Evolve

`

EVOLVE

Pages 1-2

Pages 13-14

Pages 19-20

Relaxing to watch

Easy to take care of

Silent and serene

“The Wright for Flight” Matthew Lewis 1-2

“Et Architectus” Emma Scott 3-4

“Life is a Cell” Chloe Carter 5-6

“3,2,1 Lift Off” Trey Bailey 7-8

“From Farm to Fame” Maria Smith 9-10

“Bulletproof” Kelly 11-12

“Google That” Anna Forbes 13-14

“Bill Greates” Tyrone Smith 15-16

“Blown to Steam” Tyreese Miller 17-18

“See Me Now” Chelsie Lane 19-20

“Ring Ring” Victoria Jones 21-22

“The Man Who Saved Hundreds” John Frankison 23-24

“Hot and Cold” Terrel Robinson 25-26

“Reach for the Stars” Jones Jacobson 27-28

“The King of Lightning” Jack Smith 29-30

“You Glow Girl” Nicholi Sparticus 31-32

“Where are the Batteries?” Jack Miller 33-34

“Whats the Buzz?” Akeeb Morris 35-36

“Wireless” Jessica Leary 37-38

The Wright for flight

By: Matthew Lewis

Wilbur Wright was a very smart and

interesting person that started flight, the

way to travel across the seas. Although

he died at a young age his invention still

affects the world today. He created an

invention that would never be forgotten or

not used.

Wilbur wright was born

April 16, 1867 in

Millville, Indiana. And

he died May 30, 1912

in Dayton, Ohio at age

45. Wilbur went to high

school but he never did

get a diploma. He is

one of seven children in

his family. He never

married and his father

often would travel as a

bishop. Once after his father came home

he brought a toy “helicopter”. Which was

based off of an invention of a German

scientist. He and his brother loved the toy

so much that like all other favorite toy it

broke. But the boys made their own type

of “helicopter” for themselves. Which after

they made that toy “helicopter” it sparked

the love for aeronautics. Also he made

his own wind tunnel in his house.

Wilbur was the oldest of the two Wright

brothers and was the one

to run their family owned

bike shop where he would

make and fix bikes. Which

helped him with the ability

to make and shape the first

plans for the plane. He

liked to play hockey and

one of the main reasons he

could not finish high school

was because of a hockey

injury. Also because he

was in the process of

helping his mother with her illness of

tuberculosis. Which she soon died of. So his

father had to take care of him and all of his

siblings. With his mother passed he still had

to move on like any other kind of death in

This is Wilbur Wright

This is a picture of the Wright brother’s plane

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the family. He and his brother Orville were

still close and both had a strong passion for

flight with each other. With the two boys

getting closer to the invention of the plane

they still had to push forward. With the

invention of the plane getting closer he still

had some problems with the whole not

being able to stay in the air, which was kind

of a safety issue.

With the two boys being really popular with

the fact they made a plane they soon had to

go their own ways. He never married and

Sadly he died at a young age but he still is

known today. The world would never be the

same without his invention of the airplane.

And if he never did make the plane our

traveling abilities would be limited to the

very minimum. Flight would never be

possible without Wilbur Wright and his

brother.

***

By: Emma Scott

He’s highly intelligent, creative, and

brilliant. This man was so far ahead of his

time that he was thinking of advanced

inventions that weren’t realized for

hundreds of years. Was he really an

inventor or just a painter with numerous

famous paintings? This is a question that

has been asked throughout the ages.

Leonardo was born April 15, 1452 in

Vinci Italy. He was born to unmarried

parents, who soon separated after his birth.

When Leonardo was a young man, his

father asked Andrea Del Verroccine if his

son could be able to be an apprentice for

the artist. That’s when Leonardo really

became interested in painting and began to

learn many skills that help him in his

painting career. Even though he was an

outstanding painter, Leonardo was much

more interested in mechanics. Leonardo

had a rough time completing any panting.

Doctors today would say that Leonardo

might have had attention deficit disorder

(A.D.D) or obsessive compulsive disorder

(O.C.D).

Leonardo decided to write his big

ideas down in his notebooks. These

notebooks consisted of drawings, ideas, and

of course writing. Historians believe that

Leonardo wrote in a code so no one could

steal his ideas. He was left handed so he

wrote right to left, hints the Da Vinci code.

Leonardo thought big. When he was

working on art he found scientific research

about engineering and developing. During

his time working for Andrea Del Verroccine

he learned more about science than he did

about painting. Some of these inventions

include the parachute, ball bearing,

machine gun, the diving suit, and the one

we take for granted, and scissors.

Leonardo only had rough

drafts of all his inventions he never had the

materials to ever complete his inventions

fully. He would start them and he would

complete them best to his ability. The

machine gun for example, he couldn’t

possibly have had the technology to be able

to make his inventions perfect. He had to

make do with what he had.

Leonardo studied the following

topics: Anatomy, Astronomy, Botany, and

Geology. He was very knowledgeable

because he studied so many different

topics. Leonardo was very interested in one

of these more than the others, Anatomy.

Leonardo went to a home of the sick and

asked this man if he could use his body for

research. When the old man pasted,

Leonardo started studying the old man’s

body. He took the body apart, he started

with the heart and worked his way down.

Leonardo was the first person in history to

perform the first autopsy.

Leonardo Da Vinci’s self portarait

that he painted himself.

I think that Leonardo was a force to be

reckon with. What I mean by that is he was

a man who never gave up on life.

Even when he had his times without

creativity and his time without imagination,

he never stopped writing in his journal and

never stopped thinking. He was every

imaginative and had an amazing different

aspect on life. Without his amazing

thoughts we won’t have some of the

things he created today.

Leonardo was a successful man who

lived an amazing life. He was very well

known as not only a painter but as an

inventor who has a huge imagination. He

was an advanced individual. He studied

many different types of study and that

helped him in life and in his society.

Leonardo was a very important an in this

world.

***

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Do you know who Antonie

van Leeuwenhoek is?

Leeuwenhoek is a scientist who

discovered something great.

He discovered that all living

organisms have cells. By

discovering that he saved

people in the world. He saved

people who have cancer! If we

never knew that all living

organisms have cells then

doctors couldn’t help. The

doctors now know that people

have cells, so they can take out

the bad cancer cells in that

person. In a way Antonie van

Leeuwenhoek saved the world.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

didn’t get much education

growing up. He educated

himself after elementary

school. To do that he had to be

determined. He also had to be

hard working. If Leeuwenhoek

wasn’t hard working he

couldn’t be able to educate

himself. He would have to be

knowledgeable. Do you think

you could educate yourself?

