ije~ Hkw"k.ke~A

e wY;foe”kZ 12

'khy gh iq:"k dk lcls mŸke vkHkw"k.k gSA *^lPps vFkksZa esa iafMr enu eksgu ekyoh;mnkRr ckSf)drk ds izfreku rFkk f'k{kk ds {ks= esa iFk&iznFkZd Fks] ftudk uke lnSods fy, dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] bldh LFkkiuk rFkk fodkl ls tqM+k jgsxkA*^17

ekuo&ewY;ksa esa egRoiw.kZ ewY; ijksidkj ds egRo dk o.kZu djrs gq, ekyoh; thus dgk gS fd *viuh tkfr dks lalkj dh lH; tkfr;ksa ds leku cyoku cukuk]mlds chp vknj.kh; in ikuk] blls vf/kd cM+k ,oa iq.; dk dk;Z vkSj D;k gksldrk gS\ ekyoh; th us lsok&/keZ ds ikyu ds fy, ri] lR;kpj.k] fu"dke&Hkkouk]vkRekSiE;&O;ogkj] LokFkZ&R;kx rFkk bZ'oj dh vjk/kuk dks furkar vko';dcrk;kA os ekurs Fks fd *lPpk ri^ ;g gS fd vius Hkkb;ksa ds rki ls rik tk;]lPpk ;K ;g gS ftlesa vius LokFkZ dh vkgqfr nh tk;A *lPpk nku ;g^ gS fdijekFkZ fd;k tk;] vkSj *lPph bZ'oj&lsok^ ;g gS fd mlds nq%[kh thoksa dhlgk;rk dh tk;A ijekRek lcls ân; esa O;kIr gS blfy, ge ftrus izkf.k;ksa dksizlUu djsa] brus gh xquk bZ'oj dks izlUu djsaxsA ;g lPpk /keZ ns'kHkfDr }kjk izkIrgSA ns'kHkfDr dk lapkj gekjs ân; ls LokFkZ dks fudky dj Qsad nsxkA *fu"dkedeZ dh efgek crkrs gq, mUgksaus dgk fd *tgk¡ fu"dke Hkko ls dk;Z gksrk gS ogk¡yksx ,d&nwljs dh lQyrk ns[kdj izlUu gksrs gS vkSj ,d&nwljs ds izfr izse vkSjlgkuqHkwfr dk Hkko mRiUu gksrk gS vkSj dk;Z esa 'kh?kz gh lQyrk izkIr gksrh gSAêkyoh; th lPps lq[k dh izkfIr ij fopkj izdV djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd *lPps lq[kdk vuqHko ogha euq"; djrk gSa] ftlds fpŸk esa mRÑ"V vfHkyk"kk,a vkSj mn~ns'; gksavkSj tks mudh iwfrZ ds fy, n`<+rkiwoZd ;Ru djrk jgsA^ mUgksaus fo'okl O;Dr fd;kfd fuÑ"V O;fDr Hkh ns'kksidkj vkSj ijksidkj ds ekxZ dk vuqlj.k dj vius fpŸkdks fueZy cuk ldrs gSa rFkk mPp mn~ns'; vkSj vfHkyk"kk ls mls lefUor dj ldrsgSaA mUgksaus lcls vuqjks/k fd;k fd os *iz.k^ djsa fd os ftrus dk;Z djsaxs] muesa mudkeq[; mn~ns'; vius Hkkb;ksa ds Dys'kksa dks nwj djuk vkSj mudh ;Fkk'kfDr lsok djukgksxkA vkt tcfd lHkh {ks=ksa esa vkpj.k dh Hkz"Vrk fn[kk;h iM+rh gSA rc ,sls esaegkeuk ds fopkj euq"; dks *euq";^ cukus esa izklafxd tku iM+rs gaS D;ksafd os ekursFks fd ekuo ekuork ls NksVk gSA eaq'kh bZ'oj 'kj.k dgrs gSa fd ekyoh; th viustkxrs {k.kksa esa lnk Hkkjr ds fy, tkxrs jgs vkSj viuh funzk ds {k.kksa esa os tks HkhLoIu ns[ks] og Hkkjr ds fy, gh FksA Hkkjr esa ;ksX; ,oa foy{k.k cqf) ds vusd yksxfey ldrs gSa] ijUrq egkeuk ds leku fo'oklik= loZLo R;kxh ,oa jk"Vª ds fy,lefiZr O;fDrRo nwljk ugha fey ldrkA

*vkRekSiE;^ O;ogkj dh O;k[;k djrs gq, mUgksaus dgk fd *^gekjs 'kkL=ksa dkgesa vkns'k gS fd *vkReu% izfrdwykfu ijs"kka u lekpjsr~^ vFkkZr~ tks dk;Z vius fy,vfgrdj gks] mls ijk;s ds fy, u djsA*^18 ekyoh; th us nss'k dh mUufr ds fy,*LokFkZ&R;kx^ dh vko';drk ij cy nsrs gq, dgk fd *vyksHk dh Hkh gekjs 'kkL=ksaesa cgqr efgek fy[kh x;h gSA ;g yksHk esa iM+us dk Qy gS fd gekjs vusd ns'k&HkkbZ,d nwljs dk xyk dkVus ds fy, rS;kj gks tkrs gSaA ;fn gekjs ns'k&HkkbZ yksHk dks

e wY;foe”kZ 13

NksM+ nsa] rks ns'knzksfg;ksa ,oa /keZnzksfg;ksa] lHkh dk yksi gks tk;sxkA gekjs 'kkL=dkjksaus gesa mins'k fn;k gS fd bZ'oj us gesa tks dqN Hkh fn;k gS] mls bZ'oj dh lsok esaviZ.k djsaA bZ'oj dh lsok djuk] mlds mRiUu fd;s gq, izkf.k;ksa dh lsok djuk gSAtks bZ'oj dh nh gqbZ 'kfDr;ksa dks mldh lsok esa vFkkZr~ mlds izkf.k;ksa dks lgk;rknsus ds dke esa] ugha yxkrk] og pksj dgk x;k gSA^ egkeuk us lekt dh cqjkb;ksadks nwj djus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA mUgksaus tUe ds LFkku ij xq.k ,oa deZij vk/kkfjr lekt dks egRo fn;k vkSj dgk&*eS euq";rk dk iwtd gwa] euq";Ro dsvkxs tk¡r&ik¡r ugha ekurkA *ngst izFkk^ ds laca/k esa crk;k dh tks oj&firk fryd;k fookg ds le; dksbZ jde ysus dk djkj djrk gS] mldk 'kkL= esa dgha fo/kkuugha gS] izR;qr blds foijhr mldh ?kksj fuUnk gSA^ mUgksaus tgka fo/kok&fookg dkslgefr nh ogha cky&fookg dks ujd&rqY; crk;kA *L=h lqj{kk^ ds loky ijmudk n`f"Vdks.k Fkk fd *eS pkgrk gw¡^ fd gekjs ns'k dh lHkh fL=;ka vaxzst efgykvksadh Hkkafr fiLrkSy vkSj canwd j[ksa vkSj pykuk lh[ksa] rkfd fdlh Hkh vkØe.k ls viuslrhRo dh j{kk dj ldsA* ekyoh; th xkao dh mUufr esa gh Hkkjr dh mUufr ekursgSaA os xkao&xkao esa lHkk djkus] ikB'kkyk] eYy'kkyk [kksyus] feytqy dj izR;sdioZ&R;kSgkj eukus] vukFkksa] fo/kokvksa] eafnjksa rFkk xkoksa dh j{kk djus] fL=;ksa dklEeku ,oa nq%]f[k;ksa dh lgk;rk djus] vkfn dk viuk ,d Lojfpr lans'k fn;k&

*xzkesa xzkesa lHkk dk;kZ xzkes xzkes dFkk 'kqHkkA ikB'kkyk eYy'kkyk izfrioZ egksRlo%AA vukFkk% fo/kok% j{;k% efUnjkf.k rFkk p xkS%A /kE;Za la?kVua ÑRok ns;a nkua p rf)re~AA L=h.kka leknj% dk;ksZa nq%f[krs"kq n;k rFkkA vfgaldk u gUrO;k vkrrk;h c/kkZgZ.k%AA^19

ekyoh; th dks *bZ'oj^ dh lŸkk ij iw.kZ fo'okl FkkA os /kkfeZd O;fDr FksA/kkfeZd O;fDr J)k ,oa vkLFkk }kjk bZ'oj ds vfLrRo dk Kku izkIr djrk gSAekyoh; th bZ'oj ds vfLrRo ds fy, osn] mifu"kn~] Le`fr] iqjk.k vkfn ls izcyizek.k nwljk dksbZ ugha ekurs FksA os lHkh 'kkL=ksa dk fupksM+ bZ'oj gS] dks ekurs FksAbZ'oj ds vfLrRo ds laca/k esa os dgrs Fks fd *tc dHkh vkidksa bl 'kfDr ds vfLrRoesa lansg iSnk gks rks vki viuh n`f"V ml vkdk'k dh vksj Qsfj,] tks mu rkjkvksa vkSjxzgksa ls fofp= izdkj ls lq'kksfHkr gS] tks vla[; ;qxksa ls euksgkjh <ax ls Hkze.k djrsvk, gSaA ml vkdk'k dh vksj /;ku nks] tks vR;Ur nwjLFk lw;Z ls i`Foh ij ds thoksadh j{kk ds fy, vk'p;Zdkjh osx ls ;k=k dj ds vkrk gSA viuh n`f"V rFkk viusefLr"d dks viuh 'kjhj :ih vn~Hkqr e'khu dh vksj >qdkvksa] ftls ijekRek usvkidks fn;k gS] vkSj bl dyk dh vn~Hkqr cukoV vkSj 'kfDr ij xaHkhjrkiwoZd fopkjdjksA^ ekyoh; th dgrs Fks fd **bZ'oj dk izR;{k n'kZu vk¡[kksa ds }kjk ugha gksldrk ysfdu foey cqf) }kjk mldk izR;{k n'kZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA mUgha dhok.kh esa&tks yksx bZ'oj dks eu dh vk¡[kksa ¼cqf)½ ls ns[kuk pkgrs gSa] mudks mfprgS fd os vius 'kjhj vkSj eu dks ifo= dj vkSj cqf) dks foey dj bZ'oj dh [kkst

e wY;foe”kZ 14

djsaA*^20 ekyoh; th ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa esa nSoh izdk'k dh vfHkO;Dr ekurs FksAmudk fo'okl Fkk fd bfrgkl esa bZ'oj ges'kk U;k;] lR; vkSj uSfrdrk ds i{k esagLr{ksi djrk gSA egkeuk ds vuqlkj bZ'oj ,d gS vkSj ijekRek o czã mlh dki;kZ; gSaA og l`f"V dk jpf;rk gSA tks lHkh izkf.k;ksa ds ân; esa vofLFkr jgrk gSAmudk >qdko lxq.k dh vksj fo'ks"k Fkk D;ksafd lxq.k dh mikluk lgt] ljy vkSjlqyHk gSA ekyoh; th bZ'oj&HkfDr }kjk lHkh tkfr;ksa ,oa o.kksZa dks ,drk ds lw=esa cka/kuk pkgrs FksA os nq%[kh tuksa ds dY;k.k ds fy, fujarj blh i`Foh ij tUeysuk pkgrs FksA mudk n'kZu thou dh LohÑfr dk n'kZu gSA ekyoh; th *vkRek^dh lÙkk ekurs FksA vkRek vfouk'kh gSa D;ksafd og bZ'oj dk va'k gSA mudh /kkj.kkFkh fd ,d detksj 'kjhj esa vkRek detksj jgrh gS] etcwr 'kjhj esa vkRek etcwrgksrh gSA Toj ls ihfM+r 'kjhj esa ;g Toj ls ihfMr jgrh gS&blls ;g izR;{k gSfd vkRek Lo;aeso u detksj gS u etcwr] u og fgUnw gS u eqlyeku D;ksafd bulcls Hksn izdV gksrk gSA tks uk'koku~ gS] vkSj blfy,] og lkalkfjd vo'; gksxkAvkRek vkarfjd gS] og cnyrh ugha] mldk uk'k ugha gksrk og gR;k ugha djrh] udksbZ mldh gR;k dj ldrk gS&

*^; ,ua osfÙk gUrkja ;'pSua eU;rs gre~AmekS rkS u fotkuhrkS uk;a gfUr u gU;rsAAu tk;rs fez;rs ok dnkfp&Uuk;a HkwRok Hkfork ok u Hkw;%Avtks fuR;% 'kk'orks·;a iqjk.kks&u gU;rs gU;ekus 'kjhjsAAuSua fNUnfUr 'kL=kf.k uSua ngfr ikod%Au pSua Dysn;UR;kiks u 'kks"k;fra ek:r%AA**21

ekyoh; th dk ekuuk Fkk fd tks O;fDrxr vkRek ds fy, Bhd gSa] oghatuleqnk; dh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkRek ds fy, Hkh Bhd gSA ;fn 'kjhj ij gekjkvf/kdkj ugha gS] rks /khjs&/khjs vkRek ij ls Hkh gekjk vf/kdkj tkrk jgsxk] D;ksafdvk/;kfRed mUufr ds fy, 'kjhj dk lc izdkj ls iq"V jguk igyh vkSj lclst:jh vko';drk gSA egkeuk ds fopkjksa ls izHkkfor gksdj vkpk;Z prqj lsu 'kkL=hus dgk Fkk&*;s _f"kdYi czkã.k bl ;qx esa fgUnw laLÑfr ds ,d izfrfuf/k lRo FksALokeh n;kuUn ljLorh ds ckn fgUnw lekt esa lkLÑfrd js[kk;sa fufeZr djus okys;gha ,dek= iq:"k FksA buds ifo= thou ds pkSjklh o"kZ dk iy&iy fgUnh] fgUnw]fgUnqLrku dk ewd laxhr xkrs chrkA^ lukru /keZ dh orZeku le; esa izklafxdO;k[;k djus okys ekyoh; th ls izHkkfor gksdj *vkpk;Z Jhjke 'kekZ* us dgkFkk&^*ia0 ekyoh; th lukru /keZ ds izk.k FksA mUgksaus :f<+oknh yksxksa ds fojks/k dhjRrhHkj Hkh ijokg ugha dh vkSj fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; esa fL=;ksa dks osn i<+us dh [kqyhO;oLFkk dj nhA orZeku ;qx ds _f"k ekyoh; th dh lEefr dk vuqlj.k djukgh lekt&lsodksa dk drZO; gSA*^22 fu%lansg ekyoh; th ân; ls ,d fgUnw] ,djk"Vªoknh vkSj bu lcls c<+dj Js"B egku~ ekuorkoknh FksA egkeuk ds fopkjksa esa

e wY;foe”kZ 15

ns'kHkfDr dk Hkko gh izeq[k Fkk] mudh fpark ns'k dh fpark Fkh vkSj ns'k ds Hkfo";cPpksa ls os vk'kk djrs Fks fd *gekjs ns'k dk vH;qn; rc gksxk] tc gekjs ns'k esaek¡ ds nw/k ds lkFk cPPkksa ds ân; esa ns'kHkfDr dk lapkj gksxkA rHkh ;g laHko gksxkfd gekjs ns'kcU/kq ns'k dk fgr vkSj xkSjo c<+kus ds fy, vius lq[k vkSj LokFkZ dkR;kx djus esa ladksp u djsaxsA^ orZeku n'kk esa fpark O;Dr djrs gq, os dgrs gSa]fd *vHkh gekjh bl fxjh gqbZ n'kk esa gekjs cgqr ls HkkbZ;ksa dks ;g vPkEHkk gh ekywegksxk fd cPPkksa esa Hkh ns'kHkfDr gks ldrh gS vkSj ns'k ds xkSjo ds fy, os tkucw>djnq%[k lg ldrs gSaA ;g dksbZ vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha] D;ksafd bl le; rks gekjs ns'kes vui<+ksa dh dkSu dgsa] i<+s&fy[ks yksxksa esa Hkh cgqrksa us ns'k ds fgr ds fy, viuslq[k vkSj LokFkZ dk R;kx djuk ugha lh[kk gSA^ MkW0 jktsUnz izlkn us ekyoh; thds lanHkZ esa dgk Fkk&*êkyoh; th dh lsok,¡ cgqr Å¡ph gSaA mUgksaus lefiZr lsok vkSjcfynku dh ewY;oku cikSrh gesa NksM+h gS] ftudk dqN 'kCnksa esa o.kZu ugha fd;k tkldrkA mUgksaus Hkkjro"kZ es ayxHkx 60 o"kksZa rd lkoZtfud thou ds {ks= esa izk;%iz/kku Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA muds fØ;kdykiksa dk {ks= vR;ar O;kid FkkA os viusle; ds lokZf/kd fo[;kr vkSj lkoZHkkSe tu&uk;d FksA mudh ;kn gesa lnSoizksRlkfgr djrh jgsxhA**23

orZeku esa vkSj ekyoh; th ds le; esa cgqr ifjoZRku ns[kus dks ughafeyrkA varj dsoy ;g gS fd ml le; ge ijk/khu Fks vkSj vkt Lok/khuA ijUrq[ksn dk fo"k; ;g gS fd ge Lok/khu gksus ds 64 lky ckn Hkh ijk/khu gSaA vr%egkeuk ds fopkj] mudk fparu vkSj mudh ewY;&n`f"V vkt Hkh mruh gh izklafxdgS ftruh rc FkhA orZeku esa Hkh Hkkjr esa mHkjrh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd]lkaLÑfrd] /kkfeZd] ikfjokfjd cqjkbZ;ksa dk ,d ek= dkj.k if'pe ds izfr nkleukso`fŸk dk foLrkj gh gSA Lora= Hkkjr us ftl ukSdj'kkgh <k¡ps dks Lohdkj fd;kgS og iw.kZr% if'peh laLdj.k dk gSA Hkkjr us jktO;oLFkk if'pe dh ijEijk lsm/kkj fy;kA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku f[kpM+h lafo/kku gSA iz'u ;g gS fd D;k ge vktvius dks 'kq) Hkkjrh; eku ldrs gS\ D;k egeuk dh n`f"V dk vk/kkj ;gha Fkk\egkeuk rks fdlh Hkh rjg ds if'peh vkf/kiR; vkSj 'kks"k.k ls] if'peh iztkrh; naHkls vkSj if'peh ekWMy dh ukSdj'kkgh fujdqa'krk ls ?k.kk djrs FksA egkeuk us 'kkludk mn~ns'; O;fDr dh xfjek ds lkFk Lora=rk] lekurk vkSj U;k; dh LFkkiuk dksvfuok;Z ekuk gSA os dkSfVY; ds ml okD; dks Lohdkj djrs gSa ftlesa dgk x;kgS fd *vyC/kykHkkFkhZ] yC/k ifjjf{k.kh] jf{kr foo/kZuh] c`)slq rhFksZ"kq izfrikfnuh^ vFkkZr~tks izkIr u gks mls izkIr djuk] tks izkIr gks x;k gks mldk laj{k.k djuk] tks jf{krgks x;k gks] mldk foo/kZu djuk] rFkk ftldh o`f) gks x;h gksa] mldh lekurk lsc¡Vokjk djukA^ ijUrq orZeku esa 'kklu dk mn~ns'; dsoy /kufyIlk rd gh lhfergSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr fujarj iru dh vksj vxzlkfjr gSA ekuo&ewY;ksa dk iru dhvksj vxzlj gksus dk ,dek= dkj.k ekyoh; th *LokFkZ dks ekurs gSaA os LokFkhZO;fDr dks psrkouh nsrs gq, dgrs gSa&*LokFkZ ls rqeus vius dks bl v/kksxfr rdigqapk;k] vc LokFkZ jfgr gks ns'k dk m)kj djds vpy lq[k dk vuqHko djks vkSj

e wY;foe”kZ 16

vVy dhfrZ ,oa iq.; ds Hkktu cuksA^ /keZ laLFkkiuk laca/kh muds fopkj jkejkT;tSls vkn'kZ lekt dh LFkkiuk ij cy nsrs gSaA mudk fopkj Fkk&*euq"; dks pkfg,fd ftl dke dks og ugha pkgrk fd dksbZ nwljk mlds lkFk djs] mls dke dks ogHkh fdlh nwljs ds izfr u djs] D;ksafd og tkurk gS fd ;fn mlds lkFk dksbZ ,slhckr djrk gS] tks mldks fiz; ugha gS rks mldks dSlh ihM+k igqaprh gSA^

MkW0 txUukFk izlkn 'kekZ ekyoh; th ds thou dh lkewfgd lQyrk dkewy rhu ckrksa ij vkfJr ekurs gSa&^^pfj=&cy] fo'okl ls vuqizkf.kr deZ;ksx vkSjok.kh oSHkoA*^

24pfj= mudk ckã.kRo dk ewrZ izrhd Fkk&iw.kZ lkfRod vkSj dY;k.kdkjhA

muds O;fDrRo esa cqf) vkSj ân; dk cM+k vPNk lkeatL; FkkA fopkj esa rdZ iw.kZtkx:d vkSj mnkj] ân; ls n;kiw.kZ] Hkkoqd vkSj ,dfu"BA vk”kk vkSj fo'okl fy,fujarj foosd iw.kZ <ax ls deZ esa yxs jguk muds thou dk y{; FkkA ok.kh esa osvuqHkwfr dk iqV nsdj os nwljksa ds ân; dks ,slk izHkkfor dj ysrs Fks fd os nzfor gksmBrs FksA egkeuk ekyoh; th ds fparu ij muds iwoZtksa ds laLdkj vkSj Hkkjr dhfo'kky laLÑfr fparu dh ijaijk dk izHkko iM+k FkkA orZeku esa ijaijkvksa] laLdkjksavkSj ewY;ksa dk iru rhoz xfr ls gks jgk gSA lHkh ekuo tkfr dk ,d gh y{; gS&/ku izkfIrA bl ladV ls ges dsoy egkeuk dk fparu gh mckj ldrk gSA mudsfparu ls gh ge Hkkjr dh izfr"Bk] e;kZnk vkSj opZLo okil yk ldrs gSaA ekyoh;th dh dk;Z esa rYyhurk vkSj drZO;fu"Bk lHkh ds fy, vuqdj.kh; gSa muds thouls gesa 'kqHk] eaxye;] iq.; dk;Z djus dh izsj.kk vkSj {kerk izkIr gksrh gSA ge mudscrk;s ekxZ ij pydj yksdfgr ds dk;ksZ esa layXu jgsa ;gh gekjk fujarj iz;Rugksuk pkfg,A Hkkjrh; euh"kk dh leFkZ izrhd vkSj tkx:d izfrfuf/k vkSj dof;=hegknsoh oekZ th ds 'kCnksa esa&*thou dh folaxfr;ksa ls ge gkj cSBs gSaaA bl fLFkfresa ifjorZu ykus ds fy, ekuo laosnuk vkSj psruk esa ,d m}syu ykuk gksxkA eudh _rq dk gh ifjorZu djuk gksxk vkSj ;g laosnu'khyrk txus ls gh laHko gSSAêkyoh; th us vius fopkjksa dks lkdkj :i nsdj lQy deZ;ksxh gksus dk tksifjp; fn;k gS] og vuqdj.kh; gSA thou ds lHkh {ks=ksa ls lacaf/kr muds fopkjvuqie gSaA^ vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso ds 'kCnksa esa *ekyoh; th Hkkjr ds xkSjo LrEHk FksA^mudk thou lkekftd dY;k.k ,oa ns'kfgr dks lefiZr FkkA MkW lj ,l0 jk/kkÑ".kuus ekyoh; th ds laca/k esa dgk gS fd&^*ekyoh; th Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds ewfrZekuLo:i FksA mUgksaus ns'k dh mUufr ds fy, foKku ds izksRlkgu ds lkFk ns'kokfl;ksadks izxfr'khyrk dh vksj izsfjr fd;kA fgUnw vkn'kksZa dk uohuhdj.k rFkk ns'k dhHkkSfrd mUufr esa mudk iz;ksx ekyoh; th ds thou dk ,d cgqr cM+k dk;Z gSA**

25

lUnHkZ xzUFk %1- ekyoh; th ¼la0½] vH;qn;^ ¼i=½ lu~ 1907&1998bZ02- oghaA3- yky] ia0 eqdqV fcgkjh] egkeuk enu eksgu ekyoh; % thou vkSj usr`Ro]

ekyoh; v/;;u laLFkku] dk'kh fg0 fo0 fo0] okjk.klh] la- 1978

e wY;foe”kZ 17

4- ekyoh; th ¼la0½] vH;qn; ¼i=½ lu~ 1907& 1998 bZ05- frokjh] mes'k nŸk] egkeuk ia0 enu eksgu ekyoh;% laf{kIr thou ifjp;]

egkeuk ekyoh; Qkm.Ms'ku] okjk.klh] la0 20096- ogha]7- oghaA8- O;kl] y{eh 'kadj] egkeuk ekyoh; vkSj fgUnh i=dkfjrk] dk'kh fg0 fo0

fo0] okjk.klh] la- 19879- ogha]10- ogha]11- oghaA12- frokjh] mes'k nŸk] egkeuk ia0 enu eksgu ekyoh;% laf{kIr thou ifjp;A13- izKk] vad 56] 2010&11] 150oha egkeuk ekyoh; t;arh fo'ks"kkad] dk'kh

fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;A14- frokjh] mes'k nŸk] egkeuk ia0 enu eksgu ekyoh;% laf{kIr thou ifjp;A15- ekyoh; th ¼la0½] lukru /keZ ¼i=½ lu~ 1933 bZ0A16- frokjh] mes'k nŸk ¼la0½] egkeuk ds Hkk"k.k] egkeuk ekyoh; Qkm.Ms'ku]

okjk.klh] 2004-17- oghaA18- oghaA19- frokjh] mes'k nŸk] egkeuk ia0 enu eksgu ekyoh;% laf{kIr thou ifjp;A20- O;kl] y{eh 'kadj] egkeuk ekyoh; vkSj fgUnh i=dkfjrkA21- oghA22- frokjh] mes'k nŸk] egkeuk ia0 enu eksgu ekyoh;% laf{kIr thou ifjp;A23- oghaA24- izKk] vad 56 % 2010&11bZ0] egkeuk ekyoh; t;arh fo'ks’k fo'ks"kkadA25- frokjh] mes'k nŸk] egkeuk ia0 enu eksgu ekyoh;% laf{kIr thou ifjp;A

****

e wY;foe”kZ 18

dohUnz johUnz ds dkO;&ewY; vkSj fgUnh dforkizHkkdj flag*

chloÈ “krkCnh ds Òkjrh; lkfgR; esa johUæukFk ,d fo”oO;kihlkfgfR;d O;fäRo gSaA vk/kqfud dkYk esa Òkjrh; uotkxj.k dk Áfrfuf/kRo caxkYkds lkaLÑfrd jktuhfrd uotkxj.k ds lkFk gqvk] mlh izdkj johUnzukFk dslkfgfR;d v©j lkaLÑfrd ewY; a us ledkYkhu v©j ijorÊ Òkjrh; lkfgR; d¨ u;hn`f’V Ánku dhA muds Á[kj O;fäRo us ml le; ds lEiw.kZ Òkjrh; lkfgR; dsjpukdkj a d¨ ÁÒkfor fd;kA ^lkaLÑfrd /kjkrYk ij johUæukFk us ekuork ds v[kaM:i dh Áfr’Bk dj ns”k] dkYk] tkfr] oxZ }kjk vfoÒä ,oa vfoÑr ekuo xfjek dk;”k¨xku fd;kA jktuhfrd v©j lkekftd :f<+; a ls xzLr euq’; esa ÁPNé nsork dkmn~?kkVu fd;kA Òkjr ds dfo Òh t¨ jgL;æ’Vk ugÈ F¨ vFkok jgL; n”kZu esaftudh vkLFkk ugÈ Fkh t¨ ÁR;{k v©j ewrZ thou txr~ ds Áfr vkLFkkoku F¨]johUæukFk ds bl :i dh vksj vkÑ’V gq,A---fo”oekuo ;k lkaLÑfrd ekuo dk ;g:i cM+k ÒO; FkkA b/kj fons”kh nklrk ls vkØkUr Òkjrh; tuekul us v©j m/kjÒ©frd la?k’kZ ls ttZj ifjp; ds Ácq) lekt us bldk eqä ân; ls Lokxr fd;kA[kafMr jk’Vªh;rk ls vkc) v[kaM ekuo laLÑfr dh dYiuk] ftldk fuekZ.k dfo dhlkoZÒ©e ÁfrÒk us mifu’kn~ dh v}Sr dYiuk v©j mlls ÁÒkfor e/;;qx dslardkO;] b’V dh e/kqj dYiuk esa lkalkfjd foÒsn d¨ fuefTtr djus okYkh oS’.koÒkouk] cq) dh fo”od#.kk v©j if”pe dh ekuorkoknh fopkj/kkjk ds jklk;fudrRoä }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk] gekjs dfo dYkkdkjä ds fYk, v{kq..k Ásj.kklz¨r cukA**1

dohUæ johUæ dh ;g ltZukRed psruk dfork esa ÁÑfr v©jl©Un;Z dk vÁfre :i xzg.k djrh gSA tM+rk d¨ r¨M+us dh YkkYklk] fu>Zj cudjlkaLÑfrd uotkxj.k ds :i esa mldh dforkbZ esa iwjs vkosx ds lkFk ÁxV g¨rh gSA^fu>Zjsj LoIu Òax* dfork muds dkO; psruk dk vk/kkj gS tgk¡ mudk dfo eu iqjkus:f<+; a ,oa tM+rkv a esa tdM+s ekul d¨ mUeqä okrkoj.k v©j ftKklk ds u;s jpuk:i ls Hkj nsrk gS&

^^vkft ,s ÁÒkrs jfoj dj dseus if”kYk¨ Ák.¨j ij]

dseus if”kYk¨ xqgkj vk¡/kkjs ÁÒkr ikf[kj xkuAuk tkfu dsu¨ js ,r fnu ijs tkfx;k mfBYk¨ Áku

tkfx;k mBsNs Áku]v©j mfFkfYk mBsNs okfj]

v©j Ák.¨j osnuk Ák.¨j vkosx :f/k;k jkf[kjs ukfjAA**2

jpuk dk ;g vkdqYk osx fuÒZ; Òko ls Òkjrh; lekt dh tM+rkdh nhokj d¨ r¨M+dj iwjs vkosx ds lkFk cg tkuk pkgrk gSA fu>Zj dh ;g >j&>jpsruk ,d v¨j lEiw.kZ cU/ku d¨ r¨M+dj mUeqä g¨dj cg tkuk pkgrh gS r¨ nwljhv¨j dfo dk Òko Á.ko eu ÁÑfr ds leLr jgL;ä d¨ tku Yüs d¨ vkdqYk g¨ mBk

*lgk;d izk/;kid] fgUnh foHkkx] dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky;] okjk.klh

e wY;foe”kZ 19

gS t¨ dfo ds foæ¨gh ân; v©j jpuk eu dh vkdka{kk Òh gSA vlhe d¨ tkuus dhbl vkdka{kk ds ihNs ,d B¨l lkekftd vk/kkj gSA ;g jpuk&jgL; dk ok;oh;:i ugÈ gSA johUæ dh jpuk ds bl lkekftd vk/kkj v©j fgUnh dfork ij mldsÁÒko dh v¨j ladsr djrs gq, ukeoj th us Li’V :i ls fYk[kk gS fd] ^^;g t¨vKkr v©j vlhe dh vfÒYkk’kk gS ;g oLrqr% Kkr lhekv a ds vlar¨’k ls gh mRiégqbZ gS v©j ;g vlar¨’k rFkk vfÒYkk’kk dsoYk fnekxh ,s¸;k”kh ugÈ gS] cfYd bldklkekftd vk/kkj gSA ;g vlUr¨’k v©j egRokdka{kk ml e/;oxÊ; O;fä dh gS të/;;qxhu ikfjokfjd v©j lkekftd :f<+; a d¨ r¨M+dj mUeqä okrkoj.k esa lk¡lYüs ds fYk, vkdqYk g¨ jgk FkkA og Ákphu lhekvä ls r¨ ifjfpr Fkk Y¨fdu uohuf{kfrt dh d¨bZ Li’V :ijs[kk mlds eu esa u FkhA og bruk gh tkurk Fkk fd bulhekvä ls ijs t¨ dqN gS og vlhe gSA blhfYk, bu dforkvä esa ,d v¨j ^vlhe*ls feYkus dh rM+i gS r¨ nwljh v¨j dÒh&dÒh ml ^vlhe* ls feYk Yüs dkdkYifud lq[k Òh] ijUrq og vlhe vkdka{kk dk gh fo’k; jgkA

tc johUæ us&^vlhe ls pkgs lhekj fufcM+ laxlhek pk; g¨rs vlhesj ek>s gkjkA*

dgk v©j egknsoh oekZ us&^tc vlhe ls g¨ tk,xkesjh Yk?kq lhek dk esYkns[k¨xs rqe nsork vejrk[Ÿ¨xh feVus dk [ŸkA*xk;k r¨ ÁdkjkUrj ls nüä gh O;fä; a us viuh iwoZorÊ ekufld

v©j lkekftd lhekv a d¨ r¨M+dj uohu lhekvä ¼ftls Hkkoqdrko”k os vlhe dgrsF¨½ ds gh fuekZ.k vFkok ÁkfIr dh bPNk O;ä dh FkhA**3

caxkYk ds lkfgfR;d&lkaLÑfrd uotkxj.k dk lh/kk vlj fgUnhuotkxj.k ij iM+kA 1913 esa johUæukFk ds ^xhrkatfYk* d¨ lkfgR; dk û¨csYkiqjLdkj* feYkkA mlh le; ls xhrkatfYk* dk ÁÒko lEiw.kZ Òkjrh; lkfgR; ij iM+k]fdUrq lcls vf/kd ÁÒko caxYkk dh iM+¨fluh Òk’kk fgUnh ds jpukdkjä ij gqvkAxhrkatfYk dh dkO; “©Ykh v©j laosnuk dk ÁÒko f}osnh ;qx ds LoPNUnrkoknh dkO;esa fo”¨’k :i ls fn[kk;h nsrk gSA Jh/kj ikBd] jkeujs”k f«kikBh ,oa eqdqV/kj ik.Ms;dh dforkvä esa lkfgR; ,oa lekt ds ijEijkoknh ewY;ä ds fo:) LoPNUnrkoknhÁofÙk ij johUæukFk dh LoPNUn dforkbZ dk lh/kk vlj gSA ^^fo;¨xh gfj v©jt;”kadj Álkn us ftl vYkf{kr fÁ;re dh dYiuk dh] mlds i`’BÒwfe esa Òh^xhrkatfYk* dk vfojYk ÁÒko gSA eqdqV/kj ik.Ms; us ÁÑfr&fp«k a] eSfFkYkh”kj.k xqIrîapoVh* “kh’kZd tSlh dforkv a ij rFkk fl;kjke “kj.k xqIr dh vkæk* tSlh jpukv aij johUæ dh l©Un;Z&psruk dh Li’V Nk;k gSA**4

fgUnh esa dohUæ johUæ dk lcls vf/kd ÁÒko Nk;koknh dfo; a ijjgkA Nk;koknh dfo; a dh dkO; laosnuk v©j f”kYi ij johUæ dh Òk’kk v©j mudh

e wY;foe”kZ 20

dforkbZ dk t¨ vlj gqvk mlls Álkn] iUr] fujkYkk v©j egknsoh oekZ ds dkO; dklgt fodkl gqvkA vkpk;Z jkepUæ “kqDYk Òh vius ^bfrgkl&xzUFk* esa Nk;kokn dkvFkZ Li’V djrs gq, Nk;kokn ij dohUæ johUæ ds dkO;&n`f’V ds vlj dk lh/kkladsr djrs gSa]^^ ^Nk;kokn* “kCn dk Á;¨x n¨ vFk ± esa le>uk pkfg, ,d r¨jgL;okn ds vFkZ esa tgk¡ mldk lEcU/k dkO; oLrq ls g¨rk gS vFkkZr~ tgk¡ dfo mlvuar v©j vKkr fÁ;re d¨ vkYkEcu cukdj vR;Ur fp«ke;h Òk’kk esa Áse dh vusdÁdkj ls O;atuk djrk gSA jgL;okn ds vUrÒwZr jpuk;sa igq¡ps gq, iqjkus larä ;klk/kd a dh mlh ok.kh ds vuqdj.k ij g¨rh gS t¨ rqjh;koLFkk ;k lekf/k n”kk esa ukuk:idä ds :i esa miYkC/k vk/;kfRed Kku dk vkÒkl nsrh gqbZ ekuh tkrh FkhA bl:ikRed vkÒkl d¨ ;¨ji esa ^Nk;k* ¼QS.Vlekrk½ dgrs FÄ blh ls caxkYk esa czãlekt ds chp mä ok.kh ds vuqdj.k ij t¨ vk/;kfRed xhr ;k Òtu curs F¨ os^Nk;kokn* dgYkkus YkxsA /khjs&/khjs ;g “kCn /kkfeZd {¨«k esa ogk¡ ds lkfgR; {¨«k esavk;k v©j fQj johUæ ckcw dh /kwe epus ij fgUnh ds lkfgR; esa Òh ÁxV gqvkA**5

dguk u g¨xk fd Nk;koknh dfork dh LoPNUn dYiuk] l©Un;Zpsruk] lkaLÑfrd tkxj.k] ukjh fo’k;d uO; n`f’Vd¨.k v©j lekl cgqYk Òk’kk ,oadëYkdkar inkoYkh esa dohUæ johUæ dh Li’V Nk;k dk n”kZu g¨rk gSA iar dk ÁÑfrlEcU/kh lw{e fp«k.k v©j Álkn dh vkjfEÒd jpukv a esa ftlesa ÁÑfr v©j Áse dhLoPNUn ,oa lgt vfÒO;fä gqbZ gS ml ij johUæ dh dforkv a dk lh/kk vlj gSAdohUæ johUæ dh dfork esa mudk êSa* bruh fojkV psruk ds lkFk Álfjr g¨rk gSfd mlesa leLr ekuork ds lq[k&nq%[k lek tkrs gSaA os vkReÁlkj dk lans”k nsrsgSa] ekuo&tkfr dh eqfä v©j lkaLÑfrd ifj’dkj dk LoIu ns[krs gSaA ekuo tkfrdk dY;k.k v©j ekuoRo d¨ Ádkf”kr djuk gh lkfgR; dk eq[; Yk{; Lohdkj djrsgq, mUg aus fYk[kk Òh gS fd] ^^pkgs futh lq[k&nq[k a dh vuqÒwfr }kjk g¨] pkgs nwljäds lq[k&nq[kä ds Kku }kjk g¨] pkgs ÁÑfr&o.kZu }kjk g¨] pkgs ekuo pfj«k ds fp«k.k}kjk g¨] euq’; d¨ vfÒO;ä djuk gh lkfgR; dk /keZ gSA**6

êSa* dh ;gh fojkV vfÒO;fä Nk;koknh dfork esa O;ä gqbZ gS tgk¡dfo fujkYkk us ^êSaus eSa “©Ykh viuk;h@ns[kk ,d nq%[kh fut ÒkbZ** esa lEiw.kZ ekuorkds nq%[k d¨ vfÒO;ä djrs gSa r¨ egknsoh th êSa uhj Òjh nq%[k dh cnYkh* esa ^L«khnq%[k* dh O;kid vuqÒwfr d¨ ÁxV djrh gSA

ukjh l©Un;Z d¨ O;kidrk esa xzg.k dj johUæ us vius dkO; dkfo’k; cuk;kA ukjh ds l©Un;Z v©j “kfä ds cgqfo/k :i d¨ mUgkasus vius dkO; esaÁxV fd;kA Ás;lh ds :i esa ukjh ds LoPNUn ân; dh YkkYklk] xg.kh ds :i esamldk LokfÒeku v©j leiZ.k ls Òjk :i] iq«kh ds :i esa mlds vf/kdkj v©j Áseiw.kZÒkouk dk fo”Y¨’k.k mudh dfork esa vn~Òqr :i ls ÁxV gqvk gSA jkf«k esa Ás;lh dk:i /kkj.k dj t¨ L«kh vius l©Un;Z d¨ ÁxV dj jgh Fkh ogÈ Ákr% ifo«k nsoh dhewfrZ cudj Ò©frd l©Un;Z dk vfrØe.k dj vk/;kfRed l©Un;Z dk :i /kkj.k djY¨rh gS&

e wY;foe”kZ 21

^^jkr¨ Ás;lhj :i /kfj rqeh ,sls g¨ Ák.¨”ojh Ákrs d[ku nsohjs os”¨ rqeh leqs[¨ mfnY¨ ls\**7

ûkjh&l©Un;Z* dk ;gh cgqfo/k :i Nk;koknh dfo; a us Òh ÁxVfd;kA ;g johUæ ds ukjh fo’k;d nf’V dk gh ÁÒko gS fd iUr us ukjh d¨ ^^nsfo!ek¡! lgpfj! Ák.k!** dgdj lEc¨f/kr fd;k] r¨ fujkYkk vius iq«kh lj¨t ds l©Un;Zdk t¨ fp«k.k djrs gSa mlesa dfoeu ds fujkdkj Òkoä dk lkdkj :i cudj ÁxVg¨rk gS&

^^Ükàxkj jgk t¨ fujkdkj jl dfork esa mPN~oflr&/kkj xk;k LoxÊ;k&fÁ;k lax Òjrk Ák.kä esa jkx jax jfr :i ÁkIr dj jgk ogh vkdk”k cnYk dj cuk eghA**8

l©Un;Z ds bl mtkl :i d¨ tc Álkn th us ^mTToYk ojnkupsruk dk* dgk r¨ dgÈ&u&dgÈ mUgäus Òh l©Un;Z ds blh e©fYkd n`f’Vd¨.k d¨ÁxV fd;kA

dohUæ johUæ dh dfork dk fgUnh ds Nk;koknh dfo; a dhdkO;&laosnuk ij t¨ ÁÒko gS og bu dfo; a ds dkO; fodkl esa lgk;d g¨rk gS]fo”¨’k :i ls Òk’kk&NUn v©j Yk; fuekZ.k esaA iar viuh dfork esa vlhe ls feYkusdh ftKklk dk t¨ *e©u fuea«k.k* ÁxV djrs gSa] mlesa johUæ dh jgL;kuqÒwfr dhNk;k lkQ ns[kh tk ldrh gSA iar dh *dëYkdkar inkoYkh* v©j ÁÑfr dk eu¨gkjhfp«k.k mudks lgt gh johUæ dh dfork ls t¨M+ nsrk gSA

fujkYkk dk lkfgfR;d laLdkj r¨ caxkYk dh laLÑfr ls gh gqvkAfujkYkk dk dkO; la?k’kZ] l©Un;Z dh mnkÙkrk] dYiuk oSÒo v©j tu&thou ds osnukdh vuqÒwfr mUgsa vius ledkYkhu dfo; a esa Js’Brj cukrh gSA bl lUnHkZ esa egsUnzukFk jk; dk dguk lgh gS fd] ÞjohUæ dk v©nkR; muds fo”kn~ fparu ,oavko”;drk esa gS] fujkYkk dk Ákekf.kd vuqÒwfr esaA thou la?k’k ± esa ftruk fujkYkktw> lds gSa mruk johUæ ugÈA johUæ r¨ ekufld Lrj ij gh Ák;% rukoä ,oa fueZed’Vä dh vuqÒwfr djrs jgs gSaA mUgäus rktegYk ds Áfr viuh eqX/krk d¨ :ikf;rfd;k gS r¨ fujkYkk prqjh pekj v©j dqdqjeqÙkk ds Áfr jkxe; cus jgs gSaA bl ÁdkjjohUæ esa vxk/k “kkfUr ,oa fLuX/krk gS r¨ fujkYkk esa vÁfre v¨tA johUæ dk ,s”o;Zmudh dYiuk esa gS] fujkYkk dk dVwfä vuqÒwfr v©j vÒko esaA bu vUrfoZj¨/k a dsckotwn Òh lkaLÑfrd psruk ,oa xaÒhj vUrnZ`f’V] larIr ekuork ds Áfr v”¨’klgkuqÒwfr rFkk vkReÜes’k ds lanÒZ esa nüä esa i;kZIr lerk gSA *johUæ dfork dkuu*esa Lo;a fujkYkk us egkdfo ds Áfr vuU; J)k O;ä dh gSA9 fujkYkk ds dkO; Òk’kkesa lekl cgqYkrk gS r¨ dohUæ johUæ us Òh dfork fYk[krs le; bl lkekfldrk dkcgqrk;r ls Á;¨x fd;k gSA

e wY;foe”kZ 22

Nk;koknh dfo; a esa vk/;kfRedrk v©j jgL;kuqÒwfr dh psruk]vlhe ds fo;¨x esa d#.kk v©j osnuk dh vuqÒwfr johUæ dh vk/;kfRed v©jjgL;kuqÒwfr dh dforkv a ls lgt ÁÒkfor gSA egknsoh oekZ v©j iUr ds ;gk¡ vlhels feYkus dh pkgr] osnuk v©j d#.kk ls Hkjs jgL;oknh v©j vk/;kfRed xhrksa dhNfo;ksa dks dohUæ johUæ ds dkO; esa lgtrk ls rYkk”kk tk ldrk gSA

johUæ dh dfork esa fo”o&n`f’V dk fojkV fpUru e©twn gSA mudkvkRe bruk fojkV gS fd mlesa leLr lalkj dh osnuk v©j lq[k dh vuqÒwfr lekfgrgSA ekuork ds eqfä v©j Áse dh ;g fojkV~ psruk mudh dfork dk ewYk vk/kkj gSA

Þ”kq/kk;¨ uk e¨js rqfe eqfä d¨ Fkk] eqfä dkjs dbZ vkfer¨ lk/kd ub] vfe xq# ubZA vkfe dfo vkfN /kj.khj vfr dkgk dkfN ,ikjsj [¨;kj ckVk;A lEeq[¨ Ás.¨j unh t¨;kj e¨Vk; fuR; cgs fu;s Nk;k vkYk¨ ean HkkYkÄÞ10

dguk u g¨xk fd rn~;qxhu uotkxj.k ds dsUæ esa Òh ;gh Òko Fkkt¨ jkeÑ’.k] foosdkuUn ds fopkjä ls g¨rs gq, johUæ dh dfork esa vfÒO;ä g¨rkgSA euq’; dsfUær uotkxj.k dh ltZukRed vfÒO;fä d¨ johUæ Òh lkfgR; esaloZ= ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

vkReÁlkj v©j ekuork ds dY;k.k dh ;gh Òkouk Nk;koknhdfo; a esa Álkn] iar] fujkYkk v©j egknsoh oekZ ds dkO; dk Òh dsUæh; rRo gSAdfo; a us lekt ds nq%[k d¨ viuk nq%[k le>dj mld¨ dfork ds :i esa O;äfd;kA ekuork ds dY;k.k dh dkeuk Álkn ds dkek;uh dk dsUæh; Òko gh gS&

^^”kfä ds fo|qRd.k t¨ O;Lr fodYk fc[kjs gSa g¨ fu#ik;A leUo; mudk djsa leLr fotf;uh ekuork g¨ tk;A**11

fujkYkk dh dfork esa nfYkrä v©j misf{krä ds Áfr t¨ Òko gS] og/kkfeZd tM+rkv a] :f<+; a dk foj¨/k djrk gSA mudk vkØ¨”k lekt ds mu O;fä; ads Áfr dqN bl rjg O;ä g¨rk gSA ftlesa Yk¨x fÒ[kkfj;ä v©j Òw[k a dh txg canj ad¨ iq, f[kYkk jgs gSa&

Þ>Ÿkh ls iq, fudkYk fYk, c<+rs dfi;ä ds gkFk fn, ns[kk Òh ugÈ m/kj fQj dj ftl v¨j jgk og fÒ{kq brj fpYYkk;k fd;k nwj ekuo cŸkk eSa&/kU; Js’B ekuoAÞ12

e wY;foe”kZ 23

iar dh dkO; laosnuk Òh ekuork v©j d#.kk ds Òko d¨ iYYkfordjrh gSA ifjorZu dfork esa ,d r#.kh fo/kok dk fp«k [kÈprs gq, mudk dfo eud#.kk v©j O;Fkk ls Òj tkrk gSA

ÞvÒh r¨ eqdqV c¡/kk Fkk ekFk gq, dYk gh gYnh ds gkFk [kqY¨ Òh u F¨ Ykkt ds cŸk f[kY¨ Òh u F¨ pqacu “kwU; diŸk gk;! #d x;k ;gÈ lalkj cuk flanwj vaxkj ikrgr Ykfrdk og lqdqekj iM+h gS fNék/kkj!!!Þ13

thou v©j txr ds Áfr egknsoh oekZ ds ân; esa Òh d#.kk v©jlaosnuk dh dëYk mifLFkfr gSA mnkl f”k”kq ln`”k txr d¨ og nqYkjkus v©j mllsI;kj djus ds fYk, ÁÑfr dk vkokgu okRlY; Òko ls flä gS&

Þbu fLuX/k YkVä ls Nk ns ru iqYkfdr vaxä esa Òj fo”kkYk >qd lfLer “khrYk pqacu ls vafdr dj bldk enqYk ÒkYk nqYkjk nsuk cgYkk nsuk ;g rsjk f”k”kq tx gS mnklAÞ14

johUæukFk ds ckjs esa ;g dgk tkrk gS fd mudh dforkv a esa jk’Vªh;psruk dk mnkÙk :i mifLFkr gSA os jk’Vª ds lqUnj v©j lqtYk :i ds lkFk fo’kerko folaxfr dk Òh fp«k.k djrs gSaA gkYkk¡fd mudh dforkvä d¨ i<+rs gq, jk’Vªh; lsT;knk muds vUrjkZ’Vªh;rkoknh :i dh >Ykd T;knk feYkrh gSA fQj Òh mUgsa viusjk’Vª dh ÁkÑfrd lq’kek] lkaLÑfrd lef) ckj&ckj YkqÒkrh gSA jk’Vª Áse v©j jk’Vªh;Lok/khurk ds fYk, Òkjrh; a esa lkaLÑfrd ijïdkj dh ckr djus okY¨ dohUæ johUælEiw.kZ jk’Vª d¨ ,d lw«k esa ck¡/kus ds vkdka{kk j[krs gSaA

Þ,d lw«¨ ck¡f/k ;fn lgflzt eu ,d dk;sZ lafi;kfN lglz thou& cans ekrje~A vk[kqd lgl ck/kk] ck/kqd ÁYk; vkekjk lglz Ák.k jfgr fuÒZ;& cans ekrje~AÞ15

dohUæ johUæ dh ;g jk’Vªh; psruk Nk;koknh dfo; a Álkn v©jfujkYkk ds ;gk¡ leUo;oknh Òkjrh; laLÑfr ds :i esa vfÒO;ä gqbZA Òkjrh;laLÑfr dh fo”o n`f’V ekuork v©j lH;rk d¨ vkYk¨fdr djus okYkh gSA bl Òkod¨ Álkn ds ukVd LdanxqIr esa ; a O;ä fd;k x;k gS&

e wY;foe”kZ 24

ÞfgekYk; ds vk¡xu esa mls] ÁFke fdj.kä dk ns migkj m’kk us g¡l vfÒuUnu fd;k v©j iguk;k ghjd gkj txs ge Ykxs txkus fo”oYk¨d esa QSYkk vkYk¨d O;ë re iqat gqvk rc uor] vf[kYk lal`fr g¨ mBh v”k¨dAÞ16

fujkYkk ds dkO; esa Òkjr dh jk’Vªh; ,oa lkaLÑfrd ijEijk dkO;kid mnkÙk c¨/k gSA mn~~c¨/ku ijd xhr ^tkx¨ fQj ,d ckj* esa eqfä dh fojkVpsruk v©j iqutkZxj.k dh vfÒO;fä gS&

^^”¨jä dh ek¡n esa vk;k gS fQj L;kj tkx¨ fQj ,d ckjAÞ17

rqYklhnkl esa fujkYkk dh lkaLÑfrd psruk dk oSÒo gS] ftlesarqYklhnkl Òkjr dh lkaLÑfrd ,drk v©j mnkÙkrk ds Árhd iq#’k cudj mÒjrs gSa]ogÈ N«kifr f”kokth dk i«k ds }kjk jk’Vªh; ,drk v©j Òkjr dh lefUor laLÑfr,oa “kfä dk vkokgu djrs gSaA lkezkT;oknh “kfä;ä ls lkeuk djus ds fYk, fcukjk’Vªh; ,drk ds ;g lEÒo ugÈ gS&

Þ,dhÒwr “kfä;ä ls ,d g¨ ifjokj QSY¨ laosnuk O;fä dk f[kapko ;fn tkfrxr g¨ tk; ns[k¨ ifj.kke fQj fLFkj u jgsaxs iSj iLr g©lYkk g¨xk /oLr g¨xk lkezkT;AÞ18

/kkfeZd v©j lkekftd dqjhfr;ä ,oa fo’kerkv a ds fo#) fujkYkk dkvkØ¨”k Òjk Loj Nk;koknh dfo;ä esa fojYk gSA johUæ dh Òk¡fr mudh dfork esamn~~c¨/ku v©j vkg~oku gSA

egknsoh oekZ dk jk’Vªh; psruk dk Loj *ukjh eqfä* v©j *ukjhtkxj.k* dh vkdka{kk ds :i esa ÁdV g¨rk gSA *tkx rq>d¨ nwj tkuk* tSls xhr esaflQZ ukjh psruk dh tkxfr dk vkokgu ugÈ gS oju~ og lEiw.kZ jk’Vªokfl;ä d¨lEc¨f/kr djrh gSa t¨ Lok/khurk dk LoIu lat¨;s gq, gSaA psruk ds bl :i esa mudhdfork ij johUæ dh dfork dk ÁR;{k ÁÒko <w¡<k tk ldrk gSA vkRedsfUæ;rk lseqä g¨ tkxj.k dh ;g psruk ;gh gS&

Þck¡/k Yäxs D;k rq>s ;g eë ds ca/ku lthY¨\ iaFk dh ck/kk cusaxs frrfYk;ä ds ij jaxhYÄ fo”o dk ØUnu ÒqYkk nsxh e/kqi dh e/kqj xquxqu] D;k Mqck nsaxs rq>s ;g QwYk ds nYk v¨l xhY¨\ rw u viuh Nk¡g d¨ vius fYk, dkjk cukuk tkx rq>d¨ nwj tkukAAÞ19

e wY;foe”kZ 25

dohUæ johUæ ls fgUnh dfork d¨ u;h psruk v©j u;h Yk; feYkhANk;koknh dfo; a esa pkgs og *vlhe* ls feYkus dh ftKklk g¨] ukjh&psruk]vkRe&foLrkj dh mnkÙkrk ;k jk’Vªh;&lkaLÑfrd psruk] lcesa johUæ dh dkO;kuqÒwfrdh Nk;k ns[kh tk ldrh gSA ;wjïh; LoPNUnrkoknh dfo;ä CySd dkYkfjt]oM~ZloFkZ dh dfork dk t¨ ÁÒko johUæ dh dfork esa iM+k mldk vxYkk lïkuNk;koknh dkO; esa ifjYkf{kr g¨rk gSA johUæukFk dh dkO; psruk esa ÁÑfr] ukjh]l©Un;Z] dYiuk ,oa ekuorkokn ds dkO; fo’k; dk lgt fodkl Nk;koknh dforkesa g¨rk gSA Òkjrh; lkfgR; v©j laLÑfr d¨ uohu ekuorkoknh v©j uotkxj.k dhlkaLÑfrd psruk ewYkr% johUæukFk dh dfork esa gh O;ä gqbZA mudh fojkV v©joSf”od dkO; psruk gh mud¨ fo”odfo dk ntkZ fnYkkrh gSA muds dkO; O;fäRods blh oSÒo d¨ foosfpr djrs gq, uxsUæ us fYk[kk gS fd] ^^johUæ ewYkr% dfo FÄthou ds ftl lR; dk muds dfo us dYiuk v©j vuqÒwfr ds }kjk lk{kkRdkj fd;kFkk mlh d¨ os vusd ek/;e@Ádkjä ls O;ä djrs jgsA fo”o ds fodh.kZ oSÒo esavkRek ds LiUnu d¨ Òko Ásfjr dYiuk v©j fQj dYiuk le) vuqÒwfr ls ÁkIr djmUgäus vusdrk esa ,drk ds ftl lR; d¨ LokuqÒwr fd;k Fkk] ogh n”kZu ds {¨«k esalokZReokn] laLÑfr ds /kjkrYk ij fo”o ekuorkokn v©j jktuhfr ds {¨«k esavUrjkZ’Vªh;rkokn dk :i /kkj.k dj muds lEiw.kZ ok³~e; eas iqf’ir@iYYkfor g¨rkjgkA**20

dohUæ johUæ uotkxj.k dh lkaLÑfrd vfÒO;fä gSaA mudk fojkVjpukRed O;fäRo vius le; ds lkfgR;dkjä ,oa fpUrdä ds fYk, Ásj.kklz¨r Fkk tksvkt Òh gesa mtZfLor djrk gSA euq’; v©j ÁÑfr ds l©Un;Z v©j ltu d¨ mUg ausftl xgu vuqÒwfr ,oa vkosx ds lkFk O;ä fd;k og tM+rkoknh ewY;ä d¨ foj¨/kÒh djrk gS v©j Áse dk u;k ikB Òh i<+krk gSA

johUæ ds ckjs esa Ák;% ;g dgk tkrk gS fd og vk/;kfRedrk v©jlkSUn;kZuqÒwfr ds jpukdkj F¨] fdUrq muds lexz jpukYk¨d dh foospuk djus ij ;gckr xYkr lkfcr g¨rh gSA lkearh v©j lkezkT;oknh “k¨’k.k ds foj¨/k esa mudh jpuk,aØkfUr/keÊ psruk d¨ ÁdV djrh gSa r¨ muds jpuk dh mnkÙkrk mud¨ fo”o&nf’VlEié jpukdkj cukrh gSA mudh jpuk&n`f’V ds lÒh ltZukRed vk;ke v©jmnkÙk ewY; a dk ewY;kadu djrs gq, vkYk¨d ÒÍkpk;Z us fo”odfo dh Ms<+ l©oÈt;Urh ij fo”¨’k ij *bl johUæ ukFk d¨ Òh rks tkfu;s* esa mfpr gh fYk[krsgSa&ÞjohUæ ukFk xhrkatfYk ds ek/;e ls flQZ ,d bZ”oj Òä vk/;kfRed larjpukdkj ds r©j ij tkus tkrs gSaA tcfd mUg aus ØkfUr/keÊ jpuk,¡ T;knk fYk[kÈAcfYkÁFkk] ngstÁFkk] nsonklh ÁFkk ds f[kYkkQ fYk[kkA lkearoknh lkezkT;oknh “k¨’k.kds f[kYkkQ fYk[kkA jädjch] paMkfYkdk] “;kek] x¨jk] ?kjs&ckbjs] pkj v/;k;]iqtkfjuh vkfn mudh ØkfUr/keÊ jpuk,¡ gSaA ^L«khji«k* r¨ vius le; ls cgqr vkxsdh jpuk gSA johUæukFk us caxkfYk;ä d¨ caxkYk ls ckgj ds Òkjr ls ifjfpr djkusds fYk, cank cSjkxh] f”kokth] xq# x¨foUn flag] jk.kkÁrki tSls O;fäRoä ij “kkunkjdfork,¡ jpÈ t¨ vkt Òh caxkYk ds cPps&cPps dh tqcku ij gSaA dchj] ehjk]

e wY;foe”kZ 26

fo|kifr dk vuqokn ckaXYkk esa fd;kA vÝhdk ij YkEch dfork fYk[khA og fo”onf’Vls lEié mnkj jpukdkj FÄÞ21 johUæ ukFk dk lkfgR; mnkÙk ekuoh; ewY; a v©jlkaLÑfrd psruk lEié lkfgR; gS] ftldk ÁÒko ledkYkhu Òkjrh; lkfgR; dslkFk jpuk ds orZeku le; d¨ Òh n`f’V Ánku djrk gSA

lanHkZ xzUFk%1- uxsUnz] vkLFkk ds pj.k] i0 5102- Bkdqj] johUnzukFk] ,dksÙkj“krh] i0 023- flag] ukeoj] vk/kqfud lkfgR; dh izo`fÙk;k¡] i0 434- jk;] egsUæukFk] uotkxj.k v©j Nk;kokn] i`0 1525- “kqDYk] vkpk;Z jkepUæ] fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] i`0 3626- t¨”kh] bYkkpUn] fo”odfo johUnzukFk Bkdqj] i`0 1327- fujkYkk] johUnz dfork dkuu] i`0 1308- “kekZ] jkefoYkkl] jkx&fojkx] i0 909- jk;] egsUæukFk] uotkxj.k v©j Nk;kokn] i`0 15310- Bkdqj] johUæukFk] ,d¨Ùkj”krh] i`0 33611- Álkn] t;”kadj] dkek;uh % J)k lxZ] i0 6712- fujkYkk] vijk] i0 5713- iar] iYYko] i`0 15414- egknsoh] vk/kqfud dfo] i0 5515- Bkdqj] johUæukFk] xhr iap”krh] i`0 34316- Álkn] t;”kadj] LdUnxqIr] i`0 14417- fujkYkk] vijk] i0 18&1918- ogh] i`0 90&9119- “kphjkuh] egknsoh oekZ % dkO; dYkk v©j thou n”kZu] i`0 16520- uxsUæ] vkLFkk ds pj.k] i`0 51721- fpUrufn”kk] vad 3] vÁSYk&twu 2011] i0 6

****

e wY;foe”kZ 27

lefUor laLÑfr ds fuekZ.k esa fuxqZ.k lUr dfo;ksa dk ;ksxnku vkuUn dqekj flag*

Hkkjrh; lekt vusd o.kksZa vkSj tkfr;ksa dk lefUor :i gSA izkphudky ls gh bl ns'k esa vusdkusd tkfr vkrh jgh gS vkSj izkjfEHkd la?k"kZ ds cknfoftr vkSj fotsrk esa lkeatL; gksrk jgk gSA 'kd] gw.k] ;ou] dkEckst] ikjlh]eaxksy vkfn vusd tkfr;ksa ds yksx fo'kky Hkkjrh; lkekftd O;oLFkk esa vUrHkqZDrgksrs x,A ysfdu e/;dky esa eqlyekuksa ds :i esa t¨ tkfr vkbZ og iwoZorÊvkxUrqdä ls furkUr fÒé FkhA og fgUnw lkekftd O;oLFkk esa foYkhu u g¨ ldhAnüä ds vkpkj&fopkj ,d&nwljs ls furkUr fÒé FÄ fgUnqv a d¨ viuh Ákphux©joe;h ijEijk ij xoZ Fkk v©j eqlYkekuä d¨ fotsrk güs dk vgadkjA vr,onüä lkekftd O;oLFkk,¡ lekukUrj :i ls pYkÈA ;|fi dfri; O;kogkfjd ckräd¨ ,d&nwljs ls xzg.k Òh fd;kA fdUrq nüä laLÑfr;k¡ feYkdj ,d ugÈ g¨ ik jghFkhA okLro esa e/;dkYk n¨ fÒé laLÑfr;ä esa Vdjko dk ;qx FkkA ÁkjEÒ esa muesala?k"kZ dk mxz :i fn[kYkkbZ iM+rk gS ij ckn esa leUo; dh ps"Vk Òh feYkrh gSA1

mij¨ä lkekftd lkaLÑfrd i`"BÒwfe esa fgUnh ds fuxqZ.k lUrdfo; a dk vkfoÒkZo gqvkA fuxqZ.k lUr dfo; a us bu fofÒé fo"ke laLÑfr;ä esa,drk Ykkus dk vFkd Á;kl fd;kA lUrä us bl ckr d¨ LFkkfir djus dk Á;Rufd;k fd ekuo ekuo ,d gSA lc euq"; ,d gh czã dh fofÒé Ñfr;k¡ gSaA dsoYkns'kdkYk dh i`Fkdrk ls gekjs laLdkj fÒé g¨ x, gSaA /keZ v©j vusd ifjfLFkfr;äus gekjs chp Òsn dh nhokjä d¨ [kM+k dj j[kk gSA oLrqr% euq"; euq"; ,d gS v©jblfYk, ekuo Ñr ÒsnÒko d¨ N¨M+dj gesa ,d&nwljs ds fudV vkuk pkfg,AgkYkkafd bl lefUor laLÑfr ds fuekZ.k ds n©jku e/;dkYk esa la?k"kZ rFkk Vdjkodh Òkouk Òh fofÒé leqnk; a esa fo|eku jghA bl Ádkj leUo; rFkk la?k"kZ dhÁfØ;k,¡ lekukUrj pYkrh jghA2 fuxqZ.k lar dfo; a us leUo; dh bl ÁfØ;k esaldkjkRed Òwfedk vnk dh gSA

lkaLÑfrd leUo; ds iFk esa fgUnh ds fuxqZ.k lar dfo; a dkegRoiw.kZ ;¨xnku gSA ;s lar eqYYkk v©j iafMr nüä dh ladh.kZrk ds foj¨/kh FÄbZ'oj ds uke ij dYkg d¨ loZFkk vuqfpr ekurs F¨ v©j ckákpkj dh vis{kk?kV&?kV O;kih ijekRek dh fpÙk 'kqf) ds }kjk ÁkfIr ds Ápkjd FÄ bu lUrä ustgk¡ ,d v¨j fgUnqv a dh tkfr&O;oLFkk] NqvkNwr] ti&ekYkk] Nkik] frYkd vkfnij rhoz Ágkj fd;k] ogÈ nwljh v¨j eqlYkekuä dh fgalk rFkk ckax&uekt dhfujFkZdrk dk mn~?k¨"k fd;kA muds ;s fopkj nksuä /ke¨± d¨ fudV Ykkus esa cgqrlgk;d gq,A3 fdUrq bu lUrä dh ;g [k.MukRed o`fÙk dsoYk [k.Mu ds fYk, ugÈFkhA oLrqr% os fofÒé /ke¨± esa ÁpfYkr ,sls deZdk.Mä dh fuUnk dj jgs F¨ t¨ euq";d¨ euq"; l vYkx dj jgs FÄ ,slh fLFkfr esa og lnk'k;rk] mnkjrk] cU/kqRo Òkoukvkfn ln~xq.k a ls oafpr g¨ tkrk gS v©j :f<+;ä dh pgkjnhokjh esa cUn g¨dj ladh.kZekufldrk esa vkc) g¨ tkrk gSA vr% lÒh fuxqZ.k lar dfo; a us lefUor laLÑfr

*'kk s/ k Nk=] bfrgkl foHkkx] dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky;] okjk.klh

e wY;foe”kZ 28

ds fodkl ds fYk, iqjkus lkaLÑfrd ekunaMä ,oa muds j{kd a ij iqjt¨j Ágkjfd;kA bu iqjkuh lkaLÑfrd ekU;rkv a ds VwVus ij gh lkekU; tu ds fgr esalkekftd&lkaLÑfrd fodkl g¨ ik;kA

dchjnkl vius le; ds lokZf/kd tkx:d ,oa laosnu'khYk Ák.khFÄ mudh iSuh n`f"V ls lekt dh d¨bZ xfrfof/k fNih ugÈ jg ldh FkhA dchjnklus ÁpfYkr Yk¨dkpkjä v©j dqÁo`fÙk;ä dh vkYk¨puk cM+s j¨pd <ax ls dh gSA mUg ausrdZ dk lgkjk Y¨rs gq, lekt ds <äxh Yk¨xä dk cgqr cM+k migkl fd;kA tusÅv©j [kruk fgUnw rFkk eqlYkekuä ds Áfl) Yk¨dkpkj gSaA ,d in esa dchj dsvkYk¨pukRed fopkjä dk vPNk Ádk'ku gqvk gS&

^^t© iS djrk oj.k fopkjS] r¨ tuer rhfu MkafM fdu lkjsA mrifr O;ag dgk ;s vk;k] t¨fr /kjh v, Ykkxh ek;kA ukfga d¨m Å¡pk ugÈ d¨m uhpk] tkdk I;m rkgh d¨ lÈpkA ts rw rqjd rqjduh tk;k] r© Òhrj [kruk D;wa u djk;kA dgS dchj ef/ke ugÈ d¨bZ] l¨ ef/ke tk eqf[k jke u g¨bZAA**4

,d vU; in esa dchj us /keZ ifjorZu djds eqlYkeku cuk Yüs dhdVq fuUnk dh gSA blesa xYkr lkaLÑfrd ekU;rkv a dh vkYk¨puk Òh dh xbZ gS %