He only directed himself in the

direction of his own passion

and interest. When

Leeuwenhoek went to

elementary school he went to

school near Leyden. He was

sent to Amsterdam to become

an apprentice to a line draper

after he went to school. He

returned when he was 20 years

old.

How did Antonie van

Leeuwenhoek get to his

discovery? He worked at a

police department as a

chamberlain in 1660. A

chamberlain is the treasurer of

a corporation or a public body.

He had a hobby. In his free

time he ground up lenses and

observed tiny objects with

them. Leeuwenhoek made

microscopes that had a single

high – quality lens of very short

focal length. At time, people

preferred simple microscopes,

like Leeuwenhoek’s, rather

than compound microscopes.

Leeuwenhoek made

microscopes better than

anybody had ever seen before.

What did Leeuwenhoek do

for his studies? Leeuwenhoek’s

field of study was microbiology.

Antonie van Leeuenhoek

He observed bacteria and

protozoa. He studied the

structure of the optic lens,

striations of muscles, the

mouthparts of insects, and

structure of plants. In the

plants he found

parthenogenesis in aphids. He

noticed that yeast is made up

of minute globular particles.

The powers of careful

observation helped

Leeuwenhoek’s discoveries

lots. He studied lots of thing

under the microscope.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

didn’t get any degrees. That is

because he did not go to

college. He started to get

noticed by the Royal Society in

1673. From 1673 and 1723, he

only communicated with the

Royal Society by letter.

Leeuwenhoek was elected a

fellow in 1680. Most of his

discoveries were let out in the

open in the society’s

Philosophical Transaction.

How long did Leeuwenhoek

do his work? Leeuwenhoek did

his work almost up to the time

he died. He must have really

loved his work if he did it for

that long. In that time he

ground up more than 400

lenses! He had an amazing job

that he obviously liked.

Leeuwenhoek did great

things in his lifetime. He lived

up to 90 years old. He was

born on October 24, 1632. He

died on August 26, 1723. He

lived for a long time.

Leeuwenhoek made great

discoveries. In his long life time

he discovered all living things

have cells. He discovered that

from a microscope. Now that

we know all living things have

cells we can take out the cancer

cells of animals and people.

Leeuwenhoek saved our world.

Wasn’t that a great thing for

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek to

discover?

***

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3, 2, 1 Lift Off By Trey Baily

Wernher Von Braun was the god

father of rocket science. His history with the

Nazi’s was remarkable. He created the first

self-guided missile the V1. He also created

the first ballistic missile the V2. He was the

god father of getting to the moon with his

F1 engine the most powerful rocket engine

till today. One of his most famous quotes

was” the rocket performed perfectly but for

the wrong cause” this quote was said when

the first V2 hit London.

When Von Braun was building the

V2’s it was fail after fail but he kept on try

all he said was” it’s a mist of trial and error”

and then a break through happened.

Instead of using solid fuel he used liquid

fuel and it final took off. Then when he was

building the Saturn V it took him at least 5

years because the F1 kept on exploding

over and over. The fuel lines kept coming

into the path of the trust and caching on

fire and electrical problems. At the start of

hid Nazi career Hitler wanted Von Braun to

make advanced missile and weaponry at

the end of his career with the Nazi’s the us

was asking for German scientists to come to

the U,S. When Von Braun tried Hitler didn’t

want Von Braun to leave and give them the

secrets of rocket science. So he snuck out of

the Germany. Then he started his army

career and they wanted to know how he

made the missiles he made and of course

he told them. He started doing the same

thing for the U.S the he did for Hitler but

less demanding. Then the army told him to

go to this organization called NASA and

that’s how his career started with NASA

started. He work on every single launch

from mercury to Apollo and so on. That’s

how the Saturn V comes into play as I said it

took him five years to work. He was also in

the space angst Russia. A question I’ve

always asked was “ what would of

happened if we didn’t have Von Braun in

the space program” this is quest for he or

she is reading this article it’s based on

your opinion not mine. I would say if we

didn’t have we may have never got to the

moon but this my opinion you can answer

differently than I did. His involvement

with the space program was very special

to the U.S for winning the space race. In

my opinion Wernher Von Braun was the

most important scientist in the space

program.

The best

rocket scientist ever.

To sum up my article I will tell you how his

space career ended he was at least 50 years

of age so he asked if he could retire and

they sure but they said could we have all

your research and of course he said yes. He

died of old age but you got to admit he had

a pretty good life. He made the biggest

impact on the space program ever in the

long run he had. I wish I could have

personally met him when he was alive. So I

could share my ideas of rocket engines with

him so that’s the end of my article hope you

enjoyed reading my work. Remember make

rockets

George Washington Carver

BY MARIA SMITH

George Washington Carver was an

extraordinary man. He is an honorable

name for agriculture and science

combined. Born into terrible slavery and

poverty, he managed to become a

memorable scientist. His path to fame

included finding different usages of

peanuts. Sounds weird, but it surprisingly

solved a lot of problems and

had many different uses.

George was born on January 5,

1864 in Missouri. He died on

January 5, 1943 in Tuskegee,

Alabama. He was born into

slavery along with his 11

siblings, all who died

prematurely. He was

kidnapped as a child with his

mother, but only he and his

brother James were found.

After that, he was raised by

Moses and Susan Carver. They

raised him through school and

gave him a great education

until he was old enough to go to school.

Black people were not allowed to go to

private school in Diamond Grove, Missouri

where he lived, so he had to go to school

10 miles away at a school for black people.

After he got there, the next morning he

met a woman named Mariah Watkins who

offered Him a room to stay at. When he

was thirteen he wanted to go to a school in

Fort Scott, Kansas. When he saw a black

man get killed by some white men, he left

the city and went to several different small

schools before getting a diploma at

Minneapolis High School.

George applied to many

colleges, but didn’t get

accepted because of his

race. He finally got a loan

from a bank and attended

Simpson College in

Indianola, Iowa. He

studied art and piano

there until his teacher

noticed his talent for

painting flowers and

plants and told him he

should go to a college in

Ames called Iowa State

Agricultural College. He

began in 1891, being the

first black student. Later

he received his B.S there and in 1896 he

was invited to head the agriculture

department at Tuskegee Institute. He

taught many things about alternate cash

crops, which are alternate ways to grow

certain crops with less money. He also led

a research center while he taught for 47

years.

GEORGE’S PEANUT

PRODUCTS

Peanut butter Instant coffee Mayonnaise Peanut meat loaf Cooking oil Vinegar Milk Laundry soap Several drinks Lotion Shampoo Paper Gasoline glue

Carver’s solutions for poor farmers were

actually pretty helpful. He advised famers

to practice crop rotation, which helps

restore nitrogen to the soil and improve

crops. He wanted poor,

specifically black farmers to

farm in an innovative way

while saving money, which

was not easy to come by In

that time. He created 105 food

recipes using peanuts and 100

products made from peanuts.

Some of them were cosmetics

dyes, paints, plastics, gasoline,

and nitrogen.

George never married, but he

became great friends with

many people including

Theodore Roosevelt, Henry

Ford, Austin W. Curtis Jr., and

Miss Sarah L. Hunt. These

people were colleagues,

relationships, and partners by his side.

George Washington Carver died at age 78

from anemia which was probably caused

from him from taking a bad fall down the

stairs and losing consciousness. He

donated 60,000 dollars, basically his life

savings to the Carver Museum and the

George Washington Carver

Foundation.

George Washington Carver in

my opinion is one of the best

scientists out there. No, he did

not invent some gadget to

make life easier, or some

technology product, but he

managed to make the lives of

people just like him easier, by

dedicating his entire life and

everything he was worth to do

so. He didn’t choose fame, he

chose honor. By creating

products to help poor families,

or just because it was a good

idea, he made us all just a little

more financially smarter. So the

next time you put peanut

butter on your bread instead of regular

butter, remember George Washington

Carver and the legacy he left.

Bulletproof

By: (Kelly)

Have you ever save someone? Stephanie

Kwolek was a famous scientist who

invented Kevlar. She was given many

awards for her invention. Kevlar has many

uses that can save people’s lives.

Stephanie Kwolek was born on July 31,

1923. She lived to be 90 years old

and died in Wilmington,

Delaware on June 18, 2014 her

place of birth was New

Kensington, Pennsylvania.

Ms. Kwolek was an American

chemist who specialized in

organic chemistry. She is best

known for her development of

Kevlar a synthetic fiber. This

material was used in the early

1970s to replace steel in racing

tires. Kevlar has other uses such

as bicycle tires and body armor

because it is 5 times stronger than steel.

Another use for Kevlar is to make modern

drumheads because these drumheads can

endure high impact.

Because her invention was light weight

flexible and heat resistant there were

hundreds of uses, such as space capsules,

skis, fiber optic cables, suspension bridges

firefighting and oven gloves. Her invention

is able to save thousands of lives. Kevlar is

used around the house and used by police

to make bulletproof vests.

Kevlar is a polymer and the chemical name

is polyparaphenylene terephtalamide.

Her parents were polish immigrants. Her

father was named john and he died when

she was 10 years old. His accusation was a

natural world together, this is what gave

her, her interest in science. Her mother was

named Nellie Kwolek.

She loved learning especially new

things. Her excitement for

learning helped her to be the

great scientist that she was. As a

child, her schooling was different

than the way kids are taught

today. She had 2 classes in one

room in her public school. If you

finished your work, you would

hear that someone was in

trouble in the next class. If you

raised your hand and gave the

answer for math question, then

everyone hear the answer. You learned 2

grade at the same time. In 1946, Kwolek

when to school at Margaret Morrison

Carnegie college of Carnegie Mellon

university. This is where she earned a

Bachelor of Science degree with a major in

chemistry. She had originally planned to be

a doctor when she went to work, there

were not very many women the war took a

lot of men so that made jobs for the women

Her career was at the DuPont Company

where she worked for over 40 year, this is

where she incented the first family of

synthetic fibers This discovery of Kevlar

The bulletproof vest

stephanie kwolek created

for the police .

earned Kwolek the DuPont company’s

Lavoisier medal for outstanding technical

achievement, she was the only female

employee to have received that honor as of

august 2014. some of her other

achievements include becoming the fourth

woman to be added to the national

inventors hall of fame in 1995 her work was

in polymer chemistry, also she was given

the medal of technology, the IRI

Achievement Award and the peening medal

She had a determined personality so when

other people quit the job, she stayed with it

because she liked her work so much. In

1965 her assignment was to find a super

strong and super stiff and lightweight fiber.

This is what drove her to discover Kevlar. A

quote from Stephanie kwolek sums up her

belief I don't think there’s anything like

saving someone’s

life to bring you

satisfaction and

happiness this

quote was written

in the magazine,

woman in

chemistry.

Another quote

from Ms. Kwolek

is I love the

excitement

there’s something about me it’s an inherit

part of me that wants the excitement of

invention and creativity. She says the role of

science is to improve lives and improve the

world. She definitely accomplished both.

***

Stephanie kwolek

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Sergey Brin and his wife,

Anne Wojcicki

Google that! By: Anna Banana

In the 1990s, many people did not

know many things about

technology and what it has to

offer. Many things have

happened ever since that never

gave us a lot of time to think

about technology. Once the

internet was invented

in the late 1960s,

many new things

were created. One of

them was one of the

highest ranking

companies ever,

Google. It all started

as a typical school

project with another

one of his classmates.

Sergey Brin is a computer

scientist and entrepreneur born

August 21 1973 in Moscow,

Russia. Married to Anne Wojcicki

and they both have a son named

Benji Wojin.He studied at

Stanford University, where he

met Larry Page, Google’s other

co-founder. One time, he and

Larry Page got a research project

to make a search engine that

listed results according to the

popularity of the website.

They called this search engine

Google after the term “googol”

which is a one followed by a 100

zeros. After raising $1 million

from investors, he and Larry Page

finally launched the

company in 1998.

In 2002, Brin and Page were

named one of the top 11

innovators under the age of

35. In November 2009,

Forbes named Brin and

Page the fifth most

powerful people in the

world. Now, Page has a net worth

of $33.3 billion USD, while Sergey

Brin’s is $29.9 billion USD. Both of

them received an honorary MBA

from IE business school. In 2004

they receive the Marconi

Foundation Prize; he also

received the Academy of

Achievements’ Golden Plate

Award.

In 2004, Google acquired a

company that created Google

Earth named EarthViewer 3D. In

Google Glass Demo

Google Glass Demo

2006, Google purchased YouTube

for $1.65 billion USD in stock.