^^dkth d©u drsc c[kkus i<+r&i<+r dsrs fnu chrs] xfr ,dS ugÈ tkuSA ldfr ls usg idfj dj lqufr] ;g u c<w¡ js ÒkbZA t©j [kqnkbZ rqjd e¨fg djrk] r© vkis dfV fdu tkbZA g© r© rqjd fd;lk dfj lqufr] v©jfr l© dk dfg;sA vj/k ljhjh ukfj u NwVS] vk/kk fgUnw jfg lsA NkafM+ drsc jkes dg dkth] [kwu djr g¨ ÒkjhA idjh Vsd dchj Òxfr dh] dkth jgs >d ekjhAA**5

ewfrZiwtk] tkfrÁFkk] /kkfeZd ÒsnÒko] va/kfo'okl] deZdkaM] ckákpkj]rhFkkZVu vkfn ds [k.Mu ds i'pkr~ c¨/kxE; v©j Yk¨dxzká lkaLÑfrd ,drk dhlgt ljYk vfÒO;fä Òh dchjnkl ds ckfu; a dh [kkl fo'¨"krk gS&

^ê¨d¨ dgk¡ <w¡<s cUns] eSa r¨ rsjs ikl esaA uk eSa nsoYk uk eSa efLtn] uk dkcs dSYkk'k esaA uk r¨ d©us fØ;kdeZ esa] ugÈ ;¨x cSjkx esaA [k¨th g¨; r¨ rqjrs fefYkg©a] iy Òj dh rYkk'k esaA dgSa dchj lqu¨ ÒkbZ lk/k¨] lc Lokalä dh 'okal esaAA**6

e/;dkYk esa jktuhfrd v©j lkekftd O;oLFkk esa /keZ dk Áeq[kLFkku Fkk] fdUrq ml le; /keZ dk lPpk Lo:i Ák;% YkqIr g¨ x;k Fkk v©j /keZ dsuke ij ik[k.M v©j feF;kpkj dk ckgqY; g¨ x;k FkkA iqj¨fgrä v©j eqYYkke©Ykfo; a ls fufnZ"V v©j lapkfYkr /kkfeZd O;oLFkk cká deZdk.Mä rd lhfer jgxbZ FkhA lar dfo; a us vuqÒo fd;k fd /kkfeZd {¨«k esa lq/kkj ds fcuk ekuoh; ewY; adh LFkkiuk dk dk;Z nq"dj gSA /keZ ,oa lk/kuk ds {¨«k esa lkaLÑfrd lEidZ dk ÁFke

e wY;foe”kZ 29

ÁÒko fuxqZ.k lUr dfo; a ds dkO; esa n`f"Vxr g¨rk gSA bu lUrä us lekt] /keZ]lH;rk ,oa laLÑfrxr leLr Òsnä d¨ feVkdj u;s vkn'k ± dh LFkkiuk dhA bu u;svkn'k ± ds oVo`{k :ih Nk;k esa cSBdj fgUnw ,oa eqlYkeku nüä tkfr;ksa us ÒsnÒko]larki v©j fouk'kdkjh ÁÒko d¨ iw.kZr;k fclkj fn;kA eq[;r% /keZ ds {¨«k esalkaLÑfrd lkeatL; dk dk;Z lUr fopkjdä us gh fd;kA7

bl ns'k dk lcls cM+k nqÒkZ; vlarqfYkr /kkfeZdrk gh jgh gSA /keZus oxZ] o.kZ] tkfr la?k"kZ d¨ leqRié djds ekuo dh mnkj o`fÙk;ä d¨ lnSo ds fYk,ladh.kZ cuk MkYkkA /keZ ds uke ij jä dh lfjrk,¡ cgkbZ xbZA efUnj efLtn dsÒhrj rd gh Òxoku dk vfLrRo ekuk x;k v©j bu efUnj ,oa efLtnä dh nhokjäus ladh.kZrk dk ltZu fd;kA bldh dM+h vkYk¨puk lÒh fuxqZ.k lUrä us dh gSAdchjnkl us Òh eqYYkk o iafMrä ls iwNk gS %

^^rq:d elhg F¨ fgUnw nqgqBka jke [kqnkbZA tgka elhr nsgqjk ukgÈ rga dkdh BdqjkbZAA**8

dchjnkl ds leku gh lUr xjhcnkl] lqUnjnkl] eYkwdnkl] Òh[kklkgc vkfn us Òh ,d gh czã dh dYiuk dh gSA dkj.k fd tc ,d gh czã usleLr lalkj dh jpuk dh gS] r¨ jpukvä esa Òsn dgk¡\ ekuo us viuh lqfo/kk dsdkj.k lkalkfjd fofÒé oLrqv a d¨ i`Fkd~ lÙkk ns nh gSA bl fo'o esa u d¨bZ dqYkhugS u d¨bZ vNwr] feÍh feÍh gh gS] pkgs mld¨ d¨bZ Òh :i Ánku dj fn;k tk;AleLr :iä esa czã dh t¨ lÙkk gS og foÒkT; ugÈ gSA blh vk/kkj ij lUrä usvLi`';rk vkUnŸku ÁkjEÒ fd;k v©j turk dk /;ku okLrfodrk dh v¨j vkdf"kZrfd;kA bu /kkfeZd rRoä esa lar dfo; a dh lkekftd rFkk lkEÁnkf;d n`f"Vlféfgr gSA bu lUr dfo; a us lkekftd] /kkfeZd ,oa tkfr&o.kZ Òsnä d¨ gVkdjvÒsn dh v¨j ladsr fd;kA /kuh&fu/kZu] jktk&jad] czkã.k&'kwæ] fgUnw&eqlYkekuesa d©u lk Òsn gS\ lR; r¨ ;g gS fd tc lc dÙkkZ ,d gh gSa r¨ Òsn dgk¡ ls g¨xkAmls fdlh Òh uke ls D; a u iqdkjk tk;] mls pkgs jke dgsa ;k jghe ;k vYYkkg]nüä esa vUrj ugÈ gSA 'kkfCnd Òsn ds }kjk rkfRod Òsn ugÈ g¨ ldrk gSA dchjus bl Òsn d¨ feVkus dk Á;Ru bu 'kCnä }kjk fd;k gS %

^^gekjs jke jghe djhe dsl© vYkg jke lfr l¨bZA fclfeYk ÒsfV fclaÒj ,dS v©j u nwtk d¨bZAA9

jTtc th us Òh /ke¨± ds xfrj¨/k a d¨ R;kxdj dsoYk ekuo /keZ dëkuus dk lans'k fn;k gSA mUg aus vius xzUFk ljcaxh esa bl Ádkj ds inä dh jpuk,oa ladYku Òh fd;k gS&

^^gsr u dfj fgUnw /kje] rft rqjdh jl jhfrA jTtc ftu iSnk fd;k] rkgh lw¡ dfj ÁhfrAA**10

^^jTtc fgUnw&rqjd rft] lqfejgq fljtugkjA i[kki[kh lw¡ Áhfr dfj] d©u igq¡pk ikjAA**11

nknw n;kYk Òh lkekftd Lrj ij fgUnw v©j eqfLYke nüä leqnk; ads :f<+oknh rRoä ds i¨xkiaFk ij rh[kk geYkk djrs gSaA muds vuqlkj fdlh esa dqN

e wY;foe”kZ 30

fo'¨"k xq.k gS ;k ugÈ] blh vk/kkj ij os mls eqlYkeku ;k dkfQj dgrs gSa&^^dqQj ts ds efu eSa] eh;k¡ eqlYkekuA nknw isvk >a> eSa] fclkjS jfgekuAA**12

mUg aus fgUnw v©j eqlYkekuä ds chp vkilh erÒsnksa d¨ ÒwYkdj ,dlkFk feYkdj jgus dh Òh ckr dgh gS&

**fgUnw Ykkxs nsgqjk] eqlYkeku elhfrA ge Yk¨x bl vYk[k lä] lnk fujUrj ÁhfrAA nüä ÒkbZ gkFk&ix] nüä ÒkbZ dkuA nüä ÒkbZ uSu gS] fgUnw&eqlYkekuAA**13

xq#ukud us Òh viuh jpukvä esa leUo; ij fo'¨"k cYk fn;k gSAos lekt esa foÒsn mRié djus okY¨ ckákpkj a dk [kaMu djrs gSa&

^îf<+ iqLrd laf?kvk okna] flYk iwtfl cxqYk lek/kaA eqf[k >wB foew[k.k lkja] xsikYk frgkYk fopkjaAA xfYk ekYkk frYkdq fYkYkkV nqb± N¨Vh oL«k dikVA ts tk.kfl czã djea lfe Q¨dV ful;m djeAA**14

nknw n;kYk ds f'k"; Lokeh lqUnjnkl us Òh Yk¨xä d¨ ,d lkFkfeYkdj lk>h laLÑfr fodflr djus dh ckr dgh gS&

^^fgUnw dh gn NkfM+ ds] rth rq#d dh jkg] lqUnj lgts phfUV;k] ,dS jke vYkkgA**15

dchjnkl fgUnw o eqlYkeku esa d¨bZ vUrj ugÈ ekurs gSaA mUg ausjke ,oa jghe d¨ ,d gh ekuk gSA bl Ádkj mUg aus fgUnw o eqlYkeku esa ,drkleqRié djkus dk Á;Ru fd;k gSA dchj iaFk esa Òh fgUnw&eqlYkeku nüä gh f'k";F¨&

^^vjs ÒkbZ n¨b dgk¡ l¨ e¨fga crko©\ fcfpfg Òje dk Òsn YkxkoÄ t¨fu mikb jph gS /kjuh] nhu ,d chp ÒbZ djuhAA jke jghe tifr lqf/k xbZ] mu ekYkk mu rlcÈ YkbZA dgS dchj psr js Ò©anw] cŸkfu gkjk rq#d u fgUnwAA**16

lar eYkwdnkl us Òh fgUnw&eqlYkeku esa d¨bZ Òsn ugÈ djrs gq,nüä d¨ ,d gh czã }kjk xfr'khYk ekuk gS&

^^loZO;kih ,d d¨gkjkA tkdh efgek vkj u ikjkAA fgUnw rq#d dk ,dS djrkA ,dS czã lcu dk ÒjrkAA**17

bl Ádkj bu larä us u dsoYk lkaLÑfrd ,drk dh v¨j /;kufn;k oju~ mUg aus czã dh vfÒé] vf}rh; lÙkk dh v¨j Òh Òkjrh; tuekul dk/;ku vkdf"kZr fd;kA blls ;g YkkÒ gqvk fd fgUnw v©j eqlYkekuä ds e/; esafo|eku czã&fo"k;d Òkouk dh O;kid ,oa ?kkrd nq"Áo`fÙk fdUgÈ va'kä esa lekIrg¨ xbZA bl v¨j Ák;% leLr lUrä us ljkguh; Á;Ru fd;sA

lar lkfgR; e/;;qxhu Yk¨d laLÑfr dk lPpk niZ.k gSA lkfgR;

e wY;foe”kZ 31

lekt dk niZ.k g¨rk gS ;g mfä lar lkfgR; ds fYk, cgqr gh mi;qä v©j lghgSA lar lkfgR; ij fogaxe n`f"V MkYkus ij e/;;qxhu lekt dh xfrfof/k]jhfr&uhfr] vknku&Ánku] fo'okl&vkLFkk] lk/kuk v©j mikluk] Ás; v©j Js;]nkf;Ro fuokZg v©j mis{kk vkfn fo"k; esa Kku ÁkIr g¨ tkrk gSA bl lkfgR; dsvoYk¨du ls ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡prs gSa fd e/;;qx esa loZ«k vlekurk O;kIr Fkh]vlekurk dk vfÒ'kki miYkfC/k v©j forj.k esa leku :i ls nq%[knk;h FkkA vkfFkZdo lkekftd vlekurk us leUo; dh jkg esa vusd ck/kk,¡ mifLFkr dhA D;äfd/ku ds vleku forj.k us lekt esa 'k¨f"kr v©j 'k¨"kd n¨ ,sls ox ± d¨ tUe fn;kt¨ dÒh feYkdj ,d ugÈ g¨ ik jgs FÄ dchj] ukud vkfn lUrä us bl ÒsnÒkoiw.kZuhfr dk foj¨/k Òh fd;kA bUgäus vius le; dh turk dh nqnZ'kk dk v/;;udjds] mldh v¨j /;ku ls ns[kk v©j mld¨ nq%[k ,oa DY¨'k ls NqVdkjk nsus dkÁ;kl fd;kA mudk ;g Á;kl vk/;kfRed v©j lkekftd thou esa leku :is.kmi;¨xh v©j egRoiw.kZ FkkA czkã.k] if.Mr] eqYYkk vkfn ds 'k¨"k.k] ;e dh ;kruk]ÒsnÒko ds vfÒ'kki ls vius le; dh turk d¨ lUrä us cpkus dk Á;Ru r¨ fd;kgh] lkFk gh mUg aus ns'k v©j lekt ds vleku forj.k dh v¨j Òh /;ku fn;kA larpjunkl dh fuEufYkf[kr iafä; aa esa lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd vlekurk dh v¨j ladsrfd;k x;k gS&

^^,du ix iugh ugÈ] ,d p<+S lq[kikYkA ;gh t¨ e¨fg crkb;s] ,d eqfä d¨ tkfg] ,d ujd d¨ tkb dfj] ekj te¨ dh [kkfgA ,d nq[kh ,d vfr lq[kh] ,d Òwi bd jad] ,du d¨ fo|k cM+h] ,d i<+s ugÈ vadA ,du d¨ esok feY©] ,d pus Òh ukfga] dkju d©u fn[kkb;s] dfj pjuu dh NkfgaA ;gh e¨fg le>kb;s] eu d¨ /k¨[kk tk;A gS dfj fuLlUnsg eSa] jg©a pju fYkiVk;AA**18

bu iafä; a esa lekt esa O;kIr vlekurk dk ÒYkh Òk¡fr fnXn'kZuÁkIr g¨rk gSA lUrä us 'k¨"kd a ds Áfr vkØ¨'k dh Òkouk Òh O;ä dh gSA

bl Ádkj dh ØkfUrdkjh fopkj/kkjk dk lekt&fodkl ds fYk,cM+k egRo gSA ;fn lekt esa ÒsnÒko feV tk; r¨ la?k"kZ ,oa Áfr'k¨/k dh Òkouk Òh/khjs&/khjs nwj g¨ tk;A 'kkfUr] lq[k ,oa len`f"V dk fodkl ogÈ ij g¨ ldrk gS]tgk¡ leku lqfo/kk,¡] lcd¨ ÁkIr gÄ dchjnkl] lqUnnkl] pjunkl] ukud]eYkwdnkl] nknw] Òh[kk] xjhcnkl vkfn lÒh lUrä us lekt esa lerk dh Òkouk dkchtkjï.k fd;k v©j lekt d¨ rRo&fu:i.k dh v¨j Ásfjr fd;kA lÒh dk thouleku gSA vr% 'k¨"k.k ,oa fouk'k vkfn dh Òkouk d¨ R;kx dj ekuork dh v¨j/;ku nsuk pkfg,A bl v¨j ÁR;sd fuxqZ.k lar dfo; a us ladsr fd;kA mUg aus dgkfd xk; pkgs ftl jax dh g¨ mldk nqX/k lQsn gh g¨rk gS] mlh ÁdkjfgUnw&eqlYkeku] fu/kZu] /kuoku lÒh dk jä YkkYk g¨rk gSA fgUnw] eqlYkekuä ds ml

e wY;foe”kZ 32

la?k"kZ ;qx esa bl Ádkj ds mins'k a us lekt esa /keZ] ekuork dh xfjek d¨ v{kq..kcukus dk Á;Ru fd;kA ;s rdZ lekt esa foPNsn foÒax vkfn Òkoukvä d¨ de djusds fYk, cM+s leFkZ FÄ bl Ádkj fuxZq.k lar dfo; a us lekt esa O;kIr ladh.kZrk rFkkfouk'kdkjh rRoä d¨ N¨M+dj o`gÙkj ekuo lekt LFkkfir djus dk Á;Ru fd;kA

e/;dkYk esa Òkjrh; tuthou tkfr&ikafr dh dB¨jrk o Å¡p&uhpdh Òkouk ls Òh cgqr ÁÒkfor gqvkA bl lkekftd fo"kerk us lekt d¨ n¨ /kzqo aesa ck¡V fn;k FkkA Òkjr esa bLYkke ds vkxeu ls NqvkNwr ds cU/ku Øe'k% v©j dB¨jg¨rs x,A ;|fi o.kZO;oLFkk igY¨ ls gh fo|eku Fkh] fdUrq tkfr; a&mitkfr; a dhla[;k esa o`f) blh le; ls gqbZA19 gkYkkafd ÁkjEÒ esa bLYkke us lerk v©j cU/kqRoÒkouk dk Ápkj fd;k Fkk] fdUrq dqN dkYkïjkUr muesa Òh f'k;k&lqéh dk fooknÁkjEÒ g¨ x;kA os '¨[k] lS;n] iBku] tqYkkgk vkfn vusd tkfr; a esa foÒä gksus Ykxsv©j muesa Òh Å¡p&uhp dh Òkouk iuius YkxhA dkYkkUrj esa fgUnw v©j eqlYkekuäesa tkfrxr fo}s"k c<+us Ykxk v©j eqlYkekuä d¨ fgUnqv a us viuh laLÑfr esa oghnjtk fn;k t¨ vNwrä d¨ fn;k tkrk FkkA20

fuxqZ.k lar dkO; esa bl lkekftd oS"kE; dh ?k¨j ÁfrfØ;k feYkrhgSA lar dfo; a us fgUnw /keZ esa O;kIr tkfrxr Js"Brk ds fl)kUr d¨ Li"Vr%vLohdkj dj fn;kA oLrqr% 'kkL«kkuqe¨fnr bl tkfrxr vlekurk dk nq"ifj.kkelekt esa ÁR;{k :i ls ns[kk tk ldrk FkkA vr% dchj rFkk vf/kdka'k larrFkkdfFkr fiNM+h tkfr; a esa mRié gq, F¨] vr% mUg aus blds nq"ÁÒko d¨ Lo;a Ò¨xkÒh FkkA dchj tqYkkgk F¨ gh] vU; larä esa lsu ukbZ F¨] jSnkl pekj F¨] flaxkth XokYkkF¨] nknw /kqfu;k F¨] cjouk th ehjklh F¨] cqYYkk lkgc dqeÊ F¨] nhu njos'k v©j jTtcYk¨gkj F¨] nfj;k lkgc ¼ekjokM+ okY¨½ /kqfu;k v©j nfj;k lkgc ¼fcgkj okY¨½ njthF¨] YkkYk fxfj pekj FÄ bu larä us ÁR;{k :i ls vuqÒo fd;k Fkk fd tkfrxrÒsnÒkoä ds nq"ifj.kkeä ds Ò¨äk fuEu oxZ ds gSaA bl voLFkk us lekt esa mPp v©jfuEu uked ,sls n¨ oxZ rS;kj dj fn;s gSa t¨ dÒh feYk ugÈ ldrsA ftud¨ vNwrvFkok fiNM+s oxZ ls lEc) ekudj viekfur fd;k tkrk gS] vf/kdkj oafpr fd;ktkrk gS] vkf[kj os Òh r¨ euq"; gh gSaA oLrqr% Å¡p&uhp dk Òsn feF;k gS] D;äfdlkjs txr dh mRifÙk iou] tYk] feÍh vkfn iapÒwrä ls gqbZ gSA budk lz"Vk ,d ghczã gSA lÒh esa ,d gh T;¨fr leku :i ls O;kIr gS] dsoYk Ò©frd 'kjhj ds }kjkuke&:i dk Òsn gS&

^^Å¡p uhp gS ef/ke ckuh] ,dS iou ,d gS ikuhA ,dS efV;k ,d dqEgkjk] ,d lÒfUg dk fljtugkjkAA**21

bl Ádkj ge ns[krs gSa fd bu lar dfo; a dh dfork lkekftdoS"kE; dh mit gSA ;g oS"kE; mudh O;fäxr vkdka{kkvä dk Árhd u g¨dj Yk¨ddh bPNkvä v©j Òkoukvä dh vfÒO;fä gSA dchj ds ;gk¡ ;g foæ¨g Òkouklkekftdrk dh vk/kkj Òwfe rS;kj djrh gSA ;g foæ¨g Òkouk ik[kaM] va/kfo'okl]ckákpkj v©j tkfr&Òsn ds Áfr vR;Ur rhoz gSA os lh/¨ r©j ij vLohdkj djrs gq,

e wY;foe”kZ 33

fYk[krs gSa&^ôkeu rs xngk ÒYkk] vku nso ls dqÙkkA eqxk rs eqjxk ÒYkk] lgj txkos lqÙkkAA**22

dk'kh ds gh Áfl) lar jSnkl us Òh lkekU; turk ds fgr ds fYk,/keZ v©j tkr ds Òsn d¨ vLohdkj fd;k gS&

^^laru ds eu g¨r gS lcds fgr dh ckrA ?kV&?kV ns[¨ vYk[k d¨ iwNs tkr u ikrAA**23

bl rjg lUrä us len`f"V dh Òkouk dk fodkl djus ij t¨jfn;kA muds vuqlkj euq"; d¨ len`f"V xzg.k djuk pkfg,A len`f"V fo'o cU/kqRodh ÁFke lh<+h ;k Òwfedk gSA thou foMEcukv a v©j fo"kerkvä dk i;kZ; gSA bllalkj esa fo"kerk dk v{k; lkezkT; ÁR;sd ix ij fo|eku gSA bu foj¨/khifjfLFkfr;ä esa euq"; d¨ pkfg, fd leÒko ls O;ogkj djs] bruk gh ugÈ mlsleLr foj¨/kh 'kfä;ä esa leUo; laLFkkfir djds bl Ádkj ls O;ogkj djukpkfg,] ftlls ÒsnÒko ds leLr n¨"k feV tk;A

ekuorkoknh fopkj/kkjk ls Ásfjr g¨dj fgUnh ds fuxqZ.k lar dfo; aus tkfr&ik¡fr d¨ fuLlkj crk;k gSA lUr nknw dk dFku gS&

^^ts igq¡ps rs dfg x;s frudh ,dS ckrA lcS l;kus ,d efr frudh ,dS tkrAA**24

blh Ádkj dchj us Òh vius fopkjä d¨ ÁdV djrs gq, dgk gS fd&^^tkfr u iwN¨ lk/k dh iwN¨ mldk KkuA eŸk dj¨ rYkokj dk iM+h jgu n¨ E;kuAA**25

rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ekuo dh vkRek d¨ igpkuus dk Á;kl djukpkfg,A ckákoj.k ls u d¨bZ mPp g¨rk gS u fuEuA

lar lkfgR; dk ewYk ea«k gS êkuorkokn*A larä dh ckfu; a dkewYkk/kkj ;gh ekuorkokn gSA dchj ls Y¨dj lar lkfgR; ds vafre dfo pjunklrd lÒh us thou dh /kkjk d¨ ekuorkoknh n`f"V ls leYkaÑr djus dh ps"Vk dhAlarä dk ekuorkokn euq"; tkfr rd gh lhfer u jgdj] i'kq&i{kh] tho&tUrqrFkk ouLifr txr rd Álkfjr gSA ;qx ÁorZd jkekuUn ls Ásfjr vSj vuqÁkf.krg¨dj lUr dchjnkl us ekuorkoknh fopkj/kkjk dk Ápkj ,oa Álkj djus dk Á;Rufd;kA bruk gh ugÈ] mUg aus Òkjrh; fpUru /kkjk esa ,d uohu ifjPNsn ÁkjEÒfd;k] ftlds }kjk lekurk dh Òkouk d¨ Álkj feYkkA dchjnkl us ,d ,slk ekxZÁ'kLr fd;k] ftl ij muds vuUrj vkfoÒwZr vU; lar ukud] nknw] lqUnjnkl]eYkwdnkl] pj.knkl vkfn us pYkdj lerk dk mins'k Òkjrh; turk d¨ le;≤ij lquk;kA budh Ásj.kk ls fgUnh ds KkukJ;h Òä dfo; a dh ,d 'kk[kk pYk iM+hA;s lar lÒh tkfr; a ds FÄ budh ewYk Òkouk Fkh&^gfj dk ÒtS l¨ gfj dk g¨bZA*tkfr&ik¡fr ds Òsn&Òko ls bUgsa e¨g u FkkA bUgäus cM+s gh Li"V 'kCnä esa YkYkdkjdj dgk fd lÒh ,d gh czã dh Ñfr;k¡ gSaA lÒh ,d gh dqEgkj dh jpuk gS] fQj^d¨ czkãu d¨ lwnkA* ÒsnÒko r¨ eu dk eSYk gSA lUrä us Li"V jhfr ls dgk&

e wY;foe”kZ 34

^lk/k¨ eu dk eSYk R;kx¨*rFkk

^^Å¡p uhp lc x¨j[k /kU/Ä lc gSa ml vYYkkg ds cUnsAA**26

e/;;qx esa fgalkRed Áo`fÙk Òh nüä /ke¨± esa O;kid :i ls ÁpfYkrg¨ xbZ FkhA loZ«k fgalk o Áfrfgalk gh O;kIr FkhA ,sls ekg©Yk esa fuxqZ.k lUrä usvfgalk dh rjQ Yk¨xä dk /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;kA fuxqZ.k lUr dfo; a dh vfgalkÒkouk cM+h O;kid gSA dchjnkl r¨ ;gk¡ rd dgrs gSa fd&

^^?kV&?kV esa og lkabZ jerk] dVqd opu er cŸk jsAA**28

e/;dkYk esa nüä /ke ± esa O;kIr fgalk o Áfrfgalk dh Òkouk nüälaLÑfr;ä ds ,dhdj.k esa dgk¡ rd ck/kd jgh ;g Á'u l¨pus ;¨X; g¨ ldrk gSY¨fdu nüä /ke¨± dh fgalkRed o`fÙk us muds e/; lkEÁnkf;d fo}s"k dh [kkbZ d¨p©M+k vo'; dj fn;kA ,d v¨j fgUnw xk; d¨ iwT;uh; ekurs F¨ r¨ nwljh rjQeqlYkeku x¨ gR;k o xëkal [kkdj Álé g¨rs FÄ bu fgalkRed o`fÙk;ä dh fuxqZ.klUrä us tedj vkYk¨puk dh gSA dchjnkl us eqlYkekuä dh Øwjrk ,oa fgalk dsdkj.k mUgsa QVdkjk gS&

^^fnu Òj j¨tk jgr gS] jkfr gur gS xk;A ;g [kwu og canxh] dSls [kqlh [kqnk;AA**28

eYkwdnkl ds 'kCnä esa vfgalk dk egRo iBuh; gSA eYkwdnkl dhvfgalk rFkk n;k Òkouk dk Álkj tho&tUrq] i'kq&i{kh rFkk ouLifr txr rdgqvk gSA

^îhj lcu dh ,d lh] ewj[k tkur ukfgaA dkaVk pwÒs ihj g~oSa] xYkk dkV d¨m [kk;AA dq¡tj pÈVh ilw uj] lc esa lkfgc ,dA dkVS xYkk [kqnk; dk djS lwjek Y¨[kAA**29

bu lar dfo; a us turk esa Ò; dh Òkouk d¨ Òh mRié djdsvfgalk ozr ikYku djus dk mins'k fn;k gS&

^êkal&ekal lc ,d gS] eqjxh fgjuh xk;A vka[k nsf[k ts [kkr gS] rs uj ujdfg tk;AA**30

rFkk^^cdjh ikrh [kkr gS rkdh dk<+h [kkYkA ts uj cdjh [kkr gSa frud¨ d©u gokYkAA**

lÒh fuxqZ.k lUr dfo; a us vfgalk ozr /kkj.k djus ds mins'k fn,t¨ fd vusd /ke¨± ds ÁorZd a ds Òkoä ls cgqr dqN lkE; j[krs gSaA vfgalk ds fo"k;esa fYk[krs le; mudk vFkZ dsoYk ô/k u djuk*] ^tho u ekjuk*] ^fgalk u djuk*gh ugÈ gS] oju~ ml ladqfpr {¨«k ls ckgj vkdj dVq opu rd cŸkus d¨ bu lUr

e wY;foe”kZ 35

dfo; a us euk fd;k gSAfgUnw ,oa eqfLYke laLÑfr;ä ds ml la?k"kZ dkYk esa] tcfd jkT;

ÁkfIr ds fYk, #f/kj dh lfjrk,¡ cgkbZ tk jgh Fkh] vfgalk dk mins'k nsdj lUrdfo; a us fujk'k turk d¨ ekxZ fn[kk;kA mUg aus crk;k fd ;fn ln~Òkouk ls Ásfjrg¨dj tho a ds lkFk O;ogkj fd;k tk;] r¨ mudh vkRe'kfä tkxzr g¨ ldrh gS]ftlls og visf{kr lkgl rFkk foYk{k.k dk;Z {kerk fn[kk ldrs gSaA rRdkYkhuturk ds ân; esa O;kIr vlar¨"k rFkk Áfrfgalk dh Áo`fÙk ds fo:) lUrä us lUr¨"k,oa {kek dk mins'k fn;kA

fgUnh ds fuxqZ.k lUr dfo; a dk Yk{; cM+k gh O;kid FkkA bUg austho a ds fuLrkj ds fYk, mPpkn'k¨± ds mins'k fn,A ekuo d¨ dY;k.kdkjh iFk ijvxzlj djuk gh budk lcls cM+k Yk{; FkkA bu lUrä ds ân; esa O;fFkr ds gsrqlgkuqÒwfr ,oa laosnuk dh Òkouk FkhA os lalkj d¨ lq[kh v©j Álé ns[kuk pkgrs FÄblh dkj.k lUr dfo; a us ekuo thou ds lÒh i{k a&vkfFkZd] lkekftd rFkk vk/;kfRed d¨ lq/kkjus dh ps"Vk dhA ;s lUr ekuork d¨ lnSo gh Ükà[kYkkv a ls mUeqäns[kuk pkgrs F¨ v©j Òfo"; esa ,d LoLFk ,oa vk'kkiw.kZ n`f"Vd¨.k ds vkdka{kh FÄ ;gekuorkoknh n`f"Vd¨.k lUrä ds lkfgR; esa v¨r&Á¨r gSA ,d Òh ,slk lUr ugÈ gSftldk n`f"Vd¨.k ekuorkoknh fopkj/kkjk ls lEié u jgk gÄ ekuo ds vk/;kfRedv©j Yk©fdd thou d¨ lq[kh cukus gsrq bu lar dfo; a us ckjEckj lUekxZ ,oadY;k.kdkjh iFk dh v¨j turk dk /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;kA bUgäus ikjekfFkZd lÙkkdh ,drk fu:fir djds] ;g Áfrikfnr fd;k fd ekuo ekuo esa Òsn ugha gSA lcÁk.kh ,d gh dYkkdkj dh Ñfr;k¡ gSaA fgUnw v©j eqlYkekuä us viuh&viuh feF;kdYiuk ds vk/kkj ij czã ds lEcU/k esa fofo/k Ádkj dh fuLlkj dYiuk,¡ LFkkfirdj Ykh gSaA ek;k] Òze vFkok vKku ds dkj.k ge lR; d¨ ugÈ ns[k ikrs gSaA lR;gh czã gS v©j czã gh lR; gSA mlesa }Sr v©j Òsn ugÈ gSA og iw.kZr;k v}Sr]vuke] vKkr] vej v©j vuUr gSA ml czã d¨ Y¨dj t¨ ÒsnÒko fgUnw v©jeqlYkekuä esa pYkrs gSa] os fujh ew<+rk ds |¨rd gSaA vKku dk foltZu djds] ew<+rkdk ifjR;kx djds] Áse] ln~Òkouk v©j lân;rk dk Álkj u dsoYk O;fäxr thouds fYk, ojnku gS oju~ lekt ds mRFkku v©j fodkl ds fYk, Òh furkUr vko';dv©j mi;ksxh gSA ln~Òkouk ds Álkj ls euq"; ds thou esa v©nk;Z] Lusg] d#.kk] Áse]R;kx rFkk fo'o cU/kqRo dh Òkoukvä dk Lor% fodkl g¨ tkrk gS] t¨ ekuo ds fYk,furkar vko';d gSA bl Ádkj lkekftd lq/kkj ls laLÑfr ds fYk, ubZ fn'kk,¡ [kqYkhv©j lkearh lekt d¨ ns[krs gq,] bls egRoiw.kZ dgk tk,xkA31

vk/;kfRed i{k esa bu lUrä us fuxqZ.k czã dh Áfr"Bk djds rFkkijekFkZ flf) esa osnä] iqjk.k¨sa rFkk dqjku vkfn d¨ x©.krk Ánku djds] bu lUrdfo; a us ,d ,slh Òwfedk ÁLrqr dh] ftl ij fgUnw&eqlYkeku nüä gh leku Òkols [kM+s g¨ ldrs gSaA bl Áeq[k rRo us fgUnw eqlYkekuä d¨ vR;f/kd fudV Ykkdj[kM+k dj fn;kA QYkLo:i bu n¨ lkaLÑfrd /kkjkv a dk feYku gesa dYkk] LFkkiR;]/keZ ,oa lkfgR; esa ns[kus d¨ feYkrk gSA ;g laLÑfr u 'kq) fgUnw gS v©j u 'kq)eqfLYke] vfirq mu nüä dk lqUnj leUo; gSA

e wY;foe”kZ 36

lUnÒZ xzUFk%1- flag] oklqnso] fgUnh lUr dkO; lekt'kkL«kh; v/;;u] fo'ofo|kYk; Ádk'ku] okjk.klh] 2001] i`0 42- lrh'kpUæ] e/;dkYkhu Òkjr] jk0'©0v0Á0 ifj"kn~] ubZ fnYYkh] 1995] i`0 1523- flag] oklqnso] ogh] i`0 44- nkl] vfÒYkk"k ¼la0½] chtd] dchj ikj[k laLFkku] bYkkgkckn] 2002]

i`0 2925- ogh] i`0 8226- nkl] ';kelqUnj] dchj xzUFkkoYkh] dk'kh ukxjh Ápkfj.kh lÒk] dk'kh] 1928] i`0 1287- 'kqDYk] lkfo«kh] lar lkfgR; dh lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd i`"BÒwfe] fo'ofo|kYk; fgUnh Ádk'ku] Yk[kuÅ 1963] i`0 2978- nkl] ';kelqUnj] ogh] i`0 106&589- 'kqDYk] lkfo«kh] ogh] i`0 10310- jTtc dh ok.kh] Kkulkxj Ásl] cacbZ] la0 1975] i`0 12311- ogh] i`0 2712- prqosZnh] ij'kqjke ¼la0½] nknw n;kYk xzaFkkoYkh] ukxjh Ápkfj.kh lÒk] okjk.klh] 1966] i`0 149@1913- ogh] i`0 24914- xq#xzaFk lkfgc ¼vkfnxzaFk½] xq# [kkYklk Ásl] verlj] i`0 59515- 'kekZ] gfjukjk;.k ¼la0½] lqUnj xzUFkkoYkh] jktLFkku fjlpZ l¨lk;Vh] dYkdÙkk] la0 1983] i`0 5516- 'kqDYk] lkfo«kh] ogh] i`0 10317- ogh] i`0 19618- ogh] i`0 31319- flag] oklqnso] ogh] i`0 320- fnudj] jke/kkjh flag] laLÑfr ds pkj v/;k;] Yk¨dÒkjrh Ádk'ku] bYkkgkckn] 1999] i`0 27221- flag] t;nso o M‚0 oklqnso flag] dchj ok³~e;] fo'ofo|kYk; Ádk'ku] p©d] okjk.klh] i0 459&6022- nkl] ';kelqUnj] ogh] i`0 7823- flag] ;¨xsUæ] lar jSnkl] Yk¨d Òkjrh Ádk'ku] bYkkgkckn] 2008] i`0 15124- 'kqDYkk] lkfo=h] ogh] i`0 25125- ogh] i`0 25126- ogh] i`0 25227- ogh] i`0 25828- ogh] i`0 28629- ogh] i`0 25830- ogh] i`0 25931- Áse'kadj] ÒfädkO; dk lektn'kZu] ok.kh Ádk'ku] ubZ fnYYkh] 2007] i`0 47

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e wY;foe”kZ 37

vkt dk le; vkSj dchj ds lkekftd ewY;f”kokuh flag*

e/;dky esa iSnk gq, dchj us vius le; vkSj lekt dks rks igpkukgh lkFk gh lkFk mls iwjh fuMjrk ls viuh ok.kh esa vfHkO;Dr Hkh fd;kA mUgksaus viusle; vkSj lekt ds izfr vkykspukRed :[k viuk;kA dchj us viuk lekt n”kZubu “kCnksa esa O;Dr fd;k gS&

dchjk [kM+k cktkj esa] ek¡xs lcdh [k+Sj Auk dkgw ls nksLrh] uk dkgw ls cSj AAdchj rks chp cktk+j [kM+s gksdj lcdh [kS+j ek¡xrs gSa exj D;k vkt

ge chp cktkj [kM+s gksdj lcdh [k+Sj ek¡xrs gSa ;k ek¡x ldrs gSa \ tkfgj gS mÙkjudkjkRed gh gksxk A dchj dk le; gekjs vkt ds le; ls T;knk mFky&iqFkyHkjk Fkk A ianzgohsa “krkCnh esa Hkkjr esa bLyke vkSj fgUnw /keZ ds chp la?k’kZ py jgkFkkA ml le; ds eqdkcys vkt ge vf/kd “kkar vkSj ln~Hkkoiw.kZ ekgkSy esa jg jgsgSa exj fQj Hkh vkt vius vkSj viuksa ds vykok dksbZ fdlh dh [kSj u rks ek¡xukpkgrk gS vkSj u gh ekaxrk gS A vkt ls Ng lkS lky igys dchj yksxksa dks *tkxrjfg;ks HkkbZ* dg jgs Fks exj u rks rc yksxksa us mudh ckr ekuh vkSj u gh vkt ekujgs gSaA dchj dh lcls cM+h fo”ks’krk ;g gS fd mUgksaus vius le; vkSj lekt lsvyx ,d u, lekt dk fodYi gekjs lkeus izLrqr fd;kA ,slk lekt tks lHkhizdkj ds HksnHkko ls eqDr gks rFkk tgk¡ lHkh euq’; leku gksaA

dchj ftl e/;dky esa gq, Fks] mlesa cgqr ls vkarfjd fo[kaMuksa dsckotwn eq[; :Ik ls nks gh tkfr;k¡ Fkh&fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku] ftuds chp ,sfrgkfldvkSj rkRdkfyd dkj.kksa ls Hk;kud oSeuL; vkSj vius ij vMs+ jgus dh ft+n FkhAfgUnw tkfr o.kZ&O;oLFkk] HksnHkko vkSj /kkfeZd deZdkaMksa esa gh my>h gqbZ Fkh tcfdeqlyeku tkfr /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk esaA bl fo}s’k dks lekIr djus ds nks gh mik;dchj dks fn[k jgs Fks&,d rks nksuksa ds ckg~;kpkjksa dh O;FkZrk crkuk vkSj nwljk Hkhrjds v}Sr dk lk{kkRdkj djkuk A os fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku nksuks ds ckg~;kpkjksa dk [kaMudjrs gq, dgrs gSa&

uk tkus rsjk lkgc dSlk gS Aelftn Hkhrj eqYyk iqdkjs] D;k rsjk lkfgc cfgjk gS Afpm¡Vh ds ix usoj ckts] lks Hkh lkgc lqurk gS AAiafMr gks; ds vklu ekjs] yach ekyk tirk gS Avarj rsjs diV drjuh] lks Hkh lkgc y[krk gSAAdchj dk ;g er Fkk fd ml ije rRo dh HkfDr esa lcls cMk+ jksM+k

/kkfeZd ckákpkj gh gSA mUgksaus fgUnqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa esa /keZ ds uke ij izpfyr/kkfeZd vkMacjksa dk dM+s ls dM+s “kCnksa esa [kaMu fd;kA mUgksaus fgUnqvksa ds osnikB]rhFkZLFkku] ozrks|kiu] Nwvk&Nwr] vorkjokn] deZdkaM vkfn lcdk fojks/k fd;kAo.kkZJe O;oLFkk ds uke ij ml le; fgUnw lekt esa izpfyr Nwvk&Nwr vkSjtkfr;ksa dh vLi`”;rk dks dchj us dHkh Lohdkj ugha fd;kA mUgksaus ges”kk ;gh dgk*“kk s/k Nk=k] fgUnh foHkkx] dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky;] okjk.klh

e wY;foe”kZ 38

fd ge lc ml ,d ijerRo ls mRiUu gq, gSa vkSj mlus geesa dksbZ HksnHkko ughafd;k gSA czkã.k vkSj “kwnz dk Hksn rks dchj ekurs gh ugha FksA os iz”u djrs gSa&

gekjs dSls yksgq rqEgkjs dSls nw/krqEg dSls czkã.k ge dSls lwn Adchj dk ;g fo”okl Fkk fd lHkh euq’; ,d gh ewy ls mRiUu gq,

gSa A mudk dguk Fkk fd tc lHkh euq’; ,d gh T;ksfr ls mUiUu gq, gSa] rc czkã.kvkSj “kwnz dk oxhZdj.k dgk¡ rd U;k;laxr gS\ /keZ dk eeZ u le>uk vkSj feF;kdks lp dk ntkZ nsuk ml ;qx dh fo”ks’krk Fkh&

fgUnw dgs eksfg jke fi;kjk] rq:d dgs jfgekuk Avkil esa nksm yM+h&yM+h eq, eje u dkgw tkuk AAdchj lHkh euq’;ksa ds chp eS=h LFkkfir djuk pkgrs FksA os ;g

pkgrs Fks fd lekt esa lHkh euq’; fey&tqy dj “kkafr vkSj ln~Hkko ls jgsaA MkñcPpu flag dchj ds ckjs esa fy[krs gSa&ÞmUgsa dksbZ Hkh er Lohdkj ugha tkseuq’;&euq’; ds chp Hksn mRiUu djrk gSA mUgsa dksbZ Hkh vuq’Bku ;k lk/kuk eatwjugha gS] tks cqf)&fo:) gSA mUgs dksbZ Hkh “kkL= ekU; ugh gS tks vkReKku dks dqafBrdjrk gSA osn&fdrsc HkzeksRiknd gS] vr% vLohdk;Z gSA rhFkZ] ozr] iwtk] uekt] jkstkxqejkg djrs gSa] blfy, vxzkg~; gSaA iafMr&ikaMs] dkth&eqYyk mu /keksZa ds BsdsnkjgSa tks /keZ ugha gSA vr% ?k.kkLin gSA**1 dchj euq’; dks flQZa euq’; ds :Ik esa ns[kukpkgrs Fks] fgUnw&eqlyeku] iafMr&eqYyk ds :Ik esa ughA mUgksus fgUnw&eqlyeku dschp ,drk ykus dk iz;kl fd;kA

flQZ lkekftd Å¡p&uhp ij gh dchj us vkØe.k ugh fd;kcfYd bZ”oj HkfDr ds iziapksa dks Hkh pqukSrh nsus dk lkgl fn[kk;k A muls igys“kk;n gh fdlh lar us bZ”oj HkfDr ij brus vkdzked rjhds ls dqN dgk gks&

;g lc >wBh canxh fojFkk iap uokt AlkapS ekfj >wfB if<+ dkth djS vdkt AAvkt brus o’kksZa ckn Hkh yksx tkfr ds uke ij ,d&nwljs dks ekj

jgs gSaA /keZ dk eeZ u rks yksxksa us rc le>k Fkk vkSj u vkt gh le> jgs gSaA dchjus ftl tkfr&ikfr dk fojks/k vkt ls Ng lkS lky igys fd;k Fkk] og vkt vkSjHkh dBksj :Ik esa gekjs lkeus vk jgk gSA vius ckxh /keZ ds fuokZg ds fy, dchjbudkj dh ijkdk’Bk rd igq¡p x, FksA mUgksaus [kqn dks fdlh Hkh /keZ esa “kkfey udjrs gq, ?kks’k.kk dh&*uk eSa fgUnw uk eqlyekuk*A dchj us lk/kuk ds lHkh {ks=ksa esackg~;kpkj dk fojks/k fd;k A os lkjs deZ&fo/kku ftuds ewy esa dksbZ rRo ugha gS]dchj ds fy, O;FkZ gSa A os vPNh rjg tkurs gSa fd “kjhj dk ;ksx rks lc lk/krs gSa]eu dk ;ksx rks dksbZ fcjyk gh lk/krk gS&

ru dkS tksxh lc djs] eu dk fcjyk dksbZ Alc fof/k lgtS ikb;s] ts eu tksxh gksbZ AAvkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh us viuh iqLrd *dchj* esa dchj ds

O;fDrRo dk fcYdqy lgh fo”ys’k.k djrs gq, fy[kk gS&**dchjnkl ,sls gh feyu&fcUnq

e wY;foe”kZ 39

ij [kM+s Fks] tgk¡ ls ,d vksj fgUnqRo fudy tkrk gS vkSj nwljh vksj eqlyekuRo]tgk¡ ,d vksj Kku fudy tkrk gS vkSj nwljh vksj vf”k{kk] tgk¡ ij ,d vksj;ksxekxZ fudy tkrk gS nwljh vksj HkfDrekxZ] tgk¡ ,d rjQ fuxqZ.k Hkkouk fudytkrh gS] nwljh vksj lxq.k lk/kukA mlh iz”kLr pkSjkgs ij og [kM+s FksA og nksuksa vksjns[k ldrs Fks vkSj ijLij&fo:) fn”kk esa x, gq, ekxksZa ds xq.k&nks’k mUgsa Li’Vfn[kkbZ ns tkrs FksA**2

rSarhl djksM+ nsoh&nsorkvksa vkSj nfl;ksa vorkj okys bl ns”k esamUgksaus lkjs vorkjokn vkSj nsoh&nsorkvksa dk fu’ks/k djrs gq, bZ”oj&vYykg&czã]jke&jghe dks ,d ekukA ;g ,ds”ojokn gh mUgsa eafnj&efLtn] dkck&dk”kh]rhFkZ&ozr&jkstk&miokl&uekt&canxh lcls vyx ?kV&?kV esa] fiaM&fiaM esa vkSjnqfu;k tgku esa ns[kus vkSj ikus dk fo”okl nsrk gS A blh ds pyrs dchj /keZ dkeeZ dks le> ik, tks lsok] ij&midkj] ij&nq[kdkrjrk] lnkpj.k] lPpkbZ] fueZyvar%dj.k] bZekunkjh ds lkFk thus ds vykok vkSj dqN ugha gS A /keZ ds bl eeZ dkstkudj gh dchj vius le; ds lcls *lsD;wyj* O;fDr mHkj dj lkeus vkrs gSa Amudk fopkj gS fd ,d gh T;ksfr lcesa O;kIr gS] nwljk dksbZ rRo ugha&

,dfga T;ksfr ldy ?kV O;kid nwtk rÙk u gksbZ AdgS dchj lqukS js larks HkVfd ejS tfu dksbZ AAdchj ,ds”ojokn ds leFkZd Fks A mudk ;g fopkj Fkk fd ,d gh

ijerRo dks jke vkSj jghe dg nsus ls nks ugha gks tk,xk A ekyk vkSj rlohg ijti djus ls og pht nks ugha gks tk,xk&

vjs HkkbZ nksb dgk¡ ls eksgh crkoks Afcfpfg Hkje dk Hksn yxkoks AAtksfu mikb jsph }S /kjuh] nhu ,d chp HkbZa djuh Ajke&jghe tir lqf/k xbZ] muh ekyk rlch ybZa AdgS dchj psr js Hkksanw] cksy fugkjk rq:d u fgUnw AAdchj us vius le; dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks xgjkbZ ls ij[kk Fkk vkSj

;g ik;k fd lHkh /keZ bZ”oj ds fofo/k ukeksa esa gh my>s gq, gSaA mudk ;g fopkjFkk fd gesa vyx&vyx ukeksa ds Qsj esa u iM+dj ml vf}rh; ijerRo dks Lohdkjdjuk pkfg, tks lcds ewy esa fLFkr lR; Lo:Ik gSA jke&jghe&djhe] vYykg][kqnk o xksj[k tSls ukeksa ds vk/kkj ij O;fDr fo”ks’k ds :Ik esa le> ewyr% ogh ,dlR; gS tks loZ= O;kIr gS] ftlds vfrfjDr vkSj dqN Hkh ugha gS& tksxh xksj[k&xksj[k djS] fgUnw jke uke mPpkjS A eqlyeku dgS ,d [kqnkbZ] dchj dk Lokeh ?kfV&?kfV jg~;ks lekbZ AA

bZ”oj ds okLrfod jgL; dks u le>dj gh yksx uke ds Qssj esa iM+sjgrs gSa vkSj ewy rRo dks tku gh ugh ikrs A ,ds”ojokn dh ckr djrs gq, Hkh dchj,sls /keZ dks Lohdkj ugha djrs tks nqfu;k ds lkjs deZ dks R;kxdj fuo`fÙk dh vksjys tk, A os Li’V “kCnksa esa dgrs gSa&

e wY;foe”kZ 40

gk¡Fk&ik¡o dj dke lc fpÙk fujatu ukfy Adchj fdlh /keksZins”kd dh rjg flQZ Kku gh ugh ugh ckaprs Fks

cfYd deZjr jgrs gq, bZ”oj gh HkfDr djrs FksA dchj Lo;a tqykgs dk dke djrsFksA O;olk; ds ek/;e ls dchj us NksVs&cM+s dk Hksn nwj djus dk iz;Ru fd;kAlaHkor% ;g igyh ckj Fkk fd ,d HkDr vkSj egkRek us vius lk/kkj.k /ka/ks dk R;kxfd, fcuk xkSjo izkIr fd;k A bl rF; ls dchj dh bl fu’Bk dk dk cks/k gksrk gSfd ekuo&ekuo ds chp Hksn iSnk djus esa dsoy o.kZ] tkfr vkSj /keZ gh ck/kd ughgS cfYd O;olk; ds vk/kkj ij Hkh lekt esa Å¡p&uhp dk Hksn fd;k tkrk gSA dchjus bl Hksn dks Hkh pqukSrh nh vkSj viuk dke djrs gq, bZ”oj dh HkfDr dhA dchjcM+s xoZ ls dgrs gSa&

tkfr tqykgk efr dks /khj] gjf’k&gjf’k xq.k jeS dchj Aesjs jke dh vHkS in uxjh] dgS dchj tqykgk Arw ckeu eSa dklh dk tqykgk AAdchj flQZ *ckrksa ds “ksj* ugh FksA mUgksus turk dks dsoy mins”k

ugh fn, cfYd viuh dgh ,d&,d ckr dks [kqn vius thou vkpfjr Hkh fd;kA:f<+;ksa vkSj jhfr;ksa ij izgkj djuk rks ljy gS] exj Lo;a mu ckrksa ij pyuk ljyughA dchj blfy, ,d felky gSa fd mUgksus igys viuk ?kj Qw¡dk] fQj nwljksa lsviuk ?kj Q¡wddj vius lkFk pyus dks dgk&

dchjk [kM+k cktk+j esa] fy, yqdkBh gkFk Atks ?kj tkjs vkiuk] pys gekjs lkFk AAdchj esa tks QDdM+rk] vD[kM+rk vkSj eLrh Fkh og mUgsa viuk ?kj

tyk nsus ds ckn gh feyh FkhA exj vkt yksxksa esa *?kj tksM+us dh ek;k* bruh izcygks x;h gS fd mUgsa vius LokFkZ ds vykok vkSj dqN lw> gh ugh jgkA dchj dslekt&n”kZu ij fopkj djrs gq, jkepUnz frokjh fy[krs gSa&**dchj dk ;fn dksbZlekt&n”kZu gS rks og euq’; ds ckg~; thou dks uSfrd vkpj.k dh e;kZnk esacka/kus okyk] ekuo&/keZ dh Å¡pkbZ ij igq¡pkus okyk gSA dchj dk y{; O;fDr gh gSAmUgksus O;fDr dks gh vk/;kRe psruk ls eafMr djuk pkgk FkkA**3 okLro esa dchjdk vk/;kRe euq’; dks lHkh ckg~; vkMacjksa ls gVk dj ,d bZ”oj ij dsfUnzr djrkgS A

dchj vdsys dh eqfDr ugha pkgrs gSa] os rks lkjs txr dh eqfDrpkgrs gSaA rHkh rks os lcdh dgrs gSa&*eSa rks lcgha dh dgkSa*A blfy, dchj dk/keZ vuk;kl gh lekt&lq/kkj vkSj euq’;rk dk izfreku cu tkrk gSA dchj ustkfr&ikfr] Nwvk&Nwr] Å¡p&uhp vkSj czkã.k&”kwnz ds Hksn dks fljs ls udkj fn;kAblfy, dchj dks lekt&lq/kkjd dgk tkrk gSA fuLlansg bu lHkh Hksn&Hkkoksa ds nwjgksus ls lqanj lekt dk fuekZ.k gks ldrk gSA ,slk lekt ftlesa czkã.k&”kwnz esa dksbZHksn u gks] tkfr&ikfr dk Hksn u gks vkSj gj euq’; leku le>k tk,] exj ,slslekt dh jpuk vkt rd ugha gks ikbZ gSA dchj dksbZ lekt&lq/kkjd ugh FksAdchj dk eq[; y{; ekuo ek= esa lerk vkSj ,drk LFkkfir djuk FkkA dchj u

e wY;foe”kZ 41

rks fdlh lekt&lq/kkjd dh Hkk¡fr dksbZ mins”k nsus vk, Fks vkSj u gh fdlh lHkkdks LFkkfir djuk gh mudk mn~ns”; FkkA MkWñ cPpu flag us Hkh mUgsa lekt&lq/kkjdekuus ls budkj fd;k gSA vius *fgUnh lkfgR; dk nwljk bfrgkl* esa os fy[krsgSa&**mUgsa ¼dchj½ lekt&lq/kkjd dguk muds egRo dks de djuk gSA os ,d ,sls/keZ dh LFkkiuk djuk pkgrs Fks ftlesa u dksbZ fgUnw gks u dksbZ eqlyeku] u dksbZekSyoh gks u iqjksfgr] u dksbZ “ks[k gks u cgjeu] lc euq’; gksaA ;g Økafrdkjh dneFkk u fd lq/kkjoknA**4 dchj dk y{; ekuo&ek= esa lerk vkSj ,drk LFkkfir djukFkk A okLro esa dchj ewy :Ik ls ,d HkDr Fks A os bZ”oj HkfDr ds lkFk viuk thou“kkafr ds lkFk O;rhr djuk pkgrs Fks] exj tc mUgksus vius vkl&ikl /keZ ds ukeij euq’;&euq’; ds chp Hksnksa dh [kkbZ ns[kh] Ny&diV dk O;ogkj ns[kk] oxZ&Hksnds dkj.k nq[k&nSU; dk izlkj ns[kk] rks os vius lq[k dks NksM+dj bl Hksn&Hkko dksfeVkus esa tqV x, A

dchj dh psruk ewyr% vk/;kfRed FkhA mUgksus lk/kuk ds lHkh {ks=ksaesa ckg~;kpkj dk fojks/k fd;k gSA os lkjs vkSipkfjd deZdkaM ftuds ewy esa dksbZ rRough gS] dchj ds fy, O;FkZ gSA ftu ukFkiafFk;ksa ls dchj dks tksM+k tkrk gS] mudsvkMacjksa dk Hkh dchj us fojks/k fd;k gSA os ;g Li’V ns[k jgs Fks fd lHkh /keksaZ dsyksx ckákMacjksa esa gh Qals gq, gS] muds ewy rRo dks ugh tku jgs gSA dchj dgrsgSa fd yksx ti&ri] jkstk&uekt dks gh /keZ ekurs gSaA exj os ;g iz”u djrs gSafd vxj eu gh lkQ ugh gS rks *otw* djus ls D;k ykHk\ uekt djuk ;k gt vkSjdkck tkuk rHkh lkFkZd gS tc fny esa eSy u gks&

D;k vtw ti eatu fd,] D;k elhfr fl: uka, Afny efg diV fuokt xqtkjS D;k gt dkoS tk, AAdchj Kku ds lgkjs gh ewfrZiwtk] rhFkZ;k=k] fryd] ekyk] daBh tSls

ckg~;kpkjksa dk [kaMu djrs gSaA os iqLrd esa fy[kh ckrksa dks Hkh fujFkZd ekurs gSaAmUgksus iqLrdh; Kku vkSj vkSj mldks vftZr djus okys iafMrksa dh tM+rk dk vR;arfueZerk ls migkl mM+k;k gSA os iqLrdh; Kku dks Hkze esa Mkyus okyk Kku ekursFksA bUgha iqLrdksa ds lgkjs iafMrksa us turk esa va/kfo”okl QSykdj mudk “kks’k.kfd;k gSA blfy, dchj bl izdkj ds iafMrksa dh fuank rks djrs gSa gh lkFk gh lkFkKku laca/kh viuh ekU;rk Hkh Li’V djrs gSaA dchj Li’V “kCnksa esa dgrs gSa fd i<+usds Qsj esa er iM+ksA iqLrdsa lgt ckr dks lgt rjhds ls u dgdj vkSj Hkh my>knsrh gSa&

esjk rsjk euqvk dSls bd gksbZ js AeSa dgrk gkSa vk¡¡f[ku ns[kh] rw dgrk dkxn dh ys[kh AeSa dgrk lqj>kougkjh] rw jk[;ks v:>kbZ js AAdchj ds fy, Kku ,slk vkStkj Fkk ftldh lgk;rk ls og /keZ vkSj

er&erkarj ds [kaMu] izfriknu esa viuh j{kk vkSj fojksf/k;ksa dks ijkftr djrs FksAeksrh flag us muds bl KkuekxZ ij fy[kk gS&**mudk ¼dchj½ jkLrk J)k vkSjLohÑfr dk ugh gS] oju LokuqHkwfr vkSj Lora= psruk dk gSA Kku dks og LokuqHkwfr

e wY;foe”kZ 42

ds led{k le>rs FksA muds fy, iqLrdksa esa fy[ks fopkjksa dh tkudkjh Kku ughFkhA**5 dchj ds lekt&lq/kkj vkSj fonzksgh psruk ds dsUnz esa vk/;kRe gSA dchj ftl*Kku dh vk¡/kh* dh ckr djrs gSa mls dksbZ Hkh ,sfgd n”kZu vkSj rdZ ugha le>ldrkA og ,d lar dk vk/;kRe gS ftldh ifj.kfr vk¡/kh ds ckn cjlus okyk ikuhgS&

vk¡/kh ikNs tks ty cjlSfrfg rsjk tu Hkhuka A;g vk¡/kh vkSj blds ckn gksus okyh ckfj”k feydj gh ml Kku dks

lkFkZd djrs gSa ftlls eu vkSj yksd ds lkjs va/ksjs N¡V tkrs gSaA dchj bl Kku dhvk¡/kh ds ckn izse dh ckfj”k pkgrs gSa&;kuh jkx dk foLrkj vkSj mnkÙkhdj.kA exjblds lkFk gh dchj ml ikafMR; dks Hkh O;FkZ ekurs gSa tks flQZ Kku dk cks> <+ksukfl[kkrk gS] tks euq’; dks tM+ cuk nsrk gS vkSj tks euq’; dks ijes”oj ds izse lsoafpr dj nsrk gS&

if<+&if<+ ds iRFkj Hk;k] fyf[k&fyf[k Hk;k tw¡ bZaV AdgS dchjk izse dh] yxh u ,dks NhaV AAiksFkh if<+&if<+ tx eqvk] iafMr Hk;k u dks; A<+kbZ vk[kj izse dk] i<+s lks iafMr gks; AAdchj dk ;g ekuuk Fkk fd ml ije rRo dks izse ls gh ik;k tk

ldrk gSA leLr ckg~;kpkjksa dh igq¡p ls Åij gSA dchj us lHkh ckg~;kMacjksa dksvLohdkj djds flQZ izse dks gh Lohdkj fd;kA izse euq’; dks euq’; ls rks feykrkgS gh og bZ”oj rd igq¡pus dk ek/;e Hkh gSA os izse vk/kkfjr lekt dk fuekZ.k djukpkgrs FksA exj u rks yksx rc gh mudh ckrksa dks ekus vkSj u vc gh mudh ckrksadks le> jgs gSa A dchj ,slk lekt fufeZr djuk pkgrs Fks tks vkilh izse] HkkbZpkjsvkSj ln~Hkko ij vk/kkfjr gks A ftlesa tkfr] /keZ] oxZ] o.kZ dh dksbZ nhokj u gksA exjge ns[krs gSa fd vkt Hkh ogh dBeqYykiu] ik[kaM] ckg~;kpkj] eafnj&efLtn ds>xM+s] euq’; ds Je dh voekuuk lekt esa QSyh gqbZ gS A vxj dchj vkt gekjsle; esa gksrs rks fuf”pr gh dg jgs gksrs&

tqxu&tqxu leq>kor gkjk] dgh u ekur dksbZ js AlanHkZ xzaFk %

1- flag] MkWñ cPpu] fgUnh lkfgR; dk nwljk bfrgkl] jk/kkÑ’.k izdk”ku] laLdj.k&2009] i`ñ 882- f}osnh] gtkjh izlkn] dchj] jktdey izdk”ku] rhljk laLdj.k&1976] i`ñ 189]3- frokjh] MkWñjkepUnz] dchj ehekalk] yksdHkkjrh izdk”ku] izFke laLdj.k 1976] i`ñ134]4- flag] MkWñ cPpu] fgUnh lkfgR; dk nwljk bfrgkl] jk/kkÑ’.k izdk”ku] laLdj.k 2009] i`ñ 84]5- Lukrd]fot;sUnz¼la-½] dchj] jk/kkÑ’.k izdk”ku] vkBoka laLdj.k] i`ñ138