Google has helped us in many

new ways by creating the Google

Glass, which is designed like any

regular-looking glasses, but this

Google Glass has many features,

it can get you a google picture

just by voice command, you can

stream videos with these, and

you can make reminders with

these also.

Sergey Brin along with Larry Page

has changed the way we live

technologically ever since many

people worked together to create

the internet and its breath-taking

features.

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BILL GREATES

By Tyrone Smith

Do you know who Bill

Gates is or do you use

Microsoft? If you don’t

use Microsoft or you don’t

know who Bill Gates is

then I will tell you. Bill

Gates is one of the richest

man in the world.

When Bill was younger he

took interest in computer

programming and kept his

interest all the way

through college. After that

Bill and his partner Paul

Allen worked together to

create the world’s largest

software called Microsoft.

Bill Gates was born on

October 28, 1955 in

Seattle, Washington. Bill

had a father, a mother,

and two sisters. His

fathers name was William

H. Gates, his mothers

name was Mary Maxwell,

his older sister’s name

was Kristianne, and his

younger sister’s name was

Libby. Bill started an

interest in computer

programming at the age

13 at Lakeside School. Bill

kept his interest in

computer programming all

the way through college.

When Bill was younger his

mom and dad tried to

teach their kids not to quit

and would encouraged

them to be competitive

and strive to excellence.

Bill had a really good

relationship with his

mother. His mother was a

teacher and then after she

was done being a teacher

she put attention to

raising the kids and put

time into doing some

work for charities. At the

age of 11 or 12 Bill’s

parents were being

concerned about their son

because he was doing

really well in school but,

when he would get home

he seemed to be lazy or

really bored. Then when

he was 13 they put him in

the Lakeside School. While

Bill was at Lakeside school

a computer company

offered Lakeside

computers for the

students at Lakeside.

When Bill heard about this

that’s when Bill became

interested in how a

computer did thing and

spent most of his free time

on the computer. When

Lakeside had the

computers Bill wrote a tic-

tac-toe program in the

computer language that

let people and himself to

play against the computer.

At Lakeside is where Bill

and his partner Paul Allen

first met. Paul Allen like

to be on computers too,

but Paul and Bill had some

differences like Paul was

shy and Bill was feisty.

These two men both spent

most of their free time

working on computer

programming. Paul and

Bill would have arguments

sometimes and disagree

on some things. One time

Bill and Paul got into a big

argument that made them

both lose their computer

privileges.

In 1970, when Bill was at

the age of 15, he went

into business with is

fellow friend Paul Allen.

When they first worked

together they create Traf-

O-Data, a computer

program that kept track of

the traffic patterns in

Seattle. Off what they

had created they made a

total of $20,000. Both of

them wanted to create

their own company, but

Bill parents wanted him to

finish at Lakeside and

become a lawyer. In the

year 1973 Bill had

graduated from Lakeside

School with a score of

1590 out of 1600 on the

college SAT test. Years

later Gates had remained

in contact with Paul Allen,

which now worked at

Honeywell. That summer

Gates joined Paul at

Honeywell. While Gates

was working with Paul,

Paul showed Bill an

edition of Popular

Electronics magazine that

had an article on the Altair

8800 mini-computer kit.

Both Bill and Paul were

fascinated with what this

computer could do. Paul

and Bill both contacted

the company and told

them that they were

working on a Basic

software program that

would run the Altair

computer. They wanted to

know if MITS was

interested in developing

software, MITS was

interested. Then the

president Ed Roberts

asked for a

demonstration. For the

next two months Paul and

Bill spent time at

Harvard’s computer lab

writing the software.

Next, Allen went to

Albuquerque, New Mexico

which was where the test

took place. The first time

the software has been

tried on a Altair computer

it was successful.

Allen was then hired at

MITS and then Gates left

Harvard to work with

Paul. In 1975 that’s when

Paul and Bill formed a

partnership they called

this Microsoft a blend of

micro-computers and

software. Then the owner

of MITS sold the company

to someone else. Then Bill

and Paul had to sue the

new owner of MITS

because they needed to

retain the software right

they had created for the

Altair. That’s when Bill

took control of Microsoft

and made $2.5 million.

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Blown to Steam By: Tyreese miller

James watt was a Scottish

instrument maker and

inventor whose steam

engine contributed to the

industrial revolution. He

was elected fellow of the

royal society of the royal

society of London in 1785.

The watt steam engine

was the first type of steam

engine to us the steam at

a pressure above

atmospheric to drive the

piston by a partial vacuum.

James watt was born of

January 19, 1736. He was

taught for a time by his

mother he learned Latin,

Greek, and mathematics.

He also worked in his

dad’s workshop. He

decided at age 17 he

wanted to be a

mathematical instrument

maker. He went to

Glasgow. He went to

London to become an

instrument maker’s

apprentice. John Morgan

agreed to make him his

apprentice on the

conditions of little pay.

Morgan’s health broke

down within a year but

James had learned

enough. He returned to

Glasgow and opened a

shop in 1757 and made

mathematical instruments.

He became friends with

joseph black he discovered

latent heat. They

discussed how to make

the newcomen steam

engine better. The

newcomen engine was the

most advanced at that

time. That engine was

then applied to pumping

water chiefly on the

drainage mines it was as

clumsy and wasteful of

fuel as to be little used.

Some early experiments of

watt in 1761 or 1762 led

to no positive result. In

1764 his attention was in

the large amount of steam

being used, he started to

examine the cause of it

and to figure out how to

fix it. In Newsmen’s engine

the cylinder stood up and

down under one end of

the main lever and was

open at the top. The

steam was not often

greater than the

atmosphere, was admitted

to the underside; this

made the piston to be

pulled up by a

counterpoise at the other

end of the lever. The

boiler was then shut off

and the steam in the

cylinder was condensed by

putting cold water from

the cistern above. The

pressure of the air on top

of the piston drove it

down, raising the

counterpoise and doing

work. Watt had noticed

that the different heating

and cooling of the cylinder

in the newcomen engine

James watt

James watt’s steam engine

made it work with

slowness and a lot of use

of steam. When steam

was admitted at the

beginning of each stroke it

found the metal of the

cylinder and piston cooled

by contact with the

condensed steam a cold

injection water of the

previous stroke, it was not

until muck steam had

been condensed on

heating the chilled

surfaces that the cylinder

was able to fill and the

piston to rise. His first

attempt at a remedy was

to use the material of the

cylinder a substance that

would take in and give out

heat slowly. Wood was

tried, but it made matters

only a little better. So he

entered on a scientific

examination of the

properties of steam,

studying by experiment

the relation of its density

and pressure to the

temperature, and figured

out that 2 conditions were

essential to the economic

use of steam in a

condensing steam engine.

One was the temperature

of the condensed steam

should be as low as

possible, 100 degrees

Fahrenheit or lower, or

the vacuum wouldn’t be

good.s One day an idea

flashed upon him that if

the steam were

condensed in a vessel

distinct from the cylinder,

it would be practicable to

make the temperature of

condensation low, and still

keep the cylinder hot. Let

this separate vessel be

kept cold, either by

injecting cold water or by

letting it stream over the

outside, and let a vacuum

be maintained in the

vessel. Then, whenever

communication was made

between it and the

cylinder, steam would pass

over from the cylinder and

be condensed; the

pressure in the cylinder

would be as low as the

pressure in the condenser

but the temperature of

the pressure in the

cylinder would remain

high, since no injection

water needs to touch it.

Watt put his idea to the

test, and found that he

had to separate the

condenser. It did work as

he had thought. He added

an air pump to. He got his

steam engine patented.

James watt had won

several award after

inventing the watt steam

engine. He died in august

19, 1819 in heathfield

Scotland.

***

http://www.nndb.com/people/531/000050381/

After you get your windows cleaned by Bobert

Window Service, it’ll feel like your windows have

just been saved by a superhero!

This is Isaac Newton with his designs.

See Me Now By: Chelsie Lane

Have you ever seen an apple drop? This is gravity, one of the many unique things on

earth. How was it discovered? Isaac Newton discovered it. Have you ever thought about

what a prism did, well he did. Let’s go learn about him!

Isaac Newton was born Jan 4 1643 in

Wools Thorpe, England. Before he was even born

his father had died. When he was three years old

his mother Hannah, got remarried to a minister,

she had left Isaac with his grandmother. He went

to The Kings Schools. There he showed his

interest in philosophy. He spent most of his free

time reading modern philosopher’s work.

After 17 years old he was kicked out of

school. He begged his mom to send him back. He

was then tutored by his grandfather. He had

only went to three schools through the ages of 12

to 17 years old. He study mathematics and

science. He graduated with no honors but his effort

caught people’s attention.

This showed determination. His

determination was a good trait because he did not

give up after school when he got no honors. He was

determined not to give up on learning new things. He

had and interesting personality. It was

mostly determination, but there was another trait

lurking. He was a very insecure about himself. He had great depression and had out breaks

of violence tantrums. He had hard time making friends. Yet people said that he was a kind

and generous person.

Why did the apple help him think clearly? Nobody really even knows. The story is,

Isaac Newton was sitting under an apple tree. Then all of the sudden an apple fell and hit his

head. They said that when the apple hit his head he thought about the laws of universal

gravitation. Maybe when the apple fell he thought about how it fell, then gravity popped in

his head.

Later on in life he went back to school and received nine honors by 1665 and 1703.

His first honors degree was in art. This is how his determination got him to designing his

This is a picture of Isaac Newton

own reflecting telescope. The other telescopes lenses were rounded so you couldn’t see the

light through it clearly. His telescope was a flat lens allowing you to see the light. Before

this he experimented with a prism and a little bit of light from his curtain. It This

experiment led to the reflecting telescope. He had also created the universal laws of

gravitation. He was so determined for all of this but that journey would end on March 31,

1727. He died in London were all of his knowledge would never be known.

Isaac Newton did many great things and all of what he had to go through was all

worth it. The apple that fell out of the tree made an impact I guess. Out of all the great

things he did the most important thing was his design of the reflecting telescope. Over all, he

did many great things.

***

Alexander Graham Bell

1847-1922

By: Victoria Jones

Have you ever used

a telephone? Well if you

have think about where it

came from or who

invented it. A famous

scientist named Alexander

Graham Bell was the

person who invented the

telephone. He was a smart

man. He put many years

and lots of

determination into

creating the telephone.

As you use a telephone

remember who made

the telephone possible.

Alexander

Graham Bell was born

on March 3, 1847 in the

state of Edinburg,

Scotland. When

Alexander was a kid he

and his friend were

running around outside

and they came across a

grain mill and Alexander

was fascinated about

how the grain mill

worked. He wondered

what made the grain mill

have power to do its job.

Alexander didn’t always

have his middle name. At

the age of 10 he got his

middle name Graham. At

an early age Alexander

when to Royal High

School. That following year

he enrolled at University

of Edinburgh. His two

brothers both died from

tuberculous. His father

worked at a school for the

deaf. Alexander joined his

father’s work at the age of

16.

Alexander had two

brothers a mom and a

dad. Alexander spent

years with his grandfather

and that’s where he

learned to love to learn.

One of his brothers died at

the age of 25 and the

other died at the age of

19. Alexander and his

family moved to Canada

on May 28, 1870. After

the deaths of the two kids

was very upsetting to

Alexander and his family.

They wanted to move to

Canada because they

didn’t want him to also

get tuberculous.

On July 11, 1877

he was married to Mabel

Hubbard. He was not

prepared to move to

England with her. The

year of 1878 there first

daughter was born Elise

May Bell. Alexander

studied anatomy and

physiology during his life.

Alexander was the first

person to talk on the

telephone with another

person since it was

completely finished. A

few others said that they

A quote from

Alexander Graham Bell.

were also apart of helping

to build the telephone.

Alexander grew to

be a success as the

telephone became more

popular. As Alexander

became older he won

many medals. He won

the Elliot Cresson medal

in 1912, the John Fritz

medal in 1907, the IEEE

Edison medal in 1914,

finally he won the

Hughes medal in 1913.

His inventions became a

success from 1873-1876

to now.

Alexander died a

death of success on

August 2, 1922. Later his

wife died on January 3,

1923. Alexander died one

year before his wife. They

were both buried at the

top of Beinn Bhreagh.

Alexander was winning

against 600 lawsuits from

two people claiming that

they helped with the

invention of the

telephone. At the end

Alexander won all of the

lawsuits against him.

Alexander was a huge

success from the invention

of the telephone and all of

the other inventions. The

telephone was the most

popular of all the

inventions.