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e wY;foe”kZ 43

xq: ukud vkSj muds mins'kksa esa fufgr ekuo ewY;jkds'k dqekj f}osnh*

e/;;qxhu Hkkjro"kZ ds vk/;kfRed egkiq:"kksa esa fLkD[k /keZ dsizorZd xq: ukudnso dk uke fo'o foJqr gSA tkfr] /keZ vkSj lEiznk; ds chpHksn&fHkfRRk dks /kjk'kk;h dj ekuoek= ds dY;k.k ds fy, m|ksx djuk gh mudsthou dk y{; FkkA mudk vk/;kfRed lans'k ckg~;kpkj deZdkaMksa vkSj :f<+;ksa ls ijs,sls ijekRerRo dk foosd gS ftldh izkfIr ds fy, gh nqfu;k esa ukuk /keZ vkSj iaFk[kM+s fd;s x;s gSaA mUgksus euq"; dks viuh nqfuZokj euksofRr;ksa ij fot; izkIr djusds fy, dgk ftlds cgdkos esa vkdj o dqiFk dh vksj pyk tkrk gS] tgk¡ papyfpRr tho :ih ex dks iki #ih vadqjksa dh gjh&gjh [ksrh pjus ds fy, LoPNan NksM+nsrk gSA Hktu&ladhrZu] lRlax vkSj /;ku tSls cht ea= ds }kjk gh vk/;kRe dsizse&ljksoj esa Mwcdj ml ^vdky iq:"k* dk fparu djrs gq, euq";] {kf.kdlq[kksiHkksxksa ls ijs] lPps vkSj ifo=kpj.k }kjk ml vuar vkuan ls ;qDr fiz;re dkn'kZu dj ldrk gS] ftlus Åij uHk:ih Fkky esa lw;Z vkSj pUnz uke ds nhid tykj[ks gSa] lkjh oujkft ftlds fy, vius Qwyksa dk migkj fy, [kM+h gS vkSj lkjhizÑfr ftldh vkjrh mrkjus dks epy jgh gSA

xq: ukudnso ds tUe ds lUnHkZ esa frfFk;ksa dks ysdj fo}kuksa esa nksrjg dk erokn ns[kus dks feyrk gSA fgUnh lkfgR; ds lq/kh leh{kd vkpk;ZjkepUnz 'kqDy izHkfr fo}ku tgk¡ budk tUe foØe laor~ 1526 dkfrZd iwf.kZek dksekurs gaSA1 ogha vkpk;Z ijlqjke prqosZnh flD[kksa ds /kkfeZd lkfgR;kuqlkj foØe laor~1526 oS'kk[k 'kqDyi{k r`rh;k bZ0 lu~ 1469 dks ekurs gSaA2 blesa frfFk;ksa dk varjLi"V gS rFkkfi yksd esa Hkh dkfrZd iwf.kZek gh ûkud t;arh* ds :i esa izpfyr gSA

ykgkSj ¼orZeku ikfdLrku½ ds ryoaMh uked LFkku esa dkywpanz [k=h;k dY;k.kjk; ds ?kj ekrk rIrk dh dks[k ls ukud dk tUe gqvkA ^^ml le;iatkc izkar esa izpfyr izFkk ds vuqlkj ekrk dks viuh larku dh mRifRr ds le;vius ek;ds tkuk iM+rk FkkA bl dkj.k rIrk dks Hkh viuh izFke larku dks tUensrs le; ek¡> esa tkuk IkM+k Fkk vkSj mudh iq=h ukuk ds ?kj mRiUu gksus ds dkj.kûkudh* dgyk;h FkhA ukud dk uke Hkh mDr ukudh cgu ds uke ds vuqlj.k esagh j[kk x;k vkSj blh ¼ukud½ uke ls ;s vkxs pydj izfl) gq,A**3 dkykarj esaukud ds uke ij mDr xk¡o dks ûudkuk* dgk tkus yxkA ;g xk¡o orZeku ykgkSjds nf{k.k&if'pe] yxHkx rhl ehy dh nwjh ij eakVxksejh ftys dh lhek ds iklfLFkr gSA ukud ds firk dkywpan [k=h blh xk¡o ds iVokjh FksA

xq: ukudnso cpiu ls gh vR;ar 'kakr vkSj /kkfeZd LoHkko ds FksAcM+s gksus ij ekrk&firk us bUgsa xgLFk ds ikjaifjd dk;ksZa esa yxk;k ij budk eulaklkfjd dk;ksZ esa ugh yxkA iatkch] fgUnh vkSj Qkjlh dh f'k{kk izkIr dj ukudmRrjksrj vk/;kfRed fparu esa Mwcrs x;sA 18 o"kZ dh mez esa ekrk&firk us budkfookg lqyD[kuh ¼lqyPNuh½ uked ;qorh ls dj fn;k] dkykarj esa buds nks iq=Jhpan vkSj y{ehpan gq, rFkkfi ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd iRuh ls ukud ds e/kqj*lgk;d izk/;kid] fgUnh foHkkx] Mh0,0oh0ih0th0 dkyst] okjk.klh

e wY;foe”kZ 44

laca/k ugha FksA vkpk;Z ijlqjke prqosZnh us ^mRrjh Hkkjr dh lar ijEijk* esa budsfo"k; esa fy[kk fd ^^L=h vf/kdrj ek;ds esa gh jgk djrh FkhA xq: ukud nso dsxgLFk thou ds fo"k; esa vf/kd irk ugha pyrkA bruk gh izfl) gS fd iRuh vkSjifr ds ikjLifjd Hkko vkn'kZ dgs tkus ;ksX; u FksA**4 bldk ykHk mBkdj ukudns'k&Hkze.k ij fudy iM+s vkSj LFkku&LFkku ij lRlax vkSj izopu fd;kA ^^'krkCnhchr tkus ds ckn xq:ukud igys egkiq:"k Fks] ftUgksaus iatkc dh misf{kr] ihfM+r vkSjvkRefoLer turk dh psruk dk Li'kZ fd;k FkkA**5 blh Hkze.k ds nkSjku yfgukuked O;fDr ls budh eqykdkr gqbZ tks vkxs pydj ukud dk ijefiz; f'k"; cux;k vkSj enkZuk* uke ls [;kr gqvkA enkZuk xkus dh dyk esa fuiq.k FksA vius vusdf'k";ksa ds lkFk Hktu&ladhrZu djrs gq, vkf'ou 'kqDy n'keh dks djrkjiqj] iatkcesa laor~ 1515 rn~uqlkj lu~ 1538 dks&ôkg xq:* dgrs gq, ukud us viuk nsgikrfd;kA

ekuork ds dY;k.k ds fy, cq) dh Hkk¡fr ukud us Hkh yksxksa dkslaklkfjd ca/ku o nq%[kksa ls eqfDr gsrq mifn"V fd;kA oLrqr% ^xq: ukud Hkfo"; nz"VkFksA mUgksaus vk/;kfRedrk vkSj uSfrdrk ls izsfjr vkSj laf'y"V deZ;qDr thou dkLoIu ns[kk Fkk vkSj ,sls lekt dh dYiuk dh Fkh tks ,d vksj LokFkhZ iqjksfgr oxZls eqDr gks] nwljh vksj fujadq'k jktkvksa vkSj muds vR;kpkjh pkVqdkjksa ls os ,degku f'k{kd FksA mudh ltZukRed nf"V dk ifj.kke mudh f'k{kkvksa ls iSnk gksusokyk] Øakfr dh vkx esa nedrk gqvk og flD[k /keZ Fkk ftlds vuq;k;h /keZ;ks)kvksadh 'kfDr ds :i esa lkeus vk;s] ftlls mRrjh&if'peh Hkkjr ds cgqr cM+s fgLls dkbfrgkl izHkkfor gqvkA**6- flD[k yksx ,d yM+kdw ;ks)k ds :i esa Hkh nqfu;k esa tkusx;s] dkyakrj esa blh mn~ns'; dks ysdj blesa ^[kkylk iaFk* dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA

tgk¡ rd ukud nso dh jpukvksa dk iz'u gS] rks buds xk;s gq, inksadk ladyu flD[kksa ds ^vkfnxzaFk* esa laxzghr gS ftls bl /keZ ds vuq;k;h cM+h J)kls xkrs gSaaA vusd jkx&jkfxfu;ksa esa ;s in fuc) gSaA mudh izeq[k jpuk ^tiqth* gSftlds lanHkZ esa vkpk;Z ijlqjke prqosZnh us Hkh fy[kk gS fd ^^mudh eq[; jpukvksaesa lcls izfl) ^tiqth* gS tks izR;sd flD[k dks fiz; gS vkSj ftls og izfrfnolizkr%dky 'kakfriwoZd i<+k djrk gSA blesa dqy 38 Nan gSa vkSj blds vkfn rFkk varesa Hkh ,d “yksd gS ftlds varxZr muds mins'kksa dk lkj vk tkrk gSA ;g flD[k/keZ ds vuq;kf;;ksa ds fy, oSlk gh egRroiw.kZ gS] tSlk fgUnqvksa ds fy, Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk*dh iqLrd le>h tkrh gSA**7- budh vU; jpuk ^vlknh ckj* gS ftlesa egkuijekRek dh Lrqfr dh x;h gSA ^jfgjkl* Hkh i<+us dk laxzg gS tks vU; xq:vksa dhjpukvksa dh gh rjg lw;kZLr ds le; i<+h tkrh gS] blh izdkj ^lksfgyk* ;k ^lksoucsyk* dk ikB lksrs le; fd;k tkrk gSA ukud nso dh LQqV jpuk&inksa dk ladyu^xq:xzaFk lkgc* ds varxZr fHkUu&fHkUUk jkxksa esa fd;k x;k gSA czg~e] tho] txr]ek;k] uke&Lej.k] vkRe&Kku] HkfDr] eqfDr] u'ojrk vkfn dk izfriknu budhjpukvksa vkSj mins'kksa dk ewy fo"k; gSA /;ku vkSj ;ksx lk/kuk dh egRrk ds lkFkgh lkFk lkekftd lejlrk] /kkfeZd] lfg".kqrk] d:.kk] n;k] ijksidkj] ns'kkuqjkx]

e wY;foe”kZ 45

uSfrd vkpj.k] ,oa ijekRek ds izfr vxk/k izse budh jpukvksa dk lkj rRo gSaA uezrk]ân; dh lPpkbZ] lknxh vkSj ifo= vkpj.k ij ukud us lnk tksj fn;kA viusthoudky esa gh vius fiz; f'k"; yfguk ftls os vaxn dgdj cqykrs Fks] xq:&xn~nh*l¡Hkkyus dk funsZ'k fn;kA vius iq=ksa Jhpan vkSj y{ehpan ls vf/kd ;ksX; le>us dsdkj.k mUgksaus vaxn dks gh viuk mRrjkf/kdkjh ?kksf"kr dj lR;fu"Bk dk ,d egkumnkgj.k rks LFkkfir fd;k gh ;g Hkh ladsr dj fn;k fd ^xq:&xn~nh* iq'rSuh ugksdj ;ksX;re ds fy, gSA

flD[k /keZ dh ekU;rk ds vuqlkj xq:ukud nso esa Hkko&ifjorZuvpkud rc gqvk tc ,d fnu ;s eksnh [kkus esa ukSdjh djrs gq, vkVk rkSy jgs FksArjktw ds rkSy dk dze fxurs&fxurs ;s rsjg* ij vkdj :d x;s vkSj vR;Ur Hkkofog~oyrk ls ^rsjk&rsjk* dgus yxs] blls vf/kd vkVk rkSy fn;k ftlls ukjktgksdj ekfyd us bUgsa ukSdjh ls fudky fn;kA ukSdjh ls gkFk /kksus ds i'pkr~xq:ukud us lEiw.kZ ns'k vkSj fons'kksa rd dk Hkze.k fd;k ftlls budk vkuqHkkfodKku rks ifjiDo gqvk gh ojap ns'k&fons'k esa f'k"; Hkh curs pys x;s vkSj bl izdkjbuds uke ls ,d u;k iaFk ;k /keZ py iM+kA ^^xq:ukud fdlh ladqfpr /kkfeZdfopkj/kkjk ds izorZd ugha FksA os ,sD; lk/kd Fks ml ;qx esa] tgk¡ vkØakrk fons'khlRrk ls ns'k dh laLÑfr] /keZ vkSj n'kZu dh j{kk ds lkFk gh vius nSfud thou dhlqj{kk ,oa 'kakfriw.kZ lekt dh cgqr vko';drk FkhA xq:ukud us ns'k ds fofHkUuHkkxksa esa fc[kjs gq, larksa dh ok.kh dk laxzg fd;kA bu larksa esa fgUnw Hkh Fks] eqlyekuHkh FksA mPp o.kZ ds Hkh Fks] fuEu o.kZ ds Hkh FksA**8 vkxs pydj iape xq: vtqZunsous budk ladyu ^vkfn xzaFk* ds uke ls fd;k ftlesa mRrjh Hkkjr ds egkjk"Vª dsukenso vkSj f=ykspu tSls larksa dh ok.kh dk Hkh ladyu dj ns'k dh HkkokRed vkSjlakLÑfrd ,drk dh felky dks izLrqr fd;kA

xq: ukudnso us thouHkj fofo/k /keksZa] oxksZa] tkfr;ksa vkSj lEiznk;ksads chp leUo; vkSj lfg".kqrk LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;k ftlds dkj.kvKkurko'k ns'k vkSj lekt iru dh xrZ esa tk jgk FkkA e/;;qxhu Hkkjrh; lektesa NqvkNwr] Å¡p&uhp dh tkfr tM+rk vius pje izd"kZ ij FkhA ml ;qx esaeqlyeku dh vis{kk fgUnw] lo.kZ dh vis{kk vlo.kZ vkSj vNwr rFkk ;ksxh dh vis{kkxgLFk] uhp vkSj fuEu le>k tkrk FkkA ,sls yksxksa dks txkrs] Kku&izdk'k QSykrs]mUgsa thou dk lkj le>krs gq, ukud us tkfr&tM+rk ds nEHk ij izgkj djrs gq,dgk&^bZ'oj mUgha dh enn djrk gS tks uhp vkSj fuEu dks mBkrk gS&

^ftRFks uhp l¡Hkkfy;u]frRFks unfj rsjh c['khlA*9-ml dky ds lkearh ;qx esa mPPkdqy esa tUe ysus dk vgadkj Loeso

lHkh dks gks tkrk FkkA >wBh eku&e;kZnk] dqy&xkSjo dk niZ ekuoh; izse vkSj lektdks fNUu&fHkUUk dj nsus dk ckg~;kMEcj loZ= O;kIr FkkA dchj dh Hkk¡fr xq:ukudnso us Hkh mPPk dqy ds yksxksa ij O;aX; djrs vkSj mUgsa lko/kku djrs gq,

e wY;foe”kZ 46

dgk&^czkã.k og gS tks czã dk fopkj djrk gS] u fd og tks vius o.kZ dk vfHkekudjrk gS&

^tkfr dk xjc u dfj;gq dksbZAczã fcUns lks czkã.k gksbZAA*10-dchj vius le; ds lekt vkSj mPPk dqy ds yksxkas dks lacksf/kr

djrs gq, Bhd blh izdkj dh ckr jgs Fks]a tjk ns[ksa fd ukud vkSj dchj dh ckrksaesa fdruh lekurk Fkh&

îafMr Hkwys if<+ xqu osnk]vki viuikS tkfu u HksnkAvfr xqu xjc djS vf/kdkbZ]vfrdS xjcu gksb HkykbZA* & dchjnklfuEUk tkfr;ksa ds izfr xgjh lgkuqHkwfr ds vfrfjDr xq: ukud ds

ân; esa ml le; dk og ukjh lekt Hkh Fkk] tks misf{kr frjLÑr vkSj vkRekiekfurFkkA xq:Ukkud us Li"V dgk&^rqe ml ukjh dk frjLdkj D;ksa djrs gks ftlus iFohij egku liwrksa dks tUe fn;kA ukjh us gh uj dks tUe fn;k vkSj dksbZ Hkh iq:"kukjh ls NqVdkjk ugh ik ldrk] dsoy ,d vksadkj gh og vdky iq:"k* gS tks ukjhds fcuk gS] 'ks"k dksbZ Hkh ukjh tkfr ds midkj ls ijs ugh gSA*

fgUnqvksa ds vfrfjDr ukud us ik¡p oDr dh uekt vnk djus okyseqlyekuksa dks Hkh lacksf/kr djrs gq, dgk fd fujh ckrsa djus ek= ls dksbZ cfg'r¼LoxZ½ esa ugh tk ldrk lR; dk thou esa vkpj.k djus vkSj ifo= thou thus lsgh vYykg dk jgeksdje izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ik¡p oDr dh vlyh ik¡p uekts+bl izdkj gSa& izFke uekt+ lR; cksyuk gS] gd+ dh dekbZ djuk nwljh uekt+ gSAijekRek ls lcdh fgr dkeuk djuk rhljh uekt+ gS] uh;r vkSj eu dks lkQ j[kukpkSFkh uekt+ gS vkSj ijekRek ds ;'k dh iz'aklk ik¡poh uekt+ gSA bu ik¡pksa uekt+ksds lkFk tks mPPk Loj esa dyek i<+rk gS ogh lPpk eqlyeku dgykus dk vf/kdkjhgS&

îaft fuoktk c[kr iaft iatk iats ukmAifgyk lpq gyky nqb rhtk [kSj [kqnkbZAApmFkh uh;r jkfl euq iatoh flQfr lukbAdj.kh dyek vk¡[ksa rk eqlyek.kq lnkbAA*11-fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku /keksZa ds fy, ukudnso us crk;k fd ;s

vyx&vyx dksbZ /keZ ;k iaFk u gksdj ijekRek rd igq¡pus vkSj vkRek dks Å¡pkmBkus ds nks ekxZ gSaA ;fn vkilh jkx&}s"k Hkqykdj xaHkhjrk ls bl ckr dks le>fy;k tk; rks vkil dk etgch cSj [kRe gks ldrk gSA

xq: ukudnso ekurs Fks fd lHkh /keksZa] lHkh iaFkksa dk lkj&rRo ,dgh egku lR; dk vkRefoosd gS] fHkUUk&fHkUu uke vkSj iaFk ml rd igq¡pus dslk/ku ek= gSA HkDrksa dh izkr% dkyhu izkFkZuk tiqth* dh ,d dkO; jpuk esa ijekRekdh mnkRr dYiuk djrs gq, xq:ukud us leLr czg~ekaM dks mldh vkjrh mrkjrs

e wY;foe”kZ 47

gq, dfYir fd;k gSA bl dfork dks i<+rs gq, ikBd ^Hkxon~xhrk ds egku fo'olans'k ds chp vius dks lgt gh ikus yxrk gSA mnkRr f'k[kj dks Nwrh gqbZ ;gnk'kZfud dfork vuar dh lRrk ¼ukud nso ds 'kCnksa esa tks djrkj gS½ dk fnXn'kZudjkrh gS] bldk ,d va'k n'kZuh; gS&

^^lks n: dsgk lks ?k: dsgk] ftrq cfg ljc lekysAckts ukn vusd vla[kk dsrs ckck.kgkjsAAdsrs jkx ijh flm dgksvfu dsrs xko.kgkjsAxkofg rqguks ,m.kq cS lar: xkoS jktk /kjeq nqvkjsAAxkofg fprqxqirq fyf[k tk.kfg fyf[k fyf[k /kjeq ohpkjsAxkofg bZl: cjek nsoh] lksgfu lnk lokjsAxkofg bZn bZnklf.k cSBs nsofrvk nfj ukysAAxkofg fl/k lek/kh vanfj xkofu lk/k fopkjsAxkofu trh lrh larks[kh xkofg ohj djkjsAAxkofu iafMr iM+fu j[khlj tqxq tqxq csnkukysAxkofu eksg.kh;k euq eksgfu lqjxk eN ibvkysAA*12-vFkkZr~ gs ijekRek! rsjk og }kj dgk¡ gS\ vkSj rsjk og ?kj dgk¡ gS\

tgk¡ cSBdj rw lHkh izkf.kek= dks l¡Hkkyrk gS] rsjs njokts ij vla[; ukn gks jgs gSa]vla[; ok| vkSj jkx&jkfxfu;ksa esa rsjk xq.k ik;k tk jgk gSA gs izHkq! rqEgkjk ;'kiou] vfXu] ty] lHkh xk jgs gSaA /keZjkt Hkh rsjs njokts cSBdj rsjk gh xq.kxku djjgs gSaA fp=xqIr] tks lHkh ds iki&iq.; fy[krs gSa vkSj muds /keZ ds vuqlkj fopkjdjrs gSa] os Hkh rsjk xq.kxku dj jgs gSaA bZ'oj ¼f'ko½] czãk] nsoh ¼tks rqEgkjs }kjk½ lqanj:i esa cuk;s x;s gSa] os Hkh rsjs ;'k dk xhr xk jgs gSaA nsorkvksa ds lkFk banzklu ijcSBs gq, bUnz Hkh rsjs }kj ij cSBk rsjk xq.kkuqokn dj jgs gSaA lk/kq] iq:"k vkSj lTtuyksx ;rh lRoxq.kh] rih] larks"kh vkSj egku 'kwjohj rsjk gh ;'k xhr xk jgs gSaA;qx&;qxkUrj esa osnksa ds v/;;u }kjk iafMr vkSj _"khoj rsjs gh egRrk dk xq.kkuqokndj jgs gSaA eu dks eksgus okyh LoxZ&vIljk,¡ ¼eksfgfu;k¡½ rFkk ikrky esa fLFkrdPNePNkfnd rsjh gh iz'kalk dj jgs gSaA

ijeczã dk vk/;kfRed vuqHko vkSj mlds n'kZu ls mRiUu vuarfoLe; lkjs vfLrRoksa esa Js"Beku gSA izÑfr dh fojkV lRRkk esa ukudnso us viuslkgc] djrkj] ijexq: dh vuar :iksa esa dYiuk djrs gq, lkjs fo'o dks eafnj dsleku ekurs gq, mls ijenso ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k gSA vkdk'k ds rkjs] lw;Z vkSjpUnz] /kjrh] ey;kfuy vkSj laiw.kZ ouLifr ml l`f"VdrkZ dh vkjrh mrkjus esafujUrj layXu gSaA ukud dh bl jpuk dk egku vkSnkR; ns[krs gh curk gS&

^xxu esa Fkkyq jfo panq nhid]cus rkjs dk eaMy tud ekRkhA/kwiq eyvkuyks io.kq pojks djsAlxy oujk; Qqyar tksfrAAdSlh vkjrh gksb Hko[kaMuk rsjh vkjrh]vugrk 'kCn cktr esjhAA*13-

e wY;foe”kZ 48

vFkkZr~ vkdk'k ds Fkky esa lw;Z vkSj panzek nhid cudj ty jgs gSaAu{k=x.k eksfr;ksa ds leku fc[kjs gq, gSaA ey; ioZr ls vkrk vfuy /kwi&vx: dkdke dj jgk gS] iou pWoj Mqyk jgh gSA lkjh oujkft vius lqanj&lqnaj Qwyksa dksmigkj esa ysds [kM+k gSA vugn ukn dh Hksjh ct jgh gSA gs izHkq! ;g lkjk fo'o ekuksarsjh vkjrh mrkjus dks csrkc gks jgk gSA blh izdkj ukud nso us viuh vU;kU;jpukvksa esa Hkh bZ'oj ds izfr miÑr ekuo thou vkSj izÑfr dh ,slh gh HkO; vkSjmnkRr dYiuk dh gSA ^d:.kk dk lans'k* uked jpuk esa ?kM+h ds fcEc }kjk nsoRols nwj ykyp esa Q¡ls euq"; ds fu%lkj thou dh vksj ladsr fd;k gS ogha ^Hkkjro"kZds fy, jkxkRed laosnuk* uked jpuk esa mUgksaus nhu Hkkjro"kZ vkSj nq%[kh ekuorkds fy, bZ'oj ls buds dY;k.k dh izkFkZuk dh gSA ^bZ'ojh; izse dh lekf/k* ukedjpuk esa ukud us ,sls n`'; dks fpf=r fd;k gS tgk¡ thokRek&ijekRek ds ,sD; dsfy, rM+i jgk gSA

thou ds vusd lkjHkwr iz'uksa ds lkFk eR;q ds fo"k; esa Hkh xq:ukudus dgk fd&HkkX; ds lkeus euq"; vlgk; gSA ;enwr mls ys tkrs gSa vkSj ifjokjds yksx 'kksd eukrs gSaA fojg ds vk¡lw ukud dh ,slh jpukvksa esa eksfr;ksa dh Hkk¡frped jgs gSaA 'kk;n gh dksbZ egku f'k{kd eR;q ds ykSg&f'kdats esa iM+s gq,ekuo&dY;k.k ds fy, cq) dh Hkk¡fr d:.kk ls bruk nzohHkwr gqvk gks] ftruk dhukud dk ân; gqvk FkkA mudh ;s jpuk,¡ blds ckotwn Hkh Øwj eR;q ds Åij euq";ds fot; dk la/kku djrh gqbZ&lh tku iM+rh gSaA /keZ dk jgL; vius mPp /kjkryij igq¡pdj vo.kZuh; vkSj vdFkuh; gks tkrk gSA xq:ukud nso us viuh f'k{kkvksaesa uSfrdrk ij cgqr cy fn;k gS rFkk ckj&ckj fo"k;Hkksxksa dh vksj ys tkus okyhv/ke bfUnz;ksa ij fot; izkIr djus dh ckr dgh gSA ekuoh; d:.kk ls layXu ,slhdBksj psrkofu;ksa dks Hkh ukud us cM+h gh lqanj vkSj izHkko'kkyh iafDr;ksa esa vfHkO;Drfd;k gS] os dgrs gSa&

^papy phrq u jgbZ Bkb]psjh fjxq vaxwjh [kkbApju dey mj /kkjs phr]fp: thou fur uhrAA*14-vFkkZr~ papy fpRr ,d LFkku ij ugha jgrkA ;g thou:ih ex dks

iki:ih vadqjksa dh ¼gjh&gjh½ [ksrh pjus ds fy, NksM+ nsrk gSA ;fn ijekRek dspj.k&dey dks fpRr esa /kkj.k fd;k tk; rks euq"; dk thou bu nwf"kr deksZa lscp ldrk gSaA ^fgalk*] êksg*] ^yksHk* vkSj ^Øks/k* ;s pkj vkx dh nfj;k gSa] ftulsthokRek nX/k ¼nq%[kh½ gSA thou :ih tgkt ij fo"k; Hkksxksa dh lkexzh ykn ysus dsdkj.k izk.kh dks lalkj&lkxj dk fdukjk fn[kkbZ ugha iM+rkA ,sls fo"k&osfy ls cpusds fy, tho dks ful&fnu gfjuke dk Lej.k djuk pkfg, vkSj Kku&izkfIr ds fy,ln~xq: dh 'kj.k esa tkuk pkfg,] D;ksfda ln~xq: uke gh og tgkt gS tks vius 'kCn¼Kku½ds }kjk tho dks lalkj&lkxj ls ikj mrkj ldrk gS&

^lfrxq: gS cksfgFkk lcfn ya?kko.kgk:A*15

e wY;foe”kZ 49

bl izdkj xq: ukudnso us vius fnO; mins'kksa vkSj uSfrd f'k{kkvksads }kjk Hkkjrh; lekt dks ,d ,slh ewY;oku vkSj uohu n`f"V iznku dh ftl jkLrspydj euq"; thou ds ^Js;Ro* dk xzg.k dj ldrk gSA mUgksaus ,d ,slk l'kDrvkSj izHkko'kkyh /keZ dk vk[;ku fd;k ftlls lfn;ksa ls pyh vk jgh ijEijk,¡fofNUu gks xbZ] flagklu nksyk;eku gks mBs] R;kx&cfynku vkSj izkf.k&ek= dh lsokHkko ls vksr&izksr muds /keZ us ekuork dks ,d ubZ jkg fn[kykbZA dguk u gksxkfd vkt tc pkjks rjQ fo'o esa lkekftd] jktuhfrd o /kkfeZd fo?kVu dkokrkoj.k gS] tc yksx dqekxZ esa tkdj iki esa vkdaB Mwc jgs gSa] ,sls esa ukud dsmins'k vkt ds fo'o&ekuork ds fy, igys ls dgha vf/kd vFkZoku vkSj izklafxdgks pqds gSa] blesa la'k; ughaA O;fDr] lekt vkSj jk"Vª dk Hkyk bUgha larksa&egkRekvksads fn[kk;s x;s jkLrs ij pydj gS] ftls vkt dh ih<+h Hkqyk pqdh gSA

lanHkZ xzaFk%1- 'kqDy] vkpk;Z jkepanz] fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] cRrhlok¡ laLdj.k] i0 462- prqosZnh] vkpk;Z ijlqjke] mRrjh Hkkjr dh lar ijEijk] ¼ukud iaFk ;k flD[k

/keZ½] i`0 3583- ogh] i`0 3584- ogh] i`0 3605- flag] eghi] xq: xksfcUn flag] ¼iwoZ ihfBdk½] lkfgR; vdkneh] laLdj.k

2002] i0 76- rkfyc] xqjcpu flag] xq:ukud] vuqoknd&ujsUnzeksgu] lkfgR; vdkneh]

laLdj.k 2002] i0 77- mRrjh Hkkjr dh lar ijEijk] ¼ukud iaFk ok flD[k /keZ½] i0 3648- xq: xksfcUn flag ¼iwoZ ihfBdk½] i0 99- ogh- i0 810- ogh- i0 811- ukud] okj&ek¡>] 10&12] mn~/kr&xq:cpu flag rkfyc] xq:ukud] ogh]

i`0 1812- ukud] tiqth] 27] mn`/kr&mijksDr] i`0 2113- ukud] jkx/kukljh vkjrh 9] dhrZu lksfgyk] mn~/kr&ogh] i0 2614- ukud] jkedyh] egYyk 1] n[k.kh] vksvadk:] 23] mn~/kr] ogh] i0 4215- ukud] jkxek:] egyk 1 vluirh.kk] mn~/kr] ogh] i0 44

****

e wY;foe”kZ 50

xksLokeh th ds jktuhfrd vkn”kZ vkSj vkt dk le;fdju frokjh*

xksLokeh rqylhnkl fgUnh lkfgR; ds lcls cM+s vkn”kZoknh jpukdkjgSaA mUgksaus vius lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls ,d LoLF; ,oa lqUnj lekt ds fuekZ.k dhlQy dksf”k”k dhA vly esa] xksLokeh th ,d ;qx fuekZrk lkfgR;dkj gSaA mUgksausviuh jpukvksa esa vkn”kZ O;fDr] vkn”kZ ifjokj] vkn”kZ lekt ,oa vkn”kZ jkT; dko.kZu dj ;g Li’V fd;k fd gekjs fy, ,sls gh lekt dh vko”;drk gSA x¨Lokehrqylhnkl ewy :i ls r¨ jktuhfrd dfo ugha gSa ijUrq mUgäus vius lkfgR; esavkn”kZ jkT; dh LFkkiuk rFkk dqfRlr jkT; dh HklZRuk ds lw«k ns fn, gSaA lkFk ghmUg aus jktk rFkk jktdeZpkfj; a ds xq.k Hkh crk, gSaA t¨ muds lkfgR; esatxg&txg fey tkrs gSaA oSls rks mudh lHkh jpukvksa esa jktuhfrd vkn”kZ feyrsgSa ijUrq rqylh ds jktuhfr lEcU/kh Áeq[k fopkj tks fd vkt gekjs fy, mi;ksxhgaS&muds fo”oÁfl+) xzaFk *jkepfjrekul^ v©j ^n¨gkoyh* esa feyrs gSaA

x¨Lokeh th ds jktuhfrd vkn”kZ ,oa mu vkn”kksZa dh orZeku le;esa mi;ksfxrk d¨ le>us ds fy, lcls igys gesa muds le; rFkk ml le; dhifjfLFkfr; a ij n`f’Vikr dj ysuk pkfg,A ge tkurs gSa fd rqylh dk ;qxjktraf«kd O;oLFkk dk ;qx FkkA ml le; ns”k ij eqxyä dk “kklu FkkA eqxy“kkld vR;Ur gh vuqnkj ,oa Øwj FksA yksx Mjs&lges ls jgrs FksA ns”k esa jktuhfrdnqO;ZoLFkk O;kIr FkhA jkT;ä esa ijLij ;q) g¨rs jgrs FksA pkj a rjQ ywV&[kl¨V+]nqO;ZoLFkk] v”kkfUr v©j Hk; dk okrkoj.k O;kIr FkkA vly esa] ;g ,slk le; Fkkftlesa Átk vius vki d¨ vlqjf{kr eglwl dj jgh FkhA ns”k esa nSoh v©j ekuoh;vdky ds ckny Nk, jgrs FksA bl lEcU/k esa fLeFk us fy[kk gS&ÞiBku ckn”kkgä v©jtgk¡xhj tSls eqxy a ds }kjk dB¨j n.M fn;k tkrk FkkA flj mrkj ysuk] Qk¡lhp<kuk] [kky f[kapokdj ejokuk&;s n.M foj¨f/k; a v©j fonz¨fg;ä ds fy, ÁpfyrFksAß1 bu eqxy “kkld a ds le; lSfud “kklu O;oLFkk FkhA ftudk mn~~ns”;Átkikyu u g¨dj vius Hk¨x&foykl dh mRre O;oLFkk djuk FkkA bl Hk¨x&foyklds fy, /ku dh vko”;drk FkhA ftls xjhc Átk ls olwyk tkrk FkkA bls Li’V djrsgq, MkW0 mn;Hkkuq flag us fy[kk gS&ßvFkZ v©j dke dh vfHkyk’kk iwfrZ ds fy, Átkdk “k¨’k.k vfuok;Z FkkA lezkVä ds deZZpkjh cM+h u`“kalrk ds lkFk bl deZ dklEiknu djrs FksA lezkVä ds infpºuä ij pyus okys N¨Vs&e¨Vs v/khuLFk jktk HkhnaM d¨ gh lo¨ZRre jktuhfrd mik; ekurs FksAÞ2 blh O;oLFkk dh v¨j ladsr djrsgq, rqylhnkl us dgk gS&

xäM+ x¡okj uìky efg tue egk efgikyALkke u nke u Hksn dfy dsoy naM djkyAA3

rqylh ds le; esa flagkluk:< vdcj dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dkladsr Á¨0 Jhus«k ik.Ms; us bl Ádkj fd;k gS&ßbu fnu a Hkkjr esa LosPNkpkjh rFkkfujadq”k “kklu Fkk v©j lezkV ds vR;kpkj ls dsoy lQyrkiwoZd fonz¨g djds gheqfDr fey ldrh FkhA lezkV d¨ ijke”kZ nsus rFkk “kklu esa mldh lgk;rk djus*“k¨/ k Nk=k] fgUnh foHkkx] dk”kh fgUn w fo”ofo|ky;] okjk.klh

e wY;foe”kZ 51

ds fy, ,d othj vFkok Á/kkuea«kh g¨rk FkkA mldh “kfDr rFkk mlds dk;Z] mldsO;fDrRo rFkk ;¨X;rk v©j lezkV ds O;fDrRo rFkk ;¨X;rk ij fuHkZj jgrs FksA fucZyrFkk vYio;Ld “kkld ds dky esas mldh “kfDr vlhfer g¨ tkrh FkhAß4 vr% geMkW0 x©jh”kadj feJ ds “kCnä esa dg ldrs gSa&ßfu%lansg rqylh ds le; dhjktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr vR;Ur “k¨puh;] n;uh; v©j Nyuke;h FkhAÞ5

bl Ádkj dh fo’ke ifjfLFkfr esa jpuk”khy rqylhnkl us viuslkfgR; ds ek/;e ls ;qxhu ifjfLFkfr; a dh [kqydj HkRlZuk dh rFkk vke turk dkÁfrfuf/kRo fd;kA ge ns[krs gSa fd Hkys gh rqylh lkfgR; esa jktra«kh; O;oLFkk dko.kZu gS ijUrq mudk vkn”kZ “kkld LosPNkpkjh ugha gSA og fcuk loZlEefr ds d¨bZHkh fu.kZ; ugha ysrkA jktk n”kjFk ds eu esa mRdV bPNk Fkh fd jke dk jkT;kfHk’ksdg¨ v©j T;s’B iq«k güs ds ukrs os mlds vf/kdkjh Hkh gSa ijUrq n”kjFk Lo;a jktfryddh ?k¨’k.kk ugha djrs cfYd dgrs gSa&

ßt©a ik¡pfg er ykxS uhdkA djgq gjf’k fg;¡ jkefg VhdkAAÞ6

ysfdu rqylh ds vkn”kZoknh jke vius jkT;kfHk’ksd dh [kcj lqudjeu esa l¨prs gSa&

ßtues ,d lax lc HkkbZA Hk¨tu l;u dsfy yfjdkbZAAfcey cal ;g vuqfpr ,dwA ca/kq fcgkb cMs+fg vfHk’ksdwAAÞ7

vly esa] rqylhnkl us jktuhfr d¨ /keZ dk vax ekuk gSA os blsjkt/keZ dk uke nsrs gSaA ;g ,d ,slk /keZ gS ftldk ikyu jktk] ea=h] lsod v©jÁtk lcd¨ leku Hkko ls djuk gSA ysfdu mudk /keZ orZeku le; dh rjglkEÁnkf;drk rd lhfer ugha gS cfYd og */kkj;fr bfr /keZ%^ ds foLrr ifjÁs{;ls tqM+k gSA t¨ lekt esa euq’; ds drZO; ls lEcfU/kr gSA ge bls êkuo /keZ ;kmlls Hkh c<dj ^tho /keZ^ dh laKk ns ldrs gSaA rqylh ds vuqlkj jktk v©j Átknüä d¨ /keZ”khy gük pkfg,A blhfy, muds Hkjr dgrs gSa&

^^dgm¡ lk¡pq lc lqfu ifr;kgwA pkfgv /kjelhy ujukgwAA e¨fg jktq gfB nsbggq tcghaA jlk jlkry tkbfg rcghaAA**8

ge ns[krs gSa fd rqylh us jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa /keZ dh egRrk d¨lcls egRoiw.kZ ekuk gSA bl lEcU/k esa MkW0 HkxhjFk feJ fy[krs gSa fd &Þrqylh ustgk¡ ij /keZ v©j lekt dh lqUnj v©j vkn”kZ O;k[;k dh gS] ogha ij *jkt/keZ* dhv¨j Hkh lqUnj ladsr fd, gSa v©j bu ladsrä ds }kjk] ,d fof”k’V ijo”krk ds ;qxesa Hkh mudh foy{k.k ÁfrHkk ij vk”p;Z g¨rk gSAÞ9

vly esa rqylh *ujk.kkap ujkf/kie~* dh ekU;rk dk leFkZu djrsgSaA muds vuqlkj Js’B jktk ogh gS ftlesa dq”ky Átkikyu dk xq.k gÄ os vkn”kZjktk dh fo”ks’krk crkrs gq, dgrs gSa&

ßekyh Hkkuq fdlku le uhfr fuiqu ujikyAÁtk Hkkx cl gksfgaxs dcgq¡ dcgq¡ dfydkyAß10

vFkkZr~ ekyh] lw;Z vkSj fdlku ds leku uhfr esa fuiq.k jktk bldfy;qx esa Átk ds lkSHkkX; ls dHkh&dHkh gh gksaxsA ekyh eqj>k, gq, ikS/kksa dks lhaprk

e wY;foe”kZ 52

gS] c<+s gq, vuko”;d Mkfy;ksa dks dkV&Nk¡Vdj vyx dj nsrk gS] detksj ikS/kksa dkslgkjk nsdj vkxs c<+kus esa enn djrk gS vkSj Qyksa ,oa Qwyksa dk mfpr laxzg djrkgSA mlh Ádkj jktk dks viuh Átk ds lkFk mfpr O;ogkj djuk pkfg,A ftlÁdkj lw;Z fdlh dks Hkh ÁR;{k nq%[k u nsdj leqnz vkSj unh ls ty [khap ysrk gSvkSj mlh ty dks ver&lk cukdj ;Fkk;ksX; cjlk nsrk gSA mlh Ádkj jktk dksHkh Átk ls ,sls dj ysuk pkfg, fd mls ml dj dks pqdkus esa dksbZ d’V u gks rFkkjktk dks ml dj dks bl Ádkj Átk fgr esa yxkuk pkfg, fd lkjh Átk larq’V gkstk,A ,oa ftl Ádkj fdlku [ksr rS;kj djrk gS] [kkn nsrk gS] cht cksrk gS] lhaprkgS] mudh j{kk djrk gS fQj Qly idus ij dkVrk gSA mlh Ádkj jktk dks Átkdh gj Ádkj ls fgQktr vkSj lqj{kk djuh pkfg,A rqylh ds vuqlkj ;gh “kklddk /keZ vkSj uhfr gSA

rqylh us vius êkul^ esa ftl jkejkT; dh dYiuk dh gS oghmudk vkn”kZ jkT; gSA ;g ,d ,slk jkT; gS ftlesa lHkh Ák.kh lq[kh v©j larq’V gSarFkk lHkh dk vkpj.k vkn”kZ v©j vuqdj.kh; gSA lHkh jkt/keZ dk ikyu djrs gSav©j ,d nwljs ls ÁseiwoZd feydj jgrs gSaA jktuhsfr dk lh/kk lEcU/k jktxn~nh lsg¨rk gSA ge ns[krs gSa fd ftl jktxn~nh ds fy, eqxydky esa vufxur gR;k,¡ g¨jgh Fkha] HkkbZ&HkkbZ esa dVqrk O;kIr Fkh] iq++=&firk d¨ jktP;qr dj ,oa cUnh cukdjLo;a jktk cudj jkT; djrk Fkk mlh jktxn~nh ds fy, rqylh ds jke v©j Hkjr,d nwljs ls vuqj¨/k djrs gSa fd vki ml ij vklhu gäA ;s nüä jktdqekj ,drjg ls l©rsys HkkbZ gSa ij budk vkilh Áse lxs HkkbZ; a ls c<dj gSA

x¨Lokeh th us n¨gkoyh ds dbZ n¨g a esa vkn”kZ jktk] ea=h v©jlsodä ds xq.k crk, gSaA okLro esa rqylh dh jktuhfr esa foosd dk cgqr egRoiw.kZLFkku gSA jkepfjrekul esa ge vfoosdh jktra= jktk HkkuqÁrki dk ns[krs gSaA t¨taxy esa diV eqfu ls vrqy oSHko dk oj ek¡xrk gS rFkk “kkio”k jk{kl dqy esa jko.kds :i esa tUe ysrk gSA rqylhnkl us eq[k] nk¡r] thHk] gkFk] iSj] vk¡[k vkfn vax a dkmnkgj.k nsdj jktdeZpkfj; a ds dk; Za dk foHkktu fd;k gSA ,d n¨gs esa mUg ausjktdeZpkfj;ksa dks dj] in ,oa u;u ds leku rFkk jktk d¨ eq[k ds leku crk;kgS&

ßlsod dj in u;u ls eq[k l¨ lkfgc gksbA rqylh Áhfr dh jhfr lqfu lqdfc ljkgfga lksbAAß11

r¨ ,d vU; n¨gs esa “kkld d¨ isV] ea=h d¨ thHk] vU; deZpkfj;äd¨ nk¡r rFkk lsuk inkfrtu d¨ jktk ds gkFk&iSj ,oa iwjs lekt d¨ ckyd ds lekudgk gS&

ßjluk eU=h nlu tu r¨’k i¨’k fut dktA ÁHkq dj lsu inkfndk ckyd jkt lektAAÞ12

;kuh ftl Ádkj nk¡r Hk¨tu d¨ dqpydj v©j thHk mldk Loknysdj rFkk ljl cukdj isV esa igq¡pk nsrs gSa v©j isV jl cukdj lkjs vax a d¨ iq’Vv©j larq’V djrk gSA mlh Ádkj ea=h rFkk mlds vU; de+Zpkfj; a d¨ jktk ds fy,

e wY;foe”kZ 53

viuk lkjk dk;Z Bhd Ádkj ls djuk pkfg,A ,oa ftl Ádkj gkFk v©j iSj isV dhj{kk djrs gSa rFkk isV gkFk&iSj d¨ ikyrk&i¨’krk gSA mlh Ádkj lsuk inkfrtu d¨jktk dh j{kk djuh pkfg, rFkk jktk d¨ mudk ikyu&i¨’k.kA lkFk gh ftl Ádkjekrk&firk ckyd dk mfpr ikyu&i¨’k.k djrs gSa mlh Ádkj jktk d¨ Átk dkikyu&i¨’k.k djuk pkfg,A

blh Ádkj rqylh dq”ky jktk d¨ LokFkZjfgr uhfr rFkk U;k;iw.kZdkuwu O;oLFkk dh lh[k nsrs gq, dgrs gSa&

ÞHkysgq pyr iFk i¨p Hk; ui fu;¨x u; useA lqfr; lqHkwifr Hkwf’k;r y¨g l¡okjfr gseAAß13

vFkkZr~~ ftl Ádkj y¨gs ls ihV&ihVdj l¡okjk tkus ij gh lükxguk cudj lqUnj L=h v©j jktk d¨ foHkwf’kr djrk gS mlh Ádkj jktk dh fu’i{kvkKk] LokFkZjfgr uhfr v©j U;k;iw.kZ dkuwu O;oLFkk ds dkj.k Hkys y¨x a d¨ Hkh cqjsekxZ ij pyus esa Mj yxrk gSA vr% jktk d¨ vius jkT; esa fu’i{k] LokFkZjfgr v©jU;k;iw.kZ dkuwu O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k v©j ikyu djuk&djkuk pkfg,A

ge ns[krs gSa fd rqylhnkl us fdrus O;kogkfjd v©j lVhdmnkgj.k a ds ek/;e ls jktk v©j jktdeZpkfj;ä ds nkf;Roä d¨ Li’V fd;k gSAmuds lkfgR; esa of.kZr *jke&jkT;* esa jktk v©j jktdeZpkjh Åij fyf[kr lHkhxq.k a ls ifjiw.kZ gSaA blhfy, mudk jke&jkT; ,d vkn”kZ jkT; ds :i esa ekU;gqvkA ftlesa lHkh Ák.kh /ku] lEink ,oa lq[k a ls ifjiw.kZ gä&

ßnSfgd nSfod Hk©frd rkikA jke jkt ufga dkgqfg C;kikAA ufga nfjnz u nq[kh u nhukA ufga d¨m vcq/k u yPNu ghukAAß14

b/kj dqN vk/kqfudä us rqylh ds jkejkT; d¨ *;wV¨fi;k* lkfcrdjus dh d¨f”k”k dh gS ijUrq ;fn ge dky v©j ifjfLFkfr;ä ds vuqlkj mls le>usdh d¨f”k”k djsa r¨ ns[krs gSa fd vk/kqfud ;qx esa jk’Vªfirk egkRek xk¡/kh us ftlvkn”kZ jkT; dh dYiuk dh og rqylh ds jkejkT; ls gh Ásfjr gSA

vc ge orZeku ifjfLFkfr; a esa rqylh ds jktuhfrd fopkjä dhÁklafxdrk d¨ le>us dh d¨f”k”k djsaxsA blesa lcls cM+h leL;k bl ckr ls vkrhgS fd rqylh ds le; jktra= dh O;oLFkk Fkh v©j vkt dh O;oLFkk Átkrkaf=d gSAifjfLFkfr;k¡ r¨ vkt Hkh yxHkx oSlh gh gSa tSlh rqylh ds le; esa FkhaA vkt Hkhns”k gR;k] MdSrh] vkradokn v©j Hkz’Vkpkj tSls ohHkRl j¨x a ds Ádï ls ttZZj g¨pqdk gSA Hkys gh ge fodkl ds fdrus dkjukes fxuk ysa ysfdu gdhdr ;s gS fdvkt Hkh turk gj txg vius vki d¨ vlqjf{kr eglwl djrh gSA vUrj cl brukgS fd rc fons”kh ge ij “kklu dj gesa ywVrs Fks vc vius ns”k ds liwr ¼;k diwr½ns”k d¨ ywVus v©j turk d¨ =Lr djus esa yxs gSaA jgh ckr jktra=h; v©jÁtkra=h; “kklu O;oLFkk dh r¨ mld¨ Hkh le> ysuk vko”;d gSA

ge lHkh tkurs gSas fd vkt gekjh iwjh tula[;k dh yxHkx 60Áfr”kr vkcknh gh vius erkf/kdkj dk Á;¨x djrh gSA mlesa Hkh gj ,d lalnh;{ks= ls yxHkx 20&22 ÁR;k”kh pquko yM+rs gSaA vc bu 20&22 ÁR;kf”k; a esa ls t¨

e wY;foe”kZ 54

Hkh ÁR;k”kh 25 ls 30 Áfr”kr er ik tkrk gS og fot;h Ä¨f’kr g¨ tkrk gS rFkk ogh30 Áfr”kr tula[;k dk Áfrfuf/k ml lalnh; {ks= dh iwjh tula[;k dkÁfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA bruk gh ugha blds vykok 8&10 ikfVZ;k¡ vyx&vyx pqukoyM+dj] pquko i”pkr~ xBcU/ku dj ljdkj cukrh gSaA ;s xBcU/ku pquko i”pkr~g¨rk gSA pquko iwoZ d¨bZ xBcU/ku ugha g¨rkA r¨ D;k ;g turk ds lkFk /k¨[kk ughagS\ pquko iwoZ ,d nwljs dh fpj Áfr}anh le>h tkus okyh ikfVZ;k¡ pquko i”pkr~vPNh rjg xBcU/ku dj ljdkj cukrh gSaA D;k ;g dsoy in dh ykylk v©jvolj dk ykHk mBkuk ugha gS\ vc l¨pus okyh ckr gS fd usrkv a dh blvoljoknh jktuhfr esa filrk d©u gS\ lk/kkj.k lh ckr gS& flQZ v©j flQZ turkfilrh gSA rc ge dSls dg ldrs gSa fd ge ,d Átkrkaf=d O;oLFkk esa th jgs gSa\;g fdl Ádkj dk Átkra= gS\ tgk¡ dne&dne ij turk filus ds fy, etcwjgSA ftlesa 30 Áfr”kr tula[;k dk Áfrfuf/k iwjh turk dk Áfrfuf/kRo djrk gSAvkSj blds ckn Hkh og Áfrfuf/k Ä¨j Hkz’V güs ij Hkh c[kkZLr ugha fd;k tkrk v©jljdkj pykus okyä ds }kjk xBcU/ku dh etcwjh dk jük&j¨;k tkrk gSA blhÁdkj dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk vuqeku dj rqylh us dgk gS&

Þp<s c/kwjas pax T;ä X;ku T;ä l¨d lektA dje /kje lq[k laink R;ä tkfucs dqjktAAß15

vkt gesa /keZ] deZ v©j lq[k&lEink dh ;gh n”kk ns[kus d¨ feyrhgSA blh Ádkj mUg aus ml jkT;] /keZ vkSj jktk ds tYnh gh u’V g¨ tkus dhlEHkkouk O;Dr dh gS ftlesa xq#] oS| vkSj ea=h Hk; ds ekjs lR; opu ugha dgikrs&

ßlfpo oSn xq# rhfu t©a fÁ; cÿfga Hk; vklA jkt /keZ ru rhfu dj g¨b csfxgha uklAAÞ16

bu ifjfLFkfr; a ls mcjus ds fy, rFkk lgh fu.kZ; dh dq”kyrk dsfy, gh mUgäus dgk gS&

ßydM+h M©vk djNqyh ljl dkt vuqgkfjA lqÁHkq laxzgfga ifjgjfga lsod l[kk fopkfjAAÞ17

vFkkZr~ ftl Ádkj dke dh ljlrk ds vuqlkj ydM+h ;k /kkrq dhdjNqyh dk ;Fkk;¨X; laxzg v©j R;kx fd;k tkrk gSA mlh Ádkj dq”ky jktk d¨fopkj djds vius lsodä v©j l[kkv a dk ;Fkk;¨X; laxzg v©j R;kx djuk pkfg,Ablh Ádkj mUg aus ;g Hkh crk;k gS fd jktk ls nq%[knk;h jktk ds ifjpkjd g¨rs gSaAvr% jktk dk mu ij iw.kZ fu;a=.k gük pkfg, rFkk jktk d¨ Átk ds lq[k&lUr¨’kdk iwjk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,&

ÞÁHkq rsa ÁHkq xu nq[kn yf[k Átfga l¡Hkkjs jkmA dj rsa g¨r Ñiku d¨ dfBu ?k¨j ?ku ?kkmAAß18

blds vykok x¨Lokeh th us jktk jke] n”kjFk] tud] lqxzho]HkkuqÁrki] ckfy v©j jko.k ds ek/;e ls mRre] e/;e rFkk uhp jktkvä ds mnkgj.kfn, gSaA jko.k v©j ckfy ds :i esa ge ,sls fujadq”k “kkld a d¨ ns[krs gSa t¨ dHkh

e wY;foe”kZ 55

vius eaf=; a dh mfpr lykg d¨ ugha ekursA os ln~ijke”kZ nsus okys eaf=;ä rFkkifjtuä dh ckr Bqdjkdj pkiywl rFkk voljoknh eaf=;ä dh ckr ekurs gSaAblhfy, jko.k v©j ckfy ds LoPNUn jkT; dk fouk”k g¨rk gS rFkk lqxzho v©jfoHkh’k.k tSls uhfr dk ikyu djus oky a dk jkT;kj¨g.k g¨rk gSA ,slk fn[kkdjrqylh us ;g Li’V djus dh d¨f”k”k dh gS fd LoPNUn jktk dk fouk”k vo”;EHkkohgSA jke ds ek/;e ls mUgäus ;g Hkh Li’V fd;k gS fd uhfr&fuiq.k] Átkikyd jktkviuh lke] nke] n.M rFkk Hksn uhfr; a ds ek/;e ls vius jkT; dh j{kk gh ughadjrk cfYd og jkT; dk mfpr foLrkj Hkh djrk gSA jkepfjrekul esa ge ns[krsgSa fd jktk jke lke uhfr ds }kjk lqxzho d¨ fe= cukrs gSa] nke uhfr ds rgr vaxnd¨ ;qojkt dk in nsrs gSa] Hksn uhfr ds }kjk “k=q ds HkkbZ foHkh’k.k d¨ vius i{k esafeyk ysrs gSa rFkk n.M uhfr ds }kjk ckfy v©j jko.k dk o/k djrs gSaA vius bUghamfpr uhfr; a ds ek/;e ls jktk jkepUnz vius jkT; dk foLrkj djrs gSa rFkk Átkdk mfpr ikyu&i¨’k.k djrs gSaA jkt/keZ d¨ Li’V djrs gq, jktk jke vius N¨VsHkkbZ Hkjr ls dgrs gSa &

ßjkt/kje ljclq ,ru¨bZA ftfe eu ekg¡ eu¨jFk x¨bZAAß19

vkt rqylh ds bu fopkjä d¨ gesa dq”ky oSnsf”kd uhfr ds fy,viukuk pkfg,A bu fopkjä d¨ viuk dj ge vius oSf”od uhfr dk dq”kyrkiwoZdikyu dj ldrs gSSa rFkk fo”o esa viuh fof”k’V igpku cuk ldrs gSaA

blh Ádkj vxj ge rqylh ds jktraf=d “kklu O;oLFkk d¨ /;kuls ns[kus dh d¨f”k”k djsa r¨ ik;saxs fd muds ekul^ dk “kklura= jktra=kRed g¨rsgq, Hkh y¨dra= ds ewy rRoä y¨d&bPNk rFkk y¨d&dY;k.k d¨ gh viuk, gq, gSAbl “kklu O;oLFkk esa jktk ,d O;fDr ugha oju~ lkekftd bPNk gS v©j jktk ds“kklu ds LFkku ij lekt dk gh vuq”kklu gSA blfy, ml “kklu O;oLFkk eas fdlhÁdkj dh fujadq”krk ugha gS] fdlh Ádkj dk “k¨’k.k ugha gS] ,d i{k ;k ,d oxZ dhvkfFkZd lef) ugha gS oju~ lHkh lq[kh rFkk le) gSaA vkt ds bl Átkrkaf=d “kkluO;oLFkk esa Hkh ge “kSf{kd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd] uSfrd ,oa jktuSfrd nqO;ZoLFkkv a lsf?kjs gq, gSaA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa ge rqylhnkl }kjk Áfrikfnr lkekftd v©jjktuSfrd fopkj a d¨ viuk dj ,d LoLFk ,oa lqUnj lekt dk fuekZ.k dj ldrsgSaA D;äfd ftu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ge th jgs gSa mlh Ádkj dh ifjfLFkfr esa mUg austurk d¨ txkus ds fy, ,d lqUnj lekt dk vkn”kZ mlds lkeus j[kk rFkkv/kehZ jktk jko.k dk fouk”k ,oa /keZ”khy jktk jke dh fot; fn[kkdj ;g Li’Vfd;k fd /keZ v©j uhfr laxr jktk dk jkT; gh nh?kZdky rd fLFkj jgrk gSA bllEcU/k esa mudk dguk gS&

Þdj ds dj eu ds eufga cpu cpu xqu tkfuA Hkwifg Hkwfy u ifjgjS fct; fcHkwfr l;kfuAAß20

x¨Lokeh th us O;fDrxr] ikfjokfjd v©j lkekftd /keZ dh rjg“kkld ds Hkh /keZ crk, gSaA “kkld ds /keZ d¨ Li’V djrs gq, mUg aus crk;k gS fdmls viuh Átk dh j{kk djuh pkfg,] mldk mfpr ikyu&i¨’k.k djuk pkfg, rFkk

e wY;foe”kZ 56

Átk dh lq[k&lqfo/kk dk iwjk [k;ky j[kuk pkfg,] “k=qv a ls vius jkT; dh j{kkdjuh pkfg, rFkk viuh lSfud “kfDr ds lkFk&lkFk Lo;a dh “kfDr d¨ Hkh n`<djuk pkfg,A t¨ “kkld bl jkt/keZ dk ikyu djrk gS mldk jkT; lq[kh ,oale) g¨rk gSA rqylh ds ;s jktuhfrd fopkj vkt dh fo’ke ifjfLFkfr;ä esa lclsvf/kd Áklafxd gaSA

vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd rqylh lkfgR; vius ;qx ds lkFk&lkFkvkt ds lekt dk Hkh ÁfrfcEc gSA og ,d rjg ls lekt dk lafo/kku gSA ftlesaof.kZr jktuhfrd fopkj ftruk rqylh ;qx esa Áklafxd Fks vkt Hkh mrus gh ÁklafxdgSaA muds jktuhfrd fopkjä d¨ xzg.k dj ge ,d lqUnj v©j LoLFk lekt dkfuekZ.k dj ldrs gaSA t:jr gS cl mls ;qxhu ifjfLFkfr; a esa le>us v©j ykxwdjus dhA Hkys gh rqylh us vius lkfgR; esa jktraf=d O;oLFkk dk o.kZu fd;k gSijUrq muds jktra=h; O;oLFkk dh uhfr vkt dh Átkrkaf=d O;oLFkk esa Hkh ÁklafxdgSA

lUnHkZ xzUFk %1- fLeFk] fols.V ,0] vdcj fn xszV eqxy] nwljk laLdj.k] i`0 3132- flag] MkW0 mn;Hkkuq] rqylh dkO; ehekalk] jk/kkÑ’.k Ádk”ku Ák0 fyfeVsM] ubZ

fnYyh] i`0 1883- rqylhnkl] xksLokeh] nksgkoyh] xhrkÁsl xksj[kiqj] ipklok¡ iqueZqnz.k] nksgk i`0

5594- ik.Ms;] Á¨0 Jhus=] Hkkjr dk o`gr~ bfrgkl] nwljk Hkkx] i0 366&3675- feJ] MkW0 x©jh”kadj] n¨gkoyh dk foospukRed v/;;u] p©[kEck lqjHkkjrh Ádk”ku] okjk.klh] i`0 1996- rqylhnkl] x¨Lokeh] jkepfjrekul ¼v;¨/;kdk.M½] xhrkÁsl] x¨j[kiqj]

uoklhok¡ iqueqZnz.k] i`0 3117- ogh] i`0 3158- ogh] i`0 4479- feJ] MkW0 HkxhjFk] egkdfo rqylhnkl v©j ;qx lUnHkZ] lkfgR; Hkou ¼Ák0½ fyfeVsM] bykgkckn] nwljk laLdj.k] i`0 18610- rqylhnkl] x¨Lokeh] nksgkoyh] nksgk la0 50711- ogh] nksgk la0 52312- ogh] nksgk la0 52513- ogh] nksgk la0 50614- rqylhnkl] x¨Lokeh] jkepfjrekul ¼mRrjdk.M½] i`0 85415- xksLokeh] rqylhnkl] nksgkoyh] nksgk la0 51316- ogh] nksgk laaaa0 52417- ogh] nksgk la0 52618- ogh] nksgk la0 50119- rqylhnkl] xksLokeh] jkepfjrekul ¼v;¨/;kdk.M½] i`0 55620- rqylhnkl] xksLokeh] nksgkoyh] nksgk la0 518

****

e wY;foe”kZ 57

ehjk ds dkO; esa izse] HkfDr ,oa L=h&psruk dk Lo:ijatuk ik.Ms;*

HkfDr vkUnksyu ,d loZO;kih vkanksyu FkkA ,slk vkUnksyu tksHkkouk ij cy nsrk FkkA bl vkUnksyu dh fo”ks’krk ;g gS] fd Hkkouk ds /kjkry ijlcdks leku ekurk FkkA HkfDr vkUnksyu ukjh dks Hkh ?kj ls mlh rjg ckgj vkusdk fuea=.k nsrk Fkk] ftl izdkj iq#’kksa dksA HkfDr dh nf’V esa ukjh iq#’k esa vUrjugha] nksukas va”kh ds va”k gSaA ysfdu lkearh O;OkLFkk ukjh dks fo”ks’kr% mPp o.kZ dhukjh dks ?kj ls ckgj fudkyus dh vkKk ugha ns ldrh FkhA ehjk ds HkDr thou dk;gh ewy HkkSfrd la?k’kZ FkkA

jktiwr oa”k esa tkSgj vkfn dh izFkk;sa oa”k dh dqyhurk dh j{kk dsfy, vfuok;Z gks x;h FkhA mPp oxZ dh ;k jkt ifjokjks dh fL=;ksa dk thou [kkusiguus vkSj vkjke ls jgus dh n`f’V ls T;knk lqfo/kktud ugha FkkA inkZ muds fy,vfuok;Z FkkA ;g ;qx fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa L=h dh Lora= vkRekfHkO;fDr ds izfrvuwdqy ugha Fkk ,sls esa ehjk dh LorU= vkRekfHkO;fDr bl lewph lkaerh O;oLFkk dsizfr fonzksg dk ,d iz[kj fcxqy FkhA

ehjk dk fonzksg ,oa la?k’kZ isze dh vuqHkwfr ds lkFk vfHkO;Dr gqvk gSAbu lcdk ,dhÑr v[k.M :i gekjs lkeus mudh dfork esa izdV gqvk gSA ehjkdk thou vkSj dkO; ml dky ds vU; HkDr dfo;ksa dh L=h&lac/kh ekU;rkvksa dkizfrdkj gS] vkSj izR;qRrj HkhA ehjk dh dfork esa eqfDr dh psruk izse ds ek/;e lsO;Dr gqbZ gSA isze lEiw.kZ HkfDr dkO; dk dsfUnz; Hkko gSA fofHkUu HkDr dfo;ksa us izseds fof”k’V Lo:i dh vfHkO;fDr dh gS] ysfdu êhjkckbZ dk izse lcls vf/kd lgtmRd’V vkSj fonzksgh gS] mudks izse dh vfHkO;fDr ds fy, fdlh e/;LFk dh t:jrugha gS]u dchj dh rjg :id dh u tk;lh dh rjg yksddFkk dh vkSj u lqj dhrjg xksfi;kas dh] ogk¡ lh/kk vkSj fu}ZU} vkRekfoHkfDr ds :i esa Â1

^êhjk ds ÑfrRo esa isze vkSj HkfDr ds i{k lgt Hkko ls ?kqy&feyx, gSA ;g lai`Dr vuqHkwfr tks dchj vkSj tk;lh esa vyx&vyx jgL;oknh i)fresa <+yrh gS] vkSj lwj esa Ñ’.k&jk/kk dk iz.k;&fp= cukrh gS ogh ehjk esa lgtvkRekuqHkwfr dk xhr cu tkrh gSA**2

izse ,d vUr% LFky dh vkokt gSa] tgk¡ ij vuqHkwfr dk /kjkry gS]ihM+k dh xgjkbZ gS] ân; dk foLRkkj gS] ifo=rk ,oa fueZyrk gSA HkfDr lkfgR; esaehjk dk dkO; vkus okys lkfgR; ds fy, izfreku ds :i esa gSA ehjk dh vuqHkwfr ghmudk dkO; gSA dkO; ogha gksrk gS tks lgt LQwrZ gks tk;sA ehjk vius le; dhpqukSfr;ksa dks Lohdkj dj ,d izgjh ds :i esa HkfDr ,oa izse dh T;ksfr dks thforj[kus dh yxkrkj dksf”k”k djrh gSA ehjk ds dkO; dh vkRek izse gS] izse dh ifjHkk’kkehjk ds fy, loZLo viZ.k djus dh bPNk gSA og izse dks vius thou dh dlkSVhekurh gSA bl dlkSVh ij bZ’;kZ] Øks/k] ykyp] Hk; vkfn [kjs ugha mrjrs] blh izseds cy ls gh ehjk us e/;dkyhu lekt dh :<+oknh ekufldrk ds ealwcksa dks lQyugha gksus fn;kA*“kk s/k Nk=k] fgUnh foHkkx] dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky;] okjk.klh

e wY;foe”kZ 58

jk.kk th Egkus ;k cnukeh yxs ehBhdksbZ fuanks dksbZ fcanks eSa pywxh pky viwBh A ¼in&34½

ij”kqjke prqosZnh ¼la-½ ¼ehjkackbZ dh inkoyh½ehjk us vius fiz; Ñ’.k ds fy, vius jktlŸkk] ifjokjlŸkk ,oa

lektlŸkk ls yksgk fy;kA ehjk dk fonzksg lekt :ih pkSjkgs ij [kMs+ gksdj pqukSrhnsuk ,oa pqukSfr;ksa dks [kqys :i esa Lohdkj djuk FkkA tSls yxrk gS ;g vikj “kfDr,oa vkRefo”okl fdlh vykSfdd lŸkk dh ns gks] ysfdu okLrfodrk ;g Fkh fd ogizse ,oa HkfDr dh “kfDr FkhA

yksd ykt dqydk.k txr dh nb cgkb tl ik.khvius ?kj dk ijnk dj ysa] eSa vcyk ckSjk.khA ¼in&38½

¼ehjkackbZ dh inkoyh½ehjk dk Loj vkMEcj :ih lalkj ls f[kUu gksdj og flQZ vius

fiz; dh “kj.k esa tkus dk bPNqd gSA og tkurh gSa] fd ;g lekt ftlesa og vHkhrd thfor gS og fdruk nwf’kr gks pqdk gS] tgk¡ L=h Lora=rk dh ckr vkrs ghlekt ds iq#’k oxZ ds lkFk&lkFk mPp oxZ dh fL=;k¡ Hkh lkFk esa gksdj bl Lora=rkdks foÜkà[kyrk le> dj ?kj dh pkj nhokjh dks gh pkj /kke le>us ds fy, foo”kdjrh gSA

E;kjka jh fxj/kj xksiky nwljk .kka dw;kaAnwljka .kka dw;ka lk/kka ldy yksd tw;ka

¼ehjk dk dkO;&fo”oukFk f=ikBh½ehjk dk thou la?k’kZ muds oS/kO; ls izkjEHk gqvkA ehjk] ifr dh eR;q ij

lrh ugha gqbZ vkSj HkfDru gks xbZA ehjk ds ;qx esa ,d L=h ds fy, ,slk la?k’kZ vR;UrdfBu FkkA ysfdu ehjk us vius LoRo dh j{kk ds fy, dfBu la?k’kZ fd;kA ;g jkBkSM+jktdqy dh csVh vkSj fllksfn;k jktdqy dh cgw Fkha] tgk¡ lrh izFkk dk pyu FkkAehjk us yksd Hk; dk lkeuk djrs gq, Li’V dgk&

Hktu djL;ka lrh u gksL;ka eu eksguksa ?k.k ukehAMkW0 eSustj ik.Ms; ds “kCnksa esa dgsa rks **ehjk dk fonzksg ,d fodYighu

O;oLFkk esa viuh LorU=rk ds fy, fodYi dh [kkst dk la?k’kZ gSA mudks fodYi dh[kkst ds ladYi dh “kfDr HkfDr ls feyhA ;g HkfDr vkUnksyu dk Økafrdkjh egŸogSA ehjk dh dfork esa lkearh lekt vkSj laLÑfr dh tdM+u ls cspSu L=h Lojdh eq[kj vfHkO;fDr gSA mudh Lora=rk dh vkdka{kk ftruh vk/;kfRed gS] mruhgh lkekftd HkhA3

ix cka/k ?kqa?kj;k .kkP;ka jhAyksx dãka ehjk ckojh] lklq dák dqy uklka jhAfc[k jks I;kyks jk.kka HksT;ka ihoka ehjk gkalka jhA¼in&36½

¼ehjkckbZ dh inkoyh½ehjk dk fonzksg va/ks ds gkFk yxk cVsj ugha gSa] os vius la?k’kZ dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa

ds ckjs esa iwjh rjg ltx gSA fojks/kh “kfDr;ksa ds [kwa[kkj LoHkko vkSj viuh fLFkfrdh igpku ds ckn gh mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd&

e wY;foe”kZ 59

ru dh vkl dcgqa ukfga dhuksaT;ksa j.k ekagh lwjksaAehjk dh dfork ukjh ds vUreZu dh ?kqVu] rM+i dk izfrfuf/kRo

djrh gSA ehjk ds ;gk¡ Hkh lwjnkl dh xksfi;ksa dh Hkkafr ;g rM+i vkSj ?kqVu lektrFkk yksd ds mu vkn”kZa jhfr&fjoktksa ekU;rkvksa vkSj e;kZnk dh iksy [kksyrs gq,HkfDr ds vkoj.k esa gh ewrZ gqbZ gSaA bl izdkj ns[kk tk, rks ehjk us bl rjg ls lEiw.kZukjh tkfr ds vc rd ds vufHkO;Dr vkSj vudgs dks dgk gSA ehjk ,d ,sls lektdh dYiuk djrh gaS] ftldh uhao izse ,oa R;kx ls rS;kj dh xbZ gksA og ,d Hkksxhfoyklh lekt esa jgdj thou O;rhr djus ls vPNk ml lekt dks NksM+&nsukpkgrh gSA

ufga lq[k HkkoS Fkkajks nslyM+ks jax:MksAFkkjs nslka esa jk.kk lk/k ugha NS] yksx clS lc dwM+ksA ¼in&32½

¼ehjkckbZ dh inkoyh½ehjk us rks pqukSrh Hkjs Loj esa ?kksf’kr dj fn;k Fkk] fd Ñ’.k ds

vfrfjDr nwljk dksbZ O;fDr vius dks iq#’k dgus dk vf/kdkjh gh ugha gSA D;k blsiq#’k lŸkk ds fo:) ,d fonzksfg.kh ukjh dh pqukSrh ugha dgk tk ldrk\ D;k fookgdjus ls bUdkj dj nsuk ;k nsork ls fookg djuk fookg laLFkk dk ewd izfrjks/k ughagS\ ehjk dk thou mudh /keZ lk/kuk vkSj mudh dfork mUgsa ladqfpr /keZ Hkwfe lsÅij mBkdj /keZ dh mPprj Hkko Hkwfe ij izfrf’Br djus dh izfØ;k dk vax gS] ehjkdk u`R; ikjEifjd ikfjokfjd tM+ lEcU/kksa dk izfrjks/k vkSj muds fiz; ds jax esa jaxusdk iw.kZ izek.k gSA

E;ka fxj/kj vkxka ukP;kjh].kkp .kkp E;ka jfld fj>kok izrh iqjkru tkaP;kjhAL;ke izhr jh ck¡/k ?kq¡?kj~;ka eksg.k E;kjks lkaP;kajhAyksd ykt dqyjk ejtknka txeka .ksd .kk jk[;kjhAizhre iy N.k .kk fcljkoka] ehjk gfj jax jkP;kajhA

¼ehjk dk dkO;½**ehjkckbZ dh mikluk *ek/kq;Z Hkko^ dh Fkh vFkkZr~ os vius b’Vnso

JhÑ’.k dh mikluk fiz;re ;k ifr ds :i esa djrh Fkh**4 izse gh ehjk ds lkekftdla?k’kZ dk lk/ku gS vkSj lk/; HkhA ;|fi dchj Hkh dgrs gSa fd ;g izse dk ?kj gS[kkyk dk ?kj ugha gSA ysfdu ehjk dh izselk/kuk dchj ls Hkh vf/kd dfBu gS mudknqxZe izseiFk dk vuqHko Bhd gh dgrk gS %

yxu dks uk¡o u yhtS ik¡o jks HkksyhAyxu yxh dks ikSaMks gh U;kjks] ik¡o /kjar ru NhtSts rw yxu yxkbZ pkgS]lhl dks vklu dhtSA**ehjk dh dfork izsek&HkfDr dh dfork gS] ,slh dfork gS] tks tx

dh dforkbZ ls ijs gSA cztukFk us tks ckr ?kukuUn dh dfork ds fy, dgh Fkh] ogehjk dh dfork ij Hkh gwcgw ykxw gksrh gS] vkSj “kqDy th us ?kukuUn dk Lej.k îzse

e wY;foe”kZ 60

ekxZ dh /khj&xaHkhj ifFkd* ds :i esa fd;k Fkk] ehjk Hkh dqN izse ekxZ dh oSlh gheqlkfQj FkhaA cztukFk us ?kukuUn dh dfork ds ckjs esa fy[kk FkkA

tx dh dforkbZ ds /kks[ks jgsa g~;k¡ izohufu dh efr tkr tdh]leq>S dfork ?ku vkuUn dh] fg; vk¡f[ku usg dh ihj rdhAA5

ehjk dh dfork ds fo’k vkSj ver viuk izrhdkFkZ izkIr dj ysrs gS]fo’k ehjk ds la?k’kZ esa ri dj ver cu tkrk gS] ftls vU; fo’k le>rs gS og ehjkds fy, ver gSA ehjk dh dfork esa ver vkSj fo’k ds tks brus mYys[k gSa] os fuf”pr:i ls mudh Hkkouk vkSj thou vkpj.k ds la?k’kZ ls cgqr xgjs rkSj ij tM+s gSa gekjs;qx ds dfo eqfDrcks/k ds fo’k vkSj vUu ls ehjk dk fo’k vkSj ver cgqr fHkUu ughaA

eSa rqe yksxksa ls bruk nwj gw¡]rqEgkjh izsj.kkvksa ls esjh izsj.kk bruh fHkUu gS]fd tks rqEgkjs fy, fo’k gS] esjs fy, vUu gSA6

ehjk e/;dkyhu HkDr dof;=h gSaA mudh dfork esa HkfDrHkkouk dhvfHkO;fDr gqbZ gSA ysfdu os e/;dkyhu lkearh O;oLFkk dh ihfM+r ukjh HkDrdof;=h gSA bl ihfM+r ukjhRo dks Hkwydj mudh dfork dks ân;axe ugha fd;k tkldrkA e/;dky dk iq#’k dfo HkDr gksus ds fy, *tk¡fr&ik¡fr^] /ku] /kje] cM+kbZNksM+rk Fkk] rks L=h dks **yksd&ykt] dqy Ükà[kyk^ rksMuh iM+rh FkhA ;g Ükà[kyk ehjkdh dfork esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA os HkfDrHkkouk dh vfHkO;fDr djrs le;] lqUnj lslqUnj n`”; dk] *fxj/kj ukxj^ dh eksgdrk vkfn dk fp=.k djrs le; Hkh blÜkà`[kyk esa ca/ks gksus dh vuqHkwfr dks O;Dr djrh gSaA ehjk dh jpukvksa esa yksd&ykt]dqy dks rksM+us dh ckr cgqr ckj vkbZ gSA ;g vdkj.k ughaA ;g ml ca/kuxzLre/;dkyhu ukjheu dh vfHkO;fDr gS] ftlds fo’k; esa rqylh us fy[kk Fkk&fo/kkrkus ukjh dks D;ksa fljtk ml ijk/khu dks lius esa Hkh lq[k ugha feyrkA

dr fcf/k lth ukfj tx ekghaAijk/khu liusgq lq[k ukfgaAArqylh ukjh ijk/khurk dk dkj.k laHkor% u le>rs jgs gksa] ysfdu

og ijk/khu gSa vkSj mls lius esa Hkh lq[k ugha feyrk] ;g ns[krs vkSj eglwl djrsFksA fo”oukFk f=ikBh us êhjk dk dkO;^ iqLrd esa fy[kk gS fd] ehjk us Ñ’.k ds izfrizse dk tks fp=.k fd;k gS] og ,slh ukjh dk fp=.k gS ftlds izse esa lektdne&dne ij ck/kk igqapkrk gSSA og ehjk dks cjtrk gS] gVdrk gS vkSj tc ehjkugha ekurh rks mUgsa *HkVdh^ ;k fcxM+h ?kksf’kr dj nsrk gSA