Many of the

invention are still used

today. Alexander was a

success in his all of his

inventions. The phone

and metal detector are

used today along with

others. Alexander was

very great with all of his

thoughts and all of his

ideas. Alexander was

creative with all of his

drawings he made when

he was a kid.

***

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The Man Who Saved Hundreds

By John Frankinson

You might know who

discovered arsenic poison, but do

you know who discovered the cure

for it? The man saved hundreds of

lives and some of us don’t even know

his name. Robert Bunsen with his

most fascinating discoveries as a

chemist in Germany being iron oxide

hydrate the cure for arsenic

poisoning. This at the time was a

total revolutionizing invention and

most of all a medical breakthrough.

Robert Bunsen didn’t just

instantaneously jump to being

famous. As every other scientist he

had to work his way up to the top.

Starting as a lecturer in Gӧttingen,

Germany, then he moved on to be

chemist in the kingdom of

Westphalia experimenting with the

solubility of metal salts of arsenious

acids. His discovery of iron oxide

hydrate, the biggest, most popular,

and still to this day most effective

cure for arsenic poison.

As a chemist he also

discoveries with cacodyl and its

combustible in dry air and actually

lost sight in his right eye to an

explosion with cacodyl. Bunsen also

created the Bunsen cell battery,

using a carbon electrode cell instead

of the highly explosive platinum

electrode cell used in William Robert

Grove’s electrochemical battery cell.

Early in 1851 he accepted a

professorship at the University of

Breslau, were he taught for three

semesters.

In late 1852 Bunsen became

the successor of Leopold Gmelin at

the University of Heidelberg. There

he used electrolysis to produce pure

metals, such as chromium,

magnesium, aluminum, manganese,

sodium, barium, calcium and

lithium. A long collaboration with

Henry Enfield Roscoe began in 1852,

in which they studied the

photochemical formation of

hydrogen chloride from hydrogen

and chlorine. From this work, the

reciprocity law of Bunsen and

Roscoe originated.

There had been earlier studies

of the characteristic colors of heated

elements, but nothing systematic. In

the summer of 1859, Kirchhoff

suggested to Bunsen that he should

try to form prismatic spectra of

these colors. By October of that year

the two scientists had invented an

appropriate instrument, a prototype

spectroscope. Using it, they were

able to identify the characteristic

spectra of sodium, lithium, and

potassium. After numerous laborious

purifications, Bunsen proved that

highly pure samples gave unique

spectra. In the course of this work,

Bunsen detected previously unknown

new blue spectral

emission lines in samples of

mineral water from Dürkheim. He

assumed that these lines may have

indicated the existence of an

undiscovered and unknown chemical

element. After careful distillation of

forty tons of this water, in the spring

of 1860 he was able to isolate 17

grams of a new element. He named

the element "cesium", after the Latin

word for deep blue. The following year

he discovered rubidium, by a similar

process.

As this great man’s life and

accomplishments came to a close, he

retired into the mineralogy and

geology. When he retired he also

made as you could guess, the Bunsen

burner, a safer way to heat chemicals

and other minerals. He ended up

dying on August 16, 1899 in

Heidelberg, at the age of 88.

Robert Bunsen

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Hot and Cold Terrel Robinson

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Cornot when

people found out that gave the first

right theory of engines.

Ever heard of Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot? He was born on June 1st 1796 in Paris, France. He was the brother of Hippolyte Carnot, and his nephews were Marie Francois Sadi Carnot and Marie Adolphe Carnot. His fields were physicist and engineer. His institution was in the French army. Carnot was born into a family that was distinguished in both science and politics. It was Lazare Carnot first son he was and eminent mathematician, military engineer and leader of the French Revolutionary Army. Lazare named his son after the Persian poet Sadi of Shiraz. At age 16, Sadi Carnot became a cadet in the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris. He was a French military engineer and physicist and also called "the father of thermodynamics”.

In 1824, monograph reflects on the motive power of fire that was his first successful theory of the maximum efficiency of heat engines. In Carnot's lifetime his work was not very

important for scientist. Later it was used by Rudolf Clausius and Lord Kelvin so that they can formalize the second law of thermodynamics and to define the concept of entropy. When he began writing his book steam engines had achieved widely recognized economic and industrial importance. Carnot died during a cholera epidemic in 1832 at the age of 36 his cause of death was cholera which is caused by bacteria .Carnot's belongings and writing were buried together with him after his death. Only a handful of his scientific writing survived. Before he died he wrote his book steam engines had achieved widely economic real scientific study of them. Newcomen had invented the first piston operated steam engine over a century in 1712 after James Watt had made his celebrated improvements. The most important made to thermodynamics was his abstraction of the essential features of the steam engine. He also showed the efficiency of his idealized engine is a function of the two temperatures of the reservoirs between

which is operates. He didn’t really give the exact function and later

found where T1 is the absolute temperature of the hotter reservoir.

He was quite certain that the maximum efficiency did not depend upon the exact nature of the working fluid. Later in the fall of caloric the motive power increased with the difference of temperature between the warm and the cold bodies. In the second law of thermodynamics the caloric turned from hot to cold body. In his lifetime on his vow he was a divine causality. He was also a reader of Blasise Pascal, Moliere, and Jean De La Fontane. He had a book and it was really difficult to obtain. for example Kelvin gad a difficult time getting a copy of Carnots book. Carnot published his book in the heyday of steam engine, it explained why steam engines superheated steam were better because on how high the temperature goes. His theory didn’t exactly prove it. Carnots book did have a real impact on the design of practical engines. like Rudolf Diesel used his book theories

to design the diesel engine in which the temperature is much higher.

Stars…What are they? Better yet, what are

they made of? Stars are one of the things

they tell you to reach for, but can you

actually grab them. This was one of the

things that Cecilia Payne wondered when

she was told she could only be a teacher.

Spotting and interest

Cecilia Payne was born on May 10, 1900.

She lived the normal life of the time period,

going to an all-girls-school, gazing at the

stars with friends at night. When she

finished school, at the age of nineteen, she

was offered a scholarship to Newnham

College, at Cambridge University.

She studied physics, botany, and chemistry.

Cecilia was smarter than people expected,

she was constantly asking questions and

then she was sent to go to a lecture of

astronomy by Arthur Eddington. This led

her to go on an expedition to Africa to

observe the stars, but then real interest was

shining like a star in her mind. From then on

her mind was set to follow her path into

astronomy.

Stars and the universe

Cecilia left England to go to Harvard and

discovery was the composition of the

celestial bodies. While most of Harvard was

focused on the comprehensive study of

stellar spectra, Payne began her long

project to measure absorption lines in

stellar spectra, leading to create a thesis. In

this thesis, this is where her discoveries

came to be, she discovery that the Sun &

stars are made up of mostly hydrogen and

helium, while stating that most of the

universe was made of hydrogen, and the

heavier elements are in smaller things like

stars.

Of course this was thought to be wrong as it

wouldn’t make sense at the time, so she

went on to publish her thesis as a book

know known as “Stellar Atmosphere”

leading astronomers give great reviews

Cecilias formula of how to find a stars from heat it

color

Reach for the stars by Jones Jacobson

about her book, leading others to read the

book. In a few years it was clear that her

theory was correct and knowledgeable. She

also stated how to read the stars surface

temp from its spectrum (by its color),

leading to advancement in astronomy.

Getting what she deserves

As she was a very successful woman, won

many successful awards and different

things such as:

Being elected a member of the Royal

Astronomical Society, in 1923.

She was the first recipient of the

Annie J. Cannon Award in astronomy

in 1934.

She became a member of the

American Philosophical Society in

1936.

She was a member of the American

Academy of Arts and Sciences in

1943.

She won the award of Merit from

Radcliff College (now part of

Harvard) in 1952.

She won the Rittenhouse Medal

(from the Rittenhouse Astronomical

Society) at Franklin Institute in 1961.

She got the asteroid 2039 Payne-

Gaposchkin named after her.

In last few years she produced an

autobiography about her whole life

and what it was like to feel like an

accomplished astronomer. She also

talked about all of her

accomplishments.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Payne-

Gaposchkin Cecilia Payne, Wikipedia

http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/web

/essaybooks/cosmic/p_payne.html Cecilia Payne

and the composition of the stars, AMNH. Org

http://www.innercirclecorona.com/ceclia-payne-

the-woman-who-discovered-the-universe/

The woman who discovered the stars, Inner Circle

Corona

http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2012/10/2

4/what-is-the-sun-made-out-of/

What is the sun made out of?, Science Blogs

After you get your

windows cleaned by

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Service, it’ll feel like

your windows have just

been saved by a

superhero!

Cecilia Payne working at Harvard.

The King of

Lightning By Jack Smith

I’ve got three

words for you: electricity,

engineer, and inventor.

These three words go

reasonably well together.

All together they can

mean a number of things

and there are six different

orders you can put them

in. To many people they

are the source of money.

To others they are a

source of stress and

loathing. To some people

they mean nothing at all

and to some they are just

random words that you

could look up in a

dictionary. To one man in

particular they brought

fame and fortune and

even a little grief. His

name is Nikola Tesla!

Nikola Tesla was

born on the tenth of July

in 1856. He was born in

Serbia, which is bordering

Romania, and Bulgaria.

Tesla’s family consisted of

his older brother who died

in a horseback riding

accident when Nicola was

five, three younger sisters,

and his mom and dad.

Nikola’s mother stayed at

home most of the time,

but his father was an

orthodox priest and

wanted Nicola to follow in

his footsteps. However,

Nicola had other plans,

which had nothing to do

with being a priest.

When Nicola Tesla

was a kid he went to a

lower primary school

where he studied religion,

German, and arithmetic.

After Tesla finished his

lower primary school he

went to a normal school.

In 1870, Tesla moved to

Karlovac, Croatia to

attend school at the

Higher Real Gymnasium

where a math teacher,

Martin Sekulic, profoundly

influenced him. Tesla was

also able to do

extraordinarily difficult

calculus in his head which

made most of his college

professors believe that he

was cheating.

After college Tesla

went back to his

homeland and right after

the arrival Tesla got very

sick and was very close to

death on many occasions.

In a moment of great peril

Tesla’s father said that if

Nicola ever survived he

would send him to the

best engineering school in

the world. After hearing

this Tesla recovered

tremendously fast to his

father’s great

astonishment.

When Tesla went

to Graz University during

his first year he did very

well and never missed a

single lecture and got as

good grades as possible

and was at the top of his

class. In the middle of

Tesla’s second year of

going to Graz University

he got in to argument with

his college professor. After

Tesla argued with his

college professor things

really started going south

for him in addition to

getting bad grades he

developed a gambling

problem and lost all of the

money that his parents

helped him accumulate

for his college. So Tesla

dropped out and went to

America to go and work

for Tomas Edison.

As soon as Tesla

went to work for Tomas

Edison he saw many flaws

in the factory design so he

made a deal with Edison

to improve the factory and

Tomas Edison said that

when Tesla was done he

would pay him 50,000 and

when Tesla finished he

asked for his money, but

Tomas Edison said that he

was just joking and that

Tesla didn’t get his

American humor. After

hearing this Tesla quit his

job on the spot and angrily

stormed out of the

building. After that

incident Tesla was

determined to beat

Edison, which started the

war of the currents, where

Tesla discovers an

alternative power source

to Edison.

The way that

Edison powered light

bulbs is he used one

current, which is very hard

to transport. Let’s say that

you wanted transport a

current a mile you would

need to

have a

copper wire

as thick as a

grown up

man’s wrist.

What Tesla

made was

alternating

currants.

This lead to

the war of

the

currents. Where Edison

and Tesla went head to

head trying to discredit

each other’s inventions.

Tesla did this by proving

how Edison’s inventions

were not very efficient but

Edison tried to discredit

tesla buy electrocuting

animals in the street.

Tesla finally

managed to prove that his

invention was not efficient

then Edison’s, which

means that Tesla won the

war of the currents and

lived the rest of his life

with a few more

inventions, like the first

remote control boat and

lived till he was 87.

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You Glow Girl!- By NIcholi Sparticus

Imagine living in a toxic house, full of gases and poison. This is the situation of most people in the

1900’s. [Grab your reader’s attention with a great quote

from the document or use this space to emphasize a key point.

To place this text box anywhere on the page, just drag it.]

Uranium, a deadly element, had been used in many products in the 1900’s. From toys to candles, uranium was used for anything, mostly for its space-age look. People died and yet uranium still was used in factories. That is, until Marie Curie was born.