Fkkjks :i ns[;ka vVdhdqy dqVqEc lt.k lyd ckj&ckj gVdh A ¼in&9½

¼ehjkckbZ dh inkoyh½ehjk fxj/kj ukxj ds n”kZu dh vfHkyk’kk esa vius thou dks lefiZr djrh

gSA ehjk ds izk.k rks fxj/kj ukxj gh gSA tks thou ds fy, lathouh ds leku gSAtSls fcuk ty ds ,d dksey ikS/kk lw[kus yxrk gS mlh rjg ehjk fxj/kj ukxj dsn”kZu dh vfHkyk’kk esa O;kdqy gSA

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vkyh jh E;kjs .ks.kka ck.k iM+hAfpŸk p<+h Egkjs ek/kqjh ewjr] fgoM+k v.kh xM+hAdc jh BkM+h iFk fugkjka vius Hko.k [kM+hAvVD;ka izk.k lkaojks I;kjks] thou ewj tM+hAehjk fxj/kj gkFk fcdkuh] yksd dáka fcxM+hA

¼ehjk dk dkO;½ehjk ds izse ,oa HkfDr esa izfrnku dh Hkkouk gSA ftl le; mPp

dqy dh efgyk,a ?kj dh pkS[kV ikj ugha dj ldrh Fkh] ml le; ehjk vius fiz;¼fxj/kj½ ds ?kj tkus dh ckr [kqy dj djrh gSA ehjk dks vius fiz; dss gkFkksa fcdHkh tk, rks Hkh ehjk dks larqf’V ,oa fo”okl esa deh ugha vk;sxhA blfy, og dgrhgS&^tgka cSBkosa frrgh cSaBw csps rks fcd tkÅaA* ehjk ckj&ckj ;g dguk pkgrh gSfd thou dk izfr{k.k fiz; dks lefiZr gSA ehjk HkfDr ds ek/;e ls HkkSfrd ,oavk/;kfRed :i esa ,dkRe dk vuqHko djrh gSA

eSa fxj/kj ds ?kj tkÅaAfxj/kj E;kajks lkapks izhre ns[kr :i yqHkkÅa

¼ehjk dk dkO;½ehjk nhurk dh ckr dgha ugha djrh gS] muds izse esa vf/kdkj dh

Hkkouk gSA **ekbZ jh Egk fy;ka xksfoUnka eksy^^ ds }kjk ,d mn~?kks’k.kk djrh gS]**r.k okjka egka thou okjka okjka veksyd eksy^^ ls ;g fl) djuk pkgrh gSAxksfoUn dks eksy ysuk ,d vklku izfØ;k ugha] tc fo’k; okluk dk eSy eu lsfudkydj eu dks xaxk ty ds leku ifo= djksxsa rHkh ;g veksyd eksy dh izkfIrgks ldrh gSA bl izkfIr dh izfØ;k esa lekt ds yksxksa dk Hkh izfØ;kRed fuUnk ,oadVq opu lquus dks fey ldrs gS] ftldks cM+h /kS;Zrk ds lkFk vkRelkr djus dkxq.k fodflr djus dh vko”;drk gSA

**dksbZ fuUnks dksbZ fcUnks Egsa rks xq.k xksfoUn dk xkL;ka ^ ehjkvius HkfDr ds }kjk lalkfjd vR;kpkjksa dk [kqydj lkeuk djrh gSA jk.kk dkslEcksf/kr djrs gq, blh cgkus lEiw.kZ tx dks lqukuk pkgrh gS] fd izse ds lkFk HkfDrdk lekxe gks tk, rks dksbZ Hkh “kfDr mldk cqjk ugha dj ldrhA

jk.kkth Fks tgj fn;ks Egs tk.khtSls dapu ngr vfxu esa] fudlr okjk.klhA

¼ehjk dk dkO;½ehjk xksfoUn dk xquxku djrs gq, lq/k [kks dj yhu gks tkrh gS] rc

og ladqfpr /kjkry ls Åij mBdj ekuork ds foLr`r /kjkry ij vius ân; dkfoLrkj djrh gSA

ehjka exu HkbZ gfj ds xq.k xk;“kqDy th us vius fucU/k dfork D;k gS\ esa dgk gS&**ftl izdkj

vkRek dh eqDrkoLFkk Kkun”kk dgykrh gS] mlh izdkj ân; dh eqDrkoLFkk jln”kkdgykrh gSA ân; dh blh eqfDr dh lk/kuk ds fy, euq’; dh ok.kh tks “kCn&

e wY;foe”kZ 62

fo/kku djrh vkbZ gS] mls dfork dgrs gSaA bl lk/kuk dks ge Hkko;ksx dgrs gS vkSjdeZ;ksx ,oa Kku ;ksx dk led{k ekurs gSaA^^ ¼fpUrkef.k Hkkx 1½

ehjk dk lEiw.kZ dkO; blh eqfDr dh lk/kuk dk fo/kku djrs gq,pkSrjQk fonzksg dks jksdrs gq, vkxs c<+rk gSA ftldh ÅtkZ bUgsa lk/kq laxrh ls ghizkIr gksrh gSA pkrd dh rjg og vius izse dk lap;u djds] HkfDr ds feJ.k lsân; :ih lhi esa eksrh dk fuekZ.k djus ds iz;kl esa yxh jgrh gSA

Fks er cjtka ekbjh lk/kka njl.k tkokaaAL;ke : fgjnka clka] Egkjs vksj .kka HkkokA

¼ehjk dk dkO;½ehjk lalkj ds lc lq[k jkt dks R;kx dj ,d ;ksxh tSlk thou

O;rhr djrh gSA lq[kjkt] jktlh oSHko ds izfr mnklhurk dk Hkko j[krs gq, lalkjds lHkh inkFkksZa dk R;kx djrh gSA

xg.k xkaBh jk.k ge lc R;kx] R;kX;ks dj jks pwM+ksAdkty Vhdh ge lc R;kxk]R;kX;ks gS] cka/ku twM+ksA

¼ehjk dk dkO;½ehjk ;g vuqHko djrh gS fd isze dh xyh vR;Ur dfBu gSA ftl

isze esa ^ûk gkS ns[kSa vkSj dw¡ uk¡ rq>s ns[ku nsÅ**]7 dk Hkko gksrk gSA “kqDy thHkh vius fucU/k *J)k&HkfDr^ esa izse vkSj J)k ij fopkj djrs gq, dgrs gS&**J)kdk O;kikj&LFky foLrr gS] izse dk ,dkarA izse es ?kuRo vf/kd gS rks J)k esafoLrkjA^^ ehjk ;g Hkh vuqHko djrh gS fd izse esa lq[k dgka nq%[k gh nq%[k gS&

tksfx;k ls izhr fd;ka nq[k gksbZAizhr fd;ka lq[k uk eksjh ltuh] tksxh fer u dksbZA× × × ×tksfx;kjh izhrM+h gS nq[kM+k jks ewyblh rjg dk nq%[k dchj Hkh izdV djrs gq, dgrs gS&eSa vius fiz;

ds feyu dh vkl yxk;s cSBk gw¡Afcdy pgq¡vksj dks /kkÅ¡A rcgq¡ ufga dar dks ikÅ¡/kjksa dsfg Hkk¡fr lks /khjkA x;kS fxj gkFk ls ghjkA8

¼in&172½ehjk dk Hkkoyksd O;kid nkL; Hkko ds Hkh jax feyrs gSa] fdUrq

vkRe&fuosnu ds bu lHkh :iksa esa ehjk ds m’ÑV Ñ’.k izse ds vykok mudsthoukuqHkoksa dh lPpkbZ vkSj xgjkbZ gSA Ñ’.k dk vn~Hkqr vykSfdd lkSUn;Z ehjk dhvuqjfDr dh ewy izsj.kk vkSj vkd’kZ.k gSaA fujUrj izxk<+ gksrh gqbZ] bl vuqjfDr dspyrs ehjk Ñ’.k ds vuojr lkfu/; dk ;Ru djrh gS] ehjk dHkh&dHkh Ñ’.k dksfxj/kj ukxj lEcksf/kr djrh gS] *fxj/kj^ esa ;fn yksdj{kd Lo:i dh vfHkO;fDr gSrks *ukxj^ esa vnHkqr yksdjatd Lo:i dhA bl izdkj ehjk us Ñ’.k dh *eksfguh ewjrêsa lR;] “khy vkSj deZ dk esy ns[kk gSA

vkpk;Z jkepUnz “kqDy us vius fucU/k *dkO; esa yksd&eaxy dh lk/kukoLFkk^ esa yksdj{kd ,oa yksdjatu dks Li’V djrs gq, dgrs gS&**dqN dfo vkSjHkDr rks ftl izdkj vkuUn&eaxy ds fl) ;k vfoHkwZr Lo:i dh ysdj lq[k&lkSUn;Ze;]ek/kq;Z lq’kek] foHkwfr] mYykl] izse&O;kikj bR;kfn miHkksx&i{k dh vksj vkdf’kZr gksrs

e wY;foe”kZ 63

gSa] mlh izdkj vkuUn&eaxy dh lk/kukoLFkk ;k iz;Ru&i{k dks ysdj ihM+k] ck/kk]vU;k; vR;kpkj vkfn ds neu esa rRij “kfDr ds lapj.k esa HkhA^^

bl izdkj ehjk dk dkO; Ñ’.k ds izfr mudh vuqjfDr vkSj blvuqjfDr ds izfr izfrdwy lekt ds vuqHkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr gSA os vius jkx ;k HkfDrek= ds izfr ,dkxz lekt fujis{k HkDr ugha gSA e/;;qxhu lekt dh os izo`fŸk;ka]tks fo”ks’k :i ls L=h ds neu ds izfr mŸkjnk;h gSa] ehjk ds dkO; esa iz”ukafdr gqbZgSA ehjk us vfHkO;fDr ds fy, izxhr eqDrdksa dk dysoj pquk gSA muds vuqHko usukuk fgLlksa ls lac) gSa vkSj buds Hkhrj ,d egkdkO;kRed vUrlZc)rk izokfgr gSAehjk dh dfork ds fo’k; ij fopkj djrs gq, gesa muds inksa ds O;kid lkekftdlkaLÑfrd lanHkZ dh igpku djuh pkfg,A ehjk ds inksa ls muds Lo;a dk tksO;fDrRo mHkjrk gS og xfjeke;] lk/kq vkSj lkglh gSA Ñ’.k ds izfr ,dfu’B izsels mls ver vkSj xjy dks vyx djds ns[kus dh }U}kRed nf’V nh gSA muds }kjkfufZeZr JhÑ’.k dh Nfo esa Hkh muds vius Hkko&vHkko ds fofo/k lanHkZ izfrfcafcr gq,gSaA dqy feykdj ;g Ñ’.k Nfo vius lkSUn;Z ls T;knk viuh loZtu midkjd{kerk ds dkj.k ehjk ds ân; esa clrh gSA vius vkRefuosnuksa esa ehjk vius vHkkoksavkSj nq%[kksa dh xBjh [kksyrh vo”; gS fdUrq dgha Hkh nq[k ls nch gqbZ dkrj ;kfoxfyr ugha fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA mudk vkRecks/k iz[kj vkSj iw.kZ gSA dguk u gksxk fdÑ’.k mudh iw.kZrk ds fu;ked gSA

lUnHkZ xzUFk % 1- ik.Ms;] eSustj] HkfDr vkUnksyu vkSj lwjnkl dk dkO;] ok.kh izdk”ku]

prqFkZ laLdj.k] i`0 412- prqosZnh] jkeLo:i] fgUnh lkfgR; vkSj laosnuk dk fodkl] yksd Hkkjrh

izdk”ku] lgL=kCn laLdj.k i0 493- ik.Ms;] eSustj] HkfDr vkUnksyu vkSj lwjnkl dk dkO;] i0 434- “kqDy] vkpk;Z jkepUnz] fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] ueu izdk”ku] uohu

laLdj.k 2009] i`0 1015- feJ] f”ko dqekj] HkfDr vkUnksyu vkSj HkfDr dkO;] vfHkO;fDr izdk”ku]

ifjof)Zr laLdj.k] i`0 1836- f=ikBh] fo”oukFk] ehjk dk dkO;] ok.kh izdk”ku] r`rh; laLdj.k] i0 837- f}osnh] vkpk;Z gtkjh izlkn] dchj] jktdey izdk”ku r`rh; laLdj.k

i`0 3298- ogh] i`0 328

****

e wY;foe”kZ 64

izsepUn ds dgkfu;ksa esa fufgr ekuoh;&ewY;jktho dqekj oekZ*

êwY;* “kCn vaxzsth ds ‘Value’ ¼oSY;w½ dk fgUnh :ikUrj.k gS vkSj;g ySfVu Hkk’kk ds Valere ¼oSfy;j½ “kCn ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS&^dher*]^;ksX;rk*] ^mi;ksfxrk*] ,oa êgÙo*A vr% tks dk;Z gekjs fy, egRoiw.kZ gSa] okaNuh;gSa] mi;ksxh ,oa mfpr gSa] êwY;* dgs tkrs gSaA ewY;ksa dk laca/k fdlh Ô;fDr* ;kÔ;fDr;ksa ds lewg* ds O;ogkj ls gksrk gSA ;gha fdlh O;fDr ds O;ogkj dksfu;af=r djrs gSa vkSj ;gh mlds thou dh xq.koRrk dks Hkh izHkkfor djrs gSaA ewY;ds bl fo”ks’krk dks dsUnz esa j[kdj ;fn izsepUnz dh dgkfu;ksa dk ewY;kadu fd;ktk; rks muds vf/kdka”k dgkfu;ksa esa mPp ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk ns[kus dksfeyrh gSA

izsepUn us vius thou dky esa yxHkx rhu lkS ls T;knk dgkfu;ksadh jpuk dh gSA dgkuh ds ckjs esa mudk Lo;a dk fopkj gS fd&^^lcls mÙkedgkuh og gksrh gS] ftldk vk/kkj fdlh euksoSKkfud lR; ij gksA----cqjk vkneh Hkhfcydqy cqjk ugha gksrk] mlesa dgha nsork vo”; fNik gksrk gS&;g euksoSKkfudlR; gSA ml nsork dks [kksydj fn[kk nsuk lQy vk[;kf;dk&ys[kd dk dkegSA**1 izsepUn dh vf/kdrj dgkfu;k¡ bl euksoSKkfud lR; ij lkS Qhlnh [kjhmrjrh gSaA oSls Hkh vk[;kf;dkvksa ¼dgkfu;ksa½ }kjk ekuoh; ,oa uSfrd mins”k dhijEijk /keZxzUFkksa ls ysdj lkfgR; xzUFkksa esa Hkh izpfyr jgh gSA ^dFkk&lfjRlkxj*bldk mnkgj.k gSA blds vfrfjDr ^cSrky&iphlh* vkSj ^flagklu&cRrhlh* blhJs.kh dh iqLrdsa gS] ftuesa u tkus fdruh ekuoh;] uSfrd ,oa /kkfeZd leL;k,¡lqy>k;s x;h gSaA bl rjg Li’V gS fd dgkuh dk eq[; mn~ns”; gksuk pkfg,] fdlheuksoSKkfud lR; dh izfr’Bk vkSj izsepUn dh dgkfu;k¡ bl mn~ns”; dks iwjk djrhgSaA

izsepUn dk izFke dgkuh laxzg ^lksts oru* ds uke ls izdkf”krgqvk Fkk] ftlesa mudh ns”kHkfDr iz/kku dgkfu;k¡ ladfyr gqbZ FkhaA blh laxzg esamudh izfl) dgkuh nqfu;k dk lcls vueksy jru* ladfyr gS] ftlesa izsepUn usfy[kk gS fd ekr`Hkwfe dh j{kk esa “kghn gks tkus okys ns”kHkDr ds “kjhj ls cgus okysjDr dh cw¡ns gh nqfu;k dk lcls vueksy jru gks ldrh gSaA ns”k ds izfr ;gvkxk/k izse mudk viuk thou ewY; gh FkkA izsepUn vius ys[ku ds vkjfEHkd nkSjesa dkaxzsl ds xje ny ds leFkZd cky xaxk/kj fryd ds mxz jk’Vªokn ls izHkkforFks vkSj blh dkj.k mudk igyk dgkuh laxzg lksts oru* rRdkyhu fczfV”k ljdkj}kjk tCr dj fy;k x;k FkkA dkykarj esa jk’Vªh; vkUnksyu dh ckxMksj xka/kh thus laHkkyh ,oa lkFk gh jk’Vªh; vkUnksyu ds vykok lkekftd iz”ukas&lkEiznkf;d,drk] L=h ,oa nfyr mRFkku vkfn fo’k; dks Hkh xka/kh th us vius jk’Vªh; vkUnksyuesa “kkfey fd;k ,oa lR;kxzg] vfgalk] lfou; voKk tSlh ckrksa ij tksj fn;k rksizsepUn Hkh muls izHkkfor gq, fcuk ugha jg ik;s vkSj os xka/kh th ds bu y{;ksa dksvius dgkfu;ksa ds ek/;e ls yksxksa ds lkeus ykuk viuk nkf;Ro le>kA vkxs*ekyoh; ewY; vuq”khyu dsUn z] dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky;] okjk.klh

e wY;foe”kZ 65

pydj izsepUn us xzke ,oa fdlku thou] nfyr thou] L=h thou] cky euksfoKkuvkfn ls lacaf/kr dgkfu;ksa dh jpuk dhA

izsepUnz ds jpukdky ds “kq:vkrh nkSj dh dgkuh cM+s ?kj dh csVh*esa mudh vkn”kZoknh lksp dh vfHkO;fDr gqbZ gSA os la;qDr ifjokj ds fgek;rh FksAbl dgkuh esa vkuUnh viuh /kS;Z] lgu”khyrk vkSj xkaHkh;Z ls ifjokj dks VwVus lscpk ysrh gSA og vius nsoj yky fcgkjh }kjk vieku dh tkrh gS ijUrq {kek ek¡xusij mls ekQ dj nsrh gSA lkFk gh vius ifr }kjk Hkh {kek dj nsus dks vkxzg djrhgSA vkuUnh ds {kek&nku ds mijkUr mlds ckjs esa “olqj dh ;g fVIi.kh dh ^cM+s?kj dh csfV;k¡ ,slh gh gksrh gS* izsepUn ds vkn”kZoknh lksp dh gh vfHkO;fDRk tkuiM+rk gSA ijUrq mUur&fopkj] le>nkjh] vkn”kZ&fpUru vkSj mnkj ân;rk tSlhckrsa cM+s* ?kjksa ;k vfHktkr oxksZa* dh gh pht gks ,slh ckr u gksdj izsepUn us mDrthou&ewY;ksa dks lk/kkj.k oxksZa esa Hkh fn[kk;k gSA ^xksnku* miU;kl ,oa êa=* dgkuhblds izek.k gSaA êa=* “kh’kZd ls izsepUn us nks dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh gSa&izFke dgkuh dspfjr uk;d ia0 yhyk/kj pkScs gSa ,oa nwljh ds cw<+k Hkxr gSA ge ;gk¡ nwljh dgkuhdh ppkZ dj jgs gSa ftlds uk;d cw<+k Hkxr gSaA bl dgkuh dh “kq:vkr ,d ?kVukls gksrh gS] ftlesa Hkxr vius ej.kklUu csVs dks mipkj gsrq MkW0 p<~<k ds ikl ykrkgS] ijUrq og le; ejhtksa ds ns[kus ds ctk; muds xksYQ [ksyus tkus dk Fkk] vkSjHkxr ds yk[k vuqu;&fou; ds ckotwn os mlds csVs dks ugha ns[krs QyLo:imldh eR;q gks tkrh gSA MkWDVjh dks os is”ks dh rjg djrs gSa] fdlh lsok&Hkkoukds rgr ;k uSfrd vk/kkj ds rgr ughaA ;gk¡ mudk vkfHktkR; muds eu ij gkohjgrk gSA yxHkx chl o’kksZa ds mijkar MkW0 pM~<k dk csVk vius gh fryd&lekjksgesa lk¡i ikyus dh viuh :fp dk izn”kZu djrk gS vkSj mlh dk ,d tgjhyk lk¡imls Ml ysrk gSA feLVj pM~<k Lo;a MkWDVj Fks ijUrq muds ikl bldk dksbZ mipkjugha FkkA ogh mls Bhd dj ldrk Fkk ftls liZna”k mrkjus dk ea= gkfly gksAequknh gksrh gS] nl gtkj :i;ksa dk buke ?kksf’kr gksrk gSA equknh Hkxr rd Hkhigq¡prh gSA mlds ikl og ea= Fkk tks MkWDVj ds csVs dks cpk ldrk FkkA mlds euesa vius csVs dh eR;q dh ?kVuk vius lkjs =kln vglkl ds lkFk mHkj mBrh gSAmlds eu esa }U} mBrk gS fd og MkWDVj ds ?kj tk; ;k ughaA dgkuh dk lclsthoar Hkkx Hkxr dk ;g }U} gh gSA og Øwj ugha gS] fu’Bqj ugha gS ijUrq xgjh pksV[kk;k gqvk O;fDr gSA ijUrq mldk nwljk eu] mls izsfjr djrk gS] mldh uSfrdrkdks mHkkjrk gS vkSj og viuh cqf<+;k iRuh dks fcuk crk;sa MkW0 p<~Mk ds ?kj tkdjmuds csVs dks cpk ysrk gsA ;gkW MkW0 p<~Mk vkSj Hkxr dh thou fLFkfr;k¡ fcYdqyfoijhr gSA ,d lEiUu gS nwljk nfjnzA fdUrq MkW0 p<~Mk lEiUu gksrs gq, Hkh nfjnzgSa vkSj Hkxr nfjnz gksrs gq, Hkh ewY;] fu’Bk ,oa uSfrdrk dk /kuh gSA ;gk¡ Hkh izsepUn;g fn[kkuk pkgrs gSa fd ekuoh; ewY; vkt rFkkdfFkr mPp dgs tkus okys yksxksaesa ugha] mu NksVs dgs tkus okys yksxksa ds chp fey ldrs gSaA cw<+s Hkxr dh ekuoh;,oa uSfrd psruk dgkuh dks ,d cgqr Å¡ph tehu ij izfrf’Br djrh gSaA

izsepUn ^vkn”kksZUeq[k ;FkkFkZokn* ds i{k/kj FksA ;g laKk muds

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lkfgR; ij lVhd cSBrh gSA ,d vksj mUgksaus lekt ds dVq ;FkkFkZ dks] mldhfolafxr;ksa dks mtkxj fd;k ogha nwljh vksj ekuo&dY;k.k dh Hkkouk ls vksr&izksregku vkn”kksZ] ekuoh; ,oa uSfrd ewY;ksa ls ;qDr pfj= dh jpuk dhA ûed dknkjksxk* mudh vkjafHkd dqN cgqpfpZr dgkfu;ksa esa ,d gS] ftlesa vlR;] vU;k;vkSj vuSfrd vkpj.k ij lR;] U;k; vkSj uSfrdrk dh fot; fn[kkbZ gSA dgkuh dkuk;d eqa”kh oa”kh/kj ued ds foHkkx esa nkjksxk ds in ij dk;Zjr gS] tks csgnbZekunkj ,oa dÙkZO;fu’B O;fDr gSA ijUrq _.k ds cks> ls ncs firk pkgrs gSa fd csVkÅijh vkenuh ij Hkh /;ku nsaA os igys gh eqa”kh oa”kh/kj dks vkxkg djrs gq, le>kpqds gSa fd&^ûkSdjh esa vksgns dh vksj /;ku er nsuk] ;g rks ihj dk etkj gSA----,slk dke <w<+uk tgk¡ dqN Åijh vk; gksA---osru euq’; nsrk gS] blh ls mlesa o`f)ugha gksrhA Åijh vkenuh bZ”oj nsrk gS blh ls mldh cjdr gksrh gSA**2 fdUrqeqa”kh th ,slk dqN Hkh ugha djrsA ,d fnu nkjksxk oa”kh/kj tequk ds fdukjs bykdsds fo[;kr tehankj ia0 vyksihnhu dks voS/k ued ls ynh xkfM+;ksa dks jksdrs gSaAiafMr th pkyhl gtkj rd nsus dks rS;kj Fks] ijUrq eq”kh th ugha ekus vkSj fgjklresa ys fy,A mu ij eqdnek pyk ysfdu nqHkkZX;o”k vnkyr ia0 vyksihnhu dks cjhgh ugha djrh cfYd oa”kh/kj dh fuank Hkh djrh gS fd viuh foosdghurk ,oamn.Mrk ds pyrs mUgksaus bykds ds ,d Hknz O;fDr dks vdkj.k viekfur fd;k]lkFk gh eqa”khth dks ukSdjh ls Hkh fudky fn;k tkrk gSA ijUrq yxHkx ,d lIrkgchr tkus ds ckn ia0 vyksihnhu Lo;a eqa”kh ds ikl vkrs gSa vkSj eqa”kh oa”kh/kj dksviuh lkjh tk;nkn dk LFkk;h eSustj fu;qDr djrs gSaA bl izdkj izsepUn us ia0vyksihnhu dk ân; ifjorZu dj euq’; dh ln~o`fRr;ksa dh mldh nq’izo`fRr;ksa ijfot; fn[kyk;k gSA lkFk gh vlR; ij lR; dh ,oa vU;k; ij U;k; dh fot;fn[kykdj vius vkn”kksZUeq[kh fopkj dh LFkkiuk dh gSA

djksM+ksa lk/kkj.k Hkkjrh; turk dh /keZ vkSj HkfDr ls tqM+h vkLFkkvksadh foMEcuk vkSj /kkfeZd vkLFkkvksa dks vius fgr esa ,d /ka/kk cukdj pykus okyhfof”k’V tuksa dh viuh LokFkhZ eukso`fr;ksa dks mtkxj djus okyh ,d dgkuhgS&^jkeyhyk*A izsepUn bl dgkuh esa reke lkjs /kkfeZd vk;kstuksa ds Hkhrj lsmn~?kkfVr gksus okys gekjs lkekftd vkpj.k vkSj O;ogkj ds ml Nn~e ij fVIi.khdh gS] ftldk /keZ vkSj HkfDr ls dksbZ ysuk nsuk ugha gSA

izsepUn ds jpukdkj O;fDrRo us Hkkoqd gq, fcuk vius dgkfu;ksa esavlkekU; pfj=kas dks jpdj fo|eku O;oLFkk ds fonzqirkvksa dks mHkkjus ds fy;sa]ikBd dks cspSu vkSj fo{kqC/k djus ds fy;s] O;oLFkk ds okLrfod vekuoh; pfj= dksmldh lkjh vekuoh;rk ds lkFk mn~?kkfVr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA ^ln~xfr*]^lok lsj xsgw¡*] dQu* bR;kfn blh rjg dh dgkfu;k¡ gSA ln~xfr* dgkuh esa nq[khpekj iafMr th ds }kj ij ydM+h dh xk¡B phjrs&phjrs ogha fxj dj ej tkrk gSvkSj mldks mBkdj ys tkus okyk dksbZ ugha feyrk gSA izsepUn dh fdlh Hkh jpukesa iqjksfgr oxZ ij bruk dBksj geyk ugha gSA blh rjg ^lok lsj xsgw¡* dgkuh esa“kadj egktu foiz th ds ?kj ls ^lok lsj xsgw¡* m/kkj ykrk gS vkSj lok lsj xsgw¡ ds

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pØo`f) C;kt esa Q¡ldj “kadj fdlku ls vkthou c¡/kqvk etnwj gks tkrk gS vkSj“kadj ds ejus ds ckn mldk csVk vc foiz th dk c¡/kqvk etnwj cu tkrk gSA lkearhlH;rk esa ekuoh; ewY; dqN&dqN cpk gqvk Fkk] Øwj Hkh {kek dj nsrk Fkk] dBksjls dBksj ân; Hkh dHkh fi?ky tkrk Fkk ijUrq egktuh lH;rk esa lkjs ewY;ksa dsf”k[kj ij iSlk gSA ;g lH;rk furkar fueZe] ân;&ghu ,oa vekuoh; gS] ftldhvkRek Ô;fDrokn* gSA izsepUn us xzkeh.k thou dh bUgha fueZe lPpkbZ;ksa dks viuhi{k/kjrk vkSj ekuoh; laosnukvksa ds lkFk viuh dgkfu;ksa esa iwjh jpukRed rVLFkrkds lkFk mtkxj fd;k gSA

^bZnxkg* dgkuh izsepUn dh cgqr gh cgqpfpZr ,oa yksdfiz; dgkuhgSA bl dgkuh dh yksdfiz;rk dk dkj.k blds varxZr izsepUn }kjk jfprpkj&ik¡p lky ds] fcuk ek¡&cki ds ,d ckyd gkfen dk pfj= gSA ;g pkj&ik¡plky dk ckyd viuh iwjh ekuoh; laosnuk ls ;qDr cw<+s gkfen ds :i esa gekjslkeus vorfjr gksrk gSA bl dgkuh dh dFkk cl bruh gS fd jet+ku ds ckn bZnds ekSds ij yxus okyh esys esa gkfen vius gemez cPpksa ds lkFk esyk tkrk gSA ogk¡lHkh cPps rjg&rjg ds f[kykSus [kjhnrs gSa ijUrq gkfen viuh cw<+h nknh ds fy,viuh lkjh iw¡th ds ,ot esa yksgs dk ,d fpeVk [kjhnrk gS D;ksafd mls [;ky vkrkgS fd fpeVs ds vHkko esa mldh nknh jkst gh vius gkFk tyk ysrh gSA izsepUnus bl =kln izlax dks vn~Hkqr jpukRed bZekunkjh ,oa laosnu”khyrk ds lkFkfpf=r fd;k gSA dgkuh dk var csgn Hkkoqd ,oa jksekafpr djus okyk gSA cw<+k gkfenHkh varr% ,d cPpk gkfen gh gS] rHkh rks vehuk ds vk¡lqvksa dk jgL; ugha le>ikrkA izsepUn fy[krs gSa&^^cPps gkfen us cw<+s gkfen dk ikVZ [ksyk FkkA cqf<+;kvehuk ckfydk vehuk cu xbZA og jksus yxhA nkeu QSykdj gkfen dks nqvk,¡ nsrhtkrh Fkh vkSj vk¡lw dh cM+h&cM+h cw¡ns fxjkrh tkrh FkhA gkfen bldk jgL; D;kle>rk!!**3

izsepUn us ftu eqn~nksa dks viuh dFkk lkfgR; esa mBk;k gS] ftuewY;ksa dks vk/kkj cukdj mUgksaus lkfgR;&jpuk dh gS] os vkt Hkh laxr gSA mudhlarqfyr oLrqfu’B nf’V vkt Hkh gesa lkspus ij etcwj djrh gSa] pkgs og lkEiznkf;drkdk eqn~nk gks] lkekftd&vkfFkZd U;k; dh ckr gks] nfyr thou] tkr&ik¡r vFkokfL=;ksa dh leL;k gks] izsepUn dh n`f’V] mudh bZekunkjh] mudh izfrc)rk vkSjekuoh; laosnuk dh >yd mudh jpukvksa esa Li’V :i ls fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSAnfyr&thou lanHkksZa ij fy[kh mudh ,d cgqpfpZr dgkuh Bkdqj dk dqvk¡* gSA bldgkuh esa izsepUn viuh csckd i{k/kjrk ,oa ekuoh; ljksdkjkas ds lkFk gekjs lkeusvk, gSaA ;g dgkuh cgqr NksVh ,oa egt ,d ?kVuk izlax dks lkeus ykus okyh gSijUrq iwjh cs/kdrk vkSj izHkko ds lkFkA rFkkdfFkr vNwr tkfr dh xaxh vius chekjifr tks[kw ds fy, ikuh ykus Bkdqj ds dq¡, ij tkrh gS D;ksafd nfyrksa ds vius dq,¡dk ikuh nwf’kr gks pqdk FkkA mls vk”kk Fkh fd og jkr ds v¡/ksjs esa pqipki Bkdqjds dq,¡ ls ikuh Hkj ysxhA vNwr gksus ds ukrs mPp dgs tkus okyh tkfr;ksa ds dq,¡mlds fy, fuf’k) FksA mlds eu esa Å¡ps yksxksa ds izfr fonzksg dkSa/k mBrk gS&^^ge

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D;ksa uhp gSa vkSj ;s yksx D;ksa Å¡ps gS\ blfy, fd ;s yksx xys esa rkxk Mky ysrsgSa\ ;gk¡ rks ftrus gSa] ,d&ls&,d N¡Vs gSa\ pksjh ;s djsa] tky&Qjsc ;s djsa >wBseqdnesa ;s djsaA------dke djk ysrs gSa] etwjh nsrs ukuh ejrh gSA fdl ckr esa gS gelsÅ¡psA**4 ;gk¡ izsepUn us nfyrksa ds izfr egt d:.kk ;k lgkuqHkwfr u fn[kkdj mudsfy, jps x, ujd ds fo|kuksa ds izfr Øwj vkSj vekuoh; psgjs dks csudkc djrs gq,xaxh ds vUnj mBs vkØks”k dh vfHkO;fDr dh gSA ,d rjQ xaxh ds eu esa ;gfonzksg mBrk gS ogha nwljh rjQ Bkdqj dk Hk; lkyrk gS fd muds dq,¡ ls ikuh HkjrsBkdqj ns[k u ysA ekSdk ikdj xaxh pqipki dq,¡ esa ?kM+k Mkyrh gS] ikuh ls Hkjk ?kM+kÅij rd [khap pqdh Fkh] rHkh Bkdqj dk njoktk [kqyrk gS vkSj jLlh ds lkFk ?kM+k/kM+ke ls ikuh esa fxj tkrk gSA izsepUn Bkdqj ds njoktk [kqyus ds ckjs esa fy[krsgSa&^^”ksj dk eqag blls vf/kd Hk;kud u gksxkA--------------Bkdqj ^dkSu gS] dkSu gSa\*iqdkjrs gq, dq,¡ dh rjQ vk jgs Fks vkSj xaxh txr ls dwndj Hkkxh tk jgh FkhA?kj igq¡pdj ns[kk fd tks[kw yksVk eq¡g ls yxk, ogh eSyk xank ikuh ih jgk gSA**5

;gk¡ xaxh ds eu esa mBs lkjk fonzksg&Hkko Bkdqj ds Hk; vkSj mlds vkrad ds lkeuscsvlj gks tkrk gSA oLrqr% izsepUn ;gk¡ mPp oxZ ds yksxksa ds vekuoh; O;ogkj,oa laosnughurk ds lkFk nfyr oxksZa ds eu esa mBus okyh lgt fonzksg dks fn[kkusdk lQy iz;kl fd;k gSA

izsepUn us tgk¡ izk;% viuh dgkfu;ksa esa lk/kkj.k tu] fdlku]etnwj] nfyr] L=h ds “kks’k.k dk fojks/k djrs gq, muds mfpr vf/kdkjksa ds izfrviuh Ik{k/kjrk dh vfHkO;fDr nh gS ogha mUgksaus mudh O;fDrxr detksfj;ksa] mudsvKku] muds :<+ vkpkj&O;ogkj dh vkykspuk dh gSA eqfDr&ekxZ*] iap&ijes”oj*bR;kfn blh rjg dh dgkfu;k¡ gSA îap&ijes”oj* dgkuh cgqr gh ljy] lh/kh ,oaijEijkxr o.kZu&”kSyh esa fy[kh xbZ gSA yksd esa ;g fo”okl gS fd iap dh vkRekesa bZ”oj ;k [kqnk dk okl gksrk] iap ds vklu ij cSBrs gh vkneh dk eufu”Ny&fu’i{k nsork dk eu gks tkrk gSA iap&ijes”oj* nks fof”k’V ?kVuk&izlaxksals tqM+s nks lk/kkj.k ik=ksa vFkok nks fe=ksa dh dgkuh gSA vyxw pkS/kjh ,oa tqEeu “ks[k[kkunkuh fe= gSa lkFk gh lk>s esa [ksrh&ckM+h Hkh gksrh gSA tqEeu dh [kkyk viuklc dqN tqEeu ds uke djds mudh vkfJrk dh rjg muds lkFk jgrh gSA ijUrqtqEeu dh iRuh [kkyk ds lkFk nqO;Zogkj djrh gS vkSj tqEeu mldh vuns[kh djrsgSaA varr% [kkyk tqEeu ds f[kykQ iapk;r fcBkrh gS ijUrq vf/kdka”k yksx tqEeuds ncncs ds pyrs iapk;r esa ugha vkrsA [kkyk vyxw pkS/kjh ds ikl Hkh tkrh gSfdUrq vyxw lkQ “kCnksa esa dgrs gSa fd mlds pyrs os tqEeu ls fcxkM+ ugha djsaxsAgrk”k [kkyk vyxw ls bruk gh dgrh gS fd ^fcxkM+ dh [kkfrj D;k bZeku dh ckrugha dgksxsA* [kkyk dk ;g okD; vyxw ds ân; esa pqHk tkrk gSA iapk;r cSBrhgSA [kkyk vyxw dks iap pqurh gSA tqEeu eu gh eu izlUu gksrs gSa fd vyxw dkQSlyk muds i{k esa gksxkA nksuksa dh nyhysa lquus ds ckn vyxw tqEeu ds f[kykQQSlyk nsrs gSaA U;k; vkSj /keZ dh thr gksrh gSA tqEeu pfdr jg tkrs gSaA mudhvkSj vyxw dh iqjkuh eS=h yxHkx VwV tkrh gSA la;ksx o”k ,d vU; lUnHkZ esa le>w

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lkgq ds f[kykQ vyxw dks iapk;r cqykuh iM+rh gS] tks vyxw ls [kjhns cSy dk nkepqdkus ls badkj dj jgk FkkA bl ckj tqEeu “ks[k dks iap pquk tkrk gSA tqEeu yEcsle; ls vyxw ls izfr”kks/k ysus dh lksp jgs FksA os iap ds vklu ij cSBrs gSaA nksuksvksj dh nyhysa lquus ds ckn os QSlyk vyxw pkS/kjh ds i{k esa nsrs gSaA QSlyk lqudjvyxw fofLer ijUrq vfHkHkwr gksrs gSaA os tqEeu ds xys yx tkrs gSaA [kkunkuh eS=hfQj ls dk;e gks tkrh gSA tqEeu “ks[k Lohdkj djrs gSa fd muds eu esa cnys dhHkkouk Fkh] ijUrq iap ds vklu ij cSBrs gh og /kqy x;kA lpeqp iap esa ijes”ojdk okl gksrk gSA izsepUn bl dgkuh dh ekfeZd var djrs gq, fy[krs gSa----^^FkksM+hnsj ckn tqEeu vyxw ds ikl vk, vkSj muds xys fyiVdj cksys&HkS;k] tc ls rqeusesjh iapk;r dh rc ls eSa rqEgkjk izk.k?kkrd “k=q cu x;k Fkk( ij vkt eq>s Kkr gqvkfd iap ds in ij cSBdj u dksbZ fdlh dk nksLr gksrk gS] u nq”euA U;k; ds flokmls vkSj dqN ugha Lkw>rkA vkt eq>s fo”okl gks x;k fd iap dh tqcku ls [kqnkcksyrk gSA vyxw jksus yxsA**6 bl izdkj izsepUn bl dgkuh ds ek/;e ls vkn”kZ]uSfrd ,oa ekuoh; ewY; dh LFkkiuk djrs gSaA ;g dkYifud vkn”kZ u gksdj gekjslk/kkj.k thou&O;ogkjksa esa ns[kh xbZ lPpkbZ gSA

izsepUn us viuh dgkfu;ksa essa euq’; ik=ksa ds lkFk&lkFk i”kq ik=ksaesa Hkh laosnukRed Hkkouk dk l`tu fd;k gSA mudh dgkfu;ksa ds i”kq&ik= dsoyi”kq gh ugha gS] os ltho euq’; ik=ksa ds tSlk ekuoh; vkpj.k vkSj fØ;k&dykiksads lkFk gekjs lkeus mifLFkr gq, gSa vkSj euq’; ik=ksa dh rjg gh dkyt;h Hkh cusgSaA îwl dh jkr* dk tcjk] ^vkRekjke* dk rksrk] ^nks cSyksa dh dFkk* ds ghjk&eksrh]vkSj izse dk mn;* dgkuh dk x/kk viuh iwjh ekuoh; laosnuk ds lkFk gekjs lkeusthoUr gks tkrs gSaA îwl dh jkr* dgkuh dk lcls ekfeZd va”k ogh gSa tgk¡ tcjkvkSj gYdw ijLij laokn djrs gSa] viuk lq[k&nq[k ck¡Vrs gSa vkSj iwl dh jkr viusvkradnk;h “khr ls mUgsa ,dkRe dj nsrh gSA mu nksuksa esa pqgy Hkh gksrh gSA tcjkvke ds ckx esa lw[kh&ifÙk;ksa dks bdV~Bk dj tyk, x, vyko ds vkj&ikj dwnrkgSA gYdw vkSj tcjk ;gk¡ euq’; vkSj i”kq u gksdj leku vuqHkwfr ds rkj esa c¡/ksizk.kh&ek= gSaA gYdw ds fy, ekuoh; laosnuk ls ;qDr izk.kh tcjk dqRrk gh gS] lgukughaA D;ksafd dacy [kjhnus ds fy, gYdw us tks iSls bdV~Bs fd, Fks mldks lgukds xkyh ds Mj ls cdk;k vnk djus ds fy, ns fn;s Fks] tcjk gh iwl dh BaMh jkresa gYdw dk lgkjk curk gSA izsepUn fy[krs gSa&^^tcjk us vxys iats mldh?kqVfu;ksa ij j[k fn, vkSj eq¡g ds ikl viuk eq¡g ys x;kA gYdw dks mldh xeZ lkalyxhA----------tc fdlh rjg u jgk x;k rks mlus tcjk dks /khjs&ls mBk;k vkSjmlds flj dks FkiFkikdj mls viuh xksn esa lqyk fy;kA**7 ijUrq ;g lgkjk Hkh{kf.kd gksrk gS vkSj ckn esa ikl ds cxhps esa o`{k dh ifRr;ksa dks tykdj vkx rkiukiM+kA ;gk¡ izsepUn fdlkuksa ds dk:f.kd ,oa n;uh; vkfFkZd fLFkfr dh vksj /;kuvkdf’kZr djkuk pkgrs gSa fd tks fdlku fnu&jkr] tkM+k&xehZ&cjlkr esgurdjrk gS] BaM dks BaM ugha le>rk mldks vius “kjhj <dus ds fy, mfpr oL= ughafeyrkA ,slh fLFkfr dsoy gYdw ;k izsepUn ds le; dh ugha Fkh] vkt Hkh gekjs ns”k

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esa u tkus fdrus gYdw blh rjg fnu&jkr esgur djrs gSa ftUgsa u rks ru <dusds fy, diM+k gS] u jgus ds fy, ?kj vkSj u gh [kkus ds fy, leqfpr HkkstuA ;gdgkuh cgqr gh ekfeZd ,oa ekuoh; laosnuk dh ek¡x djrk gSA

izsepUn dh ,d cgqr gh pfpZr dgkuh gS&^nks cSyksa dh dFkk*8A ;gtkuoj ds ek/;e ls vkneh ij fy[kh x;h dgkuh gSA ;fn ;g dgk tk; fdvkneh dh vkneh;r dh rqyuk esa tkuoj ds tkuojiu T;knk cgqewY;] ekuoh; ,oalaosnu”khy gSA nksuksa cSy ghjk vkSj eksrh ekuo ds rqyuk esa T;knk ewY;fu’B] yksxksaij n;k ,oa lgkuqHkwfr fn[kkus okys gSaA izsepUn ;gk¡ tkuojksa dks Hkh ekuoh; xq.k]/keZ ,oa dÙkZO;fu’Brk ls ;qDr fn[kk;k gSA okLro esa ;g dgkuh nks tkuojksa dh lkspvkSj O;ogkj dh rqyuk rFkkdfFkr euq’; dgs tkus okys ik=ksa dh lksp vkSj O;ogkjls dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ ,d rjQ ghjk&eksrh nks tkuoj gSa rks nwljh rjQ >wjh] mldhiRuh] mlds lkys] mudh ifRu;k¡] dkWth gkml ds pkSdhnkj] dlkbZ vkfn gSAizsepUn us ghjk eksrh ds vkilh HkkbZ&pkjs] mudh eS=h] ,d&nwljs ds lq[k&nq[k dsizfr mudh fpUrk vkfn dk fp=.k fd;k gSA >wjh nksukas cSyksa dk ekfyd gSa vkSj mUgsacgqr I;kj djrk gSA ghjk&eksrh Hkh ekfyd ij tku nsrs gSa] ijUrq >wjh viuh iRuhls ncrk gS vkSj ;g tkurs gq, Hkh fd mldh llqjky esa cSyksa dh nqxZfr gksxh] ogmUgsa viuh llqjky Hkst nsrk gSA ijUrq nksuksa fonzksg dj okil >wjh ds ?kj vk tkrsgSaA fQj >wjh dk lkyk HkSjks vkdj ys tkrk gSA nksuksa dks lw[kk Hkwlk [kkus dks fn;ktkrk gSA nksuks [kkrs ugha gSA fQj ?kj ls lkys dh yM+dh nks jksfV;k¡ ykdj nksuksdks ,d&,d jksVh nsrh gSA bl rjg >wjh ds lkys mu ij vR;kpkj djrs gSaA blij eksrh HkM+drk gS&^êq>s ekjsxk] rks eSa Hkh ,d&nks dks fxjk nw¡xkA** ghjk le>krkgS&^ûghaA gekjh tkfr dk ;g /keZ ugha gSA** mu ij vkSj vR;kpkj gksrk gSA fQj,d fnu eksrh dgrk gS&^^vc rks ugha lgk tkrk] ghjk!** ghjk dgrk gS&^^D;kdjuk pkgrs gks\** eksrh&^^,dk/k dks lhaxksa ij mBkdj Qsd nw¡xkA** ghjk&^^ysfdutkurs gks] og I;kjh yM+dh] tks gesa jksfV;k¡ f[kykrh gSA mlh dh yM+dh gS] tks bl?kj dk ekfyd gSA ;g cspkjh vukFk u gks tk,xh\** eksrh&^rks] ekyfdu dks u Qsadnw¡A ogh rks ml yM+dh dks ekjrh gSA* ghjk&^ysfdu vkSjr tkr ij lhax pykuk eukgS] ;g Hkwy tkrs gksA* nksuks tc nqckjk >wjh ds llqjky ls Hkkxrs gSa vkSj jkLrk Hkwytkrs gSaA bl ij eksrh dgrk gS&^rqe Hkh csrgklk HkkxsA ogha mls ekj fxjkuk FkkA*bl ij ghjk dgrk gS&^mls ekj fxjkrs] rks nqfu;k D;k dgrh\ og viuk /keZ NksM+ns] ysfdu ge viuk /keZ D;ksa NksM+s\* dkath gkml esa nksuks dk vius iz;kl ls lHkhtkuojksa dks eqDr djkuk] eksrh dk vdsys eqDr gksus ls badkj djuk rFkk ;g dgukfd&^rqe eq>s bruk LokFkhZ* le>rs gks] ghjk\ ge vkSj rqe brus fnuksa ,d lkFk jgsgSaA vkt rqe foifRr esa iM+ x,] rks eSa rqEgs NksM+dj vyx gks tkÅA* bruk gh ughavkxs dgrk gS&^ftl vijk/k ds fy, rqEgkjs xys esa ca/ku iM+k] mlds fy, vxj eq>ij ekj iM+s] rks D;k fpUrkA bruk rks gks gh x;k fd ukS&nl izkf.k;ksa dh tku cpxbZA os vc rks vk”khokZn nsaxsA* vkSj Hkkoh eR;q ij nksuksa dh ;g lksp fd&^D;k fpUrkgS\ ekal [kky] lhax] gM~Mh lc fdlh&u&fdlh dke vk tk,¡xhA* mu nksuksa

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cSyksa&ghjk ,oa eksrh ds ek/;e ls izsepUn viuh lksp viuh laosnu”khyrk dks ghmtkxj fd;k gSA izsepUn us tkuojksa esa Hkh LokHkkfod Hkzkr`Ro] izse] eS=h] okRlY;]eerk] d:.kk] R;kx] mnkjrk] cfynku] uSfrdrk] /kS;Z] Lok/khurk] ÑrKrk] /khjt]foosd] lfg’.kqrk vkfn dk tks lekos”k fd;k gS ogha rks og ckrsa gS ftUgsa ekuoh;ewY; dgk tkrk gSA vius /keZ ij dk;e jguk] nwljs dh eqfDr esa viuh eqfDr ns[kukvkfn ;gh rks euq’; /keZ gS tks ge nwljksa dks nsrs gSaA izsepUn us mi;qZDr ckrksa dkstkuojksa ds vkpj.k] O;ogkj vkSj lksp esa fn[kkdj vkt ds euq’; tkfr dks ;gcrkuk pkgrs gS fd vkt dk ekuo bu ekuoh; psruk ,oa ewY;ksa ls fdruk nwj gksrktk jgk gS vkSj LokFkZ] fgalk] ik[k.M] fu’Bqjrk] fo”okl?kkr] vgadkj tSls vekuoh;lksp ml ij gkoh gksrs tk jgk gSA ^nks cSyksa dh dFkk* dgkuh tkuojksa ds ek/;els ml ekuo dh dFkk gS ftldh t:jr vkt ge f”kn~nr ls dj jgsa gSA ;gtkuoj dh vkneh;r ls ekuo dks ekuoh; cukus dh dgkuh gSA

izsepUn vius thou ds vafre o’kZ ¼1936 bZ0½ esa lcls pfpZr ,oaegRoiw.kZ dgkuh fy[kh Fkh&^dQu*A vkxs pydj nfyr ys[kdksa ds chp ;g dgkuhfooknkLin Hkh jghA ^dQu* oLrqr% ijthfork ij dsfUnzr dgkuh gS vFkkZr~ budsiq:’k ik= /khlw ,oa ek/ko ijthoh fdLe ds pfj= gSa tks Lo;a fudEek jgdjfdlh rjg vkthfodk pykus esa fo”okl j[krs gSaA izsepUn mudh bl ifjfLFkfr esaigq¡pus dk eq[; dkj.k lkekftd dqO;oLFkk dh mit ekurs gSaA mUgksaus fy[kk HkhgS&^^ftl lekt esa jkr&fnu esgur djus okyksa dh gkyr mudh gkyr ls dqNcgqr vPNh u Fkh vkSj fdlkuksa ds eqdkcys esa os yksx tks fdlkuksa dh nqcZyrkvksa lsykHk mBuk tkurs Fks] dgha T;knk lEiUu Fks] ogk¡ bl rjg dh eukso`fRr dk iSnk gkstkuk dksbZ vpjt dh ckr u FkhA**9 vFkkZr~ tc dfBu ifjJe djds Hkh uaxs&Hkw[ksjguk iM+s rks esgur djus dh D;k t:jr gSA ;gh eukso`fRr ,oa lksp ijthfork dkstUe nsrh gS vkSj ,slk lekt gh vekuuh; lekt cu tkrk gSA vkneh igys ifjJels dVrk gS] fQj lekt ls vkSj vUrr% vekuoh; gks tkrk gSA ^dQu* dgkuh dseq[; ik= /khlw ,oa ek/ko blh ijthfork ls vekuoh; curs gSa] tks dsoy nfyr oxZdk izfrfuf/kRo u djds lekt ds izR;sd ijthoh oxZ dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaAmudh vekuoh;rk dk pje ml le; ns[kus dks feyrk gS tc ek/ko dh iRuhcqf/k;k izlo&osnuk ls O;kdqy gksdj] NViVk dj ne rksM+ nsrh gS fdUrq /khlw vkSjek/ko tkM+s dh jkr esa vyko ds ikl ls blfy, ns[kus ugha tkrs fd muesa ls dksbZvyko ds ikl ls gVk rks nwljk Hkwus gq, vkyqvksa dks vdsyk [kk tk;sxkA izsepUn ;gk¡;g Hkh fn[kkuk pkgrs gS fd Hkw[kk vkneh ,d le; ds ckn vekuoh; gks gh tk,xkA/khlw ,oa ek/ko dks Hkh nks fnu ds Hkw[ks jgus ds ckn ;s vkyw feys Fks] og Hkh fdlhds [ksr ls pqjkdj yk;s x;s FksA /khlw ,oa ek/ko ijthoh t:j gS ij muesa O;ogkfjdcqf) dh deh ugha gSA mudks irk gS fd xk¡o ds yksxksa dh n;k vkSj lgkuqHkwfr lsmUgsa dQu [kjhnus ,oa vU; dkeksa ds fy, iSls t:j fey tk;saxs vkSj gksrk Hkh ;ghagS] tehankj ,oa vU; yksxksa }kjk fn, x, ik¡p :i;k muds ikl ,d= Hkh gks tkrkgSA ijUrq Hkkjrh; lekt dh foMEcuk ;g gS fd thrs th ,d iSlk u nsus okys yksx

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eR;q ds ckn dQu [kjhnus ds fy, ns nsrs gSaA bl izlax ij ek/ko dh fVIi.kh cM+hlkFkZd gS&^^dSlk cqjk fjokt gS fd ftls thrs th ru <dus dks phFkM+k Hkh u feys]mls ejus ij u;k dQ+u pkfg,A**10 Bhd ;gh foMEcuk ^xksnku* miU;kl esa Hkhns[kus dks feyrk gSA gksjh vius thou dky esa xk; dh lk/k iwjh ugha dj ldk]ysfdu mlds tohu ds vafre {k.k esa ia0 nkrknhu ¼Hkkjrh; /keZ O;oLFkk½ mldhiRuh ls xksnku djus dks dgrk gSA cgjgky ^dQu* dgkuh esa /khlw ,oa ek/kordZ&fordZ djrs “kjkc[kkus esa igq¡p tkrs gSa vkSj dQu [kjhnus ds fy, tks iSls feysgSa mlls tedj “kjkc ihrs gSa vkSj Hkj isV [kkuk [kkrs gSaA “kjkc dh pqfLd;k¡ mUgsank”kZfud Hkh cukrh gS lkFk gh cqf/k;k dks <sjksa “kqHkdkeuk,a nsrs gSa] Hkxoku ls izkFkZukdjrs gSa fd og mls lh/kk cSdq.B HkstsA os dgrs gSa fd tc og thfor Fkh] rc HkhgkM+rksM+ esgur djds mudk isV Hkjrh Fkh vkSj vkt ejus ds ckn Hkh mlh dhcnkSyr og lq[k ik jgs gSa] tks mUgsa vius thou esa dHkh ulhc ugha gqvk FkkA /khlwdgrk gS&^ôg u cSdq.B tk,xh rks D;k ;s eksVs&eksVs yksx tk,¡xs] tks xjhcksa dksnksuksa gkFkks ls ywVrs gSa vkSj vius iki /kksus ds fy, xaxk esa ugkrs gSa vkSj efUnjksa esaty p<+krs gSaA**11 os cqf/k;k dks HkkX;oku dgrs gS fd ftUnxh dh [kViV esa T;knkiM+s fcuk og tYnh gh ek;k ds cU/kuksa ls eqDr gks x;hA ek;k rks cM+h Bfxuh gS]vklkuh ls ugha NksM+rh fdlh dksA dchj dks ;kn djrs gq, nksuksa “kjkc[kkus dslkeus [kM+s gksdj xkrs gSa&^^Bfxuh D;ksa uSuk >wedkoS! Bfxuh!**12 vkSj nksuksa ogha u”ksesa /kqRr gksdj fxj iM+rs gSaA

;gha dgkuh dk var gksrk gSA izsepUn O;oLFkk dh folaxfr;ksa ijdjkjk pksV djrs gq, ;gk¡ fn[krs gSaA mUgksaus vlkekU; pfj=ksa dh jpuk djlkekftd O;oLFkk dh vekuo;h vkSj Øwj psgjk dks csudkc dj fn;k gSA bldgkuh ds ek/;e ls mUgksaus ;g fn[kk;k gS fd lkekftd O;oLFkk euq’; dks fdlrjg vius Je vkSj vius vfLrRo ls dkVdj ijthoh cukrh gS vkSj mls ekuoh;ls vekuoh; pfj= esa rCnhy dj nsrh gSA mUgksaus ;g Hkh fn[kkus dh dksf”k”k dhgS fd Hkw[kk vkneh fdruk vekuoh;rk ds gn rd tk ldrk gS] ân;ghu gks ldrkgSA fu’d’kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd ekuo dks ekuoh; cukus ds fy, lkekftd,drk ,oa lekurk lcls t:jh pht gSA laosnu”khy lekt esa lekurk yk;s fcukmls ekuoh;] laosnu”khy ,oa lân; ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA

vHkh rd geus ftu dgkfu;ksa ds ek/;e ls izsepUn dh ewY;/kfeZrk,oa ekuoh; ljksdkj dh iM+rky dh gS] ;g dsoy muds }kjk fy[kh xbZ yxHkx rhulkS dgkfu;ksa esa ls dqN gSaA bu dgkfu;ksa ds vfrfjDr vHkh cgqr lkjh dgkfu;k¡ gSaftuds }kjk mUgksaus lkekftd tM+rk ,oa vekuoh;rk ij dM+k izgkj fd;k gSA mulHkh dgkfu;ksa dh ppkZ ,oa ewY;kadu djuk ;gk¡ laHko ugh gSA fQj Hkh dqNdgkfu;ksa dk ge ;gk¡ uke ysuk pkgsaxs ftUkesa izsepUn mPp ewY; dh LFkkiuk djrsgSa ;k muds ek/;e ls lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa] tM+rk] foMEcuk] vlaosnu”khyrk] LokFkZ]“kks’k.k] laosnughurk ij vkifÙk ntZ djrs gq, viuh ekuoh; i{k/kjrk dk ifjp;nsrs gSaA mu dgkfu;ksa esa eq[; :i ls ^cM+s HkkbZ lkgc*] ^cw<+h&dkdh*] êqfDr ekxZ*]

e wY;foe”kZ 73

îjh{kk*] ^vyX;ks>k*] ^jkeyhyk*] ^vkRekjke*] ^”krjat ds f[kykM+h*] îzse dk mn;*]^ykVjh*] êk¡*] ^?kklokyh*] ^csVksa okyh fo/kok* vkfn dk uke fy;k tk ldrk gSA

okLro esa izsepUn ekuorkoknh jpukdkj FksA mudk lEiw.kZ lkfgR;ekuoh; laosnuk ,oa ljksdkj ls tqM+k gqvk gSA ,d tkx:d dykdkj gksus ds dkj.kos viuh jpukvksa esa dYiuk dh vis{kk lR;] fujk”kk dh vis{kk vk”kk] eR;q dh vis{kkthou] vUrnZf’V ds LFkku ij cfgZn`f’V] dq:irk ds LFkku ij lkSUn;Z rFkk ;FkkFkZ dsLFkku ij vkn”kksZUeq[kh ;FkkFkZokn ds i{k/kj FksA vkykspd fo”oukFk izlkn us izsepUndh ekuoh; laosnu”khyrk] muds O;fDrRo ,oa muds lkfgR; ds mn~ns”; ij Bhdgh fy[kk gS&^îzsepUn ds lkfgR; ij loZ= f”ko dk “kklu gSA vkuUn dh mudsfy, dksbZ Lora= lRrk ugha Fkh( og lkekftd&thou ds ewY;ksa ls vuq”kkflr fgrdk gh ,d vax FkkA tks vkuUn lkoZtfud fgr esa ;ksx ugha nsrk] og {kf.kdmRrstuk ek= gS] mldk dksbZ ewY; ugha&;g HkkSfrd ekuookn gh izsepUn dsthou&n”kZu vkSj lkfgR; dk ewy rRo gSA**13 bruk gh ugha Lo;a izsepUn us viusthou ds vafre o’kZ] 1936 bZ0 esa y[kuÅ esa gksus okys îzxfr”khy ys[kd la?k* dsigys vf/kos”ku dh v/;{krk djrs gq, ^lkfgR; ds mn~ns”;* ij izdk”k Mkyrs gq,dgk Fkk&^^gekjh dlkSVh ij ogh lkfgR; [kjk mrjsxk ftlesa mPp fpUru gks]Lok/khurk dk Hkko gks] lkSUn;Z dk lkj gks] l`tu dh vkRek gks] thou dh lPpkb;ksadk izdk”k gks&tks geesa xfr] la?k’kZ vkSj cspSuh iSnk djs] lqyk;s ugha D;ksafd vc vkSjT;knk lksuk eR;q dk y{k.k gSA14

lUnHkZ xzUFk %1- izsepUn]lkfgR; dk mn~ns”;] gal izdk”ku] bykgkckn] laLdj.k 2001] i`0 512- lkguh] Hkh’e ¼la0½] izsepUn % izfrfuf/k dgkfu;k¡] jktdey izdk”ku] ubZ fnYyh] laLdj.k 2005] i`0 483- ogha i`0 414- ogha i`0 955- ogha i`0 966- ogha i`0 1267- ogha i`0 43&448- ogha i`0 97&1089- ogha i`0 13310- ogha i`0 13611- ogha i`0 13912- ogha i`0 14013- ik.Ms;] Jhfuokl ¼la0½ izKk] ekuo&ewY; fo”ks’kkad] dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky;] okjk.klh] vad&56] Hkkx&01] o’kZ 2010&11] i`0 16014- izsepUn] lkfgR; dk mn~ns”;] i`0 26

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e wY;foe”kZ 74

egknsoh oekZ ds lEHkk’k.kksa esa f”k{kk vkSj ekuo ewY;izHkkr dqekj feJ*

Ekgknsoh ekurh Fkha fd fy[kus vkSj cksyus esa cqfu;knh varj ;g gS fdfy[krs le; ys[kd viuh vuqHkwfr;ksa ds lkFk furkUr vdsyk gksrk gS] blfy, mldhvuqHkwfr;ka cksyus dh vis{kk esa vf/kd xgjh gksrh gSa tcfd Hkk’k.kdrkZ ds le{k fHkUUkvuqHkwfr;ksa ds Jksrk gksrs gSaA ;gh og dkj.k gS fd oDrk ls vf/kd ekuoh; vkSjlaosnu”khy gksus dh ,d LokHkkfod vis{kk gksrh gSA ge tkurs gSa fd lEosnuklaLdkjksa esa ifjorZu dk lcls dkjxj ek/;e gSA blfy, oDrk ;fn lEosnu;qDr gksrks mldh ok.kh dk izHkko lekt ds fy, cgqr gh eaxydkjh gksrk gSA

Ekgknsoh ds lEHkk’k.kksa esa ge ;g xq.k ikrs gSaA vius lEHkk’k.kksa esaegknsoh us O;kid lkaLÑfrd leL;kvksa dh foospuk dh gSA ns”k] jk’Vª] “kklu]laLÑfr] f”k{kk] ekuo ewY;ksa] Hkk’kk] lkfgR; vkSj lcls c<+dj fL=;ksa ij ftl xgurkls egknsoh us vius lEHkk’k.kksa esa fopkj fd;k gS og vpjt iSnk djus okyk gSAvpjt blfy, fd egknsoh dh tks Nfo fgUnh lkfgR; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds chp cuh gqbZgS og bl fonq’kh egknsoh ls fHkUu gSA Nk;kokn dh dof;=h ds :Ik esa muds dkO;dh HkO;rk ij gh fopkj gksrk jgk gS vkSj lkekU;r;k egknsoh dks ûhj Hkjh nq[k dhcnyh* gh le>k tkrk jgk gS] fdUrq muds lEHkk’k.kksa ls tks egknsoh mHkjdj vkrhgSa og egknsoh ^rkj Hkh gSa] vk?kkr Hkh vkSj >adkj dh xfr Hkh*A

jkefoykl “kekZ us egknsoh ij fopkj djrs gq, egknsoh ds blokd~oSHko dh ppkZ dh gS&^ôs viuh galh ls tc Jksrkvksa dks grizHk dj nsrh gSa&vkSjos ;k rks galrh gSa] ;k cksyrh gSa] lquus dk dke T;knkrj nwljksa dks gh djuk iM+rkgS&rc os dfo dh Hkkoqdrk ls vf/kd vkykspd dh fo”ys’kd cqf) dk gh ifjp; nsrhgSaA** Bhd gh y{; fd;k gS nw/kukFk flag us fd egknsoh ds ;gka dfork dh L=h dkpsgjk vkalqvksa ls Hkhaxk gS ijUrq x| dh L=h deZB] Bksl vkSj etcwr gSA egknsoh dsHkk’k.kksa dh fo’k;&oLrq dh rjQ ladsr djrs gq, mUgksaus crk;k gS fd egknsoh dghaHkh le>kSrk ugha djrhaA tc Hkhrj dk dF; xhrksa esa cg x;k] tc mUgsa yxk fdiqujko`fRr gh “ks’k gS rks egknsoh us dfork fy[kuh cUn dj nhA xksf’B;ksa] lHkkvksa]lekjksgksa esa egknsoh dHkh Hkh vius lkfgR; ij ckr ugha djrh FkhaA xaxk ij] f=os.khij] fgeky; ij ckrsa djrh FkhaA laLÑfr ij ckrsa djrh FkhaA

Ekgknsoh ds Hkk’k.kksa ds izlax esa ,d egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd ftlizdkj ;s Hkk’k.k fofo/k fo’k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr gSa mlh izdkj budk lEcU/k fo|kfFkZ;ksa]“kkludrkvksaZ] lkekU; L=h&iq:’k] lkfgR;dkjksa vkfn fofo/k ekuo lewgksa ls gSA tgkaegknsoh ds dqN Hkk’k.k fo”ofo|ky;ksa vkSj egkfo|ky;ksa esa fn, x, nh{kkUr Hkk’k.k gSa]ogha mRRkj izns”k fo/kku ifj’kn esa gq, muds vfHkHkk’k.kksa dk Hkh viuk vyx egRo gSAvkdk”kok.kh ,oa iz;kx efgyk fo|kihB esa gq, muds fu;fer Hkk’k.k rks gSa ghA

Ekgknsoh ds lEHkk’k.kksa esa ,d jk’Vª ds crkSj Hkkjr dh ijk/khurk dhizR;sd fLFkfr dh igpku gS vkSj mlls eqfDr ds mik;ksa dh fpUrk HkhA egknsoh vius,d Hkk’k.k esa Li’V :Ik ls ;g dgrh gSa fd unh&ioZr&lery ek= jk’Vª ugha cu*lgk;d izk/;kid] fgUnh foHkkx] vle fo”ofo|ky;] flypj

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tkrs vkSj u ekuoksa dh fo’ke HkhM+ gh jk’Vª dh vf/kdkfj.kh gks tkrh gSA mudk ekuukgS fd f”k{kk fdlh Hkh jk’Vª dk es:n.M dgh tk ldrh gSA ,slk blfy, fd ogvrhr ;qxksa dh miyfC/k;ksa rFkk orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lfU/k&LFky gh ugha] ,slkvkyksd Hkh gS] ftlesa Hkfo’; dh :ijs[kk fu[kjrh vkSj Li’V ls Li’Vrj gksrh pyrhgSA

Ekgknsoh oekZ dh n`f’V esa f”k{kk ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk dk ,ddkjxj ek/;e gSA Li’V “kCnksa esa mUgksaus dgk gS fd gekjk vR;Ur izkphu ns”k gS vkSjgekjh laLÑfr Hkh vR;Ur izkphu gSA izkphu laLÑfr okys ns”k esa thou ds dqNekuoh; ewY; gksrs gSaA ,sls ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh gj u;s ;qx esa u;h ijh{kk djuh iM+rhgS] vkSj fQj iz;ksx esa mudks rikuk iM+rk gS] ns[kuk iM+rk gS fd vkt ds ;qx esa osdgka Bgjrs gSaA ;gha vkdj f”k{kk dh eq[; Hkwfedk lkeus vkrh gSA egkjkuh ykydaqofj egkfo|ky;] cyjkeiqj ds ,d nh{kkUr Hkk’k.k esa ogka ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dkslEcksf/kr djrs gq, egknsoh us tks dqN dgk mlls bl ckr dks le>us esa vklkuhgksrh gSA egknsoh us dgk fd fo|kFkhZ dk thou ,slk gS fd ftlesa rhu ;qx feyrsgSa] rhu ihf<;ka feyrh gSa] rhu LoIu feyrs gSaA vki ;g le> ysa fd vrhr esa tksFkk og vkt vkidks izkIr gS] bl ;qx dh tks ijh{kk gS] iz;ksx dh fLFkfr gS og Hkhvkidks izkIr gSA Hkfo’; dk tks LoIu gS] og Hkh vkids lEeq[k gSA vkidkmRrjkf/kdkj ,d izdkj ls f=xq.kkRed gSA rhu izdkj dk gSA vkids vrhr esa tksewY; Fks] mudks u;s ;qx esa ijhf{kr djds Hkfo’; dk fp= cuk ysa rks fuf”pr :Ik lsvki vius ns”k dks vius y{; dh vksj ys tk,axsA

rRdkyhu vaxzsth f”k{kk ds eUrO; dks [kksyrh gqbZ egknsoh dgrh gSafd ij”kkflr ns”k esa f”k{kk dk m|s”; ogh ugha gks ldrk] tks LOk”kkflr ns”k ds fy,vko”;d gSA Hkkoh ukxfjd ds O;fDrRo dk ,slk fodkl] ftlesa mldk LokfHkeku]jk’VªHkkouk] vU;k; ds fo:) la?k’kZ dh bPNk vkfn fo”ks’krk,a fodflr gks ldsa]LorU= ns”k ds fy, mi;ksxh gks ldrk gS fdUrq fotsrk “kkld oxZ ds fy, “kkflrksadh ubZ ih<+h dk ,slk fodkl vL=&”kL=ksa ls vf/kd “kadktud gS D;ksafd og fodklfotsrk dh fu.khZr t; dks vfu.khZr djus vkSj mls ijkt; esa cnyus dh “kfDrj[krk gSA ;g dgus dh vko”;drk ugha fd egknsoh dk lcls vf/kd /;ku vU;k;ds fo:) la?k’kZ djus dh bPNk fodflr djus dh f”k{kk nsusokyh O;oLFkk ij gSA blsns[krs gq, izks- eSustj ik.Ms; dk ;g dguk fcYdqy lgh lkfcr gksrk gS fdvkykspdksa us egknsoh ds vkalqvksa ij rks /;ku fn;k gS fdUrq muds vkØks”k ij ughaAegknsoh dh Li’V ekU;rk Fkh fd f”k{kk }kjk fo’ke izHkkoksa dk la”kks/ku dj lkeatL;Hkkouk dk foLrkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ,slk blfy, fd izR;sd euq’; fo”ks’kifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] fo”ks’k laLdkjksa ds lkFk mRiUUk gksrk gSA euq’; dh fHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa,oa laLdkjksa esa la”kks/ku vkSj lkeatL; gh l”kDr vkSj mnkj euq’; cuk ldrk gSA

egknsoh dk Hkh ;g ekuuk gS fd gekjh uhjl f”k{kk esa thou dkcgqewY; le; O;FkZ gks tkrk gSA ge ckY;koLFkk ls dS”kks;Z esa vkSj dS”kks;Z ls ;kSouesa izos”k djrs gSa “kq’d Kku dk cks> ysdjA ljLorh ds lkezkT; esa ge etnwjh gh

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sdjrs jgrs gSaA gekjh jh<+ dh gM~Mh >qd tkrh gS] euq’;Ro dk lokZaxh.k fodkl ughagksrkA Hkkoksa dks ge pkgs le> Hkh ysa] mUgsa vius eeZLFky ij dsfUnzr ugha dj ikrsAoDrrkvksa vkSj fucU/kksa esa pkgs ge mu Hkkoksa dk iz;ksx djsa] thou esa mudh ifj.kfrugha gksrhA bl ifjfLFkfr ls cpus ds fy, ckY;dky ls gh ;fn Hkk’kk&f”k{kk dh HkhO;oLFkk gks vkSj Hkko ds lkFk leLr thou&;k=k fu;fer gks] rHkh gekjs thou esa;FkkFkZ lkeatL; LFkkfir gks ldrk gS] gekjk O;ogkj lgt ekuoh; O;ogkj gksldrk gS vkSj izR;sd fo’k; esa mfpr ifjek.k dh j{kk gks ldrh gSA

egknsoh bl ckr dks ysdj fpafrr Fkha fd ge vkt Hkh f”k{kk&O;oLFkkesa mlh <kaps dks pyk jgs gSa ftlesa euq’; dks euq’;rk nsus dh dksbZ “kfDr gh ughagSA gekjh f”k{kk dk y{; dsoy izek.k&i= nsuk ek= gSA mUgksaus tksj nsdj dgk gSfd euq’; ;U= ek= ugha gS fd mlds lc dy&iqtZs [kksy dj Bhd dj fn;s tk;saxsvkSj rsy ;k xzhl Mkydj iqu% pkyw dj fn;k tk,xkA izR;sd euq’; fo”ks’kifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkSj fo”ks’k laLdkjksa ds lkFk mRiUu gksrk gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSjlaLdkjksa esa dqN vuqdwy gks ldrs gSa vkSj dqN izfrdwyA f”k{kky; ,sls dkj[kkus gSatgka fo’ke izHkkoksa dk la”kks/ku gksrk gS vkSj lkeatL; Hkkouk dk foLrkjA blh dkj.kls lkQ rkSj ij egknsoh us dgk fd izsj.kk] LQwfrZ vkSj Kku dh n`f’V ls gekjh f”k{kkesa ,slk ewyHkwr ifjorZu pkfg, tks uohu ih<+h dks pkfjf=d n`<rk vkSj lkaLÑfrdn`f’V nsdj mUgsa bl egku ns”k ds xkSjo ds vuq:Ik gh l”kDr] ewY;fu’B vkSj mnkjeuq’; cuk ldsA

egknsoh dh ;g Li’V le>nkjh Fkh fd yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkkvksa dhtks Hkh detksfj;ka lkeus vk jgh gSa mlds ihNs f”k{kk dk vHkko vkSj HkVdko gh ewydkj.k gSA mUgksaus crk;k gS fd vkt tks gekjk yksdra= iwjh rjg lQy ugha gks jgkgS mlds ewy esa izcq) vkSj f”kf{kr yksd dk vHkko gSA mudk fo”okl Fkk fd iztkrU=dh lQyrk ds fy, lkekU; turk dk f”kf{kr gksuk ftruk t:jh gS mlls HkhT;knk t:jh gS fd “kklu&O;oLFkk ftu yksxksa ds gkFk esa gks os izcq) vkSj f”kf{krgksaA vkxs mUgksaus crk;k gS fd lkE;oknh O;oLFkk dk;e djus ds fy, rks ;g f”k{kkvkSj Hkh t:jh gks tkrh gS D;ksafd lkE;okn cká gh ugha vkarfjd thou ij Hkh] gekjslkspus&fopkjus dh fn”kk ij Hkh cU/ku yxkrk gSA

egknsoh ij ckr djrs gq, ;g Hkqyk;k ugha tk ldrk gS fd os mlhxka/kh ;qx dh dof;=h&fopkjd gSa] tks egku vkn”kksZa ,oa mn~ns”;ksa ls lapkfyr gSALoHkkfod gh gS fd ge ikrs gSa fd egknsoh xka/khth ds fpUru vkSj vkpj.k ls vR;UrizHkkfor FkhA blh dkj.k ls xka/kh th ds f”k{kk lEcU/kh fopkjksa dk Hkh mu ij xgjkizHkko gesa fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA xka/kh th us dgk Fkk fd tks fpRr dh “kqf) u djs] euvkSj bfUnz;ksa dks o”k esa j[kuk u fl[kk,] fuHkZ;rk vkSj LokoyEcu iSnk u djs] fuokZgdk lk/ku u crk, vkSj xqykeh ls NwVus vkSj vktkn jgus dk gkSlyk vkSj lkeF;Zu mitk,] ml f”k{kk esa pkgs ftruh tkudkjh dk [ktkuk] rkfdZd dq”kyrk vkSjHkk’kk&ikf.MR; ekStwn gS] og f”k{kk ugha gS] ;k v/kwjh f”k{kk gSA f”k{kk ls esjk vfHkizk;;g gS fd ckyd dh ;k izkS<+ dh “kjhj] eu rFkk vkRek dh mRre {kerkvksa dks

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mn~?kkfVr fd;k tk;s vkSj ckgj izdk”k esa yk;k tk;sA xka/khth ekurs Fks fdv{kj&Kku u rks f”k{kk dk vfUre y{; gS vkSj u mldk vkjEHkA og rks euq’; dhf”k{kk ds dbZ lk/kuksa esa ls dsoy ,d lk/ku gSA mTtSu ds vius ,d nh{kkUr Hkk’k.kesa egknsoh us Hkh dgk Fkk fd f”k{kk vius lhfer vFkZ esa thou dh rS;kjh ekuh tkldrh gS] ijUrq O;kid vFkZ esa og thou dk pje mn~ns”; gh jgsxhA bu lhfervkSj O;kid vFkksZa esa dksbZ vUrfoZjks/k lEHko ugha gS] D;ksafd lhfer] O;kid vFkZ esavUrHkwZr jgrk gSA euq’; O;kid lef’V dk vax vkSj fo”o ukxfjd gksdj Hkh fdlhns”k fo”ks’k dk ukxfjd vkSj lekt fo”ks’k dk vax gksrk gS vkSj bl ukrs fo”ks’k drZO;ksarFkk vf/kdkjksa ls f?kjk jgrk gSA folaxfr rc mRiUUk gksrh gS] tc f”k{kk fu:n~ns”;rS;kjh ek= jg tkrh gS] D;ksafd og ifj.kkeghu fØ;k”khyrk gSA

xka/khth dh gh rjg egknsoh oekZ Hkh vijk vkSj ijk nksuksa rjg dhgh f”k{kkvksa ftls mUgksaus Øe”k% vFkZdkjh vkSj ijekFkZdkjh f”k{kk dgk gS] dh fgek;rhFkhA muds vuqlkj ijk fo|k ekuo ds vkRecks/k rFkk lgtkr izo`fRr;ksa ds Å/oZxeudk ek/;e gS vkSj vijk mldh ykSfdd fLFkfr esa fodkl dk lk/kuA ijekFkZdkjhfo|k ls ekuo dh ekufld o`fRRk;ksa ds mnkRrhdj.k dk cks/k gksrk gS vkSj vFkZdkjhmls ykSfdd n`f’V ls thou&;kiu ds fy, mi;qDr vkSj larqfyr fodkl nsrh gSAviuh ckr Li’V djrs gq, mUgksaus crk;k gS fd vFkZdkjh fo|k og fo|k gS tks lektesa vkidks mi;ksxh cukrh gS] tks vkidks thou dh vkthfodk dh lqfo/kk,a nsrh gS]ftlls vki deZ ds {ks= esa] xkao esa] uxj esa] jk’Vª esa viuk LFkku cukrs gSa vkSjijekFkZdkjh fo|k og fo|k gS ftlls vki lef’V ls tqM+rs gSaA mlesa ekuoh; ewY;gSa] ftlls vkidk ân; curk gS] vkidh cqf) curh gS] vki mnkj curs gSa] Lusg”khycurs gSa] ln~Hkko ,oa lEiUurk ls iw.kZ ekuo curs gSa ftlls vkidh cqf) vkSj ân;dk ifj’dkj gksrk gSA ge le> ldrs gSa fd egknsoh us bl ckr dh vko”;drktkfgj dh Fkh fd Hkkjr ds fy, gesa ,d jpukRed yksd&f”k{k.k dh iz.kkyh dht:jr gS] tks gekjs ns”k dh fo”ks’k ifjfLFkfr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, cukbZ xbZ gks vkSjftldk mn~ns”; gks ml Hksn dks feVkuk] tks vkt ckSf)d vkSj “kkjhfjd ifjJe djusokyksa ds chp [kM+k gks x;k gSA egknsoh ds bl f”k{kk ds ekWMy ls gh lc rjg dsJe dks ,d ry ij ykdj og vkRelEeku iSnk fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks O;fDr dsuSfrd fodkl ds fy, vko”;d gSA

xka/kh dh gh Hkkafr egknsoh dh f”k{kk lEcU/kh le> dk egkeuk enueksgu ekyoh; dh f”k{kk ls lEcfU/kr ekU;rkvksa ls esy [kkuk dksbZ vk”p;Z dh ckrugha gSA eqdqV fcgkjh yky us ekyoh; th egkjkt ij fy[krs gq, ;g crk;k gS fdthou dk lokZaxh.k fodkl ekyoh; th dh f”k{kk&i)fr dk ewyeU= FkkA os pkgrsFks fd fo|kfFk;ksaZ ds fy, f”k{kk dk ,slk izcU/k gks fd os viuh “kkjhfjd] ckSf)d rFkkHkkokRed “kfDr;ksa dks ifjiq’V vkSj fodflr dj ldsa] vkSj vkxs pydj fdlhO;oLkk; }kjk lPpkbZ vkSj bZekunkjh ls viuk thou fuokZg dj ldsa] dykiw.kZ vkSjlkSUn;Ze; thou O;rhr dj ldsa] lekt esa vknj.kh; vkSj fo”oklik= cu ldas]rFkk ns”kHkfDr ls tks euq’; dks mPpdksfV dh lsok djus dh vksj izo`Rr djrh gS] viusthou dks vyaÑr dj jk’Vª dh leqfpr lsok dj ldasA

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vc rd ds foospu vkSj mnkgj.kksa ls ;g le> lduk eqf”dy ughagS fd thou dk lokZaxh.k fodkl djuk gh egknsoh dh f”k{kk lEcU/kh ekU;rkvksa dkHkh ewyeU= gSA vkpj.k dh “kqf)] iqf’V vkSj ifjiDork ds fy, ekyoh; th /keZ]ukxfjdrk vkSj uSfrdrk dh f”k{kk vko”;d le>rs FksA mudh /keZ dh O;k[;kuSfrdrk ls vksrizksr vkSj ukxfjdrk ls lefUor FkhA os ns”kHkfDr dks /keZ dkegRoiw.kZ vax Lohdkj djrs FksA mudh uSfrdrk cgqr va”kksa esa /keZxzUFkksa esa izfrikfnruSfrd vkns”kksa ij vkfJr FkhaA egknsoh dk dguk Fkk fd /keZ ds lEiznk; ls eSa Hk;Hkhrugha gksrh] fdUrq jktuhfr ds LkEiznk; Hk;Hkhr dj nsrs gSaA /keZ ds lEiznk; rks fdlhvkLFkk dks] dqN uSfrd ewY;ksa dks ysdj pyrs gSa] mu uSfrd ewY;ksa esa pkgs os bZlk usizfrikfnr fd, gksa] pkgs eqgEen] pkgs “kadjkpk;Z us] cgqr dqN thou ds rRo ,d lsfey tkrs gSaA

egknsoh us viuh tkrh; laLÑfr vkSj tkrh; Lefr;ksa esa izfrikfnruSfrd vkSj ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks vkRelkr djus dh izsj.kk crkrs gq, fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls dgkfd ge f”k{kk rks ns jgs gSa ysfdu dsoy izf”k{k.k gks jgk gS fcuk bl ckr ij /;kufn, fd fdl pht dk izf”k{k.k ns jgs gSaA ;g rks gekjs “kkL=ksa esa gS] gekjs n”kZu esagS] gekjs /keZ esa gSaA muesa ls mls [kkstdj gesa fudkyuk gSA gekjh tks og ekuorkgS] ekuoh; rRo gS] Lusg dk RkRo gS mlus gekjs ;gka nks&nks d:.kk ds egku /kekZsadks tUe fn;k gSA ftl laLÑfr us bl Hkkjr ds iq:’kkFkZ dks] ikS:’k dks jke ds :Ikesa mifLFkr fd;k] ftlus bl Hkkjr dh dyk dks] Hkkouk dks Ñ’.k ds :Ik esa mifLFkrfd;k] ftlus blds fuoZsn dks cq) ds :Ik esa mifLFkr fd;k] mlds ikl vUkUrlEHkkouk,a gSaA

gkykafd egknsoh us laLÑfr dh rjQ tkus ds fy, nks iwoZ “kRkZas Hkhj[kh gSaA igyk ;g fd mUgksaus ekuk gS fd blds fy, la;e dk gksuk cgqr gh t:jhgSA fcuk thou dks la;fer fd,] fcuk e;kZfnr fd, og vkRe”kfDr ugha vkrhftlls geesa laLÑfr ds ewY;oku dks xzg.k djus dh {kerk fodflr gksrh gSA nwljkmUgksaus ;g Hkh crk;k gS fd dsoy xzg.k djus dh {kerk gksuk gh Ik;kZIr ugha gS cfYdlaLÑfr esa ls ewY;oku dks igpkuus ds foosd dk gksuk Hkh mruk gh vko”;d gSAnjvLky] gekjs lkaLÑfrd ewY; egRoiw.kZ gSa ijUrq orZeku ;qx dh leL;kvksa lsmudh laxfr u cSBkus ij os gekjh izxfr ds ia[kksa esa ca/ksa gq, iRFkj gks tk,axsaA fdlhns”k dh laLÑfr ls ml ns”k ds lekt dk ogh lEcU/k gS tks /kjrh vkSj cht dk gksrkgSA cht dk o`{k gksuk gh ugha mlds iYyoksa dh gjhfrek] Qwyksa dk jax vkSj Qy dkjl ek/kq;Z mldh feV~Vh ds LoHkko ij fUkHkZj gSaA thou ds vUr% vkSj ckáfodkl&Øe esa tks ewY; vkSj thou&i)fr curh pyrh gS] ogh ns”k&fo”ks’k dhlaLÑfr gSA fodkl dh ;g /kkjk ,d vksj ns”k&dky ls vkSj nwljh vksj “kk”orthou&ewY;ksa ls lhfer jgus ds dkj.k izR;sd ;qx esa uohu izkphu dk laxe mifLFkrdjrh gSaA ftl izdkj unh dks] rV ds lhfer va”k ls ns[kus ij Hkh gesa mlds vy{;mn~xe vkSj xUrO; dk cks/k jgrk gS mlh izdkj vius ;qx ds dky[k.M esa ns[k djHkh gesa viuh laLÑfr ds vkfne lzksr rFkk y{; dk cks/k gksrk jgrk gSA

e wY;foe”kZ 79

f”k{kk esa thou ewY;ksa ds lEUo; ds fy, egknsoh f”k{kk esa lkfgR; dks“kkfey djus ij cgqr cy nsrh gSaA ;g bl {ks= esa mudk ekSfyd ;ksxnku gSA mUgksauscrk;k gS fd thou dh orZeku fo’kerk dks nwj djus dk tks jlk;u gekjs lkfgR;esa gS mldk f”k{kk esa mi;ksx u djuk Hkwy gksxhA bfrgkl crkrk gS fd tc&tc ,dns”k nwljs ns”k ls “kfDr ds ?kks’k esa cksyrk gS rc&rc ,d nkl vkSj nwljk Lokeh gkstkrk gSA ,d foftr vkSj nwljk fotsrk cu tkrk gSA ijUrq tc&tc ,d ns”k nwljsls lkfgR; ds Loj esa cksyrk gS rc&rc lkr leqnz dk vUrj ikj dj] mUur ioZrksadks yka?k dj muds ân; ,d nwljs ds fudV vk tkrs gSaA ,d nwljs ds lq[k vkSjnq%[kksa ls rknkRE; dj ysrs gSaA

egknsoh us crk;k gS fd euq’; viuh jkxkRed O;kfIr ds fcuklef’V esa igpkuk ugha tk ldrkA og vius ckSf)d foLrkj ds fcuk ekuk ugha tkldrk vkSj bl O;kfIr ds ewY;kadu ds vHkko esa ekuo tkfr dh izxfr dkys[kk&tks[kk vfeV ugha jg ldrkA unh ftl izdkj nksuksa rVksa dk vyx&vyxLi”kZ djds Hkh viuh ,drk esa ,d j[krh gS] mlh izdkj lkfgR; thou dh fHkUu tkuiM+us okyh o`fRRk;ksa dks vius Li”kZ dh ,drk esa ,d j[krk gSA

muds vuqlkj lkfgR; dh Hkwfe ij dkfynkl vkSj rqylhnkl ftrusgekjs gSa mrus lkjs fo”o ds gSa vkSj “ksDlfi;j] xksdhZ] VkYlVk; vkfn ftrus viusns”kksa ds gSa mrus gh gekjs gSaaA ge /kjrh ij nhokjsa [kM+h dj ds] mls ckaV ldrs gSa]ij mu nhokjksa dh ÅapkbZ ls vkdk”k [kaM&[kaM esa ugha caV ldrk gSA ge rksy djcknyksa dk caVokjk ugha dj ldrs] uki dj fdj.kksa dks foHkkftr ugha dj ldrs vkSjfxu dj rkjksa dks ugha ys ns ldrsA blh izdkj dh ,drk lkfgR; esa feyrh gSA ;fnvkt ds fo’ke thou esa ge ubZ ih<h dh ,drk cuk, j[kuk pkgrs gSa rks gesa f”k{kkesa lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr dks ,slk egRoiw.kZ LFkku nsuk gksxk ftlls fo|kFkhZ dks ekuo,drk vkSj fo”ocU/kqRo dk ladsr izkIr gks lds vkSj og vf/kd iw.kZ euq’; cu ldsA

lUnHkZ xzUFk %1- laHkk’k.k egknsoh] lkfgR; Hkou izkbosV fy0] bykgkckn

****

e wY;foe”kZ 80

u;h dfork ds ewY; ,oa lkfgfR;d n`f’Vdks.k vf[kys”k dqekj falag ;kno*

u;h dfork ds nkSj esa dfo;ksa vkSj leh{kdksa us igyh ckj dforkds lUnHkZ esa cnyrs gq, ewY;ksa dh ppkZ dh gSA êwY;* “kCn ewyr% vFkZ”kkL= lslEcfU/kr gSA vFkZ”kkL= dk ;g “kCn tc ekuoh; laosnukvksa ds xgu Lrjksa ds lkFktqM+rk gS rks ekuoh; laosnukvksa dh rjg mldh lhek,¡ QSy tkrh gSA ;gha ij iz”umBrk gS fd D;k oLrq dks mlds vfLrRo ds dkj.k gh ewY;oku ekuk tk ldrk gS\u;h dfork ds izeq[k dfo MkW0 txnh”k xqIr dk ekuuk gS fd dksbZ Hkh oLrq viusvfLrRo ds dkj.k gh ewY;oku ugha ekuh tk ldrh] D;ksafd ewY;&cks/k vfLrRocks/k ls fHkUu gSA1 bldk vFkZ ;g ugha fd ewY;&cks/k vfLrRo cks/k dk fu’ks/k djrkgSA lgh vFkksZa esa rks ;g vfLrRo cks/k dk ,d fof”k’V Lohdkj gh gS] ysfdu dksbZ oLrqvfLrRo j[kus ij fdlh lUnHkZ fo”ks’k esa ewY;oku gks ldrh gSA

êwY;* dh dYiuk ekuo dks mldks iw.kZ vfLrRo esa Lohdkj djdsgh dh tk ldrh gSA D;ksafd êwY;* dh fLFkfr fdlh oLrq esa u gksdj ekuo esa gSAekuo gh ewY;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gS vkSj mlh dh vko”;drkvksa ds vuqlkj ewY;curs] fcxM+rs jgrs gSaA êwY;* dksbZ ewrZ oLrq ugha ftls ge ns[k ldsa] cfYd êwY;*vius esa ,d /kkj.kk ¼dUlsIV½ gS] ,d vuqHko gSA dksbZ Hkh oLrq ewY;oku gks ldrhgSA ewY; vewrZ gS ftls O;fDr Hkksxrk] >syrk gS vkSj ftls og vuqHko ds Lrj ijthrk gSA êwY;* dk vfLrRo O;fDr dh bPNk ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA fopkjksa vkSjbPNkvksa esa oSfp«; rFkk ekuo&eu dh tfVyrk rFkk mlls mRiUu la?k’kZ ds lekuewY;ksa esa Hkh la?k’kZ dh fLFkfr cuh jgrh gSA gj ekU;rk dh vLohÑfr ds ckn viusvuqHko dks Lohdkj djus ds flok vkSj dksbZ pkjk ugha gksrkA2 MkW0 txnh”k xqIr dkdguk gS fd rŸor% lHkh ewY; ekuo&ewY; gSa] pkgs os uSfrd gksa] pkgs lkSUn;ZijdewY; ;k dksbZ vkSj] ij fo”ks’k vFkZ esa ekuo ewY;ksa dk rkRi;Z mu ewY;ksa ls gS tks ekuods vkUrfjd lgt Lo:i ds lcls fudV izrhr gksrs gSa rFkk mlds laosnukRedO;fDrRo ls lcls vf/kd lh/ks vkSj xgu :i ls lEc) gSaA mudh fo”ks’krk blh esagS fd ekuoh; laosnukvksa dh muesa eqDr vkSj mnkj LohÑfr gSA thou esa mu ewY;ksadh izfr’Bk dk vFkZ ekuork ,oa ekuoh;rk dh izfr’Bk gSA muds fcuk ekuo vfLrRofujFkZd gSA blls fHkUu :i esa êkuo&ewY;* dh dYiuk eSa ugha dj ikrk gw¡A3 ubZdfork ds gh ,d vU; dfo MkW0 /keZohj Hkkjrh ds fopkj esa&^lkFkZdrk dk igywlcls cM+k ekuo&ewY; gSA*4

vc iz”u mBrk gS fd ewY;ksa esa ifjorZu D;ksa gksrk gS\ ewY;ksa esacnyko D;ksa gksrk gS\ ;g Hkh iz”u mBrk gS fd ewY;ksa esa ifjorZu gksrk gS ;k ewY;ksadk fodkl gksrk gS\ lqfo/kk ds fy, ge îfjorZu* “kCn dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] ysfduoLrqr% fo”o fodlu”khy gS vkSj mlds lkFk gh ekuo&laLÑfr ds vuq:i ekuoewY;ksa esa Hkh fodlu”khy gS vkSj mlds lkFk gh ekuo&laLÑfr ds vuq:i ekuoewY;ksa esa Hkh fodkl gksrk gS] os fujUrj fodflr gksrs jgrs gSa] viuh vko”;drkvksa*“kk s/k Nk=] fgUnh foHkkx] egkRek xk ¡/kh dk”kh fo|kihB] okjk.klh

e wY;foe”kZ 81

ds vuq:iA dHkh “kh?kz xfr ls vkSj dHkh /khjs&/khjsA MkW- fuR;kuUn frokjh ds “kCnksaesa&ewY; lnSo foo”krk ds Hkhrj mitrk gS] lEcU/kksa ds lUrqyu esa mitrk gSA5

lEHkor% ewY; blfy, Hkh cnyrs gSa fd euq’; ewY;kUos’k.k djrk gS vkSj ;gewY;kUos’k.k blfy, djrk gS fd og cnyrs gq, ifjos”k ds lkFk dqN l`tu djukpkgrk gSA ekDlZoknh fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj] ewY;&ifjorZu dk izeq[k dkj.kvFkZ&rU= gSA Yk{ehdkUr oekZ dk rks ekuuk gS fd ^^tc Hkh fdlh oLrq dk lUnHkZcny tkrk gS rks mlds lkFk&lkFk mlds ewY; Hkh cny tkrs gSaA6

u, ewY;ksa dh [kkst rc dh tkrh gS] tc iwoZ&izpfyr thou&ewY;;k rks /oLr gks tkrs gSa ;k brus futhZo vkSj :f<+xzLr gks tkrs gSa fd u, ;qx dslUnHkZ esa mudh dksbZ mi;ksfxrk ugha fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS] ftlls cqf)thoh oxZ dhmuesa dksbZ vkLFkk ugha jg tkrhA7

lu~ 1950 ds ckn ewY;ksa esa rsth ls cnyko vk;kA ;g cnykolkaLÑfrd] nk”kZfud] lkekftd] jktuhfrd rFkk ekuoh; Lrjksa ij gqvkA ubZ dforkus rsth ls cnyrs gq, ewY;ksa dh vfHkO;fDr nhA ,d Hkzked /kkj.kk ;g jgh gS fdubZ dfork us ewY;ksa dks l;kl cnyus dk iz;kl fd;k gS] tcfd oLrqfLFkfr ,slhugha gSA oLrqfLFkfr ;g gS fd ewY; ifjos”k vkSj lekt dh vfuok;Zrkvksa dsifj.kkeLo:i cnys rFkk mUgsa ubZ dfork us l”kDr vfHkO;fDr nhA ;g ewY;ksUes’kdk nkSj dsoy dkO; ds {ks= esa gh ugha] cfYd dgkuh] ukVd vkSj miU;kl ds {ks=ksaesa Hkh pykA vr% ;g Li’V gS fd ;fn ubZ dfork us gh ewY;ksa dks cnyk gksrk rks;g Loj lkfgR; dh vU; fo/kkvksa esa ;k rks vk gh u ikrs ;k fQj bruh rsth lsu vkrsA

ubZ dfork /keZ] n”kZu] uhfr] vkpkj] vkfn ls lEcfU/kr fdlh ewY;dks QkeZwys ds :i esa Lohdkj ugha djrhA tkus&ekus ewY;ksa dh fo/kk;d vlaxfr;ksadks izdk”k esa ykuk vkSj mUgsa vLohdkj djuk ubZ dfork dk fo”ks’krk gSA ubZ dforkus /keZ] n”kZu] uhfr] vkfn lHkh izdkj ds ewY;ksa dks pqukSrh nh gS( vkSj thou dks uohuvuqHkwfr] uohu fpUru] uohu xfr ds ekxZ esa vkusokys QkewZyksa vFkok ewY;ksa dhfo?kkrd vlaxfr;ksa dks vukoŸk djuk ltZukRedrk ls vlEc) ugha gS] oju ltZudh vkdqyrk gh gSA ubZ dfork us thou&ewY;ksa dh fQj ijh{kk dh gSA u, ewY;ksadh iqu% ijh{kk dk Øe u;k ugh gSA gj ;qx us iqjkus ewY;ksa dks vius lUnHkZ esa dlkgS] fdUrq bu ;qxksa dh dforkvksa ds lkeus lek/kku ds rkSj ij dksbZ vkn”kZokn mrjvkrk jgk gS vkSj iz”ukdqyrk dk LFkku HkkokRed ekuorkoknh vkLFkk ysrh jgh gSAijUrq ubZ dfork dh ;FkkFkZoknh n`f’V dkYifud ;k vkn”kZoknh ;k Hkkoqdrk fefJrekuookn ls lUrq’V u gksdj thou dk ewY;] mldk lkSUn;Z] mldk thou esa Hkh[kkstrh gSA ubZ dfork esa O;aX; ds :i esa dgha iqjkus ewY;ksa dh vLohÑfr gS] rks dghannZ dh lPpkbZ ds Hkhrj ls mxrs gq, u, ewY;ksa dh lEHkkouk ds izfr vkLFkkA8 ubZdfork thou&ewY;ksa dk ijh{k.k blfy, djrh gS fd og ns[kuk pkgrh gSa vkSj vius:<+ :i esa fdrus vlaxfriw.kZ gks x, gSa] budk fdruk Lo:i vkt ds fy, Hkh xzkg~;

e wY;foe”kZ 82

gSA tkx:d dfo vkSj fpUrd dks bl rjg dk ijh{k.k djuk iM+rk gSAubZ dfork ds lEcU/k esa izk;% ;g dgk tkrk gS fd og vfroS;fDrd

gS] mlesa lkekftd ewY;ksa dk vadu ugha gSA vFkkZr~ ubZ dfork lkekftd nkf;Roksals P;qr dfork gS rFkk mlesa cgqtu fgrk; vkSj cgqtu lq[kk; dh Hkkouk fufgrugha gSA vr% gesa ;g ns[kuk gS fd ubZ dfork us lkekftd nkf;Roksa dk fuokZg fd;kgS ;k ugha vFkkZr~ lkekftd psruk ds uke ij ubZ dfork us fdu lkekftd ewY;ksadks vfHkO;fDr nh gSA ;gk¡ ij ;g Li’V dj nsuk vko”;d gS fd ubZ dfork tgk¡,d vksj lkekftd nkf;Roksa dk fuokZg djrh gqbZ] u, lkekftd ewY;ksa dh izfr’Bkfo”kq) :i ls ekuoh; /kjkry ij djrh gS] ogk¡ nwljh vksj og e/;dkyhu ttZj:f<+xr ewY;ksa dk [kqys :i esa cfg’dkj dj nsrh gSA ubZ dfork dh lkekftd psruke/;dkyhu lkekftd psruk ,oa izxfroknh lkekftd psruk ls ,dne vyx gSA

lkekftd ewY;ksa ds {ks= esa ubZ dfork us ;FkkFkZ thou dks vfHkO;fDrnhA f}rh; fo”o;q) ds ckn iw¡thoknh ns”kksa esa Hkz’Vkpkj] ?kwl vkSj vU;k; dk brukcksyckyk gqvk fd mlls lR;] U;k;] vfgalk] fo”okl vkSj izse tSls ekuoh; ewY;ksadk yksi gks x;k vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa dk vfLrRo lekIr gks x;kA bldk izHkko Hkkjrds ;qok oxZ ij iM+kA O;kid ifjos”k esa ekuoh; ,oa lkekftd ewY;ksa dh vLohÑfrns[kdj og vkgr gks mBkA ifj.kkeLo:i ubZ dfork esa vfrfjDr vukLFkk] fujk”kk]O;fDroknh dq.Bk vkfn dh vfHkO;fDr gqbZA ubZ dfork ij izk;% ;g vk{ksi yxk;ktkrk jgk gS fd blesa vukLFkk] fujk”kk] dq.Bk vkfn fo”ks’krk,¡ if”pe dh udy lsiSnk gqbZ gSaA ;g lR; gS fd ubZ dfork esa budh vfHkO;fDr gqbZ gS] fdUrq bufo”ks’krkvksa dks tUe nsusokys dkj.k vius lekt esa gh gSaA lekt dk ifjos”k cM+kfo’ke gSA ;fn lkekftd fLFkfr esa rM+irs O;fDr dks fujk”kk] dq.Bk] ykpkjh] =kl]nq%[k vkSj eR;q dh dkeuk gksrh gS rks og m/kkj dh foo”krk ,oa Hk; dh vuqHkwfr]vlgk;rk dh Hkkouk dh ;FkkFkZ vfHkO;fDr gqbZA ^vU/kk;qx*] duqfiz;k*] rFkk ^lkrxhr o’kZ* dh dfork,¡ ekuoh; thou dh ;U=.kkvksa ,oa ladVcks/k dks mn~?kkfVrdjrh gSaA

ubZ dfork us thou dks iw.kZ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k vkSj mlds ;FkkFkZdks Hkksxus dh ykylk O;Dr dhA blus thou dks iwoZorh dkO;/kkjkvksa dh rjg urks ,dkaxh :i esa ns[kk] u dsoy egr~ :i esa] blus thou dks thou ds :i esa ns[kkA/keZohj Hkkjrh fy[krs gSa fd ubZ dfork esa O;fDroknh vkxzg ;k lkekftd vkxzg dkiz”u HkzekRed <ax ls mBk;k tkrk jgk gSA fdUrq okLro esa ubZ dfork izFke ckjleLr thou dks O;fDr ;k lekt] bl izdkj ds rax foHkktuksa ds vk/kkj ij uekidj ewY;ksa dk lkis{k fLFkfr esa O;fDr vkSj lekt nksuksa dks ekius dk iz;kl djjgh gSA9 lkfgR; esa O;fDr ds fonzksg ds uke ij cgqr dqN ,slk vk;k gS tksvUrrksxRok lekt ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh fl) gqvk gS vkSj vDlj lkekftddY;k.k ds uke ij Hkh cgqr dqN ,slk vkrk jgk gS tks :f<+;ksa dk leFkZu] fodkldk fojks/kh] lekt ds fy, vfgrdj vkSj thou ds lokZaxh.k fodkl esa ck/kd fl)

e wY;foe”kZ 83

gksrk jgk gSAubZ dfork ekuoh; xkSjo dh izfr’Bk dks iqu% LFkkfir djuk pkgrh

gSA okLro esa] ubZ dfork dh tks izeq[k Hkko&Hkwfe gS mlesa eq[; iz”u gS lokZaxh.kekuoh; fo?kVu dk eqdkcyk djus dk /keZohj Hkkjrh ds vuqlkj] ekuoh; xkSjo dhizfr’Bk blh esa gS fd euq’; dks ge foosd vkSj ladYi&”kfDr ls ;qDr bfrgkl dkfuekZrk vkSj viuh fu;fr dk vf/kuk;d ekuasA oLrqr% ekuoh; xkSjo dh izfr’Bkfdlh ,d O;fDr dh lq[kkuqHkwfr ;k mlds dyk O;fDrRo dh ekSt dh leL;k ughagSA vUrrksxRok og Hkh ,d O;kid lkekftd rŸo gS vkSj blhfy, ;fn izR;sdNksVs&ls&NksVs ls O;fDr ds xkSjo dks ogh egŸo fn;k tk, tks cM+s&ls&cM+s O;fDrdks feyrk gSA10 bldh LFkkiuk rHkh gks ldrh gS tc ge lkekftd lerk dsfl)kUr dk izkFkfed ekU;rk iznku djsa] euq’; vkSj euq’; dks leku ekusa] egktuds le{k y?kqtu dks j[ksa vkSj nksuksa ds fy, leku uSfrd ewY; vkSj leku vf/kdkjvkSj leku xkSjo dh ?kks’k.kk djsaA

uSfrd ewY;ksa dh “kq:vkr O;fDr ls gqbZ] ftlus /khsjs&/khjs fodflrgksdj bZ”oj rFkk bZ”oj ds izfrfuf/k ds :i esa dk;Z djus okys iksi] if.Mr ;kvkpk;Z vkfn dh eU=.kk vfUre gksrh FkhA /khjs&/khjs psruk dk fodkl gqvk vkSjmlds lkFk gh lkFk mn; gqvk&ekuookn dkA ekuookn ds mn;dky esa bZ”oj&tSlhfdlh ekuoksifj lŸkk ;k mlds izfrfuf/k /kekZpk;ksZa dks uSfrd ewY;ksa dk vf/kuk;du ekudj euq’; dks gh bu ewY;ksa dk fo/kk;d ekuus dh izo`fŸk fodflr gqbZA11

ubZ dfork dk dfo vius iwoZorhZ dfo;ksa dh rjg vgaoknh gS ysfdumldk vga psru Lrj ij gksrk gSA izR;sd O;fDr uSfrd ewY;ksa dks viuh lqfo/kkuqlkjekurk gSA ftu uSfrd ewY;ksa ds fy, og nwljksa ds fy, dBksj gksrk gS mUghsa ds fy,og vius ;k viuksa ds fy, cM+k mnkj gks mBrk gSA bUgha nksgjs uSfrd ekuksa ij ubZdfork O;aX; djrh gS] vkØks”k vkSj Øks/k O;Dr djrh gSA ubZ dfork jktuhfrdewY;ksa dks ladh.kZrk vkSj la”k; ds lkFk ugha Lohdkjrh] cfYd mUgsa O;kidrk iznkudjrh gSA tc dfo dgrk gS fd ^gj Hkw[kk vkneh fcdkÅ ugha gksrk* rks ogjktfufr dks ekuo&dY;k.k ds fufeŸk Lohdkj djrk gSA jktuhfr Hkw[ks vkneh dhfoo”krk dk Hkjiwj ykHk mBkrh gS] ysfdu ubZ dfork bl /kkj.kk dk fojks/k djrh gSA

Hkkjr dh viuh laLÑfr dh ,d yEch ijEijk jgh gSA mlds viuslkaLÑfrd ewY; gSaA e/;dkyhu lkaLÑfrd ewY; nsoh&nsorkvksa dh oUnuk] rhFkZ;k=k rFkk vLohdkj djds jk’Vªh; lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa dk mn; gqvk] ysfdu LorU=rkfeyrs gh os viuh xfjek [kks cSBsA Nk;kokn us ftu lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa dk izJ; fn;k]os Hkkjrh; rks Fks] ysfdu rsth ls cnyrs gq, ;qx dh ek¡xksa dks iwjk ugha dj ldrsFksA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa dk rsth ls fo?kVu gqvk vkSj ubZ dfork usiwjh dh iwjh laLÑfr dks vLohdkj djrs gq, dgk&

laLÑfr uke dh ,d cw<+h vkSjrtks cgqr fnu gq, e`R;q dk cu pqdh gS xzkl

e wY;foe”kZ 84

vc Hkh djrh gS gekjs lkFk pyus dk iz;kljkt/kkuh ds e/; gesa lkFk ysdjgekjk mM+kuk pkgrh gS etkdAbu lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa ds fo?kVu ds ckn u, lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa dk

mn; gqvkA bu ij fons”kh izHkko Hkys gh jgk] ysfdu ;s lHkh lkaLÑfrd ewY;Hkkjrh; ifjos”k ,oa tuthou dh vko”;drkvksa ds vuq:i gh mfnr gq,A fons”kh;q)&fiz; ,oa e”khuh laLÑfr dks Hkkjrh; laLÑfr Lohdkj ugha dj ikbZ] ysfdufons”kh laLÑfr dh mnkjrk ,oa ekuorkfnrk vkfn xq.kksa ls vo”; gh izHkkfor gqbZAubZ dfork esa ftu u, lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa dh vfHkO;fDr gqbZ muesa /kkfeZd vU/kfo”okldk frjLdkj] rhFkksZa vkfn dk egRo u nsuk] HkkX;okfnrk dk frjLdkj /keZfujis{krkvkfn izeq[krk gSaA

lkekftd ewY; gksa ;k jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd ewY; gksa ;k nk”kZfud]mudk vfUre y{; gS&ekuo vFkkZr~ fcuk ekuo ds bu ewY;ksa ds vfLrRo dks lgtgh udkjk tk ldrk gSA ekuo&ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk ubZ dfork dks vU;remiyfC/k gSA O;fDr&LokrU«;] ekuo&LokfHkeku vkSj ekuo&,drk rks igys ghLohÑr ewY; Fks] buds vfrfjDr ubZ dfork us ekuo&oSf”k’V~; ekuo&fu’Bk rFkkvkRefo”okl vkfn ekuo&ewY;ksa dks izfrf’Br fd;kA ekuo ewY; dh ppkZ djrs gq,MkW- txnh”k xqIr dgrs gSa&^,d ekuo&ewY; dks Åij ls vks<+dj ;fn dykdkjviuh Ñfr dks izHkkoiw.kZ cukus dh ps’Vk djrk gS] rks izdkjkUrj ls nwljs ekuo&ewY;dk fu’ks/k djrk gSA vr,o ekuo&ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk lkfgR;dkj ls bl ckr dhvis{kk j[krh gS fd og lkfgfR;d ewY;ksa dks mruk gh leknj iznku djsa ftrukekuo&ewY;ksa dks D;ksafd rŸor% nksuksa ,d gh gSaA12 ubZ dfork us lkfgfR;d ewY;ksarFkk ekuo&ewY;ksa nksuksa ds nkf;Ro dks fuokZg fd;k gSA ekuo&ewY; O;fDr ds f”kOkdh j{kk djrs gSa rFkk lkfgfR;d ewY; lkSUn;Z ds] vkuUn ds |ksrd gSaA ubZ dforkf”koRo cks/k ¼ekuo&ewY;½ rFkk lkSUn;Z&cks/k ¼lkfgfR;d ewY;½ nksuksa dks laf”y’V:i esa mifLFkr djrh gSA

ewY;&cks/k dk vk/kkj fdls ekuk tk,] bl ij fo}kuksa es erHksn gSAMkW- jkefoykl “kekZ vkSj MkW- ukeoj flag oxZ ekuo* ds egŸo dks Lohdkj djrs gSaAy{ehdkUr oekZ us ^y?kqekuo* dks rFkk txnh”k xqIr us ^lgt ekuo* dks Lohdkjfd;k gSA fdUrq MkW- /keZohj Hkkjrh us ewY; cks/k dk vk/kkj O;fDr* dks ekurs gq, dgkgS& êkuoh; ewY; vUrrksxRok euq’; ds oS;fDrd thou esa gh iuirs gSa vkSj mudkfodkl O;fDr ls lewg ;k lekt dh vksj gksrk gSA13

ubZ dfork ds ekuo&LokrU«;] ekuo&LokfHkeku ds Loj cgqr igysgh mB pqds FksA ubZ dfork us Hkh ekuo&LokrU«; dks viuk fo’k; cuk;kAfxfjtkdqekj ekFkqj us ^[kr* “kh’kZd dfork esa fy[kk gS&ugha Lohdkj mudks dSn]fu;eu dwV] vuq”kklu] iafDrpkyu] QkybuA* losZ”oj us ^ljd.Ms dh xkM+h* esablh iafDrpkyu] vuq”kklu ij rh[kk O;aX; fd;k gSA /keZohj Hkkjrh us Lohdkj fd;k

e wY;foe”kZ 85

gS fd ubZ dfork dk izeq[k Loj vkt ekuo dh eqfDr dk Loj gSA fdUrq ;g ekuodk eqfDr nkf;Ro&ghurk ugha gSA14 mudk dguk gS fd oS;fDrd LokrU«; dh blvnE; ?kks’k.kk dk vFkZ vjktdrk] mPNà[kyrk] fujadq”krk vkSj nkf;Roghurk ugha gSAblds lkFk ,d nkf;Ro Hkh gSA15 ekuo&LokrU«; dh j{kk ds lkFk&lkFk mldsnkf;Ro dh vfHkO;fDr ubZ dfork esa fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA

ubZ dfork us ekuo&LokrU«; ds lkFk gh ekuo&LokfHkeku dksekuo&ewY; ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA ekuo LokfHkeku dk vFkZ gS&^îzR;sd O;fDrds LokfHkeku dks lkekftd LohÑfr] D;ksafd ekuo LokfHkeku dh lkFkZdrk vU;O;fDr;ksa ds LokfHkeku dh lkekftd LohÑfr esa fufgr gSA** ubZ dfork ekuoLokfHkeku dh j{kk djrs gq, ekuo vuqHkwfr;ksa dks muds ifjos”k esa vk¡drh gS] mUgsa;FkkFkZ ls lEi`Dr djds gh :i iznku djrh gSA ^vkRet;h* dk ufpdsrk bldkloZJs’B mnkgj.k gSA ekuo LokfHkeku ds leku gh ekuo&fof”k’Vrk Hkh ,degRoiw.kZ ekuo&ewY; gS] ftls ubZ dfork us Lohdkj fd;kA ubZ dfork dh n`f’V esaizR;sd O;fDr fof”k’V gS] og HkhM+ ugha gS] mldh viuh fof”k’Vrk,¡ gSA u;k dfooxZ ekuo dks udkjdj fof”k’V ekuo dks izfrf’Br djrk gSA ubZ dfork ekuofof”k’Vrk dks O;kid :i ls vk¡drh gSA vkSj ;g O;kidrk Lopsruk vkSj LokuqHkwfrdk LorU=rk iznku djrh gSA ekuo fof”k’Vrk ekuo&ek= dks mlds ifjos”k vkSj;FkkFkZ esa Lohdkj djrh gSA ekuo ewY;ksa dh Ükà[kyk esa ,d egŸoiw.kZ dM+hekuo&foosd gSA MkW- /keZohj Hkkjrh ds vuqlkj] ^foosd vUrjkRek ds lgk;d rRoksaesa lEHkor% lcls izeq[k] lcls fo”oluh; gSA ekuoh; xkSjo dk vFkZ ;g gS fdeuq’; dks LorU=] lpsr nkf;Ro;qDr ekuk tk, rks viuh fu;rh] vius bfrgkl dkfuekZrk gks ldrk gSA blfy,] mlds foosd vkSj eukscy dks loksZifj ekuk tk,A16

fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa oknksa] izfroknksa rFkk vusd fopkj/kkjkvksa esa lEHkze dh fLFkfr mRiUugksus ij foosd gh fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ;q)ksa dk fu.kZ; ;k vPNs&cqjs dk;ksZdk fu.kZ; rdZ ls ugha] ekuo foosd ls gh lEHko gSA Hkkjrh ds fopkj esa lkfgR;dkjdk lgt foosd fuLlUnsg mls lEiznk;xr ladh.kZrkvksa dk vfrØe.k dj O;kidekuooknh e;kZnk Hkwfe ij ykdj [kM+k dj nsrk gSA17 vkRefo”okl dks Hkh ubZ dforkus ,d ewY; ds :i esa izfrf’Br fd;k gSA ftruh bZekunkjh ls ubZ dfork dk dfoviuh vuqHkwfr;ksa dks O;Dr djrk gS] og mlds vkRefo”okl dk gh ifj.kke gSA

dksbZ Hkh oLrq vius vfLrRo ds dkj.k ewY;oku~ ugha ekuh tk ldrhD;ksafd ewY;&cks/k vfLrRo&cks/k ls vyx gSA ewY;&cks/k vfLrRo dk fu’ks/k ughadjrk gSA ewY; dh dYiuk ekuo vfLRkRo dks ml ds iw.kZ :i esa Lohdkj fd;s fcukvlEHko gSA fo”ks’kKksasa us ewY; dk fo”ys’k.k djrs gq, Li’V fd;k gS fd vkUrfjdewY; oLrq&vkfJr u gksdj ekuoh; bPNk ,oa ifjrks’k ds vkfJr jgrk gSA

ewY; vius esa ,d /kkj.kk gSA fdlh oLrq dk ewY;e; izrhr gksukml ds ewY;;qDr gksus dk izek.k gSA OkS;fDrd vuqHkwfr ds vk/kkj ij fu/kkZfjr izR;sdewY;&cks/k brj vuqHkwfr ls la”kksf/kr ,oa lEcfU/kr gksrk jgrk gSA fdUrq gj n”kk esa

e wY;foe”kZ 86

vuqHkwfr oS;fDrd gh gksrh gS tks oLrq ekuo&eu esa izlkn] izsj.kk] lkFkZdrk] vkiwfrZ,oa ifjrks’k dks vuqHkwfr iSnk djus esa l{ke gksrh gS ogh ewY;oku gksus yxrh gSAizrhfr dk fu’ks/k izrh;eku txr vkSj ml ds ;FkkFkZ vuqHko ls mRiUu laosnukvksa dkfu’ks/k gSA ftu nk”kZfudks us vuqHkotU; izrhfr dk fu’ks/k fd;k gS] mudh dkQhvkykspuk gqbZ D;ksafd bl izdkj ekuo ds lgt laosnukRed O;fDrRo dk ghfu’ks/k gks x;k tks okLrfodrk dks f[kykQ gSA izrhfrdrkZ dks vUr esa izrhfr viuhgh gksrh gS] bl fopkj ls izsfjr gksdj ewY; dks ,d nwljs :i esa Hkh ifjHkkf’kr fd;kx;k gS&^ôSY;w bt cSfuVh**18 vFkkZr euq’; dk vkRexkSjo leLr ewY;kadu dkvUrfuZfgr lR; gSA

esjs fopkj ls lHkh ewY; ekuoh; ewY; gS] pkgs os uSfrd ewY; gksa] ;klkSUn;Zijd ;k dksbZ vkSj] ij fo”ks’k vFkZ esa êkuo ewY;ksa* dk rkRi;Z mu ewY;ksa lsgS tks ekuo ds vkUrfjd lgt Lo:i ds lc ls fudV izrhr gksrk gS] rFkk mldslaosnkRed O;fDrRo ls lc ls vf/kd lh/ks vkSj xgu :i ls lEc) gSSA thou esamu ewY;ksa dh izfr’Bk dk vFkZ ekuork ,oa ekuoh;rk dh izfr’Bk gSA mu ds fcukekuo vfLRkRo O;FkZ gS] blls vyx :i esa êkuo ewY;* dh dYiuk eSa ugha dj ikrkgw¡A

gsujh vkWlckuZ Vsyj ds vuqlkj Js’Brj ekuo&ewY; mu dks dgktk;sxk ftu ds vUrZxr lEiw.kZ ekuo izo`fŸk dh laxfr miyC/k gksrh gSA

The best values agree with our whole nature and the best validities must insome way represent our whole nature’s co-ordinated functioning.

The best validity, like the best value, does not appeal merely to feeling orto intallect, but satisfies, So for as this may be possible our whole functioning andself realizing nature.19

ekuo&ewY; dkSu&dkSu ls vkSj fdrus gS bl dk fu/kkZj.k vkSjx.kuk esa fopkjdksa esa dkQh Je fd;k gSA lR;e] f”koe] lqUnje vFkok equality,liberty, fraternity vkfn ewY;ksa ds ukjksa dk :i Hkh xzg.k dj fy;kA mudk brukizpkj izlkj gqvk fd mu ds xEHkhj vFkZ dk yksi gksus yxkA u;s fopkjksa ds lkFk u;sewY;ksa dk mn; gqvk] ftuesa u;s fljs ls ekuoh;rk dks LohÑfr izkIr gqbZAiztkrU=okn vkSj lkE;okn nksuksa dk la/k’kZ cgqr nwj rd bUgha ewY;ksa ds lEeku vkSjvieku ij vk/kkfjr gSA ekDlZoknh fl)kUr esa euq’; dh tks dYiuk dh x;h gS] mlesa ml ds psru i{k dh rRor% mis{kk gSA ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd uSfrd ewY;ksa ds ukeij vuSfrd dks lgkjk feyrk gSaA ekuoh; ds uke ij u`”kal ,oa vekuoh; ÑR;ksadks lkekftd leFkZu izkIr gksrk gSA

“Soviet ethics is instrumental in character and subordinates means to ends....The proetariat in whose name the revolation was made, and in whose

name the dictatosrhip is exercised is not so much the existing proetariat but theidealised proetariat of the future”.20

e wY;foe”kZ 87

ekDlZokn ds fo”ks’kKksa }kjk ,sls fu’d’kZ fujk/kkj ugha izrhr gksrs gSAewY;&cks/k dk vk/kkj êgk ekuo* dks ekuk tk;s vFkok ^y?kq ekuo*

dks ;k fdlh vkSj dks] ;g Hkh ,d leL;k gSA esjk fopkj gS fd ekuo ewY;ksa dkvk/kkj bu dh vis{kk ^lgt ekuo* dks ekuuk vf/kd ;qfDrlaxr gSA dkj.k ;g gSfd lgt ekuo gh fof”k’V fLFkfr;ksa esa mDr fofHkUu :iksa esa yf{kr gksrk gSA thoudh psruk lgt ekuo esa vf/kd izÑr :i esa fØ;k”khy gksrh gSA foÑfr;ksa dkfujkdj.k dj ds ckSf)d Lrj dk lgt ekuo ds Lo#i dh xzg.k djuk dfBu ugahagSA

LokrU= vkSj ekuo&LokfHkeku dh rjg ^y?kqrk* esjs fopkj lsekuo&ewY; ugha gS D;ksafd ewY; cks/k ewyr% ekuoh; bPNk ls vuq”kkflr gksrk gSAeSa y?kq gw¡] y?kq gh jgw¡] esjs pkjksa vksj tks gS] os Hkh lc y?kq jgsa ;k gks tk;sa] ,slh bPNkeq>s lgt eu&fLFkfr esa LokHkkfod ugha fn[kkbZ nsrhA ekuo dgus ls euq’; ds izfrtks lkFkZdrk dk Hkko mRiUu gksrk gS] y?kq* fo”ks’k.k tksM+us ls ml dk fu’ks/k gks tkrkgSA vr% fdlh lkisf{kdrk ds fcuk ^y?kq ekuo* ^vUrfoZjks/ke;* izrhr gksrk gSA lcls izeq[k dkj.k y?kqrk dks ewY; u ekuus dk ;g gS fd fdlh vewrZ {kerk dks ^y?kq*;k ^nh?kZ* dh laKk nsuk fujFkZd gSaA ;fn iksVSfU”k;fyVh ls vfHkizk; gS rks mls y?kqdguk vkSj Hkh vuqi;qDr fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA y?kqrk dks ewY; ekuus ij cgqr lh ,slhoLrqvksa dks Hkh egrk fey tkus dh lEHkkouk gS tks okLro esa egRoiw.kZ ugha gSaA

lkfgR; ds lUnHkZ esa ekuo ewY;ksa dh ppkZ b/kj fo”ks’k :i ls gksusyxh gSA eq[;r;k lkfgR; ds ewY;kadu dh leL;k dks ysdj ;g vusd izdkj lsizfrikfnr fd;k tkrk gS fd lkfgR; dh mRd’Vrk ml esa miyC/k gksus okys ekuoewY;ksa ij vk/kkfjr jgrh gSA iz”u ;g mBrk gS fd ;g ekuo ewY; lkfgR; ds viuslkSUnZ;kRed ewY;ksa ls dgk¡ rd laxfr j[krs gSa vkSj lkfgR; ds lUnHkZ esa lkfgfR;dewY;ksa dks iz/kku ekuk tk;s ;k ekuo ewY;ksa dks] rFkk fdu voLFkkvksa esa nksuksa izdkjds ewY;ksa esa oS/kE;Z mRiUu gks tkrk gSA blds fy, lkfgR; vkSj dyk ds l`tu&i{kdks n`f’V esa j[kuk vko”;d gSA

ewY; cks/k dk mn; lpsru ekufld Lrj dh oLrq gS] fdUrq ftlekufld Lrj ls lkfgR; vkSj dyk dk l`tu gksrk gS] mlesa lpsru ds vfrfjDrvopsru Lrj Hkh fØ;kfUor jgrk gSA euksfo”ys’kdksa dk er ekuk tk, rks Lohdkjdjuk gksxk fd okLrfod lkfgR; ,oa dyk dk fuekZ.k eu dh ltx va”k dh vis{kkvltx va”k dh izsj.kk ls vf/kd gksrk gSA lkfgR; ;k dykÑfr LoIu dh rjg ghladYiukRed gS] vUrj dsoy bruk gh gS fd ,d dk tkxfr ls fojks/k gS] nwljs dhtkxfr ls ,drkA vr,o ewY;ksa dk cks/k ,d lhek rd gh dyk&Ñfr dks fu;ksftrdj ldrk gSA ;g lhek la”ys’k.k ds }kjk iqu%fu;ksftr gksrh gSA fdlh ewY;cks/k dk la”ys’k.k rc rd l`tu&izfØ;k esa lEHko ugah gS] tc rd og vuqHkwfr dhLifUnr Hkko&Hkwfe ij vorfjr ugah gksrkA ftu ekuoh; vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij ogêwY;* lkekU; thou esa fl) ekuk x;k] mu ;k mu ds lekukUrj ifjdfYir oSlh

e wY;foe”kZ 88

gh vuqHkwfr;ksa dh ltho l`f’V dk lw=ikr gq, fcuk jpuk&izfØ;k esa ewY;&cks/k dklekos”k vlEHko gSA lkfgR; esa ogh ekuo ewY; izfrfcfEcr ,oa lefo’V gks ikrs gSa]ftu dks lkfgR;dkj us vius vUr%dj.k esa /kkj.k dj fy;k gS vkSj tks ml dslaosnu”khy O;fDrxr ds vfoHkkT; vax cu pqds gSA ,sls ekuo ewY; lkfgR; vkSjdyk esa laf”y’V gks dj O;Dr gksrs gSA rFkk vkjksfir izrhr ugha gksrsA bUgsa lkfgR;ds ek/;e ls miyC/k ekuo ewY; dgk tk ldrk gSA

ewY;ksa dk ckg~;kjksi.k Hkh lkfgR; esa de ugha feyrk] vr,o mufLFkfr;ksa dk fopkj djuk Hkh vko”;d gS tks ,slh n”kk esa mRiUu gks tkrh gSa

tks fopkj/kkjk dyk vkSj lkfgR; ds {ks= esa ewY;ksa ds ckg~;jksi.k dksmfpr ekurh gS] og ewY;xr vUrfoZjks/k dk lek/kku dyk dks ek= ^lqij bZxks* dhvfHkO;fDr eku dj ysrh gS vFkok mls LFkwy midj.k dh dksfV esa ys vkrh gSA blls Ñfr vkSj Ñfrdkj nksuksa dh e;kZnk u’V gksrh gSA

dykÑfr dh lkFkZdrk eq[;r;k blesa gS fd og vius thoulEidZ ls vuqHkwfr”khy O;fDr dh lqIr vFkok vO;Dr laosnukvksa dks tkxr vkSjO;Dr gksus dh fLFkfr mRiUu dj nsA dyk dk ;g ewY; Hkh u;h dfork dk ewY;gh gS] D;ksafd fdlh Hkh oLrq dks ewY;oRkk iznku djus okyk laosnukRed rRo ;gk¡vius “kq) :i esas mifLFkr jgrk gSA21 dyk vkSj lkfgR; nksuksa ,d izdkj ls thoudk gh ifjfoLrkj djrs gSa vkSj mlh dh miyfC/k] ,d fo”ks’k izdkj ls djkrs gSaA ,du;h dfork ds ewY; dks Åij ls vks<+ dj ;fn dykdkj viuh d`fr dks izHkkoiw.kZcukus dh ps’Vk djrk gS] rks og izdkjkUrj ls nwljs u;h dfork ds ewY; dkfu’ks/k djrk gSA

dyk&txr dk ;g ,d fofp= îSjkWMkDl* gSA vr,o u;h dforkds ewY; dh LFkkiuk lkfgR;dkj ls bl ckr dh vis{kk j[krh gS fd og lkfgfR;dewY;ksa dks Hkh mruk gh lEeku iznku djs] ftruk ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks] D;ksafd rŸor%nksuksa ,d gh gSaA

lUnHkZ xzUFk % 1- ubZ dfork % Lo:i vkSj leL;k,¡] i`0 12&13 2- vkykspuk] vDVwcj&fnlEcj] 67] i`0 46 3- ubZ dfork % Lo:i vkSj leL;k,¡] i`0 12&13 4- ygj] flrEcj] 60 i`0 47 5- vkykspuk] vDVwcj&fnlEcj] i`0 61 6- dYiuk] ekpZ 1961] i`0 19 7- flag] “kEHkwukFk] iz;ksxokn vkSj ubZ dfork] i`0 52 8- uxsUnz ¼la0½] fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] i`0 632 9- Hkkjrh] /keZohj] ekuo ewY; vkSj lkfgR;] i`0 119

e wY;foe”kZ 89

10- ogh] i`0 9 11- ogh] i`0 4 12- ygj] flrEcj] 60] i`0 42 13- ekuo ewY; vkSj lkfgR;] i`0 26 14- ogh] i`0 121 15- ogh] i`0 82 16- ogha] i`0 5 17- ogh] i`0 68 18- Tayloy, Henry Osborn, Human Values and Verities, p.9

19- Valur and Verities, p.20-21

20- The Creed of karl Marx, Times Lit, Sup. June 5, 1959. p. 330

21- Human values & Varities, p. 214

****

e wY;foe”kZ 90

ewY;ksa ds lEo)Zu esa f”k{kk dh HkwfedkMkW0 nsosUæ flag*fueZyk xqIrk**

ewY; ,d vewrZ lEizR;; gS ftldk lEcU/k euq’; ds HkkokRed i{kls gksrk gS vkSj tks ekuo ds O;ogkj dks fu;af=r o funsZf”kr djrk gSA O;fDr dhthou “kSyh] fØ;k”kSyh] fØ;kfof/k] fopkj izfØ;k o vU; egRoiw.kZ lanHkkZsa esa ewY;ksa dkvisf{kr egRo gSA ewY; os gSa tks vHkh’V gSa] ftUgsa fdlh Hkh O;fDr }kjk fdlh Hkh le;ilUn fd;k tk;s] iqjLÑr fd;k tk,] lEekfur fd;k tk,A nk”kZfud n`f’Vdks.k lsewY; fo}rkiw.kZ ekU; izek.k gS fd D;k okaNuh; gS] pkgs og O;Dr gks vFkok vO;Dr]blds vk/kkj ij gh fodYi cuk, tkrs gSa ,oa fu.kZ; fy, tkrs gSa tks dk;Z gsrq izsfjrdjrs gSaA eklyksa us mn~/kr fd;k gS fd ^Ô;fDr dks foVkfeu o [kfut yo.kksa dsleku gh thou n”kZu o ewY;ksa dh vko”;drk gSA og O;fDr ftlds ewY;ksa dhifjr`fIr ugha gksrh mldk thou fujFkZd gksrk gSA** fQyad egksn; ds vuqlkj&^êwY;ekud :ih ekun.M gS ftlds vk/kkj ij euq’; vius lkeus mifLFkr fØ;k fodYiksaesa ls p;u djus ls izHkkfor gksrs gSa**A

lekt”kkL=h ewY;ksa dk lEcU/k lekt ds fo”okl] vkn”kZ] fl)kUrvkSj lkekftd ekun.Mksa ls tksM+rs gSaA MkW0 jk/kkdey eq[kthZ ds vuqlkj ^êwY;lekt }kjk LohÑr mu bPNkvksa vkSj y{;ksa ds :i esa ifjHkkf’kr fd;s tk ldrs gSaftUgsa vuqcU/k] vf/kxe ;k lkekftdj.k dh izfØ;k }kjk vH;kUrjhÑr fd;k tkrkgS vkSj tks vkRefu’B] vf/keku rFkk vkdka{kkvksa dk :i /kkj.k dj ysrs gSaA** izks0 vcZuus viuh iqLrd ^Q.Mkes.Vy vkWQ bfFkDl* eas fy[kk gS fd ewY; og gS tks ekuobPNk dh rfIr djs] tks O;fDr rFkk mldh tkfr ds laj{k.k esa lgk;d gksA** blifjHkk’kk esa ekuo dh tSfod ls ysdj vk/;kfRed rd lHkh vko”;drkvksa dk lekos”kgks tkrk gS ftudk ekuo thou ds fy, egRo gS ,oa ftldks ikus ds fy, O;fDrps’Vk djrs gSa ftlds fy, os thfor jgrs gSa rFkk cM+k ls cM+k R;kx djrs gSaA

bl izdkj ewY; og lR; gS ftlds fy, O;fDr thrk gS vkSjvko”;drk iM+us ij og la?k’kZ djus] nq%[k lgus rFkk eR;q dks Hkh Lohdkj djus dsfy, rRij jgrk gS ¼uk;d] 2009½A

foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh ds c<+rs izHkko ds dkj.k Kku rks c<+ jgk gSysfdu O;fDrRo dk iru gks jgk gSA f”k{kkFkhZ esa fpUru dk fo’k; Hkkouk ugha vfirqinkFkZ cu x;k gSA vkt vk/ks ls T;knk oSKkfud vkSj bathfu;j lgk;d ;a=ksa dkfuekZ.k dj jgs gSa ftuls fgalkRed rk.Mo u`R;] ikjLifjd “k=qrk] ?k.kk vkfn dksc<+kok fey jgk gSA vr% ewY;ksa eas vk jgh fxjkoV ds dkj.k vkt ekuork fouk”k dhvksj c<+ jgh gSA vius izkphu lkaLÑfrd xkSjo dh j{kk ds fy, mu ewY;ksa dh iqu%LFkkiuk djus dh vko”;drk gS ftuds fy, Hkkjr fo”o Hkj esa tkuk tkrk jgk gSA

f”k{kk tks fd O;fDr dk thou lkFkZd cukrh gS] mUufr”khy jk’Vª dhuhao gSA pwafd ewY; gh os vkn”kZ gS tks O;fDr ,oa lekt ds fodkl dks lqfuf”prdjrs gSa lekt dk ekxZn”kZu djrs gSaA vr% vko”;d gS fd f”k{kk }kjk dsoy

*,lk sfl,V izk sQ slj] f”k{kk ladk;] lrh”kpUæ dkyst] cfy;k ¼m0iz0½**“kk s/k v/;srk] lrh”kpUæ dkyst] cfy;k ¼m0iz0½

e wY;foe”kZ 91

fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ijEijkxr thou ewY;ksa dks gLrkUrfjr gh ugha fd;k tk, oju~ u,thou ewY;ksa dk Hkh chtkjksi.k fd;k tk,A

ckyd ?kj ds okrkoj.k ls fudydj fo|ky; ds okrkoj.k esa izfo’Vgksrk gS tgk¡ ckyd ds fy, lc dqN u;k gksrk gSA ,sls eas lcls t:jh ;g gS fdfo|ky; ds f”k{kd dk ckydksa ds izfr Lusg”khy O;ogkj mlds fy, ân;xzkgh cutk;saA fo|ky; ls fo|kFkhZ dk yxko] f”k{kd ds izfr ckyd dk yxko rFkk fo|kFkhZthou dh lEiw.kZ lkjxfHkZr lQyrk] fo|ky; ds okrkoj.k] f”k{kd ds euksoSKkfudf”k{k.k] Lusg dh Hkkouk o dÙkZO; ikyu ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ckyd jk’Vª dk fuekZrkgS ;g ek= dFkuh vkSj ys[ku rd gh lhfer u jgs mls Hkjuh vkSj fØ;kfUofr esamrkj dj lkdkj :i fn;s tkus dh vko”;drk gSA f”k{k.k izf”k{k.k i)fr ,slh gksuhpkfg, ftlls fo|kFkhZ dks d{kk esa tks i<+k;s tk;s og “;keiê ij pkd ls fy[kusfeVkus tSlk u gksdj dykdkj dh rwfydk }kjk jax&fcjaxs L;kgh] vkd’kZd fp=kadudh rjg gksA vkt ckydksa esa tks uSfrd ewY;ksa dk iru gks jgk gS mls rHkh nwj fd;ktk ldrk gS tc O;fDrRo] ÑfrRo o euq’;Ro dh f=os.kh /kkjk ds lkFk fpUru] fu.kZ;vkSj fØ;kfUofr dks izokfgr fd;k tk;] vFkkZr~ O;fDrRo ,slk gks fd mlls ÑfrRomHkjs] ÑfrRo ,slk gks fd mlls euq’;Ro mHkjs rFkk euq’;Ro ds }kjk loZ= lq[k “kkfUrdk lapkj gksA

Hkkjr dk vrhr cM+k gh xkSjo”kkyh jgk gSA ;gk¡ ,sls egku~ foHkwfr;ksaus tUe fy;k gS ftuds ÑR;ksa us bl /kjk dks vyaÑr ,oa izdk”keku fd;k gSA Jherh,uhcslsaV us tgk¡ jk’Vªh; f”k{kk vkUnksyuksa dks xfr nh ogha Lokeh foosdkuUn us ekuofuekZ.k dh f”k{kk dh odkyr dhA Lokeh n;kuUn] yksdekU; fryd] egkRek xk¡/khvkfn fpUrd ftl jk’Vªh; f”k{kk ds fy, iz;kljr Fks mldk vk/kkj cPpksa dh f”k{kkdks ekurs gq, fxtqHkkbZ c/ksdk us cky f”k{kk ds {ks= esa uohu vk;ke LFkkfir fd;kAmUgksaus vaxzsth f”k{kk ds chp Hkkjrh; cPpksa dks og vkJ; fn;k tks muds euksHkko]mudh izÑfr ds vuq:i FkhA rF;ksa dks jVus&jVkus dh rduhdh izfØ;k ds chpfxtqHkkbZ viuh ckydsfUær f”k{kk O;oLFkk }kjk Hkkjrh; ckyd&ckfydkvksa dks ftlLoLFk izkÑfrd okrkoj.k esa yk lds og okLro esa bu cPpksa ds izfr mfpr U;k; FkkA

fxtqHkkbZ us ckydksa ds uSfrd fodkl ds fy, “kq) rFkk izsj.kknk;hokrkoj.k dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk vkSj crk;k fd ek= mins”k nsdj ckydksa dks uSfrd ughacuk;k tk ldrk gS cfYd blds fy, fØ;k”kfDr dk n`<+ gksuk vko”;d gSA dbZ ckjO;fDr ;g tkurs gq, Hkh fd D;k vPNk gS vkSj D;k cqjk xyr dk;Z djrk gh jgrkgS D;ksafd mldh fØ;k&”kfDr fucZy gksrh gSA mins”k ls ckr rks le> esa vkrh gSij ml ij vey djus dh “kfDr ugha vkrh gSA mins”k ds dkj.k mRiUu le>nkjhls eu esa Hkkouk txrh gS] vPNk ladYi djus dh “kfDr ugha izdV gksrh gS D;ksafdladYi dks dk;Z:i esa ifjf.kr djus ds fy, fØ;k”kfDr dks cy dh vk”;drk gksrhgSA vr% mins”k nsus ds cnys ge ckydksa dks dke djus ds lk/ku nsa] vPNh lksgcrnsa vkSj vPNk okrkoj.k nsaA tc rd gkFkksa esa dke gS] tc rd eu esa dke dk fpUrugS] tc rd lksgcr vPNh gS vkSj tc rd okrkoj.k LoPN vkSj fueZy gS] rc rdckyd cqjkb;ksa ls lqjf{kr gS ¼xqIrk] 2009½A

e wY;foe”kZ 92

MkW esfj;k ek.Vsljh us cky euksfoKku dk xgu v/;;u fd;k vkSj;g fu’d’kZ fudkyk fd ckydksa esa pfj=ghurk] uSfrd ewY;ksa dk iru] vijk/kh izo`fÙk]vuq”kklughurk vkfn dk eq[; dkj.k orZeku f”k{kk i)fr gS ftlesa ckydksa dhfØ;k”kfDr dks egRo ugha fn;k tkrk] ckydksa dks Lo;a i<+us dk volj u nsdji<+kus ij cy fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ckydksa dks lkspus dk volj u nsdj vius fopkjHkjuk gSA ckyd rks ml e/kqeD[kh ds leku gS tks rc rd ,d Qwy ls nwljs Qwyij tkdj cSBrh gS tc rd fd mls og Qwy ugha fey tkrk tgk¡ ls og “kgn xzg.kdj lUrq’V gks ldsA tc rd cPps dks vius vUnj vk”p;Ztud LokHkkfodfØ;k”khyrk ds tkxzr gksus dk vuqHko u gks ftlls mlds pfj= vkSj efLr’d dkfuekZ.k gksrk gS rc rd og dke ugha dj ldsxkA ,slh vfLFkjrk iw.kZ ifjfLFkfr esaf”k{kd ds mfpr ekxZ funsZ”ku }kjk tc cPps dk vkUrfjd O;fDrRo tkxr gksrk gSrks fofHkUu fØ;kvksa dks djrs le; mldk /;ku fdlh oLrq dh vksj dsfUær gks tkrkgS vkSj og ml oLrq ds izfr vkufUnr gksus yxrk gSA pwafd izR;sd cPps esa LokHkkfod:i ls xfrfof/k djus dh jpukRed izo`fÙk gksrh gS] ;fn mlds efLr’d dh jpukdk dksbZ volj ugha feyrk rks mldk efLr’d fjDr jg tkrk gS tks dbZ nks’kksa dkewy gksrk gS ftlls ckyd lekt fojks/kh ÑR;ksa ds rjQ vxzlj gksus yxrk gSA

ek.Vsljh us gh loZizFke Lora=rk nsdj vuq”kklu LFkkfir djus dhvo/kkj.kk fodflr dhA ftldks js[kkfp= ds ek/;e ls bl izdkj Li’V fd;k x;kgS%&

cPpksa esa lkekU; vkSj fopfyr pkfjf=d y{k.k

eSMe ek.Vsljh us mijksDr fp= ds ek/;e ls ;g Li’V djus dkiz;kl fd;k gS fd ;fn cPps ds fodkl gsrq mi;qDr ifjos”k dk fuekZ.k djds mudksLora=rk iwoZd dk;Z djus ,oa O;ofLFkr <ax ls dke pquus dk volj fn;k tk; rkscPpksa esa Lor% gh vuq”kklu dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gks tkrk gSA cPpksa dks tSls ghviuh #fp ds vuqlkj dke fey tkrk gS rks mlds vUnj ,d vn~Hkqr vkuUn dhvuqHkwfr gksrh gSA muesa ,d “kkUr vkSj “kfDr”kkyh pfj= dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS tks viuspkjksa vksj izse fc[ksjrk gS vkSj lkFk gh mlesa R;kx] fu;fer dk;Z djus vkSjvkKkikyu dh Hkkouk mRiUu gksrh gSA bl izdkj ,d ,slk fujkyk cPpk vorfjrgksrk gS ftls viuh lkekU; jpuk djus dk volj feyrk gSA ¼flag ,.M flag]2007½

Lokeh n;kuUn us dgk fd ckyd dh izkjfEHkd voLFkk ls gh f”k{kk,slh gksuh pkfg, fd tks dqlaLdkjksa dks lekIr djus okyh gksA blfy, mUgksaus dgk

dke

,dkxzrk

vuq'kklu

mRd"V lkekftdrk

lektfiz;rk

vO;oLFkk

euekSth iu

Hkh#rk

lekt ls ijsfuf"Ø

;rk

e wY;foe”kZ 93

fd ckyd dks fdlh ik[k.M esa ,oa fo|k /keZ ds fo:) tky esa Q¡lkus okyh f”k{kkvkpk;Z dHkh u nsa D;ksafd cpiu ds laLdkj ,sls fLFkj :i esa ckyd ds eu ,oaefLr’d ij vfeV :i esa iM+ tkrs gSA Hkwr&izsr vkfn feF;k ckrksa dk o.kZu ckydds lkeus dHkh ugha djuk pkfg,A ckyd ds Hkfo’; ds fo’k; esa T;ksfr’kh vkfn lsdHkh ugha iwNuk pkfg,] blls ckyd iq#’kkFkZ u djds HkkX; ds lgkjs vkylh vkSjizeknh gks tkrk gSA mUgksaus dgk gS fd mUgha ds lUrku fo}ku] lH; vkSj lqf”kf{krgksrs gSa tks i<+kus esa lUrkuksa dk ykMu dHkh ugha djrs fdUrq rkM+uk gh djrs jgrsgS aA

oSfnd lkfgR; esa f”k{kk ds ewy fl)kUr dk o.kZu bl izdkj gqvk gSfd f”k{kk tgk¡ lHkh izdkj ds fo’k;ksa dk ifjKku djkrh gS] ogha ij f”k{kk dk ewymís”; lalkj ds ekuo dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA blfy, Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh us euq’;ds vkHkw’k.kksa dk o.kZu djrs gq, dgk gS fd & ^^fo|kfoykleulks ?k`r”khyf”k{kk% lR;ozrk jfgr ekueykigkjk%A lalkj nq%[knyusu lqHkwf’krk ;s /kU;k ujk fofgr deZ ijksidkjk%AA**

bldk rkRi;Z gS fd ^^ftu iq#’kksa dk eu fo|k ds foykl esa rRijjgrk gSA lqUnj] “khy ls LoHkko;qDr] lR; Hkk’k.kkfn fu;eikyu;qDr vkSj tksvfHkeku vifo=rk ls jfgr] vU; dh eyhurk ds uk”kd] lR;ksins”k fo|knku lslalkjhtuksa ds nq%[kksa dks nwj djus lqHkwf’kr osn fofgr deksaZ ls ijk;s midkj djus esayxs jgrs gSa] os euq’; /kU; gSaA** ¼osnkyadkj] 2002½

O;kogkfjd “kSf{kd lq>ko %1- fo|ky;ksa esa izos”k ysus ls igys cPps vius ifjokj vkSj leqnk; ds lnL;ksa ls

rFkk lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd i;kZoj.k ls os vusd fo”oklksa] vkn”kkZsa ,oafl)kUrksa dks xzg.k djrs gSaA fo|ky; dk dk;Z bu iwoZ vftZr vkn”kksaZ ,oafl)kUrksa dks lgh fn”kk iznku djuk gSA vr% vko”;d gks tkrk gS fdfo|ky; dk lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd i;kZoj.k ewY; iz/kku gksA lHkh Nk=ksa dksleku vf/kdkj fn;k tk; rFkk lcds lkFk mfpr U;k; fd;k tk;A

2- fo|ky; esa i<+k;s tkus okys fofHkUu fo’k;ksa ds ek/;e ls Nk=ksa esa uSfrd ewY;ksadk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gS ysfdu bfrgkl ,oa Hkk’kk nks ,sls fo’k; gSa tkscPpksa dks vf/kd lgtrk ls izHkkfor djrs gSaA vr% f”k{kd dks pkfg, fdikB~;iqLrd ds fdlh ikB dks i<+krs le; mlesa fufgr fl)kUrksa ,oa vkn”kksaZdks cPpksa ds lkeus mtkxj djsa] mlds izfr vuqdwy vuqfØ;k djsa] xSj ewY;vkpj.k ds fojks/k esa viuh lEefr izdV djsaA ;g lc djrs le; cPpksa dhlfØ; Hkkxhnkjh ysaA

3- lekt esa ewY;ksa ds voewY;u dks jksdus gsrq ldkjkRed vfHkofÙk ifjorZudjus gsrq mins”k vkn”kZ fof/k] lukru fof/k] euks vfHku; fof/k ,oa HkwfedkfuokZg fof/k lgk;d fl) gks ldrh gSA

e wY;foe”kZ 94

4- vktdy lHkh ns”kksa esa “Sustainable development” ¼lgh izdkj ds fodkldjus½ ij cy fn;k tk jgk gSA bl mís”; dks izkIr djus ds fy, Hkh t:jhgS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa mfpr ewY;ksa dk fodkl fd;k tk;A bl lanHkZ easv/;kid Lo;a vius pfj= ds mnkgj.k vkSj Kku ij viuh vf/kdkj dq”kyrkls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izHkkfor dj ldrk gSA vr% izR;sd fo’k; ds v/;kid dkdÙkZO; gS fd og viuk fo’k; i<+krs le; ;g /;ku j[ks fd dc] dgka o dSlsfdl ewY; dk cPpksa esa fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA

5- cPpksa ds lkeus mÙke ewY;ksa ds thoUr ;k lk{kkr~ mnkgj.k v/;kid rFkkekrk&firk }kjk izLrqr gksrs gSa vr% ;g vko”;d gS fd muds fy,vuqLFkkid dk;ZØe (Orientation program) dk vk;kstu fd;k tk, rkfdcPps vius thou ds loksZPp vkn”kksZa ds fopkj ds vuqlkj lgh izdkj ds ewY;ksadk p;u dj ldsa ,oa mlds vuq#i vkpj.k dj ldsaA

6- ewY; f”k{kk* tks fd fiNys dqN o’kksaZ ls fo|ky; ikB~;Øe dk fgLlk cu pqdhgS] dk Hkh vuojr ewY;kadu fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd visf{kr ifj.kke lkeusvk ldsA blfy, uohu psdfyLVksa rFkk jsfVax Ldsyksa dk fuekZ.k ,oa iz;ksxfd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd v/;kid ewY;ksa dh n`f’V ls cPpksa ds O;ogkj dkewY;kadu dj ldsaA

f”k{kk vk;ksx ¼1964&66½ ds vuqlkj fo|ky; dk okrkoj.kv/;kidksa ds O;fDrRo ,oa O;ogkj rFkk fo|ky; esa miyC/k HkkSfrd lqfo/kk;sa Nk=ksa dksewY;ksUeq[k cukus esa fo”ks’k Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA fo|ky; dh izkr% dkyhu lHkk] ikB~;Øe,oa ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;k;sa lHkh /keksaZ ds /kkfeZd mRloksa dk vk;kstu] lektlsok esaHkh Nk=ksa dk lg;ksx o ikjLifjd ln~Hkko] fu’Bk ,oa bZekunkjh] vuq”kklu ,oalkekftd nkf;Ro vkfn thou ewY; ds fodkl esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA vr% ewY; dsfodkl ds fy, fo|ky;h okrkoj.k yksdrkaf=d ,oa mRlkgo/kZd LoPN] vuq”kklufiz;,oa l`tukRed gksuk pkfg,A

vr% orZeku lekt esa ewY;ksa dk gzkl gekjh f”k{kk ds fy, ,dxEHkhj pqukSrh gS D;ksafd fgjksf”kek ce foLQksV ls T;knk foLQksVd Û;wDyh;j ce*us euq’; dks fouk”k ds dxkj ij [kM+k dj fn;k gSA ,sls esa f”k{kk dh xq.koÙkk c<+x;h gSA f”k{kk }kjk foKku ,oa ekuorkokn dk cU/ku] Kku vkSj cqf) dk cU/ku nwjdjuk gS ugh arks og fnu nwj ugha tc yksx fo”ks’kK rks gksaxs fdUrq ekuo ugha gksaxsAvr% oSKkfud fodkl ,oa lkoZHkkSfed ekuoh; ewY;ksa esa leUo; LFkkfir dj xq.kkRedf”k{kk }kjk ekuo thou dh xq.koÙkk dks cuk;s j[kk tk ldrk gSA ftlls f”k{kkvfuok;Zr% thou dh iz;ksx”kkyk cuh jg ldsA

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lanHkZ xzUFk %

1- xqIrk] fueZyk] xtqHkkbZ ds “kSf{kd fopkjksa dk vkykspukRed v/;;u] vizdkf”kr“kks/k xzUFk] ohj cgknqj flag iwokZapy fo”ofo|ky;] 2009

2- tSu] eksgu yky] ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds fodkl esa f”k{kk dk ;ksxnku] tuZy vkWQoSY;w ,twds”ku] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ubZ fnYyh] tuojh] 2002

3- uk;d] xksiky izlkn] ewY;ksa ds fodkl esa f”k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh Hkwfedk] ifjisz{;U;wik] ubZ fnYyh] o’kZ&16] vad&3 fnlEcj] 2009

4- osnkyadkj] t;nso]Lokeh n;kuUn ds f”k{kkn”kZu esa ewY;ksa dk egRo] fQykWlQhvkWQ oSY;w vksfj,UVsM ,twds”ku] bf.M;u dkmfUly vkWQ fQyklfQdyfjlpZ] ubZ fnYyh] 2002

5- flag ,.M flag]ekfj;k ek.Vsljh ds “kSf{kd fopkj] Hkk0vk0f”k0] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ubZ fnYyh] tuojh&viSzy] 2007

****

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yksd izpfyr [ksyksa }kjk cPpksa esa ewY;ksa dk fodklvf[kys”k dqekj*

Hkwfedk % cky thou esa [ksy ,d cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ xfrfof/k gksrhgSA ;g cPpksa ds fy, vkuan dk lk/ku gh ugha gS cfYd muds lokZaxh.k fodkl dkvk/kkj Hkh gSA fofHk™k “kks/kksa }kjk ;g fl) gks pqdk gS fd [ksy cPpksa ds lokZaxh.kfodkl dks c<+kok nsus okyk iz/kku lk/ku gSA vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd nksuksa #iksaesa [ksy cPpksa ds lokZaxh.k fodkl ds vUrxZr ewY; fodkl esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrsgSaA rqyukRed #i ls ns[kk tk, rks vkSipkfjd [ksy ds lkFk vukSipkfjd [ksy ewY;ksads fodkl esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrs gSaSA tu lkekU; esa izpfyr ¼fo”ks’kdj cPpksa esa½LFkkuh; [ksy yksd izpfyr [ksy dgykrs gaSA ;s [ksy ckydksa esa ewY; dk chtkjksi.kdjus ds lkFk&LkkFk muds fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsrs gaSA yksd izpfyr [ksyksa }kjk cPpksaesa dSls ewY; dk fodkl gksrk gS\ izLrqr izi= blh fo’k;oLrq dks lesVs gq, gSA bldslkFk gh [ksy D;k gS\ ewY; D;k gS\ ewY;ksa dk fodkl dSls gksrk gS\ Hkkjrh;yksdrkaf=d lekt ds lanHkZ esa dkSu lss ewY; egÙoiw.kZ gaS\ bu lc ij Hkh /;kuvkÑ’V fd;k x;k gSA

[ksy % Ekkuo lfgr l`f’V ds lHkh tho/kkfj;ksa esa [ksyus rFkk lfØ;jgus dh LokHkkfod izofÙk ikbZ tkrh gSA ,slk blfy,] D;ksafd [ksy esa vUrfuZfgr“kfDr;ksa ds LorU= izdk”ku dk volj feyrk gS ¼fo”ks’kdj ewy izo`fÙk;ksa ds½A [ksyD;k gS bl lanHkZ esa oSyasUVkbu ¼Valentine½ us dgk gS fd *[ksy dk;Z esa ,d izdkj dkvkuan gSA* uu ds vuqlkj] *[ksy jpukRed dk;Z dk ,d izcy #i gSA* blls vkxsc<+dj dkyZxwzl ¼Karalgroos½ us [ksy dks thou dh rS;kjh dgk gSA* ekyrh lkjLorus fy[kk gS fd *[ksy vkRe izsfjr] tUetkr] jpukRed rFkk vkuannk;d izo`fÙk gS]ftlesa ckyd LorU= ,oa LokHkkfod #i ls fØ;k djrk gS* ¼lkjLor] 1997]i`0 113½A

dkyZxwzl us f”k”kqvksa }kjk [ksyus ds ik¡p izdkj crk,¡ gSa&1- Ikjh{kkRed [ksy ¼Experimental play½]2- Xkfr”khy [ksy ¼Movement play½]3- jpukRed [ksy ¼Constructive play½]4- ;q;qRlkRed [ksy ¼Fighting play½ rFkk5- ckSf)d [ksy ¼Intellectual play½Aijh{kkRed [ksyksa esa cPps fujh{k.k djrs gSa] myV&iyV dj ns[krs

gSaA fdlh oLrq dks mBkrs gSa] Qsdrs gSa ,oa rksM+rs gSaA xfr”khy [ksyksa esa cPpsnkSM+us&Hkkxus ;k yqdus&fNius dk [ksy [ksyrs gSaA tSls&Nqiu&NqikbZA jpukRed[ksyksa esa cPps oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k dk;Z djrs gSaA tSls&feV~Vh ds ?kj cukuk] f[kykSuso xqfM+;k cukuk vkfnA ;q;qRlkRed [ksyksa ds vUrxZr os [ksy vkrs gSa tks izfr;ksfxrkij vk/kkfjr ¼gkj&thr okys½ gksrs gSaA tSls&dcM~Mh] dq”rh] QqVcky vkfnA ckSf)d[ksy ds vUrxZr rhu rjg ds [ksy vkrs gSaA izFke] fopkjkRed] tks lksp fopkj dj[ksys tkrs gSaA tSls&“krjat] rk”k] igsyh vkfnA f}rh;] laosxkRed] blesa ukVd]

*“kk s/ k Nk=] f”k{kk ladk;] dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky;] okjk.klh

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vfHku;] udy vkfn vkrs gSaA r`rh;] izsj.kkRed] blesa u g¡lus dh “krZ yxkuk] g¡lhmRi™k djus okys O;ogkj djuk vkfn izdkj ds [ksy vkrs gSa ¼lkjLor]1997]i`0114&115½A [ksy dh mDr ifjHkk’kk,¡ rFkk mlds izdkj vkaXy Hkk’kk ds Iys¼play½ “kCn dks gh O;Dr ugha djrh gS cfYd ;g LiksVZ ¼Sport½] xse ¼Game½ rFkkfjfØ,”ku ¼Recreation½ dks Hkh O;Dr djrh gSA bu “kCnksa ds vFkZ esa Hksn Hkh gS ftlsns[k ysuk vko”;d gSA

Iys ¼Play½ % ;g ckY;koLFkk esa fd;k tkus okyk dksbZ Hkh vkuannk;h“kkjhfjd xfrfof/k gS tks vlajfpr vkSj o;Ld funsZ”ku ls eqDr gksrh gSA ckydviuh bPNkuqlkj ,slh xfrfof/k pqurk gS vkSj djrk gS ftlesa mldh :fp gksrh gSAblesa mls vkuUn izkIr gksrk gS vkSj vkRe lUrks’k feyrk gSA dHkh&dHkh ;g lgHkkxhHkh gksrk gSA

fjfØ,”ku ¼Recreation½ % ;g O;fDr ds efLr’d vkSj “kjhj dksrjksrktk djus dh izfØ;k gSA ;g Iys dh vis{kk vf/kd O;ofLFkr gksrk gS] ftlesavkuannk;h “kkjhfjd fØ;k,¡ laikfnr dh tkrh gSaA oLrqr% ;g vykHkdkjh fØ;k,¡gksrh gaS ftlesa [kkyh le; dk lnqi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

xse ¼Game½ % ;g vkuaunnk;h xfrfof/k;ksa ls ;qDr ns”kh [ksy gSftlesa fu;e ,oa izFkk ds lkFk izfr;ksfxrk gksrh gSA ;g lajfpr ;k v)Zlajfpr gksrhgSA ;g fØ;kvksa dk ,slk laxfBr <ax ;k fn[kkok gS ftlesa nks ;k vf/kd O;fDr ;kny izfr;ksxh okrkoj.k esa fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs gq, [ksyrs gaSA

LiksVZ ¼Sport½ % izfr;ksxh okrkoj.k esa dh tkus okyh os fØ;k,¡ gSatks fu/kkZfjr fu;eksa ,oa izFkkvksa ds leqPp; ds vk/kkj ij vk;ksftr gksrh gSa] LiksVZdgykrh gaSA ;g y{; dsfUnzr rFkk lajfpr “kkjhfjd fØ;k,¡ gksrh gaS ftlesa O;fDrdk O;fDr ls rFkk Vksyh dh Vksyh ls izfr;ksfxrk gksrh gSA blesa oLrqfu’Brk dk /;kuj[kk tkrk gS] fu.kkZ;d Hkh gksrs gSaA xsEl dh vis{kk ;g mPp Lrj ij lapkfyr gksrsgS rFkk ykHk ysus ds mís”; ls vk;ksftr fd;s tkrs gSaA

bl izdkj [ksy ds vUrxZr vkaXy Hkk’kk ds *Iys*] *fjfØ,”ku*] *xse*rFkk LiksVZ pkjksa “kCnksa dks “kkfey fd;k tkrk gSAyksd izpfyr [ksy

yksd izpfyr [ksy ls rkRi;Z tu lkekU; ¼fo”ks’kdj cPpksa½ esaizpfyr mu orZeku LFkkuh; [ksyksa ls ftlesa vkuUnnk;d o lgHkkfxrkiw.kZ“kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld fØ;k,¡ “kkfey gksrh gSa] ftldk jk’Vªh; o vUrjkZ’Vªh; Lrjij izfr;ksfxrk ugha gksrh gS] tSls&xksyh ¼dapk½] xksV~Vh] fxYyh&M.Mk] fVi&fVi¼dqrdqrok½] vUrk{kjh] vkbl&ikbl ¼Nqiu&NqikbZ½ vkfnA yksd izpfyr [ksyksa esadqN [ksy ijaijk ls pys vk jgs gSa] fdUrq mudk Lo#i Bhd oSlk gh ugha gS tSlkfd gekjs iwoZt [ksyrs vk, gSaA ,slk blfy, gqvk D;ksafd [ksy ds Lo#i esa ifjorZugksrk jgk gSA ;g ifjorZu cPpksa dh ltukRedrk ,oa lw>&cw> ds ifj.kke gksrs gSaA,d v/;;u esa yksd izpfyr [ksyksa ¼fodkl [k.M lh[kM+] tuin fetkZiqj] mÙkjizns”k ds dqN LFkkuh; [ksyksa½ dh ,d yEch lwph izkIr gqbZ gSA dqN [ksy bl izdkj

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gSa&xksêh] ikslaik HkkbZ ikslaik] rhrh&rhrh rk ;k bDdM+&nqDdM+] pksj flikgh] dqdqj>iVk ;k :eky [ksy] dksM+ok cknke ;k dksM+k teky”kkgh] ywMks] lk¡i&lh<+h] cq>uh;k igsyh] la[;k dk [ksy] dapk ;k xksyh] dksdk&dksyk Hk.Vk Nksyk] ckjg xksêh]fxYyh&M.Mk] iRFkj ikuh] ?kksM+ cM~M+h] vUrk{kjh] vkbl&ikbl ;k Nqiu&NqikbZ]QksVks] vk¡[k eqnkSfy;k] foDdks] iVjh lqVwj] ?k??kksjkuh] fpfM+;k xksy] vkrh&ikrh]dkSvkjksj] ykyh M.Mk] v.Vh pUnk] vDdk cDdk] xksêh pqjUrk] LVkWi vkfnAewY; ,oa mldk fodkl

“kCndks”k ds vuqlkj ewY; dk “kkfCnd vFkZ gS&og xq.k ;k rÙoftlds dkj.k fdlh oLrq dk egÙo ;k eku gksrk gS ¼oekZ] 2005] la0 1998½A vU;:i esa ewY; dks mi;ksfxrk rFkk okaNuh;rk Hkh crk;k x;k gSA ewY; D;k gS\ ewY;thou ds os fl)kUr gSa tks okrkoj.k ds lkFk lek;kstu dh izfØ;k esa feys vuqHkoksads vk/kkj ij fodflr gksrs gSaA f¶yad ¼Flink½ us ewY;ksa dh vusd ifjHkk’kkvksa dkv/;;u djus ds ckn dgk fd *ewY; fdlh O;fDr ds os ekud gSa tks dk;Z djus dsfofHk™k fodYiksa esa O;fDr ds p;u dks izHkkfor djrs gSa* ¼xqIrk] 2010] i`0 446½A ysfdulkekftd nf’V ls ns[kk tk, rks ewY; lekt ds fo”okl] vkn”kZ] fl)kUr] uSfrdfu;e vkSj O;ogkj ds ekun.M gSaA ;s O;fDr ds O;ogkj dks funsZf”kr ,oa fu;af=rdjrs gSaA Hkkjrh; lekt”kkL=h MkWñ jk/kkdey eqdthZ us ewY;ksa dks lkekftd y{;ksads #i esa ifjHkkf’kr fd;k gSA muds “kCnksa esa *ewY; lekt }kjk LohÑr mu bPNkvksa,oa y{;ksa ds #i esa ifjHkkf’kr fd, tk ldrs gSaa ftUgsa vuqca/ku] vf/kxe ;klkekthdj.k dh izfØ;k }kjk vkH;kUrfjr fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj tks vkRefu’Bvf/keku] eku rFkk vkdka{kkvksa dk #i /kkj.k dj ysrs gSa* ¼yky] 2006] i`0 516½A

bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd ewY; og vewrZ laizR;; gS tksfdlh lekt }kjk LohÑr y{;] fo”okl] vkn”kZ] fl)kUr] uSfrd fu;e vkSj O;ogkjekun.M dks vfHkO;Dr djrk gS( rFkk ftls lekt ds O;fDr;ksa }kjk egÙo iznkufd;k tkrk gSA

thou ds vkjEHk esa gh fofHk™k lkekftd fØ;kvksa esa Hkkx ysus lsewY;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA lkekftd fØ;kvksa ds vUrxZr lkaLÑfrd] /kkfeZd]jktuSfrd ,oa vkfFkZd fØ;k,¡ Hkh “kkfey gksrh gSaA cPpk loZizFke lekt }kjk LohÑry{;] fo”okl] vkn”kZ] fl)kUr] uSfrd fu;e vkSj O;ogkj ekun.M dks fcuk lkspsle>s Lohdkj djrk gSA ij tSls gh mlesa rdZ dh {kerk vkrh gS ,oa foosd dk;Zdjus yxrk gS og mlds vkSfpR; ij iz”ufpà yxkrk gSA blh ds lkFk mlesa ewY;fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k “kq: gks tkrh gSA lekt }kjk LohÑr ekin.M ;fn cPpksa dksmfpr yxrk gS rc muls mudh Hkkouk tqM+ tkrh gSA Hkkouk ls tqM+us ds lkFk ghekin.M O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djus yxrk gSAHkkjrh; yksdrkaf=d lekt esa ewY;

;g ckr loZfofnr gS fd fHk™k&fHk™k lektksa ds ewY; fHk™k&fHk™k gksrsgSaA dsoy lektksa ds e/; gh ewY;ksa dk vUrj ugha gksrk gS cfYd ;g fofHk™krkfdlh ,d lekt ds fofHk™k dky [k.Mksa esa Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ,slk

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blfy, gksrk gS fd lekt ifjorZu”khy gS] pw¡fd ewY; lekt lkis{k gksrs gSa]vr% ewY; Hkh ifjorZu”khy gksrs gSaA Hkkjrh; yksdrkaf=d lekt esa jk’Vªh;“kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa izf”k{k.k ifj’kn ¼NCERT½ ,d Lora= dsUnzh; fudk; gSAmlus ewY;ksa ij cgqr dk;Z djk;k vkSj 83 ewY;ksa dh ,d lwph rS;kj dh gSAmlesa ls dqN izeq[k ewY;ksa dh lwph uhps nh tk jgh gS&

1- nwljksa dk lEeku2- lg;ksx3- dk;Z ds izfr lEeku4- lkFkh Hkkouk5- vkKk ikyu6- le; dk lnqi;ksx7- Kku dh [kkst8- la;e9- Lokuq”kklu10- Lo&lgk;rk11- Lo&lEeku12- vkRe fo”okl13- vPNs cqjs esa foHksn dk Hkko

yksd izpfyr [ksyksa }kjk cPpksa esa ewY; fodklHkkjr lfgr oSf”od ifjn`“; esa ewY;ksa dk ladV Li’V fn[k jgk gS

¼NCERT] 2004] i0 13½A lkaLÑfrd :i ls /kuh Hkkjr ds fy, ;g [krjs dh ?kaVhgSA Hkkjrh; lekt lps’V gqvk gS blesa lUnsg ugha gSA bl lps’Vrk esa gesa ;g Hkhns[kuk gS fd ewY; dSls iuirs gSa\ dSls mudk fodkl gks jgk gS\ /;ku ls ns[kk tk,rks Li’V gksrk gS fd cPpksa esa vius ifjokj rFkk lekt dh fofHkUu fØ;kvksa esa Hkkxysus ls ewY; iuirs gSa vkSj lkekftd vUr%fØ;k ds nkSjku ewY;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gSAmUgsa lkekthdj.k }kjk lkekftd ekudksa] vkn”kksZa rFkk fo”oklksa dks vuqdj.k }kjklh[kus dk volj feyrk gSA ;g lR; gS fd ifjokj esa cPpksa dk lekthdj.k “kq:gksrk gS vkSj ;gha muesa ewY; iuirs gaS fdUrq ;gk¡ mUgsa vkRe izdk”ku ds iw.kZ voljugha feyrs gSaA ;g volj mUgsa [ksyksa ds }kjk feyrs gaSA vkRe izdk”ku ds nkSjku ghmuesa ewY;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA lekt] vFkZ ds ihNs bruh rsth ls Hkkx jgk gS fdcPpksa dks [ksyus ds volj ugha fey jgs gSaA ;g oapukewY; gzkl ds dkj.kksa esa lclsizeq[k dkj.k gSA

n{krk,¡ rks Nk=ksa esa ,sls fo|eku gaS tSls /kjrh esa fNih vufxurvadqj.k {kerk,¡A ;fn mUgsa [ksy :ih ty ls vfHkflafpr djsa rks os vadqj vo”; ghizLQqfVr gks ldrs gSaA [ksyksa ds ek/;e ls gh cPpksa esa thou ewY;ksa dk vadqj.k fd;ktk ldrk gS* ¼jkmr] 2003] i`0 3½A dsoy vadqj.k gh ugha mudk fodkl Hkh fd;ktk ldrk gSA *ewY; f”k{kk f”k”kq dky ls gh “kq: dj nsuk pkfg,A blds fy, cPpksa

14- lkgl15- ftKklk16- vuq”kklu17- lgu”khyrk18- lekurk19- Lora=rk20- oQknkjh21- U;k;22- lR;rk23- igy24- izse25- usrRo26- Vksyh Hkkouk

ewY;foe”kZ 100

dks mfpr lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd okrkoj.k nsus gsrq [ksy dk lgkjk fy;k tkldrk gS* ¼nwcs] 2003] i`0 20½A *ckY;koLFkk ls ysdj fd”kksjkoLFkk rd ds le; esa[ksy ds fl)kUrksa ds vuq:i [ksy&[ksy esa ewY; dh f”k{kk iznku dh tk ldrh gSAvxj ewY; ckY;koLFkk rd ifjiDo ,oa vknr ds :i esa ifj.khr gks tk, rks fQj oghewY; cPpksa ds O;ogkj dks fn”kk funsZ”k iznku djsaxs* ¼nwcs] 2003] i`0 23½A *cPpsu`R;izfr ds thou vkSj ifjos”k ls tqM+s yksd izpfyr [ksyksa ds }kjk g¡lrs&[ksyrs ewY;ksadks lh[krs jgrs gSaA bu [ksyksa ds ek/;e ls muesa lg;ksx] usr`Ro {kerk] vuq”kklu]lkekftdrk] ,drk vkfn ewY;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gS* ¼NCERT] 1997] i0 X½A ^[ksythou ds fy, vH;kl gSA cPps rFkk fd”kksj fu.kZ;] rkfdZd lksp rFkk leL;k&lek/kku dks [ksy&[ksy esas vH;kl ls lh[krs gSaA [ksy fe=rk ds Hkko] ,drk vkSjfu’i{krk] lewg esa f”k{k.k] Lo&vuq”kklu] fo”okl] nwljksa ds izfr lEeku] usr`Ro vkSjvuqdj.k dkS”ky dks c<+krs gSa* ¼;wfulsQ] 2004] i0 02½A [ksy esa izR;sd cPpk ,dnwljs dk lEeku djrk gSA ,slk ugha gksus ij [ksy vf/kd le; rd ugha py ldrkgSA vkilh lg;ksx ds fcuk dksbZ Hkh lkewfgd [ksy laHko ugha gksrk gSA lHkh [ksyksaesa izR;sd lnL; dksbZ u dksbZ ekufld ;k “kkjhfjd fØ;kdyki djrs gaSA vf/kd“kkjhfjd ;k ekufld dk;Z djus okys lnL; dk vU; lnL; lEeku djrs gSaA cPpkvdsys [ksyus dh vis{kk lewg esa [ksyuk vf/kd ilan djrk gSA blls mlesa lkFkh dhHkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA vf/kdka”k [ksyksa esa usr`Ro iznku dj jgs lnL; dh vkKkdk ikyu] vU; lnL; cM+h rRijrk ds lkFk djrs gSaA cPpksa dks ekSdk feyus ij dghaHkh vkSj dHkh Hkh [ksydj os [kkyh le; dk lnqi;ksx djrs gSaA

[ksy esa cPpksa dh lHkh KkusfUnz;k¡ lfØ; jgrh gSaA [ksy dh fofHkUufØ;kdykiksa }kjk muds vuqHko esa uohu Kku tqM+rk jgrk gSA [ksyrs le; cPpksa esaftKklk dh izcyrk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA tc cPps [ksy esa rYyhu gksa rc muesaLokuq”kklu LokHkkfod #i ls vk tkrk gSA os Lo;a lgk;rk ds fy, iqjtksj iz;kldjrs gSaA blls muesa vkRelEeku dh Hkkouk Hkh cyorh gksrh gSA mudk vkRefo”oklc<+rk gSA [ksyrs le; iwoZ fu/kkZfjr fu;eksa dks VwV+us ij rFkk lnL; }kjk Lohdkj ughadjus ij izk;% nwljs lnL; cksy iM+rs gS *rq csbekuh djr g··;··*A blls muesavPNkbZ ,oa cqjkbZ dk Kku gksrk gSA fu;e ikyu djus okys cPpksa dks vU; lnL;ilan djrs gSa mudk lkFk nsrs gaSA blds foijhr fu;e ikyu ugha djus okys cPpksadks vU; lnL; u gh ilan djrs gSa vkSj u gh mudk lkFk nsrs gSaA [ksyus esa lHkhlnL; vuq”kklu dk ikyu djrs gSaA [ksy ds nkSjku dHkh ,sls vk”p;ZtudfØ;kdyki ns[kus dks feyrs gSa ftlesa cgqr lkgl dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA [ksy esatks lnL; gkjrk gS ;k gkjus dh izfØ;k ls xqtjrk gS muesa /kS;Z ,oa lgu”khyrkns[kh tkrh gSA [ksy esa lHkh cPps lekurk ds Hkko esa ca/ks gksrs gSa mUgsa fu;ekuqdwy[ksyus ds leku volj feyrs gaSA cPpk ;g ugha lksprk gS fd cxy esa cSBk lkFkhf[kykM+h ,d vehj ;k xjhc ifjokj dk gS] og veqd tkfr ;k /keZ dk gSA bruk ghugha os blds fojks/k esa eq[kj gksrs Hkh ns[ks tkrs gSaA ,dy [ksyksa lfgr Vksyh okys [ksyksaesa ¼Hkys gh os fu;eksa ls vkc) gksrs gSa] mudk ikyu djrs gaS½ vf/kdkf/kd Lora=rkdk vuqHko djrs gSaA os ekurs gSa fd nwljs lnL;ksa dh [ksy ikjh esa dksbZ ck/kk ugha

ewY;foe”kZ 101

Mkyuh pkfg,A [ksy esa vius lkFkh] lewg ;k Vksyh ds izfr izR;sd cPPkk oQknkj cukjgrk gSA

fu;e VwVus ij vkilh fookn gksuk LokHkkfod fØ;k gS cPpsLo&fu.kZ; ;k fu;eksa ds vkyksd esa U;k; djrs gaSA vLi’Vrk dh fLFkfr esa os le>kSrkHkh djrs gSaA [ksy esa lPpkbZ ,oa bZekunkjh [ksy dks vkxs c<+kus esa egÙoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkkrk gSA cPps bldk ikyu djrs gq, [ksy esa rYyhu jgrs gSaA [ksyus ds fy, [ksyesa dksbZ u dksbZ lnL; vo”; igy djrk gSA ns[kk x;k gS fd tks lcls igys igydjrk gS izk;% ogh usrRo Hkh djrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd ,d gh cPpk igy,oa usr`Ro djrk jgrk gS fofHkUu [ksyksa esa fofHkUu cPps igy ,oa usrRo djrs gSaA blizdkj muesa usrRo ds xq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA izse ,oa Vksyh Hkkouk ds vHkko esa [ksydk vkuan cPps ugha mBk ldrs gSaA blfy, lHkh lkFkh f[kykM+h ,d nwljs ds lkFkizseiwoZd O;ogkj djrs gaSA vius Vksyh ds izfr fu’Bk j[krs gSaAfu’d’k Z

bl izdkj Li’V gS fd yksd&izpfyr [ksyksa }kjk cPpksa esa ewY;ksa dkfodkl gksrk gSA lkekthdj.k dh izfØ;k esa ftu ewY;ksa dks os Lohdkj djrs gSa mudksO;ogkj esa ykus dk volj mUgsa yksd izpfyr [ksy iznku djrs gSaA ewY;ksa dks vknrds :i esa ifj.khr djus esa Hkh ;s [ksy egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA f”k{kdksa vfHkHkkodksarFkk cPPkksa ls tqM+s jgus okys lekt ds izR;sd o;Ld lnL; dk ;g dÙkZO; gksukpkfg, fd cPpksa dks vf/kd ls vf/kd [ksyus ds volj iznku djsaA ftlls muesaokafNr lkoZHkkSfed ewY;ksa dk fodkl gks ldsAlanHkZ xzUFk %

1- nwcs] chñ lhñ] izkFkfed Lrj % [ksy }kjk ewY; f”k{kk] izkbejh f”k{kd] vDVwcj2003] o’kZ 28] vad 04] izdk”ku foHkkx] jk’Vªh; “kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa izf”k{k.kifj’kn] ubZ fnYyh] 2003

2- xqIrk] ,lñ ihñ vkSj vydk xqIrk] mPprj f”k{kk euksfoKku] “kkjnk iqLrdHkou] bykgkckn] 2010

3- vkvksa [ksy [ksysa] izdk”ku foHkkx] jk’Vªh; “kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa izf”k{k.k ifj’kn]ubZ fnYyh] 1997

4- dfjdqye ÝseodZ QkWj Vhpj ,T;qds”ku] izdk”ku foHkkx] jk’Vªh; “kSf{kdvuqla/kku ,oa izf”k{k.k ifj’kn] ubZ fnYyh] 2004

5- jkmr] Hkkjrh] [ksy&[ksy esa thou ewY;ksa dk fodkl D;k\ dgk¡\] izkbejhf”k{kd] vDVwcj 2003] o’kZ 28] vad 01] izdk”ku foHkkx] jk’Vªh; “kSf{kdvuqla/kku ,oa izf”k{k.k ifj’kn] ubZ fnYyh] 2003

6- lkjLor] ekyrh] f”k{kk&euksfoKku dh :ijs[kk] vkyksd izdk”ku] y[kuÅ]1997

7- LiksVZ] jhfØ,”ku ,.M Iys] fjVªkbOM ÝkWe % http://www.unicef.org, fjVªkbOMvkWu 12-10-2007] ;wfulsQ] 2004

8- oekZ] ,ñ vkjñ] yksd Hkkjrh izekf.kd fgUnh dks”k] yksd Hkkjrh izdk”ku]bykgkckn] laLdj.k&1998

****

ewY;foe”kZ 102

Hkwe.Myhdj.k ,oa firlÙkkRed Hkkjrh; lekt dh ukjhvjfoUn dqekj JhokLro*

fdlh Hkh lekt ds vkcknh dk fuekZ.k L=h ,oa iq:’k nksuksa ds feyusls gksrk gS vkSj bu nksuksa ds feyus ¼fookg½ ls gh tSfod iqujksRiknu ¼Biological

reproduction½ dh izfØ;k pyrh gSA blds ckotwn Hkh bu nksuksa dh lkekftd&ikfjokfjdizfLFkfr leku ugha gSSA oSfnd dky dks NksM+dj “ks’k lHkh dky esa fL=;ksa ds lkFknks;e ntsZ dk crkZo fd;k tkrk jgk gSA bl rjg ds crkZo ds ihNs Hkkjrh; lektdh izeq[k dM+h fir`lRrk] tkfr O;oLFkk ,oa la;qDr ifjokj dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ jghgSA bu lcdk vk/kkj oSfnd ijEijkvksa ,oa euqLe`fr esa feyrk gSaA bl ys[k esa geusifjokj ,oa fookg ds lUnHkZ esa Hkkjrh; ukjh dk vrhr ls orZeku rd dk fp=.kTextual i)fr dk iz;ksx djrs gq;s izLrqr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSAfir`lÙkkRed la;qDr ifjokj ,oa ukjh

la;qDr ifjokj Hkkjrh; lkekftd lajpuk dh izeq[k fo”ks’krkvksa esa ls,d gSA oLrqr% Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa la;qDr ifjokj esa pksyh&nkeu dk laca/k gSA pwafdHkkjrh; lekt fir`lRrkRed lekt gS] tgk¡ lekt ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa iq:’kksa dk opZLogksrk gSA vr% ifjokj Hkh blls vNwrk ugha gSA lkaLÑfrd nf’V ls ns[kk tk;s rksifjokj esa L=h mez ds fdlh Hkh iM+ko ij D;ksa u gks mlds lkFk lnSo nks;e ntsZ tSlkcrkZo fd;k tkrk gSA tUe ls ysdj fookg rd rFkk fookg ls ysdj eR;q rd ogvius dks ifjokj esa LFkkfir djus dk gh iz;kl djrh jgrh gSA fookg ls iwoZ tgk¡og tUe ds ifjokj ¼Family of orientation½ esa firk ,oa HkkbZ ds laj{k.k esa gqvk djrhgSA ogha fookg ds i”pkr~ ifr ,oa iq= ds laj{k.k esa gqvk djrh gSA vFkkZr~ vkthouog ifjokj ,oa lekt dh e;kZnk cuk;s j[kus ds uke ij Nyh tkrh jgh gSA mldhizfLFkfr lnSo iq:’k ds v/khu gqvk djrh gSA

tUe ls ifjokj esa tgka og vius firk ds ikfjokfjd ewY;] laLdkj,oa laLÑfr dks vkRe&lkr~ djrh gSA mlds vuqlkj <yus dk iz;kl djrh gSA oghafookg ds i”pkr~ iztuu ds ifjokj (Family of Procreation) esa mls vdLekr~ fHkUumi&laLÑfr ls nks&pkj gksuk iM+rk gSA mls nksuksa ifjokj ds mi&laLÑfr;ksa lsrkyesy fcBkuk gksrk gSA ,d rjg ls fookg ds i”pkr mls ftUnxh dh ddgjk fQjls lh[kuk gksrk gSA bl lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa og bruh je tkrh gS fd mldh Lo;adh bPNk] ekufld Lora=rk ,oa viuk vfLrRo ifjokj ds laxBudkjh ewY;ksa dkscuk;s j[kus esa dgha [kks tkrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa og ekufld dqaBk dh f”kdkj gkstkrh gS vkSj bl rjg mldh O;fDrxr xfjek nks;e ntsZ dh gks tkrh gSAfirlRrkRed la;qDr ifjokj esa mls ges”kk ;g ,glkl djk;k tkrk gS fd mldh[kq”kh ifjokj ds iq:’k lnL; dh [kq”kh esa gh lekfgr gSA mldk dksbZ Lora= vfLrRougha gSaA mldh bPNk iq:’k lnL; dh bPNk esa lekfgr gSA

tUe ls ifjokj esa mls ;g fl[kk;k tkrk gS fd ifjokj ds gemez;k vU; fdlh iq:’k lnL; dh izfLFkfr dh rqyuk esa mldh izfLFkfr nks;e ntZsa dh

*izoDrk] lekt”kkL=] bZ”oj “kj.k fMxzh dkYk st] bykgkckn

ewY;foe”kZ 103

gksrh gSaA mls tks dqN Hkh [kkus ;k iguus dks feys mls iq:’k lnL; ds lkFk cjkcjhdh n`f’V ls u ns[kdj oSlk gh Lohdkj dj ysaA vk”kkjkuh Ogksjk us bldk lthofp=.k dqN bl izdkj fd;k gS %&,d NksVk cPpk viuh ek¡ ls eq[kkfrc gqvk&^êk¡] iEeh dks Hkh rks nw/k nks u] og Qhdk Hkkr gh [kk, tk jgh gSA**^^vkSj dgk¡ gS nw/k\** ek¡ us mRrj fn;kA^^rks blesa ls gh vk/kk ns nksA eSa lkjk nw/k vdsys ugha fiÅ¡xk] ek¡**A^^cl] cl jgus nksA ftn ugha fd;k djrs] esjs csVsA pqipki nw/k ih ysA nw/k ughafi,xk rks cM+k gksdj Fkkusnkj dSls cusxk\**^^rks ek¡] iEeh dqN ugha cusxh D;k\**^^mga] iEeh D;k cusxh! mls rks nwljs ys tk,¡xsA**

mDr foospu esa fir`lRrkRed lekt lajpuk dh >yd feyrh gSaAtks deksos”k vkt ds izxfr”khy lekt esa Hkh fn[kk;h iM+rk gSA vkt Hkh mls ;g,glkl djk;k tkrk gS fd og fdlh vU; ifjokj dh vekur gSA ijk;k /ku gSAftls lgst dj j[kuk firk ,oa HkkbZ dk ewy drZO; ,oa nkf;Ro gSA mls bl ckr dkrfud Hkh ,glkl ugha djk;k tkrk gSa fd og Hkh gkaM+&ekal dh dksbZ lpsr izk.khgSaA cfYd og rks iq:’k ds gkFk dk f[kykSuk gS] ftls iq:’k tSlk pkgs mlds lkFkcrkZo djus ds fy, Lora= gSA ;gha izfLFkfr mldh nksuksa izdkj ds ifjokj esa gksrh gSaAiztuu ds ifjokj esa mldk vdLekr~ fHkUu mi&laLÑfr ls lk{kkRdkj gksrk gSa vkSj;fn og mi&laLÑfr mlds firk ds ifjokj dh mi&laLÑfr ls esy ugha [kkrk gSrks fnu&izfrfnu dh thoup;kZ vlgt gks tkrh gSA bl vlgt okrkoj.k esa ogvius dks iqu% <yus dh dksf”k”k djrh gSA bl dksf”k”k esa mldh Lo&bPNk fufgrugha gksrh gS cfYd mldh foo”krk gksrh gSaA ;fn mlus Lo;a dks u;s okrkoj.k dsvuqdqy <ky fy;k rks ifjokj ds lHkh lnL;ksa ds vk¡[kksa dh uwj cu tkrh gSA vkn”kZcgw cu tkrh gSA lqxzkº; iRuh cu tkrh gSa] vkfn&vkfnA vkSj ;fn og bl foo”krkdks rkd ij j[kdj ,d lpsr izk.kh ds :i esa viuh Lora= vfLrRo cukus dk iz;kldjrh gS rks ogh ukjh ml ifjokj ds fy;s vusd nqxZq.kksa ls ;qDr cgw@iRuh ds :iesa igpkuh tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa ,d mRre ukjh dh D;k pkfjf=d xq.k gksuspkfg, bldk fooj.k ,srjs; czkge.k esa feyrk gSA ftlesa ;g mYys[k gS fd mRreukjh og gS tks ifr dks lUrq’V djsa] iq= dks tUe ns rFkk ifr dh ckr ds Åij tokcu nsA ;gh ugha vkKk ikyu ugha djus okyh fL=;ksa dks bl tUe vkSj vxys tUeesa Hkh dBksj n.M dh /kedh nh tkrh Fkh] ¼euqLe`fr] V. 164½A bl fo’k; esa ifr;ksadks iRuh vkSj ?kj ds nwljs O;fDr;ksa dh fiVkbZ djus dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k Fkk¼euqLe`fr VIII. 299½A fookg ds lHkh ea=ks esa dgk x;k gS fd L=h fparu vkSj deZds Lrj ij ifr dh vuqofrZuh gks] ifr ds fpRr dh vuqxkfeuh gksA ijarq dgha Hkh ;gugha dgk x;k gS fd L=h esa Hkh fpRr uke dh oLrq gS vkSj ifr dks Hkh mlds vuqdwygksuk gksxkA

ewY;foe”kZ 104

blesa dksbZ vpjt dh ckr ugha Fkh fd tks L=h vkn”kZ fir`lRrkRedifjokj O;oLFkk esa ugha lek ikrh Fkh] mldh fuUnk dh tkrh FkhA bl ckr dks mufL=;ksa dh lwph ls le>k tk ldrk gS ftUgsa nwf’kr djus okyk ekuk tkrk Fkk vkSjftuds }kjk Hkkstu dk migkj Lohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk FkkA bl lwph esa xf.kdkvkSj iEldkyh ¼os”;k,a] euqLefr IV- 219&220½ ds lkFk&lkFk mu fL=;ksa dks Hkh“kkfey fd;k x;k Fkk ftuds ifr ;k iq= ugha FksA bu fuUnkvksa ls mu fopkjks dkscy feyrk Fkk tks bl ckr ds i{k/kj Fks fd fL=;ksa dks lkekftd ekU;rk rHkh feyldrh gS tc og Lo;a dks firlRrkRed la;qDr ifjokj esa fLFkj djus okyh fuEurjigpkuksa dks Lohdkj dj ysaA blfy, Hkkjrh; lkekftd&ikfjokfjd lajpuk esa oghaukjh iwtuh; gS tks fd fir`lRrkRed lksp ,oa ekufldrk ds lk¡ps esa viuh lksp ,oaekufldrk dks fQV dj nsaAvkS|ksxhdj.k ,oa Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds nkSj esa ifjokj ,oa ukjh

vkS|ksxhdj.k ,oa uxjhdj.k ds dkj.k ifjokj dk Lo:i ifjofrZrgksrk gSA la;qDr ifjokj ukfHkd ifjokj esa :ikarfjr gksrk gS] vkSj bl ukfHkd ifjokjesa L=h dh xfjek dqN c<+rh gSA vc og Hkh ikfjokfjd&vkfFkZd fu.kZ;ksa esa lekuHkkxhnkjh djrh gS ;k ;g dgs fd mldh vfHkO;fDr ,oa fopkj dks egRo fn;k tkusyxkA ;gh ugha vkS|ksxhdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i pgkjnhokjh esa dSn efgyk;sa Hkhpgkjnhokjh Qkandj thfodk dh ryk”k esa /kwi&Nkao ls nks&pkj gks jgh gSA ;sefgyk;sa dkedkth efgyk ds :i esa igpkuh tkus yxh gSA budh Hkwfedk;sa cnyhgSA budh Hkwfedk vc flQZ ifr] lUrku ,oa ifjokj dh ns[kHkky rd gh lhfer ughajg x;k gS cfYd blds vfrfjDr os ?kj&ifjokj ls ckgj dk;kZy;ksa] dkj[kkuksa ,oavU; O;kolkf;d izfr’Bkuksa esa vusd Hkwfedkvksa dk fuoZgu cM+s gh fu’Bk ls dj jghgSaaA ,d rjg ls vkt dh ukjh nksgjh Hkwfedk ¼Dual Role½ esa thou th jgh gSaA ifjokjdh vk; esa budh Hkh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf”pr gksus yxh gS] Qyr% budh O;fDrxr xfjek,oa izfr’Bk esa Hkh dqN lq/kkj gqvk gSA lkekftd&ikfjokfjd fu.kZ;ksa esa buds lq>kodks xaHkhjrk ls fy;k tkrk gSA lkekftd&/kkfeZd fØ;kdykiksa esa ifjokj ds iq:’klnL; ds lkFk lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh djrh gq;h fn[kk;h iM+rh gSA bl rjg ge dgldrs gS fd ifjokj ds fodkl ds vxys Øe esa ukfHkd ifjokj dh LFkkiuk usefgykvksa dh xfjek ,oa lEeku dks izeq[krk ls LFkkfir djus dk dk;Z fd;k gSA

dkykarj esa mn~fodklh; izfØ;k ds rgr~ ukfHkd ifjokj dk Lo:iHkh ifjofrZr gksus yxk tks ,d yksdrkaf=d ifjokj ds :i esa mHkjdj gekjs le{kizdV gks jgk gSA bl rjg ds ifjokj esa flQZ L=h dh xfjek gh ugha c<+h cfYdlarku dks Hkh ikfjokfjd fu.kZ;ksa esa lgHkkxh cukus dk dk;Z fd;k tkus yxkA ;sfLFkfr mRrjksRrj csgrj gksrh tk jgh gSA

blesa nks jk; ugha gS fd vkS|ksxhdj.k ,oa mnkjhdj.k ds QyLo:iL=h dh xfjek c<+h gSA os thfodk miktZu ds gj {ks= esa iq:’k ds lekukUrj Hkwfedkdk fuoZgu djus esa l{ke gSaA vc ;s vf/kd LorU= ,oa vius Hkfo’; ds izfr T;knklrdZ gks x;h gSA viuh egRokdak{kk ,oa igpku cuk;s j[kus dh tn~nkstgn esa

ewY;foe”kZ 105

firlRrkRed cafn”kksa dks vf/kd rjthg ugha ns jgh gaS] cfYd cM+s rdZiw.kZ ygts lsmldh /kfTt;k¡ mM+kus esa dksbZ ladksp ugha dj jgh gSA vkt os ftl eqdke ij igq¡phgS mlesa fuf”pr :i ls gekjk Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ,oa le;≤ ij mudh izfLFkfrdks mPp ,oa xfjeke; cukus ds fy;s fufeZr vusd lkekftd fo/kku Hkh lgk;d jgsgS] lkFk gh firlRrkRed lksp esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ cnyko vk;k gSA

vkt dh ukjh fdlh nk;jsa esa jgdj thuk ugha pkgrh gSA ogvf/kd tkx:d ,oa Hkkoh thou ds izfr lrdZ gks xbZ gSaA dHkh iq:’kksa ds fy, vkjf{kr,oa vf/kÑr dk;Z ,oa O;olk; vc fL=;ksa ds usr`Ro esa izxfr ds u;s v/;k; fy[k jgsgSA fyaxh; Je foHkktu vc chrs fnuksa dh ckr gks x;h gSA tSfod fof”k’Vrk ,oankf;Roksa dks NksM+ nsa rks vkt L=h&iq:’k ds e/; vUrj djuk eqf”dy gks x;k gSAvkt L=h iq:’kksfpr os”k&Hkw’kk ,oa thou “kSyh dks lgtrk ls vkUrjhÑr dj ys jghgSA ogha vk/kqfud vfHkHkkod Hkh vius iq=&iqf=;ksa esa foHksn ugha djrs gSa cfYd ;gHkh ns[kk tkrk gS fd os vius iqf=;ksa dk uke iq:’kksfpr ;Fkk&deys”k] lUrks’k vkfnj[kus yxs gS tks dgha u dgha L=h ds izfr fir`lRrkRed ekufldrk esa cnyko dklwpd gSA gkyakfd ;g cnyko vHkh dLck] uxj ,oa egkuxjksa rd gh lhfer gS]xzkeh.k {ks= vHkh Hkh blls oafpr gSAvkS|ksxhdj.k ,oa Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds nkSj esa fookg ,oa ukjh

orZeku Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds nkSj esa nqfu;k ds ns”kksa dh lhek;sa u flQZvkfFkZd {ks=ksa esa gh VwVh gS cfYd blus /keZ] fopkj] f”k{kk] laLÑfr] ekuork] L=h&iq:’kds lEcU/k rd dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA vkt L=h vkfFkZd :i ls vf/kd vktkn gks x;hgSA Je dk L=hdj.k gqvk gSA vkSjrksa dks îkoj&owesu* ds :i esa ntkZ feyk gSA ;sL=h leFkZd jktusrkvksa dks oksV nsrh gSA jkstxkj ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa ukSdfj;k¡ djusyxh gSA ubZ fo”oO;oLFkk us mUgsa vf/kd ls vf/kd jkstxkj fn;k gSA ukSdfj;ksa dsmPp inksa] iz”kklu ds mPpinksa ,oa cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds izcU/ku inksa ij vklhu gqbZgSaA fQYe] Vh0oh0] ekMfyax] /kkjkokfgd] iki laxhr] foKkiu vkSj lkSan;Z izfr;ksfxrkvksaesa vf/kd ls vf/kd vkSj Lora= :i ls Hkkx ysus yxh gSaA vkfFkZd vktknh us vkSjrksadks eqDr cktkj esa mM+ku Hkjus dk ekSdk fn;k gSaA

;s izxfr tgka ukjh dh xfjek dks LFkkfir djrh gS ogha vkS|ksxhdj.k,oa uxjhdj.k dh pdkpkSa/k esa fookg laLFkk dh egRrk de gqbZ gSA vusd ,slh fL=;k¡fey tk;sxh tks fookg dh bPNqd gh ugha gksrh gSaA os viuh Lora=rk ,oa egRokdka{kkds pDdj esa ?kj&ifjokj ds >a>Vksa ls nwj jguk gh Js;’dj le>rh gSA ,d losZ{k.kesa jktdqekj us ;g ik;k fd L=h fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa viuh igpku LFkkfir djus dh/kwu esa fookg laLFkk dks xkS.k ekuus yxh gSA fookg ds lEcU/k esa iwNus ij ,d L=h¼mez 46 o’kZ½ tks lsuk esa estj jSad ij gS] dgrh gS ^nqfu;k esa vkSj cgqr ls dke gSdjus ds fy,A fookg muds fy, vfuok;Z gksrk gS ftuds fy, vius thou dk dksbZy{; ugha gksrkA* blh rjg ,d vU; L=h ¼mez 38 o’kZ½ tks iz[;kr urZdh gSA fookglEcU/kh iz”u ij tksj ls g¡lrh gqbZ dgrh gS ^dgk¡ feysxk ,slk ifr tks esjh bruho’kksZ dh u`R;lk/kuk dks ,d :fp ds :i esa gh tkjh j[kus dh vuqefr ns lds\ ge

ewY;foe”kZ 106

rks Hkkjrh; lekt ds vax gS vkSj esjk ifjokj :f<+oknh gS] viuh tkfr ls ckgj fookgdh vuqefr ugha nsrk gSA vkxs og dgrh gS ;fn og ifjokj ds vadq”k dks rksM+ Hkhns rks dksbZ Hkkjrh; iq:’k rks feyuk pkfg,] tcfd fookg ds fy;s ftrus izLrko* vkjgs gS os fonsf”k;ksa dh vksj ls gSA og vkxs dgrh gS fd Hkkjrh; iq:’k u`R; dykdh iz”kalk dj ldrs gS] fdlh urZdh dks iRuh cukuk “kk;n mUgsa ilUn ughaA ;gfoospu bl rF; dks LFkkfir djrk gS fd vkS|ksxhdj.k ,oa uxjhdj.k ds QyLo:iHkh Hkkjrh; lkekftd iVy ij fo”ks’k ifjorZu ugha vk;k gS] vkt Hkh tkfr&oknh ,oafirlRrkRed tdM+ vius dks etcwr cuk;s gq;s gSA vkS|ksxhdj.k us L=h dksLora=rk fn;k] vkRe&fuHkZj cuk;k] Lo;a fu.kZ; djus dh {kerk iSnk fd;k] ysfdubu lcds ckctwn og fir`lRrkRed tkfr O;oLFkk ds nk;js ls ckgj tkus dh fgEerugha dj ik jgh gSA ;fn dgha bl nk;js ls ckgj tkus dk iz;kl gksrk gS] fo”ks’k :ils e/;eoxhZ; ifjokj esa] rks blds ifj.kke lq%[kn ugha gksrs gSaA bl rjg ,d rjQL=h dks izxfr ds iFk ij pyus dh Lora=rk rks gS ysfdu bl Lora=rk ijdgha&u&dgha iSRr`d tkfrijd ikfjokfjd lajpuk dk ijks{k ;k vijks{k :i lsfu;U=.k cjdjkj gSA

Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds bl nkSj esa vc L=h vf/kd egRokdka{kh ,oa viuhigpku ds izfr lpsr jgus yxh gSA viuh egRokdka{kk ,oa igpku dks LFkkfir djusds /kqu esa og lkekftd&ikfjokfjd ck/;rkvksa dks utjUnkt djus yxh gSA ogfdlh Hkh cU/ku ls eqDr jguk pkgrh gSA pkgs og fookg caU/ku gh D;ksa u gksA vktegkuxjksa ,oa jkT; dh jkt/kkfu;ksa esa u;h vo/kkj.kk izpyu esa vk pqdh gS og gS^fyo&bu&fjys”kuf”ki*A bl rjg ds lEcU/k esa uo;qod ,oa uo;qorh ,d lkFk rksjgrs gS ysfdu fookg cU/ku ls eqDr jgrs gSA ikfjokfjd nkf;Roksa ls eqDr jgrs gSAmUgsa tc dHkh ;g eglwl gksrk gS fd vkil esa lg;kstu ugha cu ik jgk gS ;k nh?kZvof/k rd lkFk&lkFk ugha jgk tk ldrk gS rks os lEcU/k foPNsn dj ysrs gS] jkLrscny nsrs gSA ;|fi ;g ftruk vklku iq:’k ds fy, gksrk gS mruk vklku L=h dsfy, ugha gksrk gSA bldk dkj.k “kk;n vHkh Hkh Hkkjrh; ukjh dks iq:’k ds laj{k.kdh njdkj gksA og lkekftd&euksoSKkfud iVy ij vkt Hkh iq:’k ds laj{k.k dksvko”;d ekurh gSA

gkykafd ^fyo&bu&fjys”kuf”ki* tgka L=h&iq:’k dks lkFk&lkFkjgrs gq;s Hkh LorU= thou O;rhr djus dk vk/kkj iznku djrk gS ogha blesa lqj{kkdh Hkkouk dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA tcfd bl fj”rs esa ^lqj{kk* dh Hkkouk dk gksukt:jh gSA oLrqr% ns[kk tk;s rks fyo&bu&fjys”kuf”ki ds lkFk ,d fojks/kkHkkl tqM+kgqvk gS] og ;g fd tgka ,d vksj ijEijkxr lksp ,oa fu;eksa dks njfdukj djdsiq:’k vkSj L=h fcuk fookg fd, ,d lkFk jgus dk dne mBkrs gSa ogha nwljh vksjvkfFkZd rkSj ij vius iq:’k lkFkh ij fuHkZjrk vkSj vyxko ds le; xqtkjs HkRrs dhekax mUgsa mlh ijEijkxr Js.kh esa yk [kM+k djrh gS] tgka ls vyx gksus ds fy,mUgksus fyo&bu&fjys”kuf”ki i)fr dks Lohdkjk FkkA Qyr% ;g iz”u mBrk gS fd,sls fj”rksa ls L=h dh xfjek dgka rd lqjf{kr gS vkSj D;k bl mRrjvk/kqfud lekt

ewY;foe”kZ 107

esa L=h iqu% miHkksx dh oLrq ek= cudj jg tk;sxhA ;g L=h ds lkFk gh lkFk lH;ekuo lekt ds le{k ,d xEHkhj iz”u gSA ,sls fj”rksa dk ifj.kke rc vkSj Hk;adj:i ys ysrh gS tc muls dksbZ tho dh mRifRr gksrh gSA D;ksafd L=h pkgrh gS fdbl fj”rsa ls mRiUu tho dks lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd igpku feysaA ysfdu bl izdkjds vLFkk;h ,oa cU/ku eqDr lEcU/k ls ;g lEHko ugha gS D;ksafd fgUnw lkekftdfo/kku esa ,sls fj”rksa dh LohÑfr ugh gSA rc ;g loky mBrk gS fd bl LoSfPNdlEcU/k ls vxyh ih<+h dgk¡ rd lqjf{kr gS\ bl ij fpUru&euu djus dhvko”;drk gSA

oLrqr% bl rjg ds lkekftd lEcU/k O;kid iSekus ij ik”pkR;ns”kksa esa ik;k tkrk gS vkSj gekjs lekt esa ;g if”pehdj.k dh izfØ;k dk ifj.kkegSA vkt ik”pkR; ns”kksa ds vuq:Ik fodflr gksus dh pkgr esa ge dsoy HkkSfrd izxfrdks gh izxfr eku cSBs vkSj oLrqvksa dks vkxs c<+kdj] mldk fu;ked vkSj fuekZrkeuq’; ,oa euq’;rk dks geus ihNs NksM+ fn;kA Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds bl nkSj esa geusLFkku ,oa le; dh nwfj;k¡ ftl vuqikr esa de dh] fnyksa dh nwfj;k¡ mlh vuqikresa c<+ xbZA O;fDrxr fodkl ,oa lkekftd fodkl ijLij iwjd u cu] fojks/kh&lstku iM+rs gSaA ;|fi ifjorZu izÑfr dk fu;e gS vkSj bldk Lokxr Hkh djukpkfg,A ysfdu ,sls ifjorZuksa dk ugha] tks ifjokj dh tM+sa fgykdj j[k nsA izxfrdk vfHkizk; lnSo vkxs dh vksj tkuk gh gksuk pkfg,A ,d ekeys esa vkxs c<+djvusd esa ihNs gVus dk vFkZ dnkfi ugha gksrkA vr% vko”;drk bl ckr dh gS fdizxfr dks lgh fn”kk fn;k tk;s vkSj ifjokj ds yM+[kM+krs vk/kkj dks lqn`<+ djus dkdk;Z fd;k tk;sA fuf”pr :i ls fdlh Hkh lekt dh vPNkb;ksa dk vuqdj.k ,oavkRelkRehdj.k djus esa dksbZ cqjkbZ ugha gSA ysfdu ,sslh fdlh Hkh lkaLÑfrd ewY;dks viukus ls ijgst fd;k tk;s tks gekjs ifjokj ,oa lekt esa vO;oLFkk QSykusdk dk;Z djsaA gj lekt dh viuh igpku gksrh gS vkSj ml igpku dks latks;s j[kusdk Hkjld iz;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A lkFk gh le; ds vuq:i mlesa vko”;dlq/kkj djus dh xqatkbl Hkh cuk;s j[kk tkuk pkfg,] ysfdu fdlh Hkh rjg ls geik”pkR; ns”kksa dh laLÑfr dk gw&c&gw vuqdj.k ugha dj ldrs gSa D;ksafd gekjklekt if”peh ns”kksa ds lektksa ls loZFkk fHkUu gS] gekjs ;gk¡ fcu C;kgh ek¡ ds lUrkudks lkekftd oS/krk izkIr ugha gS ogha fczVsu esa dSUMyj us vius v/;;u esa ;g ik;kfd ogk¡ dh ,d pkSFkkbZ cPps fcu C;kgh ek¡ ds cPPks gSaA tcfd gekjs lekt esa ,slhfLFkfr lkekftd&ikfjokfjd lajpuk ds fy, Bhd ugha gks ldrkA

vkS|ksxhdj.k ds QyLo:i tgk¡ ge igys la;qDr ifjokj dh VwVuls vjf{kr gq,] vc ,dkdh ifjokj ij Hkh ladV ds ckny eaMjkus yxsA bl otgls dgha&u&dgha ge O;fDrxr fo?kVu dh vksj vxzlj gks jgs gSA vdsysiu dk,glkl] ?kksj vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk] ruko] ekufld fodfr;k¡ vkSj euksjksx] gR;k,a vkSjvkRe&gR;k,a] vigj.k vkSj cykRdkj vkfn lkjs y{k.k bl fo?kVu ds gh ifj.kke gSAik”pkR; ns”k bl izfØ;k ls dHkh xqtj pqds gSA vc os iwoZ dh vksj vk”kk Hkjh utj

ewY;foe”kZ 108

ls ns[k jgs gS vkSj ge gS fd vius ikfjokfjd lgthou dh vewY; /kjksgj dks xok¡dj mlh vksj tk jgs gS] tgk¡ ls gesa vkt ugha rks dy ykSVuk gSA

gkykafd fyo&bu fjys”kuf”ki* dk izpyu vHkh esVªks “kgj ,oa jkT;dh jkt/kkfu;ksa rd gh lhfer gS] ysfdu ns[kk ;g tkrk gS fd uxjhdj.k ,oavk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k ds rgr~ uxjksa dh laLÑfr dk foLrkj dLcksa ,oa xk¡oksa rdgksrk gSA bl laLÑfr izlkj esa ehfM;k dk jksy Hkh egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA oghalkoZHkkSfedhdj.k ,oa ladh.khZdj.k dh izfØ;k Hkh lekt esa lnSo pyrh jgrh gSAblfy, ;g fuf”pr :i ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd bl fLFkfr ls xkao ,oa dLckvNwrk ugha jg ldrk gS vkSj ;fn bl eqn~ns dks rdZlaxr rjhds ls lqy>k;k ughax;k rks /khjs&/khjs gh lgh O;kid Lrj ij lkekftd&ikfjokfjd lajpuk esa gypyep tk;sxh tks fd ifjokj] lekt ,oa jk’Vª fdlh ds fy, Hkh fgrdj ugha gksxkAdkj.k ;g fd bu ;qXe laca/kksa ls mRiUu vcks/k tho dk Hkh rks viuk vf/kdkj gksxkAD;k ,d izxfroknh lksp eas mldk dksbZ egRo ugha gS\ D;k vcks/k tho dks blvk/kkj ij tUe ls iwoZ gh U;k;ikfydk ds ngyht ij pDdj yxkus ds fy, vfHk”kIrfd;k tk;s fd mldk tSfod firk dkSu gS\ firk dh lEifRr esa mldh fgLlsnkjhgS ;k ugha\ vkfn&vkfnA bu lokyksa dk tckc gesa rdZijd ,oa ekuoh; laosnuk dsrgr~ <wa<uk gksxkAfu’d’k Z

Hkkjrh; ukjh dh orZeku nkSj esa izkphu ,oa e/;dkyhu ;qx dhrqyuk esa lkekftd&ikfjokfjd ,oa jktuhfrd&iz”kklfud izfLFkfr esa egRoiw.kZcnyko vk;k gSaA vkt og fofHkUu ljdkjh] xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa esa viuhrdZukijd dkS”ky dh yksgk euok jgh gS] LorU= fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke gks jgh gSAysfdu bu lcds ckotwn lekt O;oLFkk dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s lkekftd lajpukdh bdkbZ ifjokj ,oa mlds vk/kkj fookg dks utjUnkt ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSAtcfd fyo&bu& fjys”kuf”ki tSls LoSfPNd ;kSu lEcU/kksa dh O;kidrk ls ifjokjds le{k ladV mRiUu gksus dh iwjh xqtkab”k gSA oLrqr% ,sls lEcU/kksa esa iq:’k opZLo?kVus ds ctk; c<+rk gh gS D;ksafd ,sls lEcU/kksa esa dksbZ cU/ku ugha gksrk gS vkSj ;gcU/kueqDr lEcU/k ftruk iq:’kksa ds i{k esa tkrk gS mruk fL=;ksa ds i{k esa ughaAdkj.k ;g fd “kknh tSls cU/ku;qDr lEcU/k ls ;g rks fuf”pr jgrk gh gS fd iq:’k?kwe&fQj dj okil vk;sxk ghA tcfd cU/kueqDr lEcU/k esa okil vkus dh lEHkkouk{kh.k gksrh gSA vUrr% L=h gh Nyh tkrh gSA blfy, vko”;drk bl ckr dh gS fdifjokj] fookg ,oa L=h ds lkFk gh lkFk ekuo lekt dh xfjek dks cuk;sa j[kus dsfy, leqfpr mik; fd;s tkus pkfg,A ftlds fy, fookg dh vfuok;Zrk gj gkyesa cuk;s j[kk tk;sA pkgs og ijEijkxr gks ;k vk/kqfud laLFkkvksa }kjk LohÑfr izkIrgksA

ewY;foe”kZ 109

lUnHkZ xzUFk %1- Avasthi, Abha & A.K. Srivastava (ed), Modernity, Feminism and women

Empowerment, Rawat Publication, New Delhi, 2001

2- Ogksjk] vk”kkjkuh] vk/kqfud lekt esa L=h] Jh uVjktu izdk”ku] fnYyh]2005

3- nks”kh] ,l0,y0 ,oa ih0lh0 tSu] Hkkjrh; lekt% lajpuk vkSj ifjorZu]us”kuy ifCyf”kax gkml] t;iqj] 2002

4- xMdj] jktdqekjh] ukjh fpUru% u;h pqukSfr;k¡] vUuiw.kkZ izdk”ku] dkuiqj]2004

5. Gerda, Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, Oxford University Press,

New York, 1986

6- tks”kh] xksik] Hkkjr esa L=h vlekurk % ,d foe”kZ] fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZUo;ufuns”kky;] fnYyh fo”ofo|ky;] fnYyh] 2006

7- jktdqekj] ukjh “kks’k.k % leL;k,a ,oa lek/kku] vtqZu ifCyf”kax gkÅl] ubZfnYyh] 2003

8- flUgk] lfPpnkuUn] Hkwe.Myhdj.k dh pqukSfr;k¡] ok.kh izdk”ku] ubZ fnYyh]2005

9- lk/kuk vk;Z }kjk lEikfnr] ukjhoknh jktuhfr] la?k’kZ ,oa eqn~nsa] fgUnh ek/;edk;kZUo;u funs”kky;] fnYyh fo”ofo|ky;] fnYyh] 2001

10. Sharma, K.L. (ed), Social Inequality in India, Rawat Publication, Jaipur,

1999

11. Srinivas, M.N., The Changeing Positi n of India’s Women, Oxford

University Press, New Delhi, 1978

12- HkV~Vkpk;Z] lqdqekjh] izkphu Hkkjr % lekt vkSj ukjh] dE;wfuds”ku ,aMehfM;k ifCyds”ku] dydRrk] 1992

13- ladsr =Sekfld if=dk] MkW0 vEcsMdj lkfgR; ,oa dyk dsUnz] okjk.klh14- lkjLor] _rq] lgthou dh my>usa ¼ys[k½ nSfud tkxj.k] bykgkckn] 30

vDVwcj] 2010

****

ewY;foe”kZ 110

ofÙkd vkpkj ,oa vf/koäk dh tokcnsgh % ,d nk'kZfud v/;;ueqds”k dqekj ekyoh;*

fof/k O;olk; ,slh ofÙk gS ftlesa lEc) vf/koäkvksa dks lekt dsfofHkUu ekuo lEcU/kksa ls laO;ogkj djuk gksrk gSA mUgsa bu lEcU/kksa ls laO;ogkjdjus esa viuh ;ksX;rk ,oa la;e dh ijh{kk nsuh gksrh gSA blds fy;s mUgsa u dsoyvius xq.kksa rFkk mRlkg dk izn'kZu djuk gksrk gSA vfirq viuh lkSE;rk dk ifjp;Hkh nsuk gksrk gSA tc vf/koäk vius ikl fof/kd jk; ds fy, vk;s eqofDdy dhleL;k lqurk gS rc mls ekeys ds rF; dks NkaVus rFkk mudk fo'ys"k.k djus easviuh ;ksX;rk dk iz;ksx djuk gksrk gSA mldh 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk ,oa fof/k dk izf'k{k.k,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mlds lEcy gksrs gSa D;ksafd bUgha xq.kksa ls og vius eqofDdyksadh U;k;ky; esa lgk;rk djrk gS vkSj U;k;&iz'kklu dh ,d egRoiw.kZ dM+h ds :Ikesa dk;Z lEikfnr djrk gS KkrO; gS] vf/koäk gh og ;a= gS tks U;k;ky; esafof/k ds fl)kUrksa dk izfriknu djrk gS] ftuds vuqlkj U;k;k/kh'k ekeyksa dkfujkdj.k djrs gSA

fof/k&O;olk;h ¼vf/koäk½ dh Hkwfedk dsoy oknksa ds fuLrkj.k rdlhfer ugha gksrh gSA vf/koäk oxZ lekt esa 'kkfUr&O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus esa HkhegRoiw.kZ ;kssXknku nsrs gSaA fof/k&O;olk; esa mudk n`f"Vdks.k fooknksa dh la[;k dksc<+kuk ugha gksrk vfirq vklUu fooknksa dk lek/kku <w¡<uk gksrk gSA bl izdkjvf/koäk lekt eas HkkbZ&pkjs dh Hkkouk c<+kdj lekt dh fof/kd O;oLFkk dk;ej[kus dk xq:rj dk;Z lEié djrs gSaA fof/k O;olk;h U;k; dks izJ; nsrs gSa D;ksafdos ukxfjdksa ds vf/kdkjksa rFkk Lora=rkvksa ds iks"kd gksrs gSa vkSj U;k;ky; ds ek/;els muds vf/kdkjksa rFkk Lora=rkvksa dh j{kk djrs gSaA blls lekt esa fof/k dk 'kklulkdkj gksrk gSA

vf/koäk vius ofÙkd vuqHko }kjk fof/k ds nks"kksa vkSj U;wurkvksa dhtkudkjh j[krs gSa vkSj le;kuqlkj mu nks"kksa dks nwj djus ds fy, fof/k&vk;ksx dksvius lq>ko izLrqr djrs gSaA blhfy;s fof/k vk;ksx ds xBu esa ofj"B vf/koäkvf/kd la[;k esa lnL; ds :Ik esa ukfer gksrs gSa ftlls fof/k eas vko';d lq/kkjlEHko gks ldsA fof/k&O;olk; dksbZ O;kikj ugha gksrkA bl O;oLkk; dk eq[; mís';/ku&vtZu djuk ugha gS] vfirq U;k;&iz'kklu esa viuh vxz.kh Hkwfedk dk fuoZgudjuk gS ftlls lekt esa 'kkfUr] O;oLFkk rFkk U;k; dk;e j[kk tk ldsA

fu%lUnsg lekt dh tfVy leL;kvkas dk lek/kku <wa<us] turk dsvf/kdkjksa rFkk Lora=rkvksa dh lqj{kk djus vkSj fof/k dk 'kklu dk;e j[kus esa izeq[kHkwfedk dk fuoZgu djus esa fof/k&O;olk; dks tks egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS] og lekt dsfdlh oxZ ls fNik ugha gSA viuh foy{k.k izfrHkk rFkk lkekftd nkf;Ro dh Hkkoukls vf/koäk oxZ vklé dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks vuqdwy cukdj mudk lek/kku izLrqrdjus dk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z djrs gSa ftlds fy, mUgsa lekt ls lEeku rFkk [;kfr izkIrgksrh gSA fof/k&O;olk; dk lekt esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr gS D;ksafd bldk

*lgk;d izk/;kid] fof/k ladk;] dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky;] okjk.klh

ewY;foe”kZ 111

dksbZ fodYi ugha gSA fof/k&O;olk;h ¼vf/koäk½ dk izkFkfed drZO; lafo/kku dsvuqlkj&fof/k dk 'kklu lekt esa cuk, j[kus esa viuk ;ksxnku iznku djuk gksrkgSA mls U;k; ds Øfed fodkl dks izksUur djuk gS vkSj lafo/kku esa iznÙk ukxfjdksads ewykf/kdkjksa ds izorZu esa U;k;ky; dh lgk;rk djuh gksrh gSA lkFk gh viusfof/kd Kku] ;ksX;rk vkSj uSfrdrk }kjk mls ukxfjdksa dk fo'okl rFkk ln~Hkko izkIrdjuk gksrk gS] tks mldh vewY; iwath gksrh gSA

lEifÙk vUrj.k vf/kfu;e] 1882] dh /kkjk 136 ds vUrxZr izko/kkufd;k x;k gS fd ^dksbZ Hkh fof/kd O;oLkk;h ¼vf/koäk½ fdlh vuq;ksT; nkos esa fdlhva'k ;k fgr dk u rks Ø; djsxk] u nqO;kZikj djsxk] u rks mlds fy, vuqcU/k djsxkvkSj u mls izkIr djus ds fy, djkj djsxk vkSj u rks dksbZ U;k;ky; mldh izsj.kkij ;k mlls O;qRiUUk vf/kdkj ds v/khu ;k nkok djus okys fdlh O;fä dh izsj.kkij] ,slk dksbZ Hkh vuq;ksT; nkok izoÙk djsxk ftlds ckjs esa mlus mi;qZä O;ogkjfd;k gSA** bl ds fgr dks /;ku esa j[kdj cuk, x;s gSaA ;fn vf/koäkvksa dks ,slsnkos ¼lEifÙk½ [kjhnus ds fy, vuqefr ns nh tkos rks bldk rkRi;Z oknksa ds la/kkj.kdks izksRlkgu nsuk gks tk,xk] rks blls oknksa ds fuLrkj.k esa vuqfpr foyEc gksusyxsxkA U;k;ky; dk vf/kdkjh gksus ls vf/koäk dk ;g nkf;Ro gksrk gS fd og oknksadk fuLrkj.k 'kh?kz rFkk U;k;ksfpr jhfr ls gksus ds fy, U;k;ky; dh lgk;rk djsftlls U;k; dk ekxZ lqxe gks vkSj oknkfFkZ;ksa ds fgr dk ekxZ iz'kLr gks ldsA

vf/koäk dks /ku dk yksHkh ugha gksuk pkfg, D;ksafd mldk dk;ZdksbZ O;kikj ugha gksrkA mldk fof/k&O;olk; ,d fo}r&O;olk; gS] ftldk mís';oknksa esa fgrksa dh lR;rk rFkk vlR;rk dks fl) djuk gksrk gSA oknkas ds fuLrkj.kesa mls vius fof/kd Kku] lw>cw> rFkk uSfrdrk dk iz;ksx djuk gksrk gS tks mldkloksZPp lkekftd drZO; gSA mls viuh vUrjkRek ds lans'kksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z djukgksrk gS Hkys gh mlds eqofDdy dks okn ds la/kkj.k ls ;Fkksfpr ykHk u fey ldsAvf/koDrk dks vUr%ijk;.k gksuk vko';d gS mls ,sls ekeyksa essa vfHkdFku djus lsbudkj dj nsuk pkfg, tgka mldh vkRek vius eqofDdy dks U;k; fnykus dhvuqefr ugha gksrhA U;k;ky; ds vf/kdkjksa rFkk lykgdkj ds :Ik eas vf/koäk dknkf;Ro gS fd og U;k;k/kh'k dks okn ls lEcfU/kr fof/k ds fl)kUrksa dh lgh lwpukizLrqr djs] ftlls O;ofLFkr lekt esa mfpr U;k;&iz'kklu lqfuf'pr fd;k tkldsA

fof/k O;olk;h dk drZO; lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa rd lhfer ughgkssrkA mls] lekt ds xjhc rFkk 'kksf"kr oxZ ds vf/kdkjksa ds izorZu ds fy,] U;k;ky;eas mudk igqap c<+kus ds fy,] fu%'kqYd fof/kd lgk;rk iznku djus dk nkf;Ro gksrkgSA ;g dk;Z vf/koäk dks blfy, ugha djuk gksrk D;ksafd blls mls U;k;ky; ls'kkck'kh izkIr gksxh vfirq blfy, djuk gksrk gS fd blls mls vkRe&lUrqf"V izkIrgksrh gS D;ksafd ;g mldk lkekftd nkf;Ro gSA ,slk dk;Z djds og lHkh dks lekuvolj iznku djkus esa vius [;kfr dh of) djrk gSA vkSj blls mldk O;kolkf;d

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egRo lkekU; turk dh nf"V esa vR;f/kd lEekfur gks tkrk gSa KkRkO; gS fd orZekule; esa vf/koäk&oxZ bl fn'kk eas vR;f/kd vxzlj gSA

lekt esa mfpr U;k; iz'kklu dk gksuk] oknkfFkZ;ksaa dks oknksa easlQYkrk vFkok vlQyrk dh izkfIr dh rqyuk esa vf/kd Js;Ldj gSA fof/k&O;olk;hdks ;g fopkj djuk vko';d gksrk gS fd mldh fu"Bk fof/k ds 'kklu ds izfr] viusrFkk vius eqofDdyksa ds fgrkas dh rqyuk ls] vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA bl izdkj lektdks U;k; lqfuf'pr djkus okys rU= ds izeq[k vax ds :Ik esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dkfuoZgu djds fof/k O;olk;h ¼vf/koäk½ U;k; iz'kklu esa viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkkulqfuf'pr djrs gSA

gekjs ns'k dh izkphu dky ls ;g eq[; nk'kZfud fopkj/kkjk jgh gSfd gesa izR;sd ukxfjd ds vf/kdkj dks lftr djus o fnykus ds fy, izR;sd O;fDrds drZO; fu/kkZfjr djus pkfg;sA mDr n'kZu vf/koDrk x.k ,oa vke leqnk; ij Hkhykxw gksrk gSA vf/kdkjkas dh ekax ges'kk dh tkus ij LokFkZ dh Hkkouk lkeus vkrhgS ,oa tc drZO; dh ckr Hkh dh tkrh gS rks fuLokFkZ Hkkouk izLQqfVr gksrh gSA blckr dks eglwl fd;k tkrk gS fd ekuo vf/kdkj dks lqjf{kr j[kus esa ekuo drZO;vkReh;rk ls fd;k tkuk pkfg;s euq"; vius vki dks vkReh;rk ls ekuo drZO; dhvksj izsfjr djs rks ekuo vf/kdkj vius vki esa LFkkfir gks tk;sxkA ,slk vkn'kZlekt gekjs Hkkjr o"kZ esa igys Fkk tc izR;sd O;fDr /keZ ds vuqlkj vius drZO; dkfuoZgu djrs gq, nwljksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djrk Fkk vkSj nwljksa dks [kq'kgkyhfnykrk Fkk ;gka mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij crk;k tk jgk gS fd ekrk firk dk ;g nkf;RogS fd og muds cPps cfPp;ksa dks f'kf{kr djsa] ifjokj ds izeq[k eqf[k;k dk ;g nkf;RogS fd og ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dk Hkj.k iks"k.k djsa] ykyu ikyu djsa og ifjokj dsmu lnL;ksa dk tks fd muds Åij fuHkZj gS vkSj /ku ugha dekrs gSa muds izfr drZO;ksadk /;ku j[kas ,oa mudk ikyu iks"k.k djsaA cPps cfPp;ksa dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fdo`)koLFkk esa vius ekrk firk dh ns[kHkky djs mudh vkKk dk ikyu djsaA v/;kidksadk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vPNh rjg f'kf{kr djsa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk ;gnkf;Ro gS fd os f'k{kdksa dk lEeku djsa ,oa f'k{kd }kjk izkIr dh xbZ f'k{kk ls ghlarq"V u jgs cfYd mls vkxs vkSj c<+krs gq, izfrHkk'kkyh O;fDrRo cu dj ns'k dksxkSjokfUor djsaA izR;sd O;fDr dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og vU; O;fDRk;ksa ds vf/kdkjksadk /;ku j[ks vkSj ekuo lekt dk /;ku j[krs gq, mldh j{kk djsaA izR;sdO;olkf;d O;fDr dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og lekt fgr dks loksZPp izkFkfedrk nsvkSj vius O;fDrxr fgr ls lekt fgr dks Åapk ekusa izR;sd ukxfjd dk ;gnkf;Ro gS fd og jkT; ds fu;eksa dk ikyu djs vkSj jkT; dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fdog ukxfjdksa ds ewy vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djsa o ukxfjdksa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd]jktuSfrd o laoS/kkfud ,oa lkaLÑfrd vf/kdkj fnyk;sa ,oa leku :Ik ls U;k; djsaAtc ge fdlh O;fDr ds drZO; dk l`tu djrs gaS rks vko';d :Ik ls vU; O;fDrds vf/kdkj ds laj{k.k dk ltu gks tkrk gSA vc vkxs eaS lekt ds izfr vf/koDrkdk D;k drZO; gksuk pkfg;s ;g crk jgk gw¡A

ewY;foe”kZ 113

lkekftd dÙkZO;;gka ij gekjs Hkkjr ds izkphu n'kZu dk mYys[k djuk mfpr

le>rk gww¡ ftlds }kjk gekjs ns'k esa drZO; fd;s tkus ds vk/kkj ij lekt dk fu.kZ;fd;k FkkA tgka ij fdlh O;fDr ds vf/kdkj fn;s x;s Fks] ogka O;fDr ds drZO;ksa dkHkh mYys[k fd;k x;k FkkA gekjs ewyHkwr thou ds fl)kar dks fo".kq iqjk.k esa Hkh fuEuizdkj ls crk;k x;k gS&

v=kfi Hkkjra Js"Ba tacw}his egkequs];rks fg deZ'kwjs"kk vRkksU;k Hkksx Hkwe;%AHkkjr ,d egku ns'k gSA ;g ,d deZ Hkwfe dk ns'k gS tks fd vkUkUn

,oa vf/kdkj ds Ik'pkR; laLÑfr ds fl)kUrksa ds fo:) [kM+k gqvkA egkRek xka/kh usekuoh; ewY;ksa dks lftr djrs gq; ,d vkn'kZokn gekjs ns'k esa LFkkfir fd;k vkSjdgk fd gekjk ns'k vko';d :Ik ls deZ Hkwfe gS] tks fd Hkkst Hkwfe ds fojks/k esa [kM+kgqvk gSA

;gka ;g egRoiw.kZ :Ik ls crk;k tk jgk gS fd izfl) if'pehU;k;fon~ M~;wfxV us lu~ 1859 ls lu 1928 dh vof/k eas mUgksaus tks fd laoS/kkfudfof/k ds izksQslj ds :i esa dwjkMsDl fo'ofo|ky; esa Fks vkSj ;g fl)kar izfrikfnrfd;k fd ekuo vf/kdkj] 'kkfUr ,oa [kq'kgkyh rHkh lekt esa LFkkfir gks ldrh gStcfd drZO; vk/kkfjr lekt dk fuekZ.k gks bl lanHkZ esa ;g dgk x;k gS ,oa dkuwuds vanj drZO;ksa dks bl izdkj ls crk;k x;k gS fd izR;sd O;fDr vius drZO;ksa dkiw.kZ :i ls ikyu djrs gq, lekt dks etcwr djus dh vksj vxzlj gksA ekuo dksdsoy ,d gh vf/kdkj izkIr djuk pkfg;s o j[kuk pkfg;s fd og ges'kk vius drZO;dk fuokZg djrk jgsA mDr fopkj 18oha ls 20oha 'krkCnh esa Hkh izklafxd Fks vkSj vkt21oha 'krkCnh esa Hkh izklafxd gSA

drZO; ikyu dk ges'kk ewyHkwr fl)kUr gekjs ns'k esa Hkh oSfnd dkyls ysdj vkt rd pys vk jgs gSa vkSj gekjs ns'k ds /kkfeZd o v/;kfRed {ks= esa Hkh;g ,d egRoiw.kZ :Ik ls ifjyf{kr gksrk gS vkSj gekjs ns'k ds izfl) /kkfeZd xzaFkxhrk esa Hkh bls fuEu izdkj ls crk;k x;k gS &

deZ.;sokf/kdkjLrs ek Qys"kq dnkpuAek deZQy gsrqHkwekZ rs laXkksLRodeZf.kAA xhrk 2@47^^deZ.;sokf/kdkjLrs** bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd rqEgkjk vf/kdkj ;g gS

fd rqe vius drZO; dk ikyu djks bl izfØ;k ls ekuo vf/kdkj dk l`tu gqvk gSvkSj ekuo vf/kdkj lajf{kr jgs gSa 'kk;n ;g dsoy ,d gh loksZRre rjhdk lkj Hkwr:Ik ls gekjs lekt ds izR;sd yksxksa ds fy, xhrk esa dgk x;k gS fd os vius drZO;dk ikyu djrs gq, lekt esa vius nkf;Roksa dk fuokZg djsa vkSj mDr drZO; dkikyu /kekZuqlkj gks rHkh tkdj ds lekt esa 'kkfUr o [kq'kgkyh cuh jgh ldrh gSA

;fn ge vf/koDrk ds O;olk; dh vksj ns[ksa vkSj Åij of.kZr xhrk

ewY;foe”kZ 114

ds fl)kaUr deZ.;sokf/kdkjLrs tks fd gekjs Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr dk vkSjgekjs [kq'kgky 'kkafr o vkuUne; lekt dk n'kZu gS vkSj bl n'kZu dks fof/kO;olk; esa lfEefyr djsa rks ;g tku iM+rk gS fd vf/koDrk oxZ dk ;g drZO; cuiM+rk gS fd og izR;sd O;fDr ds fof/kd vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djsA pkgs og O;fDrgekjs ns'k dk gks vFkok fons'kh ukxfjd gksA mls ôlq/kSo dqVqEc** dh Hkkouk ls vkReizsfjr gksdj vius drZO; dk fuoZgu gekjs Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa fn;s x;s fl)kUr dhfof/k ds le{k {kerk vkSj fof/k dk leku laj{k.k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, izR;sd O;fDrds fof/kd vf/kdkj fnykus ds izfr leiZ.k Hkko ls dk;Z djsA bl laca/k esa gekjsHkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLÑfr dk dY;k.kdkjh 'yksd vkt izklafxd gS &

losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku% losZ lUrq fujke;k%]lossZ Hknzkf.k Ik';Urq ek¡ df'pn~ nq%[kHkkx~Hkosr~ AAvf/koDrk ds O;olk; dk ;g Hkh vFkZ gS fd nwljs O;fDr;ksa dks

lsok;sa iznku djukA blesa dksbZ vfr';ksfDr ugha gS fd vf/koDrk izR;sd O;fDr dksfof/kd lsok iznku djrs gq, fof/kd lsok iznku djus ds cnys eas ikfjJfed ysrk gSysfdu fQj Hkh ;g O;oLkk; ,d lsokHkkoh izo`fRr ls izsfjr gksdj fd;k tkus okykO;olk; gksus ds dkj.k bls ge O;kikj vFkok okf.kT; dh Js.kh esa ugha j[k ldrsgaS vkSj u gh ;g j[kk tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd ekuo ds vf/kdkj dh j{kk djus esa ,dewyHkwr ekuork dh Hkkouk fNih gksrh gSA ml ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh j{kk ds fy, fd;sx;s dk;Z dh dher :Ik;ksa esa ugha vkadh tk ldrh] blhfy, vf/koDrk x.k }kjkizR;sd O;fDr dks fnyk;s tkus okyk fof/kd vf/kdkj ;k izR;sd O;fDr ds fd;s tkusokys fof/kd vf/kdkj dh j{kk ds cnys esa fy;k x;k ikfjJfed O;oLkk; dh Js.khesa fy;s x;s ikfjJfed ds lerqY; ugha gSA gekjs jk"Vªfirk egkRek xka/kh us tks fdLo;a ,d vf/koDrk Fks ftUgksaus vkt ls yxHkx 80 o"kZ iwoZ vf/koDrk oxZ esa blekuoh; ewY;ksa ls izsfjr gksdj fd;s tkus okys izR;sd O;fDr ds fof/kd vf/kdkjksa dhj{kk ds O;olk;hdj.k dk etcwrh ls fojks/k fd;k FkkA rc mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd îzFkeegRoiw.kZ ckr vius efLr"d esa j[kus dh gS fd ;fn vki fof/kd O;olk; dks bZ'ojh;O;olk; ;k bZ'oj }kjk iznRr ÑR; dh Js.kh esa j[kdj djrs gSa rc ;g vkidkO;olk; o fd;k tkus okyk dk;Z dHkh Hkh vkidks LokFkZ dh Hkkouk ls izsfjr ughadjsxk o LokFkhZ ugha cuk;sxk cfYd vkids }kjk fd;k tkus okyk mDr dk;Z jk"Vª dhlsok ds izfr fd;s tkus okys dk;Z dh Js.kh esa ekuk tk;sxkA jk"Vªfirk egkRekxka/kh dk ;g fopkj ges'kk ges'kk ds fy, laiw.kZ iFoh ds vfHkHkk’kd oxZ ds fy, izsj.kknk;d jgsxkA vc ;gka ;g crkuk pkgsaxs fd fof/k O;olk; dk vf/kdkj okLro esaizR;sd O;fDRk ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djuk gSA

vf/koDrk oxZ dk fof/k O;olk; dk vf/kdkj gS fd og vU;O;fDr;ksa dh j{kk djsa ,oa vU; O;fDr;ksa ds vf/kdkj dh j{kk djsa ,oa vU; O;fDr;ksadks vf/kdkj fnyk;saA bl laca/k eas ;gka fuEufyf[kr 'yksd ds }kjk Li"V gS fd &

ewY;foe”kZ 115

ijksidkjk; QyfUr o`{kk%]ijksidkjk; nqgfUr xko%]ijksidkjkFkZ o;a vf/koDrkj%Abl fl)kUr dks dukZVd mPp U;k;ky; dh Mcy csap us izHkko'kkyh

rjhds ls U;k; n`"Vkar ^^Vh-oSdVS;k cuke eSlwj jkT; ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1963 eSlwj127** esa ykxw djrs gq, crk;k fd mDr U;k; n`"Vkar esa ;kfpdkdrkZ us ekuuh; mPpU;k;ky; ds mDr fu.kZ; dks pqukSrh nh fd mls ftyk U;k;k/kh'k ds in ij p;ugsrq lk{kkRdkj ds fy, ugha cqyk;k x;k Fkk tcfd mlus mDr in ij ds fy, vkosnui= izLrqr fd;k FkkA mDr ekeys esa ml O;fDr us U;k;ky; ds le{k vf/koDrk dhonhZ esa vius vkidks izLrqr fd;k FkkA U;k;ky; us ;g dgk fd vius Lo;a ds eqdnesadh iSjoh dj jgs gSa vkSj O;fDrxr :Ik ls U;k;ky; esa mifLFkr gq, gSa vkidks ;gvf/kdkj ugha gS fd vki ,d vf/koDrk dk Mªsl igudj U;k;ky; dks lacksf/kr djsaAekuuh; U;k;ky; us ;kfpdkdrkZ }kjk Lo;a ds eqdnesa esa ;|fi og vf/koDrk Fkkysfdu O;fDrxr eqdnesa esa vf/koDrk dh Msªl igudj mls U;k;ky; dks lacksf/krdjus dk vf/kdkj ugha gSA U;k;ky; us /kkjk 30 vf/koDrk vf/kfu;e dh O;k[;kdjrs gq, dgk fd vf/koDrk dks U;k;ky; esa Msªl igudj lacks/ku dk vf/kdkj rHkhfeyrk gS tc fd fdlh eqofDdy dh iSjoh dj jgk gks Lo;a dh iSjoh djrs oDrmls Msªl igu dj U;k;ky; dks lacks/ku dk vf/kdkj ugh jgrk gSA ;g ,degRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; vf/koDrk oxZ ds fy, iznku fd;k x;k gS tks fd tks fd vf/koDrkoxZ ds lkekftd drZO; ds izfr nh xbZ lsokvksa dks crkrs gq, ;g le>k;k x;k gSfd vf/koDrk oxZ dks Mªsl igudj U;k;ky; esa mifLFkr gksus dk vFkZ ;g gS fd ogeqofDdy dk fgr U;k;ky; ds le{k lsokHkkoh :Ik ls izdV dj jgk gSA vf/koDrkoxZ dks vius O;olk; esa Ik;kZIr ;ksX;rk gkfly djuk pkfg;s bl laaca/k esa Hkh uhpscrk;k tk jgk gSA

tSlk fd vf/koDrk viuh lsok;sa eqofDdy ds fof/kd vf/kdkjksa dslaca/k esa iznku djrk gS rks vf/koDrk dk izFke nkf;Ro ;g gS fd ftl izdkj ls ,dfpfdRld ;fn i;kZIr :Ik ls n{k u gks rks og vius ejht dks ekSr dh uhan lqykldrk gSA fpfdRld ejht dks rHkh cpk ldrk gS tc fd og vius O;olk; esa iw.kZ:i ls n{k gksA blh izdkj ls izR;sd vf/koDrk dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og viusO;olkf;d Kku dks bruk i;kZIr :Ik ls gkfly djs fd og eqofDdy ds vf/kdkjksadh j{kk Ik;kZIr :Ik ls dj ldsA ,slk u gks fd vf/koDrk eqofDdy ds vf/kdkj dhj{kk djus ds ctk; mls vU; eqlhcrksa esa mYk>k nsA blfy, ;g lgh tku iM+rkgS fd vf/koDrk dks dkuwu ds fofHkUUk {ks=ksa dh Ik;kZIr :Ik ls n{krk iw.kZ Kku gksukvko';d gS vkSj ;g Kku vftZr djuk mldk ije drZO; vkSj lkekftd drZO;Hkh gSA bl laca/k esa fuEufyf[kr 'yksd voyksduh; gS &

T;ksfr"ka O;ogkjap izk;f'pRra fpfdfRlraAvtkuu~ ;ks ujks czw;kr~ vijk/ka fda vr% ijaAA

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;g 'yksd c`gn ijk'kj Le`fr esa gekjs Hkkjrh; izkphu iqLrd esafy[kk gqvk gS vkSj ;g crk;k x;k gS fd ;g ,d cgqr cM+k vijk/k gksxk fd oxSjfdlh n{krk gkfly fd;s] vko';d Kku izkIr fd;s dksbZ O;fDr T;ksfr"k foKku dkvFkok vf/koDrk dk vFkok fpfdRld dk nkf;Ro fuHkk;sA vktdy dke pykÅizofRr o lrgh izofRRk ls vius thou esa dk;Z djus dh izofRr o yksxkas esa fnu izfrfnufodflr gksdj c<+rh tk jgh gS vkSj vke vkneh vkyL; o'k vkyL; ds ny&nyesa vius vkidks Mkydj de le; esa vf/kd /ku vftZr djuk vkSj oxSj fdlhesgur o Ik;kZIr O;olkf;d n{krk gkfly fd;s viuk dke pykuk pkgrk gSA ;gnq"izo`fRr gekjs vkus okyh ih<+h ds fy, ?kkrd fl) gksxh o ekuo lekt ds fy,vfHk'kki gksxhA blls gesa cpuk pkfg;s vkSj dke pykÅ o lrgh izo`fRRk dh vknrdks R;kxdj deZB Hkko] vkReh;rk] ,oa leiZ.k Hkko ls gekjs izkphu Hkkjrh; n'kZudh [;kfr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, vius Kku dks bruk fodflr djsa fd n{krk dsekeys esa vkids Åij dksbZ maxyh u mBk ldsA vFkZ ds ihNs Hkkxuk vFkZ dk nklcuuk gS] tks O;fDr vFkZ dk nkl curk gS og vKkurk essa thrk gSA vKkurk dks oghfeVk ldrk gS tks vFkZ o eksg ls nwj gks vkSj vius vkidks drZO; ds izfr lefiZrdjrs gq, Qy dh bPNk u j[krs gq, xhrk xzaFk dh Hkkouk o vkn'kZ dks /;ku esa j[krsgq, viuk dk;Z fu"dke deZ ls djs vkSj bl rjg dk dk;Z djrs gq, vf/koDrk viusvki esa n{krk gkfly dj ldrk gS rFkk lekt o yksdra= dks etcwr dj ldrkgSA vf/koDrk oxZ us Lora=rk ds vkanksyu esa gekjs ns'k esa cgqr cM+h dqckZuh nsdj ns'kdks vktkn djok;k] xqykeh ls eqDr djok;k vkSj mlh vf/koDrk oxZ ds {ks= esaU;k;ikfydk eas vkt djksM+ksa yksx U;k; dh vkl yxk;s o"kksZa ls U;k;ky; ds pDdjyxk jgs gSa ,oa djksM+ksa eqdnesa U;k;ky; esa yafcr gSa ,oa ftudk U;k; dc gksxk] dSlsgksxk ;g vfHkHkk"kd oxZ dks Lo;a ekywe ugha gS ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa vf/koDrk oxZ dksvius O;kolkf;d ewY;ksa dks igpkuus dh t:jr gS vkSj mls vkReh;rk ls ykxw djbl ns'k esa U;k; dks LFkkfir djrs gq, yksdra= dks etcwr djus dh vk'kk dsoy ek=vf/koDrk oxZ ls dh tk ldrh gS vkSj ;fn vk'kk dh fdj.k dk izLQqVu gqvk] rksblh cqf)thoh oxZ ls gksxk blesa dksbZ vfr';ksfDr ugha gSA vc eS ;gka crkuk pkgwaxkfd O;olkf;d vkpkj lafgrk vf/koDrk oxZ dh D;k gSA

vf/koDrk ds fy, O;olkf;d vkpkj lafgrk vkt leku :Ik lsO;olk; esa egRoiw.kZ gSA vkt gekjs fy;s ;g nqHkkZX; dh ckr gS fd cgqr lkjsvf/koDrk O;olkf;d n{krk o O;olkf;d vkpkj lafgrk ls ifjiw.kZ ugha gS ;g ,d/kCck gekjs fof/kd O;olk; ij gSA ;fn vf/koDrk oxZ esa lkjHkwr :Ik ls O;olkf;dvkpkj lafgrk o O;olkf;d n{krk gksxh rks fuf'pr :Ik ls gekjs ns'k dh turk easvf/koDrk oxZ ds izfr fo'okl iSnk gksxkA ns'k dh turk eas vf/koDrk oxZ ds izfrfo'okl iSnk gks o fo'okl cuk jgs blds fy, O;olkf;d n{krk o vpkj lafgrk dkgksuk vfr vko';d gSA eS ;gka ;g crkuk pkgwaxk fd vf/koDrk la?k ds lnL; dbZckj Hkz"Vkpkj ,o i{kikr dk vkjksi U;kf;d vf/kdkfj;ksa ij yxkrs gSaA vf/kdrjf'kdk;r U;kf;d vf/kdkjh ds fo:) bl ckr fd dh tkrh gS fd og i{kikr dj

ewY;foe”kZ 117

jgk gS fd ckj ds lnL;ksa ds izfr leku O;ogkj u j[krs gq, dqN lnL;ksa dk i{kleikf'oZd dkj.k ls frjNs mís';ksa ds fy, ysrk gS blfy, ;gka izR;sd vf/koDrk dk;g nkf;Ro gS fd og Lo;a viuh vkRek esa bl ckr dk ladYi ys fd og U;kf;dvf/kdkjh ds }kjk leikf'oZd dk;Z dks ysdj frjNs mís';ksa dh iwfrZ ls fd;s tkus okysi{kikr esa viu vkidks 'kkfey u gksus ns o vius vkidks blls nwj j[ksaA izR;sd ckjdk lnL; fdlh Hkh U;kf;d vf/kdkjh }kjk ;fn i{kikr fd;k tkrk gSA pkgs mldkdkj.k dksbZ Hkh gks rks og mls vius vki ls nwj j[ksa ;fn izR;sd vf/koDrk viusvkidks U;kf;d vf/kdkjh ds bl ÑR; ls nwj j[ksxk rks U;kf;d vf/kdkjh dHkh Hkhi{kikr ugha dj ik;sxk vkSj mPp U;kf;d ewY;kas dh LFkkiuk gekjh U;k;ikfydk esagksxhA izR;sd vf/koDrk ;fn ,slh izo`fRr;ksa esa fyIr gksrk ;k U;kf;d vf/kdkjh lsi{kikr djokrk gks blds fy, vf/koDrk la?k o ckj dkmafly dks lrdZ jguk pkfg;so ckj ds lnL; ds fo:) vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokgh dj mls nafMr djuk pkfg;s];gh ,d rjhdk gS tks Hkz"Vkpkj ,oa i{kikr dks U;k; iz'kklu ls m[kkM+ Qsd ldrkgSA bl laca/k esa ;gka ij lar dchj ds 'yksd dk o.kZu fd;k tkuk izklafxd jgsxkfd &

cqjk tks ns[ku esa pyk] cqjk u fefy;k dks;Atks fny [kkstk vkiuks] eq>ls cqjk u dks;AArkRi;Z ;g gS fd vf/koDrk la?k vius vf/koDrk oxZ ds izR;sd

lnL;ksa esa fdlh ds izfr yxko ;k fdlh ds izfr vyxko fd;s tkus dh izo`fRr ;fnikrk gS ;k vf/koDrk oxZ dk dksbZ lnL; ,slh izo`fRr esa fyIr gksrk gS rks Lo;avf/koDrk oxZ dh laLFkk dks bl laca/k esa dk;Z djuk pkfg;sA vf/koDrk oxZ dhlaLFkk ;g ugha dg ldrh fd xyrh nwljs laLFkk ds yksxksa dh gSA tSlk fd lardchj us dgk fd euq"; dks viuh cqjkbZ Lo;a dks ns[kuk pkfg;s vkSj vius esa ftrusvoxq.k gSa mudks vfXu esa Qasddj ifo= fueZy n;k d:.kk ls Hkjk gqvk eu efLr"do vkRek dks 'kq) cq) j[krs gq, vius thou dks lQsn pnfj;k dh Hkkafr j[kukpkfg;sA ftl izdkj ls euq"; tc iSnk gksrk gS rc og Ny] diV] iziap] eksg] bZ";kZ]}s"k] jkx vkfn ls eqDr gksdj 'kq) cq) fueZy vkRek lQsn pnfj;k dh Hkkafr gksrhgSA ,slk gh thou euq"; dks thuk pkfg;s vkSj vf/koDrk oxZ Hkh lksps fd lar dchjds mDr 'yksd dk fl)kar izR;sd vf/koDrk ds thou dk vkpj.k gks rHkh tkdjuhj&{khj U;k; izR;sd O;fDr dks deZ.;sokf/kdkjLrs ds fl)kar ij vxzlj gksdj^ôlq/kSo dqVqEc** dh Hkkouk ls izsfjr gksdj fnyk;k tk ldrk gSA

vf/koDrk oxZ ds drZO; ds laca/k esa ;gka ;g crkuk mfpr gS fdmuds ikap izdkj ds drZO; gSaA igyk drZO; Lo;a dh laLFkk ds izfr gS fd og laLFkkdk lEeku o xfjek cuk;s j[ksa] nwljk drZO; U;k;ky; ds izfr] gS fd og U;k;kyk;dk lEeku o xfjek cuk;s j[ksa] rhljk drZO; Lo;a ds i{kdkj ds izfr gS fd mlsU;k; fnyk;sa pkSFkk drZO; foi{kh i{kdkj ds izfr gS mlds izfr Hkh vU;k; u djsa vkSj;fn foIk{kh ds fgr esa U;k; gks jgk gS ;k dkuwuh izko/kku gS rks] mls fuHkhZd :Ik lsU;k;ky; ds le{k uhj {khj foosd ls U;k; fd;s tkus gsrq j[ksa vkSj ikapok drZO;

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vius lkfFk;ksa ds izfr gS fd os lkfFk;ksa dss lkFk lEekutud vPNs O;ogkj j[ksaA ;slHkh drZO; vf/koDrk oxZ dh ifo= xaxks=h laLFkk ls fudyh fueZy HkkxhjFkh dsleku gSA budk mYys[k ;|fi fdUgha dkuwu o fu;eksa esa ugha gS fQj Hkh ;s fopkjgekjs Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laaLÑfr ds nk'kZfud fopkj /kkjkvksa ls izLQqfVr gksdj vktHkh izR;sd vf/koDrk ds ân; esa fon~;eku gSA 'krZ ;g gS fd muds ân; esa fon~;ekubu fl)kUrksa dks ge mUgsa ;kn fnyk;saA blds lkFk gh eSa ;g dguk pkgwaxk fdvf/koDrk oxZ ds lnL;ksa ds fy, ckj dkmafly vkQ bafM;k ds Hkkx&7 esa vkpj.klafgrk dks ykxw djokus ds laca/k esa dh xbZ vuq'kklughurk dh dk;Zokgh ds fu;evkfn crk j[ks gSa ysfdu mDr fu;ekas dh dHkh Hkh vf/koDrk dks mld thou esat:jr ugha iM+sxh ;fn og Åij of.kZr gekjs Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLÑfr dh vkn'kZfopkj/kkjk dks vius ân; esa latksdj thou esa drZO; ds iFk ij ykxw djsaxs rksfuf'pr :Ik ls vf/koDrk oxZ vius lEeku ftl izdkj ls vktknh dh yM+kbZ esa mlusHkkjrh; lekt esa xfjeke; :Ik ls ik;k Fkk og vkt Hkh izkIr djasxs o Hkfo"; esa HkhizkIr djrs jgsaxsA

izR;sd vf/koDrk dk ;g drZO; gS fd og vius eqofDdy dksU;k;ky; ls U;k; fnyk;sA ;fn mlds eqofDdy ds izfr U;k; dk iyM+k Hkkjh gS rksbl laca/k esa fof/kd izko/kkuksa dks U;k;ky; ds le{k iw.kZr;k j[ksaA ysfdu vktdy;g gks jgk gS fd vf/koDrk oxZ ;su&dsu&izdkjs.k eqdnes dks yacs le; rd pykusds fy, dqN rjhds fudky ysrk gS vkSj vk/kkjghu vkosnu i= U;k;ky; esa IkzLrqrdjrk gS vFkok vuko';d LFkxu U;k;ky; ls izkIr djrs gq, U;k;ky; esa foyaciSnk djrk gS vf/koDrk oxZ dks pkfg;s fd og vius vkidksa ,slk fodflr djsa ,slhHkkouk varjeu ls iSnk djsa fd mls tgka rd laHko gks lds 'kh?kz U;k; fnykus dsfy, i{kdkj o U;k;ky; dh lgk;rk djsaA ;g fufoZokn lR; gS fd vf/koDrk oxZdk ;g nf;Ro gS fd og vius eqofDdy dh eqdnesa dh vPNh iSjoh rqjar o n{krkiw.kZ djs ysfdu blds lkFk gh og fuHkhZd o fu"i{k jgs vkSj ;fn mls ,slk yxrkgS fd mlds fojks/kh i{kdkj ds i{k eas dksbZ dkuwu gS fu;e gS ;k fu.kZ; gksuk gS vkSjmDr dkuwu fu;e mldh tkudkjh esa gS tks U;k; fu.kZ; ds fy, vko';d gks rksog Hkh U;k;ky; dks crk;sa rkfd vius fof/kd n{krk ls i{kdkjksa ds chp okLrfodU;k; gks vksj U;k;ky; dks nw/k dk nw/k o ikuh dk ikuh djus esa viuk vkReh;lg;ksx nsaA pkgs og fdlh Hkh i{k dh iSjoh dj jgk gks vkSj ,d ,slk vkn'kZO;fDRkRo U;k;ky; ds le{k izLrqr dj lekt esa vkn'kZ O;fDrRo U;k;ky; ds le{kizLrqr dj lekt eas lEeku izkIr djsaA ekuuh; loksZPp U;k;ky; us le;≤ dsmij vf/koDrk oxZ ls tqM+s gq, vkpkj lafgrk ls lacaf/kr egRoiw.kZ U;k; fu.kZ; fn;sgS ftUgsa eSa ;gka crkuk mfpr le>rk gw¡ tks fd fuEu gS &1- vf/koDrk dks ;g pkfg;s fd og >wBh o rF;ghu ;kfpdk;sa U;k;ky; esa izLrqr

u djsa rkfd U;k;ky; dk ewY;oku o dherh le; u"V gksA2- vf/koDrk oxZ dks ;g pkfg;s fd og bl ckr ls larq"V gks tk;s fd og vius

i{k dh iSjoh dj jgk gS vkSj vius i{k ds fgr esa dk;Z dj jgk gSA mls nwljs

ewY;foe”kZ 119

i{k dh czhQ Lohdkj ugha djuk pkfg;s vkSj blds lkFk gh ;fn og yksdvfHk;kstd fu;qDr fd;k x;k gS rks mls vfHk;qDr dh vksj ls vkijkf/kd ekeysesa iSjoh Lohdkj ugha djuh pkfg;s bl laca/k esa U;k; n`"Vkar1986¼6½ ,l-lh-lh-lIyhesaV 719 voyksduh; gSA

3- vf/koDrk dks ;g pkfg;s fd og izdj.k dk iwjk v/;;u djs vksj rRi'pkr ogodkyrukek izLrqr dj ml tt ds le{k iSjoh u djs tks fd mldk firk gksvFkok mldk fj'rsnkj gksA bl laca/k esa U;k; n`"Vkar lquhy dqekj cukeiksgrk 'ks[k ,-vkbZ-vkj-1984 lq-dks- 1591 voyksduh; gSA

4- vf/koDrk oxZ dk dHkh viuh iSjoh dk ikyk cnyuk ugh pkfg;s] ;fn og oknhdk odhy gS vFkok jgk gS rks mls izfroknh dks mldh ckr lqudj mls lykgugha nsuh pkfg;s vkSj izfroknh dh vksj ls mls iSjoh ugha djuh pkfg;s vkSj ;fnog izfroknh dk odhy gS vFkok jgk gS vFkok mls lykg ns nh gS rks mls dHkhoknh dk odhy ugha cuuk pkfg;sA bl laca/k esa U;k; n`"Vkar ^^lR;ukjk;.kflag cuke jkeukFk flag ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1984 lq-dks- 755** voyksduh; gSA

5- vf/koDrk dks ;g pkfg;s fd og dHkh Hkh xyr 'kiFk i= dks rLnhd u djsbl laca/k esa U;k; n`"Vakr ^^pUnz'ks[kj lksus fo:) ckj dkmafly jktLFkku,-vkbZ-vkj- 1983 lq-dks- 1012** voyksduh; gSA

6-vf/koDrk dks dHkh Hkh xyr jk; nsus esa vius vkidks vkfyIr ugha djuk pkfg;svkSj u gh mls xyr jk; nsuh pkfg;sA bl laca/k esa ;gka ;g Li"V fd;k tkjgk gS fd vf/koDrk ftruk vius Lrj ds vuqlkj viuh vk;q ds vuqlkj vius{ks= esa ftruk vf/koDrk yksx Kku j[krs gSa mlds vuqlkj ;fn og cqf)eRRkk iw.kZviuh dksbZ jk; j[krk gS rks og dksbZ vuqfpr ugha gksxk ;|fi mldh jk; fdlhvU; ofj"B vf/koDrk }kjk izdj.k dks ns[kus ij xyr ikbZ tk;sA ;k dkuwu dsv/;;u ds mijkar Hkh xyr ikbZ tk;s fQj Hkh og O;olkf;d nqjkpj.k dk nks"khugha gSA D;ksafd mlus vius Kku foosd ls fueZy eu ls jk; nh gSA bllaca/k esa U;k; n`’Vkar ^^,-vkbZ-vkj- 1985 lq-dks-2** voyksduh; gSA vfHkHkkodoxZ dks pkfg;s fd og vius eqofDdyksa ls ;g dgrs gq, /ku ,df=r u djsa fdmls U;k;k/kh'k dks /ku fj'or ds :i esa nsuk gS bl laca/k esa U;k; n`"Vkar ^îkaMwjaxk nrjS;k [kkaMsdj fo:) ckj dkmafly vkQ egkjk"Vª ,-vkbZ-vkj-1983 lq-dks-110** voyksduh; gSA

7- vf/koDrk oxZ dks ;g pkfg;s fd og ,sls eqdneksa esa ftuesa izfrdj dh jkf'kmuds i{kdkjksa dks nh tkrh gS] og jkf'k i{kdkjksa dks mfpr :Ik ls feys]vf/kdrj ;g ns[kus esa vkrk gS fd fu.kZ; gksus ds Ik'pkr fu.kZ; vuqlkj jkf'ki{kdkjksa dks ugha feyrh gS vkSj vf/koDrk }kjk nq:Ik;ksx dj fy;k tkrk gSA,slk eksVj nkok nq?kZVuk vf/kfu;e ds varxZr ikfjr vokMZ dh jkf'k ds laca/k esavFkok Hkwfe vokfIr vf/kfu;e ds varxZr ikfjr vokMZ dh jkf'k ds Øe esanq:Ik;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa] ,slk ugha gksuk pkfg;sA bl laca/k esa U;k; n`"Vkar ,-

ewY;foe”kZ 120

vkbZ-vkj 1983 lq-dks- 1012 voyksduh; gSA ;gka ;g Hkh crkuk mfpr gS fdbl izdkj dh f'kdk;rsa feyus ds mijkar ekuuh; dukZVd mPp U;k;ky; usflfoy :Yl esa bl ckr dk la'kks/ku fd;k fd izdj.k ds fu.kZ; ds i'pkrizfrdj dh jkf'k dk psd dsoy i{kdkj dks gh fn;k tk;s] vf/koDrk dks u fn;ktk;sA ;g ,d nqHkkZX;iw.kZ ifjfLFkfr fufeZr gqbZ gS tks fd fof/k O;olk; esa tqM+syksxksa dh xfjek ds foijhr gS] ,slk ugha gksuk pkfg;sA vf/koDrk oxZ ds fo:)f'kdk;rsa vkus ds dkj.k izdj.k esa fu.kZ; ds Ik'pkr eqvkots dh jkf'k dksi{kdkjksa dks nh tkuh pkfg;s bl laca/k dh jkf'k dks i{kdkjksa dks nh tkuhpkfg;sA bl laca/k esa U;k; n`"Vkar ^ôh-lh- jaxeqjkjh jaxknwjh cuke ch-xksikyu ,-vkbZ-vkj 1987 lq-dks- 281** voyksduh; gSA vf/koDrk dk U;k;iz'kklu esa D;k Hkwfedk gksuh pkfg;s] bl lacaa/k esa ekuuh; loksZaPp U;k;ky; dsU;k;k/kh’k egksn; Jh Ñ".kk v¸;j us dgk gS fd vf/koDrk dks pkfg;s fd ogvius O;olk; o thou Lrj esa mPp vkn'kksZa dks dk;e j[ksa vkSj og bl ckrdks /;ku j[ks fd 'kh?kz U;k; yksxksa dks feys vkSj fof/k dk O;olk; lkoZtfudmi;ksfxrk ds fy, dke esa vkuk pkfg;s u fd viuh eksuksikWyh dks c<+kus dsfy,A ;g jk"Vª fgr esa ugha gSA vf/koDrk oxZ dks lekt esa fo'okl izkIr djukpkfg;s vkSj mls ;g /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg;s fd og lkekftd U;k; dk okgugSA bl laca/k esa U;k; n`"Vkar ^^ckj dkamfly cuke ,e-oh- Mcyksdj ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1976 lq-dks- 242** voyksduh; gSA ;gka ij ;g Hkh crkuk mfprgS fd fdlh Hkh vf/koDrk dks uSfrd nqjkpj.k ds ekeys esa ugha iM+uk pkfg;sAuSfrd nqjkpj.k dh ifjHkk"kk dks ladqfpr nk;js esa ugha fy;k tk ldrkA uSfrdnqjkpj.k ds laca/k esa ;gka ;g crkuk mfpr gS fd ,slk dksbZ vf/koDrk dknqjkpj.k tks fd vuSfrd gks og uSfrd nqjkpj.k esa vk;sxkA vf/koDrk dknqjkpj.k tks fd vuSfrd gks og uSfrd nqjkpj.k esa vk;sxkA vf/koDrk dksi{kdkjksa dks i= nsdj cqykdj eqdnek dh czhQ Lohdkj ugha djuh pkfg;s ;gO;kolkf;d vkpj.k ds fo:) gSA gksuk ;g pkfg;s fd i{kdkj Lo;a mldhbPNkuqlkj vf/koDrk ds le{k izLrqr gksdj viuk eqdnek yM+us ds fy, fuosnudjsaA bl laca/k esa U;k; n`"Vkar ^^,-vkbZ-vkj- 1962 lq-dks- 1337**voyksduh;gSA

cSap ds lkFk laca/kU;k;k/kh'kx.k dks vkSj vf/koDrkx.k dks U;k; iz'kklu dks iFkd

ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bu nksuksa esa ls fdlh Hkh ,d dh deh ls U;k; iznkuugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA tt dk Hkh ;g nkf;Ro gS fd 'kkafr iwoZd lqus ,oa vf/koDrkdk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og 'kkafr iwoZd lqus ,oa vf/koDrk dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd ogIk;kZIr lg;ksx U;k;k/kh'k dks djsA U;k;k/kh'k ges'kk lR; vUos"k.k djrk gS Hkwls esals nkus dks fudkyrk gS mlds le{k nksuksa i{kksa dh tks lk{; vkrh gS mldks ns[krsgq, lR;rk D;k gS] vlR;rk D;k gS] bldks <wa< fudkyrk gS vkSj bldks fudkyusesa vf/koDrk x.k dks enn djuk pkfg;s vkSj vf/koDrk x.k dks pkfg;s fd ;Fkk

ewY;foe”kZ 121

fLFkfr U;k;k/kh'k ds le{k j[ksaA cxSj vf/koDrk dh lgk;rk ds U;k; iwjk ugha fd;ktk ldrk gSA nksuksa i{kksa ds vf/koDrk dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd U;k;ky; dks lghurhts ij igqapus esa enn djsA vf/koDrk dk ;g drZO; ugh gS fd og mlds i{kdkjds fy, ^ckbZ gqd ,oa dqd** ;kuh ,su dsu izdkj ls izdj.k dks thrus dk iz;kl djsvkSj dkYifud :Ik ls lk{; rS;kj djds U;k;ky; dks xqejkg djsA blfy, izR;sdvf/koDrk dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og U;k;ky; dks larks"kizn <ax ls eqdnesa dkfujkdj.k djus esa lg;ksx iznku djsA vf/koDrk dks ;g pkfg;s fd og U;k;ky;ds le{k tc viuk ekeyk j[krk gS rc fouezrk dh Hkk’kk dk iz;ksx djsaA bldk vFkZ;g ugha gS fd og viuh ckr dks og vius vk/kkjksa dks n`<+rk iwoZd u dgs vkSjU;k;ky; dks n`<+rk iwoZd larq"V u djsA mls n`<+rk iwoZd ckr j[kus dk o lkglds lkFk dgus dk vf/kdkj gS vkSj vf/koDrk dks pkfg;s fd tc dHkh Hkh U;k;k/kh'kmlds ckr ds foijhr dksbZ rF; izLrqr djrk gS vFkok dksbZ tkudkjh vf/koDrk lspkgrk gS vFkok dksbZ iz'u iwNrk gS rks ,sls le; esa vf/koDrk dks mRrsftr ugha gksukpkfg;s] ukjkt ugha gksuk pkfg;s] cfYd lEeku iwoZd rjhds ls fouezrk ls iz'uksa dkmRrj nsdj U;k;ky; ls VdjkgV djus dh ctk; leqfpr rjhds ls viuk ekeykj[kuk pkfg;sA vf/koDrk dk lkgl iwoZd ekeyk j[kus dk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd ogviuh Hkk"kk dks fuank iw.kZ :Ik ls j[ksa vkSj vuSfrd :Ik ls j[ksaA vf/koDrk dks dHkh;g ugha dguk pkfg;s fd bl eqdnesa dks fdlh fo'ks"k U;k;k/kh'k ds le{k lquokbZds fy, j[k fn;k tk;s ;fn og ,slk fuosnu djrk gS rks nwljs i{kdkj ds efLr"desa lansg iSnk gksrk gS vkSj nwljk i{kdkj U;k;k/kh'k ij lansg djus yx tkrk gS rks,slh fLFkfr ls vf/koDrk dks cpuk pkfg;sA bl laca/k esa U;k; n`"Vkar ^^pUnzIikfo:) ,p-,e-ih- 1983 ¼1½ dukZVdk ykW Økfudy 1** voyksduh; gS ,oa^^,-vkbZ-vkj 1962 lq-dks- 1337** voyksduh; gSAIk{kdkj ds izfr nkf;Ro

vf/koDrk dks tc og ikfjJfed i{kdkj ls ysrk gS rc mls pkfg;sfd og mfpr ikfjJfed ysA dHkh dHkh ;g vuqHko fd;k tkrk gS fd dqN ekeyksaesa vf/koDrk cgqr cM+h ikfjJfed jkf'k ysrs gSa tc fd mDr ekeyksa esa eSVj esa dksbZtfVy izz'u gy djuk ugha gksrk gS vkSj u gh dksbZ T;knk le; o 'kfDr dh t:jriM+rh gS vkSj tc fd dqN ekeyksa esa tks fd xjhc yksxksa ls lacaf/kr gS vkSj xjhc yksxvius tfVy eqdnesa esa ;k my>s gq, dsl esa ftlesa T;knk le; yxus o 'kfDrvko';d gS vkSj og vf/koDrk dks xjhch ds dkj.k mudk mfpr esgurkuk ugha nsikrs gSa ,sls ekeys esa vf/koDrk dks pkfg;s fd os Ik;kZIr :Ik ls le; iznku djv/;;u dj eqdnesa esa cgl dj xjhc O;fDr dks U;k; fnyk;saA tSlk fd egkuØkfUrdkjh fopkjd rqylhnkl th us dgk gS fd ^îjfgr lfjl /keZ ugha HkkbZ]ij ihM+k ufg le v/kekbZA**

blfy, ijksidkj fd;s tkus dks vius efLr"d esa /kkj.k djukpkfg;sA ;fn vf/koDrk bl ckr dks lkspsxk fd mlus ftruh essgur dh gS ;k ftruh

ewY;foe”kZ 122

esgur dh vko';drk iM+rh gS] mruk gh ikfjJfed ysus ij og dk;Zokgh djsxkfuf'pr :i ls og gekjs ns'k dh U;k; iz'kklu esa leku :Ik ls lHkh U;k; fnykusesa ,d ck/kk ds :Ik esa mifLFkr gksxk o lafo/kku ds mPp vkn'kksZa dh izkfIr esa ck/kdcusxkA bl laca/k esa ;gka mnkgj.k nsdj crk;k tk jgk gS fd ;fn fdlh i{kdkjus fdlh vf/koDrk dks ,d izdj.k iSjoh ds fy, fn;k vkSj dgk fd odhy lkgcmDr izdj.k esas vki cgl djsaxs vkSj cgl djus dk ikfjJfed fn;k tk jgk gS rksodhy lkgc ml i{kdkj dks ;g ugha dg ldrs gSa fd ;g rks dsoy cgl djusdk ikfjJfed gqvk ysfdu vc izdj.k dks i<+us o v/;;u djus dk ikfjJfed vkSjnksA izdj.k dk v/;;u djus dk i<+us dk ikfjJfed vyx ls ugha ekaxuk pkfg;sD;ksafd ;g lHkh tkurs gSa fd odhy lkgc izdj.k dk v/;;u djds gh i<+dj rFkkU;k;ky; eas cgl djsaxsA vf/koDrk dks ;g pkfg;s fd og vius i{kdkj dh gSfl;rds vuqlkj vkSj izdj.k dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj mlesa yxus okys Je ds vuqlkjviuk ikfjJfed ys jgs gSa vkSj lsok Hkkoh rjhds ls dk;Z dj U;k; iz'kklu dks enndjs vkSj vf/koDrk dks ;g pkfg;s fd og vf/kd /ku dekdj cgqr [kphZyh ftanxhvkyh'ku ftanxh u ft;s cfYd ,d lk/kkj.k thou ft;saA jk"Vªfirk egkRek xka/kh usdgk fd tc dHkh Hkh dksbZ O;fDr vf/kd /ku dekus ds ykylk esa fyIr gksdjvf/kd /ku dek ysrk gS vkSj cM+s 'kku 'kkSdr dh ftanxh thrk gS rks fuf'pr :Ikls og O;fDr viuh ;ksX;rk o {kerk ds vuqlkj lekt dks lsok;sa nsus eas mldk;ksxnku de gks tkrk gS vFkok de dj ysrk gS vFkok fxjk ysrk gS vkSj og lektds fy, Ik;kZIr :Ik ls jk"Vª ds fy, o U;k; iz'kklu ds fy, Ik;kZIr :Ik ls vius;ksX;rk o {kerk ls lg;ksx iznku djus ls oafpr gks tkrk gSA

vf/koDrk oxZ gekjs ns'k esa ,d laxBu gS tks fd lekt esa lEekutud fLFkfr xfjek e; fLFkfr izkIr fd;s gq, gS vkSj mudh fØ;kdyki ges'kk ,slhgksuh pkfg;s fd og lekt dks dqN ns ldsA vktdy ;g ns[kus dks feyrk gS fdvf/kdrj vf/koDrk x.k U;k;ky;ksa ds cfg"dkj djus eas yx tkrs gSa vk;s fnugM+rky djrs gSa ;g lc dqN vPNh ckr ugha gS cfYd ,d vkijkf/kd ykijokgh gSAtks fd os U;k;ky; ds izfr o i{kdkj ds izfr dj jgs gSa vf/koDrk dks ;g lkspukpkfg;s fd os ,d deZdkj ugha gS tks fd vius ekfyd ds lkeus ekax ds laca/k easgM+rky dk lgkjk ysA vf/koDrk x.k bl ckr dks eglwl djsa fd tc os gM+rkyij tkrs gSa rc dksbZ vius i{kdkjksa ds ,oa U;k; iz'kklu ds izfr dk;Z dj jgs gksrsgS vkSj os vlaoS/kkfud izko/kku dh vksj vxzlj gksrs gSaAyksdra= ,oa vf/koDrk

MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdj us 25 uoEcj 1949 dks laoS/kkfud lHkk esa ;gdgk Fkk fd ^^;fn ge ns'k esa yksdra= dks okLrfod :i ls dk;e j[kuk pkgrs gSarc gesa D;k djuk pkfg;s bl laca/k esa mUgksaus dgk fd lcls igys gesa gekjslaoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa dks bl rjg ls ykxw djuk pkfg;s fd ge lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZdmís';ksa dks iw.kZr% izkIr dj ysa**A

ewY;foe”kZ 123

bl izdkj ls MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdj dk ;g dFku vkt lkjHkwr :ils lgh izrhr gksrk gSA yksdra= rHkh dk;e jg ldrk gS tc fd bl ns'k esalkekftd o vkfFkZd U;k; izR;sd O;fDRk dks feys vkSj mDr U;k; feyus ds mijkargM+rky] /kjuk] izn'kZu vkfn dh vko';drk ugha jgsxh] rks mDr laoS/kkfud izko/kkuesa lkekftd U;k; o vkfFkZd U;k; fnykus esa vf/koDrk x.k dks viuk thou lefiZrdj nsuk pkfg;s rHkh og ns'k dh turk dks 'kkafr] [kq'kgkyh o lekurk o U;k; iznkudj ldsaxsAvf/koDrk ,oa ekuork

var esa eSa ;g dguk pkgw¡xk fd izR;sd vf/koDrk dks Åij of.kZrckrksa dks vius eu efLr"d esa fopkj djus ds mijkar ;g fparu djuk pkfg;s ,oa;g lkspuk pkfg;s fd og ,d ekuo gS vkSj ,d ekuo dks lcls igys ekuo gksusds ukrs ekuork j[kuh pkfg;s vkSj ;fn og ekuork j[ksxk rks izR;sd ekuo nwljsekuo ds fo:) nwljs ekuo ds fy, ekuork dh vksj rRij gksxk vkSj olq/kSo dqVqEcdh Hkkouk dk ekxZ iz'kLr gksxkA bl laca/k eas Hkh fuEufyf[kr 'yksd voyksduh; gS&

,ds lRiq:"kk% ijkFkZ?kVdk% LokFkZa ifjR;T; ;sAlkekU;kLrq ijkFkZeq|aeHk`r% LokFkkZfojks/ksu ;sArs·eh ekuq’kjk{klk% ijfgra LokFkkZ; fu?ufUr ;sA;s fu?uafr fujFkZda ijfgra rs ds u tkuhegsAAtks O;fDr fuLokFkZ Hkkouk ls nwljksa dh lsok djrs gSa] os rks bl iFoh

ij egku gksdj vlk/kkj.k O;fDrRo okys gksrs gSa vkSj tks O;fDr nwljksa dh lsok viusLokFkZ fgr dks fu'p; fd;s cxSj djrs gaS] os lk/kkj.k O;fDrRo okys gksrs gSa vkSj tksO;fDr LokFkZo'k nwljksa dk 'kks"k.k djrs gSa ;k mUgsa {kfr igqapkrs gSa] og ekuo 'kjhjesa jk{kl dk :Ik gksrs gaSA ;gka ;g crkuk mfpr gS fd fdrus O;fDr ,sls gSa tks fdegku o vlk/kkj.k O;fDrRo okys gS] fdrus O;fDr ,sls gSa tks fd ekuo esa jk{klO;fDrRo okys gSa fdrus O;fDr ,sls gSa tks fd ekuo esa jk{kl izofRr okys gSaA lkspukvkidk dke gS vkSj ewY;kadu djuk vkidk Lo;a dk dke gSA eSa rks ;gka ;g dgukpkgw¡xk fd izR;sd vf/koDrk ;g iz;kl djsa fd og izFke vFkok f}rh; Js.kh esa vFkkZr~egku ,oa vlk/kkj.k O;fDrRo dh Js.kh esa viuk LFkku ik;s vFkok lk/kkj.k O;fDrRodh Js.kh eas viuk LFkku ik;sA ysfdu dksbZ Hkh vf/koDrk rrh; Js.kh esa vFkkZr~ ekuods 'kjhj :Ikh LFkku u ik;saAlanHkZ xzaFk %

1- xqIrk] ,l0ih0] o`fÙkd vkpkj ,oa vf/koDrkvksa ds mÙkjnkf;Ro] lsUVªy ykWifCyds”ku] f}rh; laLdj.k] 2004

2- n”kksjk] eukst dqekj] U;k; iz”kklu esa vfHkHkk"kdx.k dh Hkwfedk] ,e0ih0 ckjdkSafly VkbEl] tuojh&ekpZ] 2010

3- jk;] MkW0 dSyk”k] fof/kd vkpkj] vf/koDrk dh tokcnsgh ,oa csUp&ckjlaca/k] lsUVªy ykW ,tsalh] f}rh; laLdj.k] 2001

****

ewY;foe”kZ 124

yksdra= easa vfgalk dk iz;ksxlqeu tSu*

vfgalk ltukRed gSA fgalk ltukRed ugha gksrh ysfdu lekt dsfodkl esa mldk gkFk gS] ;g dqN pkSdkus tSlh ckr gSaA fgalk ls U;k; ds fy, la?k’kZgqvk] vfLrRo vkSj vfLerk dh j{kk gqbZA jkT; O;oLFkk us n.M”kfDr dks /kkj.k djfy;kA ysfdu ;g fgalk vkt bruh vkxs c<+ x;h gS fd og euq’; ds vfLrRo dksvius ?ksjs esa ysdj pqukSrh nsus yxh gSA tc fgalk euq’; dh leL;k dks gy ugha djik;h rks og mls gh u’V djus yxh gSA ;g ekuo fouk”k dh pje voLFkk gSA tgkagekjs leLr ewY;] laLÑfr] dyk] thou O;oLFkk l`tukRedrk dh /kfTt;ka mM+tkrh gSA fgalk ds bl fo/oalkRed :i dks ns[kdj ;g iz”u mBrk gS fd tks fgalkeuq’; dks u’V dj ldrh gS] rks og euq’; dh leL;kvksa dks u’V D;ksa ugha djrh\;g fojks/kkHkkl ekuo vfLrRo ds fy, mfpr ugha\ blds dkj.kksa esa izos”k djuk iM+sxkvkSj vfgalk ds iz;ksxkRed Lo:i dks le>dj vkRelkr djuk iM+sxkA fgalk ds ikldksbZ fodYi ugha gSA fgalk dk ,dek= fodYi vfgalk gS] vR;Ur izkphu dky lsHkkjr o’kZ vfgalk ds iz;ksx dk lk{kh jgk gSA

jk’Vª leqnk; ds rhu {ks= lcls egRoiw.kZ gS 1- izfrj{kk 2- yksdra=3- fodklA bu rhu “kfDr;ksa ls jk’Vª dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] mlesa izFke lqj{kk vko”;dgSA lqj{kk vFkkZr~ ckgjh vkSj Hkhrjh vkØe.kdkjh “kfDr;ksa ls ns”k dh j{kkA jk’Vª dksckgjh vkØe.k ls lsuk us cpk;k vkSj Hkhrjh minzo ls iqfyl us cpk;kA iz”u ;gmBrk gS fd D;k vfgalk dh “kfDr lsuk vkSj iqfyl dk LFkku ys ldrh gSA igys;q) ikjEifjd gksrs FksA eSnku esa ;q)LFky gksrs Fks] mlds fu;e vkSj dkuwu gksrs FksAvc fLFkfr ,dne fHkUu gSA foKku vkSj rduhd us ;q)ksa dh Hkwfedk cny nh gSAvkt dh nqfu;k egk”kfDr;ksa dh nqfu;k gSA f}rh; fo”o;q) ds le; tkiku dhlSfud dk;Zokgh Hkkjr esa “kq: gks x;h Fkh] rks xka/khth us vfgald izfrjks/k dh ;kstuklksph Fkh] ysfdu “kL=ksa ds fcuk Hkh vkØe.k ds fo’k; esa lksph tk ldrh gS] ;g ckrml le; dkaxzslh usrkvksa dks le> esa ugh vk;h FkhA vkt Hkh ;g ckr muds xysugha mrjhA ysfdu vc dqN yksx ekuus yxs gSa fd vfgald izfrjks/k dh O;ogkfjdlEHkkouk;sa T;knk gSA egk”kfDr vesfjdk ;gh pkgrk gS fd gj ns”k mlds Nkrs dsuhps [kM+k jgs] gj ns”k viuh lSU;”kfDr c<+k jgk gS] fdlfy, c<+k jgk gS] iM+kslhns”k ls yM+us ds fy, ;k viuh turk dk neu djus ds fy,\ v.kqce ds dkj.knqfu;k dk dkSu lk ns”k vesfjdk ls yM+dj thrsxkA bl fLFkfr esa nqfu;k ds ns”kksads lkeus nks gh fLFkfr;ka “ks’k cph gS] ;k rks og egk”kfDr dk fiNyXxw cus vkSjfo”o;q) esa tyus dks rS;kj jgs ;k izfrj{kk ds fy, dksbZ vU; mik; <w< fudkys vkSjns”k dh j{kk esa lekIr gks tk;A rhljk jkLrk D;k gSa\ ;g lgh gS fd dksbZ Hkh ns”kvfgald ØkfUr dh ckr lksp ugha jgk gS] ysfdu iz”u ;g gS fd tc lEiw.kZ nqfu;kds lkeus lEiw.kZ fouk”k dk [krjk gS rks mls vkt ugha rks dy jk’Vª dh izfrj{kk dsgfFk;kj ds :i esa vfgalk dk iz;ksx lh[kuk gh iM+sxkA ;gka Lej.k dj ysuk iM+sxk

*,lk s0 i z k sQ slj ] fg Unh fo H k kx ] e fgy k eg k fo0 ] dk0 fg0 fo0 fo0 ] ok j k . kl h

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fd la;qDr jk’Vª la?k us 2 vDVwcj xka/kh t;Urh dks ^fo”o vfgalk fnol* ds :i esaeukuk izkjEHk dj fn;k gS] tcfd fo”o dh lEiw.kZ ljdkjsa lSU; cy ij pyrh gS]vesfjdh jk’Vªifr vksckek Hkh xka/kh ds fopkjksa ls lger gS] lEiw.kZ fo”o ds jk’Vª dks“kkfUr dh vko”;drk gS] ;g ,d ek= gfFk;kj vfgalk gh gks ldrh gSA

jk’Vª dk nwljk {ks= jk’Vª dk Hkhrjh thou gS ftldk lEcU/k ckgjhvlqj{kk ls ugha cfYd vkUrfjd vlqj{kk ls gSA Lora= Hkkjr ds 64 o’kZ us iqfyl dhlqj{kk O;oLFkk ij iz”u fpUg yxk fn;k gSA ge ns[krs gSa fd tSls&tSls iqfyfl;kegdek c<+rk tkrk gS oSls&oSls minzo Hkh c<+rk tk jgk gSA minzo izfrfnu dkdk;ZØe curk tk jgk gSA vijk/k dfeZ;ksa dh fgalk tkfrxr fgalk] jktuSfrd fgalk]ØkfUrdkjh fgalk vkfn fdruh gh fgalk, gS] tgka iqfyl lQy ugha gksrhA fofHkUufgald xfrfof/k;ksa ls jk’Vª dk thou nwHkj gksrk tk jgk gSA mldh ,drk] v[k.Mrk]Lora=rk lc [krjs esa gSA D;k lekt esa fgalk ds vfrfjDr dksbZ nwljk mik; ughagS] tks ,d ns”koklh vius gh HkkbZ&cU/kq ls fgalk dk crkZo djrk gS\ ;fn ns”k dkslsuk ds gkFk Hkh lkSai fn;k tk; rks bldk lek/kku ugha fudysxkA bl rjg ns”kVwVus ds dxkj ij igqapus yxrk gSA

ns”k dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa us gesa ,sls fcUnq ij igqapk fn;k gS fd tgka ;glkspuk iM+ jgk gS fd NksVh vkx dks cM+h vkx ls cq>kus dh dksf”k”k ls vc dkeugha pysxkA NksVh fgalk dk tckc cM+h fgalk ugha gSA vkx ikuh ls cq>rh gS] ikuhvkx dh fojks/kh “kfDr gS&^^vfxyk vxfu gksbck vo/kq vki.k gksbck ik.khA** ^fgalk*dh vkx dks cq>kus ds fy, mldh fojks/kh “kfDr pkfg, og gSa&vfgalk] ^vfgalk ijeks/keZ%*A ekuo /keZ vfgalk gSA gekjs “kkL= vkSj gekjh laLÑfr bl ckr dk izek.k gSA

xka/kh th ds thou dk vfUre iz;ksx lkEiznkf;d vkx dks vfgalkds ty ls cq>k;kA dydÙkk ds fgUnw&eqfLye naxs ds lUnHkZ esa ykMZ ekmUVcsVsu usdgk Fkk& vdsys xka/khth us tks caxky esa dj fn[kk;k og 50 gtkj lSfud Hkh ughadj lds] caxky “kkUr gks x;k ijUrq iatkc tyrk jgk] xka/kh th vdsys “kkfUr lSfudFksA vdsys vkSj vfUre gksdj x;sA jk’Vª dh Hkhrjh leL;k fgalk] mUekn yksxkas dsfpRr esa mBus okyk mUekn ¼iS”kal½ gS] ,slh leL;k dk lek/kku iqfyl ds ikl dgk¡ls vk;sxkA

xka/khth ds uksvk[kkyh ls fcgkj vkus ij ogka dh ljdkj ls [kqnvfgald iqfyl dk iz;ksx djus dh ckr dgha FkhA ysfdu rRdkyhu eq[;ea=h us dgkFkk “kkafr vkSj lqO;oLFkk ljdkj dh fTkEesokjh gSA bZ”oj us ckiw dks thus Hkh ugha fn;kos jk’Vª ds fy, dqN vkSj Hkh djrs viuh ih<+h dks jk’Vª dh ftEesokjh lkSai dj lqjktds LoIu ds lkFk gekjs chp ls pys x;sA

vfgald iqfyl dk iz;ksx vHkh rd dgha ugha gqvk gSA loksZn;vkUnksyu esa tks Hkh dk;Z gqvk os naxs ds le; lsok ds gh gq, gSaA dqN dksf”k”ksa rukonwj djus dh Hkh gqbZA buesa tks lQyrk gekjs gkFk yxh mlls ;g ckr lkeus vk;hfd “kkfUr lsuk dk iz;ksx la?k’kZ ¼eqBHksM+½ gks tkus ds ckn ugha] la?k’kZ u gks blds fy,

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Hkh vko”;d gSA vfgald iqfyl ds :i esa “kkfUr lsuk dk eq[; dke gksxk ^fizosfUVoihl ,D”ku* vFkkZr~ ruko u iSnk gks vkSj ;fn ruko iSnk gks tk; rks Vdjko dhfLFkfr vkus ds igys ruko lekIr dj fn;k tk;A lkekU;r% “kkfUr dh fLFkfr cuhjgsA blds fy, ;g vko”;d gksxk fd lekt ds nSfud thou esa lgdkj lg;ksxdh Hkkouk cuh jgsA lkFk gh ljdkj dh uhfr ;kstukc) “kkfUr dh gksA lEiw.kZ jk’Vªds thou i)fr esa “kkfUr gks] fgalk eqfDr vkSj eS=h dh ijLij Hkkouk fodflr gksAvkilh Dys”k dh txg lsok vkSj lg;ksx thou i)fr cuk;sA “kkfUr lsuk dh “kfDruSfrd ds flok; nwljh ugha gSA blfy, bl “kfDr dks c<+kuk] laxfBr djukfo/kk;d :i nsuk bl fn”kk esa egRoiw.kZ dke gksaxsA

lkekftd thou i)fr esa ge “kkfUr dks izJ; ns blds fy, ;g Hkhvko”;d gS fd jkT;lRrk viuh jktuhfr dk;Z i)fr esa “kkfUr lsuk Lohdkj djsavkSj ;kstukc) i)fr ls “kkfUr dh “kfDr dk vH;kl djsaA ckr dfBu yxrh gSijUrq vkt ;gh lEHko gS] dfBu rks blfy, yxrh gS fd bu dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dsge mRrjnk;h gSA ge ;g Hkwy tkrs gS fd Hkkjr tSls ns”k esa gh ;g vlEHko lEHkogqvk gSA bl Hkkjr o’kZ esa oSfnd _f’k;ksa ls ysdj xka/kh] fouksck] t;izdk”k rd “kkfUr“kks/k Fkh ,d yEch le)] xkSjo”kkyh ijEijk jgh gSA vHkh fdrus fnu gq,] tcxka/khth us vktknh dh yM+kbZ esa vfgalk dk iz;ksx gfFk;kj ds :i esa fd;k FkkA ek=64 lky] bu lkyksa ds ge vfgalk dh rkdr dks fclj x;sA ;g iz;ksx xka/kh us vdsysugha fd;k cfYd lkekU; dkaxzsl dk;ZdrkZvksa dks lR;kxzgh cuk fn;kA fugRFks Hkkjrdh feV~Vh esa “ksj iSnk dj fn;k FkkA bu “ksjksa dh rkdr dks iwjk fo”o utj mBkdjns[kk fd vktknh] vfgalk vkSj lR;kxzg ds Lo.kZ jFk ij lokj gksdj vkbZ] Hkkjro’kZus trk fn;k fd] gekjs iwoZt _f’k vkSj lar gS] ge muds oa”kt gS] vkSj gekjhlaLÑfr lR; vfgalk vkSj lR;kxzg gSA ml cM+s iz;ksx ds ckn vfgalk dh Hkkouk ughajg x;h vkSj u gh fdlh /keZ lafgrk dh e;kZfnr vkpkj lafgrkA vfgalk gh ,d ,slhvkRe”kfDr gS] ftldk iz;ksx O;fDr ;k leqnk; ds thou esa laxfBr :i ls fd;ktk ldrk gSA euq’; ds fpRr esa fNih fgalk] lekt dh jpuk esa fNih fgalk rFkkjkT; dh O;oLFkk esa fgalk bu rhuksa {ks=ksa esa vfgalk ds lQy iz;ksx lEHko gSA

ge Hkkjrh;ksa dks lgvfLrRo ds iz”u dks le>uk gksxkA Hkkjr tSlsfo”kky fofo/k laLÑfr;ksa okys ns”k dk yksdra= gksuk vklku ugha gSA fouksck th usBhd dgk Fkk fd&^^Hkkjrh; jk’Vª dh leL;k;sa iwjs vUrjkZ’Vªh; txr dh leL;k;sagaSA ftl ns”k dk {ks=Qy bruk fo”kky gks] ftlesa brus /keZ vkSj bruh Hkk’kk,a gks]ftlesa thou “kSyh dh bruh fofo/krk gks vkSj vkt ftlesa Hk;adj xjhch vkSj fo’kerkgks] mlds fy, ns”k esa “kkfUriw.kZ lg&vfLrRo vH;kl vUrjkZ’Vªh; lgvfLrRo dsvH;kl ls fdlh rjg de ugha gSA xqykeh ds fnuksa esa Hkh ge Hkkjroklh fgUnw&eqlyekufeydj vktknh dh yM+kbZ ugha yM+ ldsA fgUnw&eqlyeku dHkh lkFk gq, Hkh rksvyx gks x;s vkSj vUr esa bl rjg vyx gq, fd ns”k dks gh ck¡V Mkyk vkSj vkt

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iM+kslh dh rjg Hkh ugha jg ik jgs gSaA geus vktknh ns”k dks ck¡Vdj vkSj xka/kh dks[kksdj ik;h gSA bl =klnh ls xqtjus ds ckn Hkh gekjh lafo/kku lHkk us yksdra=us ogh uewuk Lohdkj fd;k tks vaxzstksa ds ns”k esa izpfyr jgk] tks Hkkjr ds ,d jkT;mRrj izns”k ftruk cM+k Hkh ugha gSA geus mUgha dh udy dh ftlus gesa xqykecuk;k Fkk vkSj tkrs&tkrs os ,slk dk¡Vk cksdj pys x;s fd tks vkt Hkh uklwj cukgSA

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku 26 tuojh 1950 dks ykxw gqvkA tc Hkkjr x.kra=?kksf’kr gqvk] lafo/kku esa gj ukxfjd dks oksV dk vf/kdkj feykA lHkh ns”kokfl;ksa dksekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dh xkj.Vh feyhA ljdkj us turk ds dY;k.k dh xkj.Vh ys yhAdgk x;k fd lekt] lerk vkSj lektokn dk ;qx vk jgk gSA vkt x.kra= ds bruso’kZ O;rhr gks pqds gS bu o’kksZa esa dgka igq¡ps gS\ ftl jkg ij ge py jgs gSa ;fnblh jkg ij pyrs jgs rks dkSu dgsxk fd vkus okys le; esa gekjk ns”k Lora= vkSjv[k.M jgsxk\ Hkkjr dk vfLrRo Hkkjrh;ksa ds lgvfLrRo ij fuHkZj gSA vkt dklgvfLrRo [krjs esa gS rks dy dk vfLrRo Hkh [krjs esa iM+sxkA

Hkkjrh; “kklu iz.kkyh us iz”kklu ds fy, lalnh; O;oLFkk dksviuk;kA ysfdu mldh detksfj;ka jk’Vª ds vfLrRo ds fy, [krjukd gSA lafo/kkuHkh O;oLFkk gS] fo/kkulHkk vkSj yksdlHkk esa ftldk cgqer gks mlds gkFk esa “kkluiz.kkyh jgsxk vkSj fojks/k esa vYier ¼ekbukfjVh½ jgsxhA bl rjg ;g <k¡pk [kM+k gSA;g if”peh “kklu&O;oLFkk vius ns”k ij ykxw dj fy;k x;k tcfd Hkkjr dklkaLÑfrd Lo:i fHkUu gSA ifj.kker% gj tu ds eu esa Hk; dh fLFkfr mRiUu gksx;hA flD[k] eqlyeku] fgUnw bl cgqer dh fLFkfr ls f?kjs gq, vyx&vyx caVs iM+sgq, gSA 1942 dh ^Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu* ij ge xoZ djrs gSA ijUrq ftUuk dkseqlyeku eqfLye ihB ij Nqjk ekurh gSA vktknh ds 64 o’kZ ckn Hkh eqfLye leqnk;esa ,d Mj cuk gqvk gSA fofHkUu dkSeksa ds chp bl rjg dh fLFkfr “kkfUr esa ck/kdgSA flD[k] eqlyeku fgUnh dh ckr rks viuh txg Lo;a fgUnwvksa esa ftuesatkfr;ksa&mitkfr;ksa dh la[;k yxHkx pkj gtkj gSA QkjoMZ] cSdoMZ] gfjtu dhnwjh fnuksa fnu c<+rh tk jgh gSA xkao] “kgj gj txg vYila[;d] cgqla[;d dhHkk’kk cksyh tk jgh gS] ?kj cukrs le; Hkh ge iM+kslh dh tkfr dk /;ku j[krs gSaAyxHkx gj “kgj xkao esa fgUnw&eqlyeku dh vyx&vyx Vksfy;ka gSA gfjtu dhVksyh xkao ls nwj nf{k.k esa clh gqbZ gSA tc ân; esa foHkktu jgsxk rks dqN Hkh “ks’kugha cpsxkA vktknh ds ckn ;g vko”;d Fkk fd igys ls pyh vkbZ vkfFkZd]lkekftd] /kkfeZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd dh nhokjsa <grh vkSj yksx lgvfLrRo ¼dks,fDtLVsal½ls c<+dj lgdkjh vfLrRo dks ¼dksvkijsfVo ,fDtLVsal½ vkSj mlls Hkh c<+djlefUor vfLrRo ¼b.VhxzsVsM ,fDtLVsal½ rd igqaprs rks] ,d feyh&tqyh Hkkjrh;laLÑfr dk fodkl gksrkA vc ,slk dgk¡ lEHko gS] ,d fo’kerk dh ygj gh py jghgSA xka/kh ;qx esa ftl Å¡ps ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZ Fkh] og lekIr gks jgh gSA Hkkjrh;jk’Vª dh ;g cqfu;knh leL;k gS] tks gy ugha gks ikbZ gSA

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Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vUrxZr pqukoh izfØ;k ds vk/kkj ij yksdra=dk ,d oSpkfjd <k¡pk rks rS;kj gks x;k ysfdu yksdra= ds ewY;ksa ds vk/kkj ij jk’VªfuekZ.k dh i)fr fodflr ugha gks ik;hA yksdra= ek= “kklu iz.kkyh cudj jgx;hA ;g “kkL= i)fr vaxzstksa }kjk gh lapkfyr jgk gSA geus mls T;ksa dk R;ksa ghjgus fn;k gS] gekjh f”k{kk iz.kkyh] n.M O;oLFkk] U;k; iz.kkyh lc dqN ;Fkkor gSAmRiknu i)fr Hkh dsfUnzr vkSifuosf”kd gh cuh jghA xkao viuk eky lLrk cspusvkSj “kgj ls lLrk eky [kjhnus dh csclh >syrs jgrs gSA ukSdj”kkgh dh eqB~Bh esaiz”kklu vkSj usrkvksa dh eqB~Bh esa ns”k] usrk] vQlj vkSj O;kikjh dks feykdj ,dfo”kky “kkld oxZ dk fuekZ.k gqvkA O;kikfjd dsUnz jkt/kkfu;ksa esa fleV x;sA gjoLrq dsfUnzr vfrdsfUnzr gksrh pyh x;h gSA xzke&Hkkouk lekIrizk; gSA xkao dhy{eh fudy xbZ “kgj dh vksj “kgj dh y{eh uxj ls egkuxj] egkuxj ls ijns”kpyh x;hA ^lc /ku fons”k pyh tkr* xkaoksa esa vc eRlj] }s’k] bZ’;kZ dh vkx tyjgh gSA xzke Hkkouk lekIr gks x;h gSA Hkk’kk] laLÑfr] lsok lg;ksx ij tSls xzg.kyx x;k gSA xkao vkSj “kgj ds fojks/k esa >.Ms ygjkus yxs gSA dqy feykdj jk’VªfuekZ.k ugha gqvk] jkT; foLrkj gqvk] jkT;ksa ds foLrkj ls yksdra= dk fuekZ.k ughagksrkA gekjs xkao esa iapijes”oj czkã.k] {kf=;] oS”;] “kwnz] p.Mky dh loZlEefr lsU;k; iz.kkyh jgh gSA Hkkjr us lUrksa dh efgek xkbZ gS] “kkldksa dh ughaA ,slk jkT;fujis{k thou Hkkjr vfr izkphu dky ls thrk vk;k gS] ysfdu geus tks “kkluO;oLFkk cuk;h mlesa xkao xqyke gks x;sA jkT;ksa ds vkljs gksus ds dkj.k mUufr dsizfrdkj dh {kerk [kks cSBsA mYVs] Hkz’V] fudEeh O;oLFkk vius dkjukeksa ij ernkrkdh eqgj yxokrh jgh gSA

xka/kh fpUru ijEijk us yksdra= dk Hkkjrh; Lo:i Li’V fd;kAloksZn; esa o.kZokn] oxZokn ugha gSA gj O;fDr leku laj{k.k dk vf/kdkjh gSA buewY;ksa dks fouksck us xzkeLojkT; esa fijks;k gSA xzke LojkT; dh lajpuk esa izR;sd xkao]uxj] Lok;Rr bdkbZ gSA Hkwfe rFkk vU; lk/kuksa ij mldk LokfeRo gSA t;izdk”k usdgk turk gh ljdkj gSA ;fn Hkkjr ds xkaoksa] uxjksa dks bl :i esa ns[ks rks Hkkjrxkaoksa dk x.kjkT; egkla?k cusxk ;gh xka/kh dk LoIu FkkA

rhljh fodkl ds lEcU/k lqj{kk vkSj yksdra= dh tks ckrsa igys dghxbZ gS] ;fn os ekU; gks] rks ^fodkl* ds y{; vkSj ewY; Li’V gks tkrs gSA ^fodkl*izfØ;k ,slh gksuh pkfg, tks jk’Vª ds thou esa fgalk dks Øe”k% de vkSj vfgalk dksizfrf’Br djrh tk;sA ;g rHkh lEHko gS] tc fodsUnzhdj.k dh fn”kk dh vksj c<+sAfodsUnzhdj.k dh ;kstuk xkao mRiknu dh cqfu;knh bdkbZ gksxk rFkk mRiknu dh gjfØ;k vf/kd ls vf/kd ijLij lgdkj ds vk/kkj ij pysxhA bl vk/kkj ij fgalkeqDr ijLij eS=hiw.kZ thou LFkkfir gksxkA ,d loky ;g mBrk gS fd ge ftlrjg dk thou ;kiu dj jgs gSa og jk’Vª jkT;ksa dh gS] ftuds vfLrRo dh xkj.Vhmudh “kL= “kfDr gS] D;k Hkkjr nqfu;k ls vyx jkg cuk;sxk\ og if”pe dh jkg

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ij py jgk gS] ijk;h jkg ij pydj fdlh ns”k dk thou le) ugha gks ldrk dqNcM+s fuekZ.k ds dk;Z iwjs gks ldrs gSa] ijUrq mldh vkRek [kks[kyh gks tk;sxhA mldhthou “kfDr lw[k tk;sxhA ;g fn”kk cny nsuh pkfg,A ckr ;g ugha gS fd Hkkjrvpkud ls ,d fnu esa gh viuh lkjh lsuk NksM+dj fugRFkk cu tk;sA fugRFkkiuvfgalk ugha dk;jrk gS] ysfdu lgh fn”kk esa dqN dne rks mBk;k tk ldrk gS]igys pj.k esa nks ckrsa gks ldrh gSA izFke lsuk j[krs gq, Hkh ge iM+kslh ns”kksa ls turkds Lrj ij] ljdkjksa ds Lrj ds vykok] T;knk ls T;knk lEidZ vkSj lkehI; c<+kldrs gSaA f}rh; ;g fd ge xkaoksa dks vkSifuosf”kd vFkZuhfr ds ukxik”k ls eqDr djldrs gSaA ftlls os viuk Lok;Rr Lok;Jh thou le) dj lds rFkk “kkfUr lsuk}kjk Lojf{kr gks ldsA bl fn”kk esa vkxs c<+us ls ns”k xkao ls jkt/kkuh rd“kfDr”kkyh cusxkA ;g izfØ;k jkT; dks detksj djus dh ugha gSA iz”u gS jkT; dkslhfer nk;js esa j[kus dk fd og viuh l{kerk es rks jgs ysfdu turk ds lhus ijlokj u gksA bfrgkl lk{kh gS fd dsfUnzr jkT; O;oLFkk Hkkjr esa fVdkÅ ugha jghgSA ekS;Z lkezkT; dk oSHko ,d lkS o’kZ ugha fVdkA xqIr lezkVksa dk mlls Hkh de]lcls vf/kd eqxyksa dk lkezkT; 181 o’kZA Lo;a vaxzstksa dk lkezkT; ftlds lkezkT;esa lwjt ugha Mwcrk Fkk] ek= 190 o’kZ pykA tgka rd Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dklEcU/k gS] og psrkouh ns jgk gS fd Hkkjr dh fu;fr fodsUnzhdj.k esa gh gSA

ge ns[k ldrs gS fd fodkl ds {ks= esa vfgalk dh pqukSrh gekjslkeus gSA ts0ih0 us lEiw.kZ ØkfUr dks cgqvk;keh lkaLÑfrd ØkfUr dgk FkkA Hkkjresa vfr izkphu dky ls vaxzstksa ds le; rd lekt fotsrk vkSj foftr ds lEcU/kksadks thrk jgk gSA blh lUnHkZ esa ewY; “kSyh fodflr gksrh jgh gSA lcls igys ;gkavk;Z vk;s rks ;gka ds ewy fuokfl;ksa dks nL;q jk{kl dgk] fQj eqfLye vk;s rks osthrs vkSj fgUnw gkj x;sA thrus okyksa us gkjh gqbZ vkcknh dks dkfQj dgk vkSjvkcknh us mUgsa EysPN dgkA vUr esa vaxzst vk;sA mUgksaus Hkkjrh;ksa dks ^CySd usfVo*ls T;knk dqN ugha le>kA bl rjg lfn;ksa ls fotsrkvksa ds ijthoh laLÑfr dkfodkl gks pyk vk;kA mls vius le; dh jktuhfr lRrk ls cy feyrk x;kAlekt esa tks “kwnz] Jfed vkSj L=h dh tks ghu fLFkfr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa] mldh tM+scgqr dqN bUgha fotsrk foftr lEcU/kksa esa gSA vkt dk “kklu oksV cwFk ywVdj ;kvU; lk/kuksa ls Hkh pquko thrrk gS] og Hkh ,d izdkj dk fotsrk gSA cqysV ls u lghcSysV lsA fotsrk gksus ds ukrs og ijthoh laLÑfr dk iks’kd gSA vfgalk ijthfolaLÑfr dk iks’k.k ugha djrhA og mRikndks] Jethfo;ksa] fu:ik;f/kd ekuoksa dhlaLÑfr gSA mls ,slh laLÑfr fodflr djuh gS ftldk vk/kkj Je gks] “kks’k.k ughaA;g cqfu;knh iz;ksx vH;kl vkSj “kks/k dk fo’k; gSA vfgald ØkfUr dks u;h lektjpuk dh ;g pqukSrh Hkh Lohdkj djuh iM+sxhA

20oha “krh ds vfUre pj.k esa ;g ekuuk gekjh Hkwy gS fd vfgalkdh izfrca/krk xka/khth ds lkFk gh lekIr gks x;hA xka/kh ds tkus ds ckn gekjh

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vfgalk ds izfr vko”;drk c<+rh tk jgh gSA vfgalk tuekul ds ân; dh iqdkjgSA ysfdu lRrk “kL= “kfDr ls lqlfTtr [kM+h gSA jkT; dh fgalk dks xka/khth uslcls [krjukd fgalk ekuk Fkk D;ksafd mldk neu O;fDr ds O;fDrRo dks u’V djnsrk gSA blfy, pyrs&pyrs xka/khth us vius vfUre olh;r esa fy[k fn;k Fkk fd& ^^yksdra= dh ;k=k esa ukxfjd “kfDr cuke lSfud “kfDr dh VDdj vfuok;Z gSAge ns[k jgs gSa fd gekjh vkUrfjd cká lqj{kk fodkl vkSj yksdra= esa ;g VDdjlkeus [kM+h gks x;h gSA vfgalk dks bl VDdj ds fy, rS;kj gksuk iM+sxkA D;ksafdmls ,d laLÑfr dk “kqHkkjEHk djuk gSA blls cM+h pqukSrh nwljh vkSj D;k gks ldrhgS\**

lSfud “kfDr cuke ukxfjd “kfDr dh VDdj ¼la?k’kZ½ dh ckrdgdj xka/khth us vkus okys ;qx ds fy, cgqr cM+h psrkouh nh gSA bl 21oha “krhdks Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds vU; ns”kksa us jkT; lRrk }kjk gksus okys neu rFkk mlds}kjk gksus okys yksd dY;k.k nksukas dks ns[kk gSA nksuksa ds ihNs ,d gh jkT;lÙkk dkedj jgh gS tks vL=&”kL=ksa ls ySl gSA jkT;lRrk ds lkFk fdl rjg iqath /keZ rFkkfgalk dh “kfDr;ka tqM+ tkrh gS] ;g ge vkt dh nqfu;k esa ns[k jgs gSaA vU; ns”kksadh rjg Hkkjr esa Hkh jktuhfrd O;oLkk; vkSj lsuk dk xBca/ku gksrk tk jgk gSA blxBca/ku ds lkeus ukxfjd Lora=rk vkSj vfLerk dk dksbZ ewY; ugha jg tkrkA“kkld ds fy, jk’Vªh;rk dk egRo ugha jg x;k gSA blfy, fodkl ds eap ijukxfjd vkSj jkT; vkeus&lkeus gSaA nksuksa dh VDdj bfrgkl dh vfuok;Zrk lh gSAbl VDdj ds xHkZ esa ftl jkT;] lekt] yksdra= vkSj lektokn dk tUe gksxk ogvkt ls fHkUu gksxkA ;g fu.kZ; gks tk;sxk fd izfrj{kk esa ukxfjd cuke iqfyl]yksdra= esa cy cuke ernkrk rFkk fodkl esa xkao cuke uxj buesa dkSu thrsxk dkSugkjsxk\ jkT; ds ikl fgalk dh “kfDr gksxh vkSj ukxfjd ds ikl vfgalk dhA pqukSrhdfBu gS ysfdu la?k’kZ dk iz”u Hkh ,slk gS tks lH;rk dh fn”kk cny nsrk gSA

vfgalk ds bl bfrgkl vkSj ijEijk esa 21oha lnh dh Hkz’Vªkpkj dsf[kykQ lcls cM+h ØkfUr 16 vxLr ls 28 vxLr 2011 rd fnYyh jkeyhyk eSnkuesa rsjg fnu vkSj jkr vUuk gtkjs ds usr`Ro esa pyhA vUuk gtkjs ds bl vkUnksyuus jk’Vª vkSj ns”k ds uo;qodksa esa ;g Hkkouk lapfjr dh gS fd Hkkjr esa gh vfgaldØkfUr lEHko gSA xka/khth us fczfV”k lkezkT;okn ls lR;] vfgalk ds cy ij gh Hkkjrdks vktkn djk;k FkkA ns”k dh ;qok ih<+h bu ckrksa dks fdLlksa dh rjg lqurh FkhvkSj i<+rh Fkh] mls fo”okl ugha gksrk Fkk fd ijek.kq ;qx esa lR;] vfgalk] lR;kxzgdk dksbZ LFkku gSA bl ckr dks bl ubZ ih<+h us viuh [kqyh vka[kksa ls vUuk gtkjsds lkFk vfgald ØkfUr dks jkeyhyk eSnku esa ns[kk vkSj dU/kk ls dU/kk feykdj] iatsls iatk feykdj rsjg fnu vkSj jkr jkeyhyk eSnku esa [kM+h jgh vkSj vkxs lrr~vfgald ØkfUr ds fy, ladYic) gSA

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vkt c<+rs gq, oS”ohdj.k ds izHkko esa ;g ,d vke jk; curh tkjgh Fkh fd vkt dh ;qok ih<+h dks jkT; dh fpUrk ugha gSA bUgsa rks cl ekWy esa tkukgS] fiTtk] cxZj [kkuk gS] bUVjusV ij jguk gS vkSj Qslcqd ij pSfVax djuk gS ysfdubl ih<+h us ;g fn[kk;k gS ge ne [ke okys gS gekjs jk’Vª uk;dksa us ;g ns”k tksgesa iwath] /kjksgj ds :i esa lkSidj x;s gS] mldh fQØ ge djrs gSa vkSj mldkl”kDr mnkgj.k feyk Hkz’Vªkpkj ds f[kykQ vfgald jk’Vª O;kih vkUnksyu esa vUukgtkjs ds lkFk gkFkksa esa frjaxk ysdj xkao ls dLcksa rd uxj ls egkuxj rd lM+dksij mrj vkukA lR; gS] ;qok gh c/kkbZ ds okLrfod gdnkj gSaA ;qokoxZ us vfgaldØkfUr dks tkuk vkSj vUuk gtkjs us vkt dh ih<+h dks crk;k fd yksdra= esa vfgaldØkfUr lEHko gSA

****

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The Code of Conduct Designed for Householders inSvetāmbara and Digambara Jaina Tradition

Anupam Jash*

Śrāvakācāra ― The Jaina Code of Conduct for Householders (i.e., theLay Doctrine), as based mainly on the basic texts on this subject which wascomposed by authors of both traditions, Digambara and Svetāmbara. Accordingto Jaina tradition, twenty-four Tirthankaras (Ford-makers) or Jinas preachedthe sacred law in the present cycle of time. Rsabha was the first to reveal theahimsā-dharma and other higher values of life, to bring a good order in the society,and to lay an ideal path to perfection. Mahāvira was the last to elucidate andpromulgate the law in historical times; and it is known as Jina-dharma. It isprescribed in two forms: one is the rigorous and prefect for the monk and theother, naturally, less rigorous and partial for the householder, who has to shouldernumerous social responsibilities as well as family responsibility1. The first is knownas śramanācāra, and the second as śrāvakācāra. This two-fold Ethical Disciplinecan be said to have been mainly represented by a set of five vows-rules of conduct,which are followed by a number of different secondary vows. Canonical workson the śrāvakācāra, appeared in a big number, both in Svetāmbara andDigambara tradition. These works, on the śrāvakācāra, happen to be the mainsources of information on the nature of life of the laity. R. Williams has, perhapsfor the first time, listed the names of these treatises and their authors, belongingboth to the Digambara and to the Svetāmbara traditions.Meaning of ‘Tirtha’:

According to Jaina tradition, Jainism is founded by twenty-fourTirthankaras from Zsabhadeva to Bhagavāna Mahāvīra. Tirthankara is onewho is the makers of ‘Tirtha`. The term ‘Tirtha`, here in Jainism, means thespiritual path or the order, which follows this pathway2. Each Tirthankaraestablishes four-fold order of society (caturvidha sangha) consisting of monks(Sādhu), nuns (Sādhvi ), lay male follower (ìrāvaka ) and lay female follower(ìrāvikā ) respectively3.Who is ‘ìrāvaka’?

A ‘ìrāvaka’ is a Jaina lay-men devotee. One who listens to the messageof the detached Arihanta and Nirgrantha guru contained in the scriptures withfaith and devotion is called a ‘ìrāvaka’. In the Jaina scriptures and philosophicalworks, the term Grhastha-dharma and ‘ìrāvakadharma have the same meaning.A man and a woman who observe the Grhastha dharma are called ‘ìrāvakaòr ‘ìrāvikā’ respectively. The term ‘ìrāvaka’ is derived from the verbal root*Asst. Professor, Dept. in Philosophy, Bankura Christian College, W. Bengal

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‘Śru’ (to hear, to listen to). Those who listen with interest the discourse on the path

of spiritual welfare are ‘ìrāvakas’ and ‘ìrāvikās’. The term ‘Upāsaka’ is alsoemployed in the sense of ‘ìrāvaka’4. Prof Dayananda Bhargava says, ‘ The

Jaina word for a householder, ‘ìrāvaka’, covers all those persons who haveattained right faith but have not adopted monk-hood’5.

Kinds of ‘ìrāvaka`:All ‘ìrāvakas’ cannot follow the path of ahimsā conduct with the same

perfection because the conditions, inclination, and capacity of each one of themare not uniform. Therefore, with reference to ability and strength ìrāvakas’ are

said to be of three kind’s ―1. Pākśika, (primary Jain lay person, who believe in Jainism by family tradition,

but not accepted the Jaina code of conducts completely) 2. Naishthika (devotedJain lay person, who has faith in vows and sincerely observes the vows) and

3. Sādhaka (accomplished Jain lay person, who live a life staged between aśrāvaka and a an ascetic)6. Digambara Ācārya Āsādhara and Medhāvin made

this division7. Āsādhara also describes another three kinds of ‘ìrāvakas, viz.,(1) Jaghanya ìrāvaka, (2) Madhyama ìrāvaka and (3) Utkçsta ìrāvaka. This

classification based on the practice of pratimās. Pratimā means advanced spiritualexercises. Jaghanya ìrāvakas are the ones who have right faith but have not

taken to any vows (undertaken 1st to 5th pratimā), Madhyama ìrāvaka arethose who have taken to one or more vows (undertaken 6th to 9th pratimā), and

the Utkçsta ìrāvaka are those who have undertaken the tenth and elevenpratimās8.

Meaning of ‘ìrāvakācār’ :The ultimate object of human life is liberation or salvation (mokïa).The

Tattvārthasūtra , one of the most sacred text of Jainism, emphatically states in itsfirst aphorism that right faith (samyak darśana), right knowledge (samyak jñāna)

and right conduct (samyak cāritra) together constitutes the path to the state ofliberation.9 These are called the three jewels (triratna) of Jainism. Among these

three jewels, the first, pure right faith is the necessary condition for a ‘ìrāvaka’.This purity of right faith comes from its eight essentials and from freedom of eight

pride and three follies. According to Jaina ethical philosophy, there are eightessentials characteristics of right faith or samyagdaçśana. These are : (1)

Nisśśankhita, (absence of doubt about scriptures), (2) Nihkankshita (having nodesire for the worldly pleasure), (3) Nirvicikitsā (absence of doubt about the

attainment of spiritual path), (4) Amudhadrsti (no confusion about the ideal),

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(5) Upabrhma (argumenting the spiritual qualities), (6) Sthitikārana (re-establishingthose who deviate from truth), (7) Vaiśalya (sense of brotherhoods towards thefollowers of the right path), and (8) Prabhāvanā (preaching the importance oftruth). All these characteristics together make the right faith complete and effective10.Vasunandi in his ìrāvakācār says that, in addition to these beliefs samyagdarśanaincludes belief in liberated soul and Jaina scriptures11. Here Vasunandi followsNiyamasāra of Kundakundācārya. Beside these, a right believer is asked torenounce eight types of pride of (1) Jātimada: The position of relatives on thematernal side , (2) Kulamada: The position of relatives on the parental side, (3)Rupamada: beauty, (4) Vibhutimada: Wealth, (5) Dhimada: scholarship, (6)Śaktimada: strength, (7) Tapomada: austerities, and (8) Arcanāmada: honor.ìrāvakacār in Prakrta literature:

Jaina literature is a store house of knowledge written primarily in differentPrakrtas which have elaborate commentaries in Sanskrit. The Jain ethical workswhich carry acute details of the ethics of the ascetics and laity are exhaustive.Some of these exhaustive works are:Sthānañga sutra and Samavāyāñga sutra: These two Āgamas reveal materialson ìrāvakācār. The second and fourth chapter of Sthānāñga sutra describestwo types of dharma ― agāra dharma and anāgāra dharma. A fifth chapterof this agama mentions the five anuvratas (minor vows) of a layperson.Samavāyāñga sutra : Samavāyāñga sutra (ch. 11.5) records the elevenpratimās of the house holder. Pratimās are advanced spiritual exercises. Theyare as follows: (1) Darśana pratimā: practicing pure faith, (2) Vrata pratimā:practicing the vratas, (3) brahmacarya pratimā: practicing celibacy, etc.Vyākhyāprajñapti or Bhagavati Sutra: Bhagavati or Vyākhyāprajñapti isthe fifth añga sutra and biggest of all the Ardhamāgadhi texts in contents. Thoughtsof śrāvakācāras and the life of some Śramanopāsakā are scattered in thesecond chapter of this canon12.Upāsakadasañga sutra: UpāsakadasaÙñga sutra is the only independentArdhamāgadhi agama which records the ìrāvakācārs through the biographies often prominent śramanopāsaka who lived at that time of Mahāvira. In a goodstory here describes how ten śrāvaka of lord Mahāvira, accepts the anuvrata,the gunavratas and the siksāvratas13.Cāritra Prabhrta and Ratna sāra: Cāritra Prabhrta and Ratna sāra ― thesetwo works are attributed to Digambara Ācārya Kundakunda (2nd cent.), relevantto śrāvakācāras. The summary of the rules of right conduct given in these worksdevotes a few verses to the lay life, listing the twelve vratas.

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Śrāvaka-vidhi: Śrāvaka-vidhi is a short Prakrta verse treatise written by

Dhanapāla (970AD) describes the necessary attributes of lay life14.Dharma-ratna-prakarana: Dharma-ratna-prakarana is a Prakrta verse tract

written by Sānti Suri (1040AD) describes the qualities of the ideal lay-man andthe ideal monk, which is of interest primarily as the earliest literary source for the

21 śrāvaka-gunas15.Pravacana-sāroddhāra: Pravacana-sāroddhāra, written by Nemicandra (11th

cent.) is a Prakrta verse compendium of Jaina philosophy, ethics and rituals. It isconsidered a important works for the development of the Śrāvaka Ācāras16.

There are also a large number of Prakrta Śrāvakācāra works available inSvetāmbara tradition. most of them are in manuscripts. Late Prof. Jagadis Chandra

Jain has made all effort to collect the data on Prakrta Śrāvakācār works in hismemorable work Prakrta Sāhitya. Śrāvakavrata Bhanga Prakarana of Sānti

Suri, Vicārapancāśika of Vijayavimala, Bandhodaya Prakarana of Vajrasaena,Sraddhavidhi of Vratnasekhara Suri, Mulasuddhi or Siddhāntasāra of Pradyumna

Suri, Visavisio of Ānanda Sāgara Suri, Paccakkhana Bhāsa of Devendra Suri,Pañcanirgranthiprakarana of Abhayadeva, Samyaktva Pancavimsikāprakarana

of Dharmasekhara Gani, Kalacakra Vicāra Prakarana of Vajrasena, are mostimportant works among them.

Śrāvakācār In Sanskrit literature:Ratnakaranda Śrāvakācār: Ratnakaranda Śrāvakācār of Ācārya

Samantabhadra (450 AD) is a great work on Jaina śrāvaka dharma. the 150ślokas of this work are simple and appealing17. It is not only a code of conduct for

śrāvakas, but a code of conduct for human society at large. It is a standard codeof conduct which can be adopted for universal welfare. Ācārya Samantabhadra

states that the conduct of a house-holder consists in the observance of fiveanubratas, three gun -vratas, and four siksa vratas.

Amitgati’s Śrāvakācār: Amitgati’s (953 AD) Śrāvakācāra describes in detailthe code of conduct of śrāvakas in fifteen chapters. It has a significant place

immediately after Samantabhadra’s śrāvakācār. 1500 Sanskrit stanzas explainthe nature of dharma, mithyātva, kinds of samyaktva, ashta kulagunas, charity,

worship, penance, fasting, and twelve bhāvanās18. The last chapter of this bookdescribes dhyāna.

Yoga Śāstra: Yoga Śāstra , also known as Ādhyātmopanisad, is an encyclopediccompilation on the duties of laymen19. Ācārya Hemacandra (1089-1172 AD) in

his Yoga Śāstra, has mentioned 35 qualities of a Jaina house holder in ten verses20.

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In this book, Hemacandra gives a detailed definitions and scope of all the vows

and attitudes for the lay-men.Cāritra Sāra : Cāritra Sāra is a Sanskrit prose work on ācāra or nitisāstra

written by Cāvundarāya (1000 AD). The book contains six chapter and thesechapters discusses the vows of the house-holder and the code of conduct of the

ascetics or Śramana. The another name of the book is Bhāvanāsāra.Sāgāra Dharmāmrçta: The famous Jaina writer Āsādhara (1240AD) is the writer

of Sāgāra Dharmāmr[ta, a great Sanskrit works on śrāvakācār works. Theimportance of this work is its vast and complete discussion on the code of conduct

of the Jaina house-holders. Daily routine and duties, vyasanas and aticāra,mulaguna and sallekhana vrata of the Jaina śrāvaka are narrated here in detail.

The date of the composition of this work is probably 1239 A.D.There are also a huge number of Sanskrita Śrāvakācāra works available

in Svetāmbara as well as Digambara tradition. Dahrmabindu of HaribhadraYakiniputra, Pañcasaka commentary of Abhayadeva, Śrāddha-dina-krtya of

Devendra, Ratna Sāra of Pujyapāda, Śrāvkācāra of Padmanandin,Traivarnikācāra of Somasena, Dharma-Rasāyana of Padmanandin21, are most

important works among them.The Code of Conduct or vows of Śrāvakas:

There are five minor vows for a śrāvaka ―1. Ahimsānuvrata (minor vows of non-violence), 2. Satyānuvrata (minor vows

of truth), 3. Asteyānuvrata (minor vows of non-stealing), 4. Brahmacaryānuvrata(minor vow of celibacy) and 5. Parigraha-parimāna anuvrata ( minor vow of

limiting possession). In order to observe the five minor vows it is necessary for aśrāvaka to observe saptaśīla (seven codes of uprightness), which is

complementary to these vows. The seven codes of uprightness are divided intotwo ― three gunavratas (restraints that reinforce the practice of anuvratas) and

four śikśāvratas (vows of spiritual discipline). The Gunavratas increase theintensity of minor vows; they are three ― 1. Digvrata (limitation of activity),

2. Deśavrata (refrain oneself from worldly activity fro a period of time), and3. Anarthadandavrata (avoid purposeless acts of violence). The Śikśāvratas

are practices that lead to great vows; they are four ― 1. Sāmāyika (abstinencefrom all sinful activities for a fixed period of time), 2. Pausadhopāvāsa (abandons

from food and drinks for a certain period), 3. Upabhoga-paribhoga-parimānavrata (limitation of consumption of food, cloths, ornaments, beds, etc.)

and 4. Atithisamvibhāgavrata (offering food etc. to needy person).

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These five anuvratas, three gunavratas and four śikśā vratas making a

total of twelve vratas for the lay-man.The firmness of a Śrāvaka’s belief is indicated by the following eight

qualities, as already said:-1.Niśśankita, 2. NiÉkānkîita, 3. Nirvicikitsā, 4. Amudhadçîti, 5. UpabçÉmana,

6. Sthirikarana, 7. Vātsalya and 8. Prabhāvanā. It would be observed herethat the first five characteristics pertain to the individual life of the aspirant whereas

the last three pertain to the social aspect of religion22.Significance of Śrāvakacāra:

Śrāvakacāra is a significant code for modern human life. It can restorethe order in the family, society and all the peoples of the world. In Jainism, the

code of conduct rests on ideal and practical utilities. It has two targets― physicalhealth and spiritual purity23. In spite of all scientific and technological advancements,

man is unhappy and impatient all through his life. Only the spirit of Śrāvakacāracan inspire man towards progress, prosperity and peace. It begs religious tolerance,

strengthening secularism, belief and unity of mankind24. The spirit of Śrāvakacāracan help peoples with their different culture and outlook to live together in peace

and harmony.

Refrences :

1. Khadabadi, B. K. Sravakacara: Its significance and its relevance to the

present times, Shri Rajakrishna Jain Charitable Trust, New Delhi, 1992,

p.11-12.

2. Shah, Natubhai, Jainism: The World of Conqurerors, Motilal Banarasidass,

Delhi, 2004, p.2.

3. Shah, Nagin. J. Jaina Philosophy and Religion, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi,

2000, p.2

4. Shah, N. J., op.cit., p.44.

5. Bhargava, Dayananda, Jaina Ethics, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi, 1968,

p. 85.

6. Jain, Balabhadra. An Introduction to Jainism and its Culture, Kundkund

Jnanapith, Indore, 2002, p.116.

7. Williams, R. Jaina Yoga, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi, 1998, p.37.

8. Vasupal, N. (ed.) Jaina Ethical Works, University of Madras, 2006, p.33.

9. Tattvārthasutra of Umāsvāti,“samyakdarsanajñanacāritramoksamārga”

1.1, ed. by Pt. Sukhlalji Sanghvi, Parswanath Vidyashrama, 1976, p.4.

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10. Bhargava, dayananda, op.cit., p. 86.

11. VasunandiŚrāvakācāra, 6.

12. Vasupal, N. op.cit., p.44.

13. Ibid., p.44.

14. Williams, R. op.cit., p.8.

15. Ibid., p.9.


17. Patil, S.P. Śrāvakācāra works in Sanskrit, in Jaina Ethical works, ed.

by V. N. Vasupal, University of Madras, 2006, P.3.

18. Ibid., p.5


20. Jain, Sagarmal. An Introduction to Jaina Sadhana, Parsvanath

Vidyapith,

Varanasi, 1995, p.47.

21. Williams, R. op.cit., p.1 & 17.

22. Sanghve, Sushma. Some Jain Concepts and Conduct, B.J.Institute,

Ahmedabad, 2005, p.19.

23. Jain, Balabhadra, op.cit., p.125.

24. Jain, Priya, Srāvakācāra as described in Ardhamagadhi works, in

Jaina Ethical works, ed. by V. N. Vasupal, University of Madras, 2006,

p.50-51.

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Swami Vivekanand – His Life and MessageSwami Vyomanand*

Very great is the tenacity with which man clings to the senses and life. Yet,

there comes a time in the life of every individual — be he young or old, rich orpoor, scholar or illiterate, emperor or a down-trodden man — when he asks

himself, “Is this real? Is there no everlasting peace in this world? Is death the endof all our progress, our vanities, our reforms, our luxuries, our wealth our

knowledge?” Attempts have always been made to suppress these questions, butthat is not the way to solution. These questions must be answered and the answer

lies in illumination and not in suppression.These questions became a life-and-death problem to a young college

student Narendra Nath Dutt (who later on became known as Swami Vivekananda)and he began to devote much of his time to philosophical study, concentration and

meditation as this was the path he had heard from his elders. But this could notsatisfy him. He felt the need of a hand to save, to uplift, to protect -- a Shakti or

Power outside his rational mind that would transform his whole life. He needed anenlightened soul, an Ideal Guru who could lead him to direct realisation of God.

In his longing to know the Truth, he went to Maharshi Debendra Nath Tagore,who was regarded by many as one of the best spiritual teachers, and directly

asked him: “Sir, have you seen God?, The Maharshi was unable to answer andcontented himself with saying, “My boy, you have the Yogi’s eyes.” Narendra

came back disappointed. He went to the leaders of other religious sects also, butnot one of them could say that he had seen God. Where then should he go?

Suddenly he remembered Sri Ramakrishna, whom he had met for the first time atthe house of a devotee of His, named Surendra Nath Mitra, in November 1881,

where he had gone to sing. He even remembered how Sri Ramakrishna had passedin Samadhi when He heard his first song:

“O my mind, go to your own abode; In the foreign land of this world

Why roam in vain like a stranger?..............”So Narendra went to Dakshineswar and put Him his question straight.

‘Have you seen God, Sir?’ ‘Yes’, said He ‘I see Him just as I see you here, onlyin a much intenser sense. God can be realised; one can see and talk to Him as I am

doing with you. But who cares to do so? People shed torrents of tears for theirwife and children, for wealth or property, but who does so for the sake of God? If

one weeps sincerely for Him, He surely manifests Himself.’

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Narendra was astounded. For the first time, he was face to face with a

man who asserted that he had seen God. For the first time, in fact, he was hearingthat God could be seen. He could feel that Ramakrishna’s words were uttered

from the very depth of His inner experience and realisation. They could not bedoubted. But he did not accept Sri Ramakrishna till he had tested Him in various

ways and come to the conclusion that He was the embodiment of purity andrenunciation.

Narendranath himself has described his own mental condition of that time:“One day, my relatives took me to task for neglecting my studies. So I went to

study. But as I was about to begin, I was seized with a sort of dread, as if it werea most horrible thing to read! A struggle raged in my heart. I never wept like that in

my life! Then leaving my books and all, I ran here (Cossipore garden-house whereSri Ramakrishna was then staying). My shoes slipped off somewhere on the road.

I was running past a rick of straw and some fibres flew out and stuck to my body!I ran and ran till I reached here. Looking to this state of mind of Narendranath, Sri

Ramakrishna said to his other disciples: Look at the wonderful state of Naren!...Now see how he pants for realisation!’ Then He gave a hint that Narendra was

soon to reach the goal.During that period the mind of Narendranath was intensely longing for the

Advaita Samadhi. He told Sri Ramakrishna about it, but the Master remainedsilent. And yet one evening the experience came to him quite unexpectedly. On

that day he was absorbed in his usual meditation when he suddenly felt as if a lampwas burning at the back of his head. The light glowed more and more intensely

and finally burst. Narendra was overwhelmed by that light and fell unconscious.What transpired then in his consciousness was beyond words, for that Absolute

State is beyond description. After some time, as he began to regain his normalconsciousness he could feel only his head and not the rest of his body. Suddenly

Gopal, a brother-disciple who was meditating in the same room, heard Narendracry out “Gopalda, Gopalda, where is my body?” Gopal answered: “why, Narendra,

it is there. Don’t you feel it?” Gopal was afraid that Narendra was dying, and ranto Sri Ramakrishna’s room. He found the Master in a calm but serious mood,

evidently aware of what had happened in the room downstairs. After listening toGopal, the Master said, “Let him stay in that state for a while; he has teased me

long enough for it.”For a long time Narendra remained unconscious and when he regained

his normal state of mind, he was bathed in ineffable peace. As he entered Sri

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Ramakrishna’s room the latter said: “Now the Mother has shown you everything.

But this realisatlon, like the jewel locked in a box, will be hidden away from youand kept in my custody. I will keep the key with me. Only after you will have

fulfilled your mission on this earth will the box be unlocked, and you will knoweverything again as you have known now.”

Afterwards Sri Ramakrishna said to his other disciples:”Narendra willpass away only of him own will. When he realises his true nature, he will refuse to

stay on this earth. The time will come when he will shake the world to its foundationsthrough the strength of his spiritual realisations. I have prayed to the Divine Mother

to keep away from him the knowledge of the Absolute and cover his eyes with aveil of Maya.”

Three or four days before His Mahasamadhi, Sri Ramakrishna one daycalled Narendra to Him. Looking steadfastly at him, He entered into deep

meditation. Narendra felt as if a subtle force, resembling an electric current, wasentering into his body, and he lost all outer consciousness. When he came back to

his normal consciousness, he found the Master weeping. Wondering Narendraasked Sri Ramakrishna why He wept, and was told, ‘Oh Narendra today I have

given you my all and have become a Fakir, a penniless beggar. By the force of thepower transmitted by me into your body, great things will be done by you; only

after that you will be able to merge yourself in your real nature.’ Narendra fromthat day became the channel of Sri Ramakrishna’s powers and the spokesman of

His message.Time passed on in spiritual practices. One day, the chosen disciples of the

Master performed the formal sacrifice called ‘Vairaja’ and took the monastic vowsof celibacy and poverty. Further, they dedicated their lives to the realisation of

God and the service of man. Narendra Nath Dutt became Swami Vivekananda.Then we find Swami Vivekanands travelling throughout the length and

breadth of India—his motherland--for seven years. At last, he went toKanyakumari, and prostrated himself before the Virgin Goddess. As he came

out and looked at the sea, his eyes fell on a rock and there he sat in deep meditation.He saw his motherland before his inner eye — the India of the past and the India

of the present. And with the vision of a Rishi he understood why India had beenthrown off from the pinnacle of glory to the depths of degradation. He saw the

pitiable condition of the, Indian masses. And there, he hit upon a plan — the‘mission’ of his future life.

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Several days later one night when he lay half-asleep, the command came

to him from Sri Ramakrishna in a symbolio dream. He saw the figure of his Masterwalking from the seashore into the waters of the ocean, and beckoning him to

follow! He thought it to be a direct command from On High. Then he preparedhimself to go to America.

The scene then shifted from India to Chicago where the Parliament ofReligions was held. He had to struggle against many odds in America. When he

came to Chicago, no one knew him. And very shortly he was to shake Americawith his address at this Parliament held in the year 1893.

The delegates arose one by one and delivered their prepared speeches,but the young Hindu sannyasin was totally unprepared. He had never addressed

such an august assembly. At last his turn came; he bowed down to GoddessSaraswati, and addressed “Sisters and Brothers of America.” Instantaneously,

thousands arose to their feet with shouts of applause. The whole Parliament hadgone mad over him. The keynote of his address was universal toleration and

acceptance. He told the audience how India had given shelter to the followers ofdifferent religions — the Zorastrians, the Muslims, the Christians, the Jews — and

he quoted two beautiful illustrative passages, taken from the Hindu scriptures: “Asthe different streams having their sources in different places all mingle their water in

the sea, so Lord, the different paths which men take, through different tendencies,various though they may appear, crooked or straight, all lead to Thee! And the

other: “Whosoever comes to Me, through whatsoever form, I reach him; all menare struggling through paths which in the end lead to Me!”

Swami ji had learnt, the great truth sitting at the feet of his Master who hadtaught incessantly from His direct experience that all religions are but so many

paths to reach the same goal. Not a word of condemnation for any faith. howevercrude or irrational, fell from His lips.

And in the final session of the Parliament, Swamiji uttered the evermemorable words: ‘Help and not Fight’, ‘Assimilation and not Destruction’,

‘Harmony and Peace and not Dissension’.Today we find different ideas gaining ground in the world one of them

being service to humanity. This service is good no doubt but we do not get thedesirable effect. Why? because there is no proper consciousness behind the service.

This consciousness should be divine and not merely humanistic. If there is nodivine consciousness than the defects such as egoism, greed, lust for power and

name and fame invariably crop up and defeat the very object of service. Swami

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Vivekananda learnt the secret or service from the lips of his Master. One day the

Master was explaining to His disciples the three main principles of Vaishnavism,viz. love for God’s name, service to the devotees and compassion for all. While

speaking about compassion, His mind entered into trance and when it came down,He uttered the following words: “How foolish to speak of compassion! is an

insignificant worm crawling on the earth -- and he to show compassion to is absurd.No, no, not compassion to Jivas but service to them as Siva. Recognise them as

God’s veritable manifestation and serve them with this spirit.” As soon as SwamiVivekananda heard these words he said: “If it be the will of the Lord, I shall one

day proclaim this noble truth before the whole world. I shall make it the commonproperty of all — the wise and the fool, the rich and the poor, the brahmin and the

pariah.” God willed it and Vivekanand gaur into divine light to the mankind.To Vivekanand, religion was neither a doctrine nor a dogma but realisation

He believed in universal brotherhood. He never believed that it is only one sect orreligion that alone will lead to God. This can never be. While delivering a lecture at

Pasadena, California he declared: “I accept all religions that were in the past, andworship with them all; I worship God with everyone of them, in whatever form

they worship Him. I shall go to the mosque of the Mohammedan; I Shall enter theChristian’s church and kneel before the crucifix. I shall enter the Buddhistic temple,

where I shall take refuge in Buddha and in his Law. I shall go into the forest and sitdown in meditation with the Hindu. who is trying to see the Light which enlightens

the heart of everyone.”He gave some practical and concrete suggestions to social reformers and

national workers. He declared: “Religion and religion alone is the life and backboneof India, and when that goes India will die, inspite of politics inspite of social

reforms, inspite of Kuver’s wealth poured upon the head of every one of herchildren; if India imitates the West, she will never rise …. Jealousy is the bane of all

slaves, it is the bane of our nation; avoid that always…… It is purity, patience andperseverance that will lead to success.”

And his advice to young men who aspire to become leaders of the countrywas: “Feel from the heart. Do you feel that millions are starving today, and millions

have been starving for ages? Do you feel that ignorance has come over the land asa dark cloud? Does it make you restless? Does it make you sleepless ? Has it

made you almost mad? Are you seized with that one idea of the misery of ruin, andhave you forgotten all about your name, your fame, even your own body? Have

you done that? That is the first step to become a patriot, the very first step.”

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The message that he gave to the world in brief was: ‘’Be and make.” Like

a true messenger of God and like a true disciple of Bhagwan Shri Ramakrishna,

who was Religion personified, he demonstrated by his life, action and consciousness

that eternal peace and happiness are to be found only in the Infinite and not in the

finite. His is an Eternal Message — not for one nation but for the entire humanity.

*With heartiest gratitude and courtesy to Swami Vyomanand (85 years old) very senior

worker of Ramkrisna Mission order; former president of Delhi, Allahabad and Rajkot

centres of Ramkrishna Mission; from last 10 months he is under medical treatment in

R.K. Mission Hospital, Kankhal (Hardwar).

****

ewY;foe'kZ - Banaras Hindu University

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