A Hero is Born Marie (Sklodowska) Curie was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw, Poland. Her parents would teach her many things, for they were teachers themselves and girls weren’t supposed to go to school. Well, that didn’t stop Marie Curie from going. You see many people rebelled and created underground schools that she attended. Curie and Bronya, her sister, both went to “The Floating University”. They wanted an official degree, but they had very little money. Curie decided she should work as a tutor and a governess to gain money for their education. After five years, they finally got the money. In 1891, Curie was sent to Sorbonne, a school in paris. She got her master’s degree in 1893. She needed a lab, but she couldn’t afford one. So her colleague introduced her to Pierre Curie. They became a scientific duo and experimented together.

Uranium found Now you’re thinking, thats nice and all, but where is that uranium part? Well, she studied radioactivity, and when she studied a x-ray made with uranium, she called it radioactivity, which is why we have the word. It turns out, the ray was constant, no matter the conditions or form of the uranium. She theorized that it was because of uranium’s atomic structure. After working with pitchblende, a mineral, Curie and her husband discovered a new radioactive element in 1898. In 1902, Curie said that the Curies found a decigram of pure, 100% real uranium. Yeah, now let’s wonder if you are still asking.

STEM Celebrity Well, no education for girls huh? Take a good look at Marie, a LADY. In 1903, she was like a hero and made history by receiving a Nobel Prize in physics, as well as being the first woman to win one. Curie was an honorable person after that. Unfortunately, her husband died in 1906. But that never stopped her. She continued her work as a

Marie Curie working with uranium.

Marie Curie doing

her work on

radioactivity.

professor in Sorbonne. In 1911, Curie got another Nobel Prize in chemistry. She joined Solvay Congress in Physics, with other scientists as well. She met Albert Einstein even! When World War 1 came in 11914, Curie used that time wisely, using her resources to help the armies. She made a portable x-ray to help in the army’s medical tents. She traveled to the USA twice, 1921 and 1929. There she raised funds to buy radium for a research in the research institute in Warsaw.

She Lives On…. Radioactivity had a huge part in her health. It made her very sick. In fact, she carried test tubes of radium in her pockets. She decided that she should rest and get her strength in Passy, France. She left on 1934. Unfortunately, she died on July 4, 1934, from aplastic anemia, caused by exposure to radiation. Marie Curie was a hero, and saved us from exposure to radiation. She and her husband’s remains in Pantheon in Paris, where only the greatest minds were buried. She was the first lady to be buried there. Marie Curie lives on through her daughter, Irene Joliot-Curie, winning the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935. She and her husband, Frederic Joliot, worked on their synthesis of new radioactive elements.

Let’s Wrap Up! Well now, Marie Curie is pretty awesome! Her work going to her next generation, winning not one, but two Nobel Prizes, and saving us from radioactivity. She’s really cool! Schools actually were named after her. Curie was one of the world’s greatest scientist, a truly brilliant woman. We are thankful for her.

Visit the atomic bomb museum! $3.99 per person!

The Atomic Bomb Museum

One of Curie’s famous

quotes.

Figure 1 Alessandro Volta

Where are the Batteries?

By: Jack Miller

The battery, something we use every day…

imagine the things we couldn’t do without

it. We couldn’t power our cars, talk on our

phones, listen to our radios, etc. Do you

even know who invented the first battery?

It was Alessandro Volta.

Alessandro Volta was an Italian

physicist. Before becoming a physicist, he

wanted to be in law or priesthood. Volta

was born in Como, a town in northern Italy in

1745. His parents were Filippo Volta

and Maria Maddalena Inzaghi. They

were not wealthy, but with the help of

relatives, they sent him to the Royal

Seminary in Como. They thought he

would enter the legal profession, but

Volta had already decided to pursue

chemistry and physics as a career.

In 1774, Volta became professor of

physics at the Royal Seminary. The following

year, he announced the invention of a machine

that was capable of producing an electrostatic

charge of almost unlimited quantity that he

called the electrophorus. It consisted of a plate

of metal into which a hardened resinous

mixture was placed. The resin would be rubbed

by a silk cloth to give it an electric charge.

Another metal plate with an insulated handle

would be placed on top of it. When the top

plate was removed, and the charge on

was dispersed, it could be placed back on the

resin and removed, and would accrue a new

charge. This process could continue indefinitely,

and the invention caused a small sensation in

scientific circles.

In 1776-1777, Volta studied the

chemistry of gases. During this time, discovered

methane. He devised experiments such as the

ignition of gases by an electric spark in a closed

vessel of his own design called a eudiometer.

He also suggested using static

electricity to convey messages

using insulated iron cables for

transmission. He embarked on a

tour of European countries, one of

many that put him in touch with

other scientists of his time,

including Voltaire, Henry

Cavendish, and Benjamin Franklin.

In 1779, he became professor of

experimental physics at the University of Pavia,

a position he held for almost 40 years. The next

10 years he primarily to traveled and perfected

the condensing electroscope, a device for

detecting small quantities of electric charge,

based on the electrophorus. In 1791, Volta was

elected to the Royal Society of Great Britain.

Around this time, Luigi Galvani discovered a

connection between metallic contact and

the movement of a frog's leg. Galvani

identified the spectacle as electrical in

origin, but where the electricity came from

was unknown. Volta concluded that

electricity was not from the animal, but

from the metal apparatuses that had come

Figure 2 This Is a Reproduction of The First Batttery

in contact with it. For this explanation,

Volta received the Copley Medal of the

Royal Society in 1794.

That same year, Volta married Maria Teresa

Peregrini. The couple had three children,

named Zanino Volta, Giovanni Volta, and

Flaminio Volta.

Volta sent a letter to the Royal

Society in 1800 announcing the

invention of the electric battery.

The electric battery produced a

comparatively weak but steady

electromotive force (a term coined

by Volta) and a continuous current

of electricity. The device signified

the electrical age that followed the

Industrial Revolution, and quickly resulted

in a number of important discoveries by

other investigators. After his invention was

made public, Volta gained instant

fame and was celebrated by the

famous scientists of his day.

Napoleon Bonaparte, who was then the

French head of state, paid particular

attention to Volta and his invention,

sometimes visiting him and always praising

his work. Napoleon established an award

for accomplishments in electrical science on

a level with the investigations of

Benjamin Franklin and Volta.

Volta continued his teaching position

at the University of Pavia for most of

the next two decades. The death of his

second son, Flaminio, at the age of 18

caused the inventor great distress. His

other two sons, Giovanni and Luigi,

survived him.

Volta retired in 1819 and returned to

the family estate in Camnago near

Como. He died there at the age of 82.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

INFO FOUND AT…

http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/volta.htm

http://www.famousscientists.org/alessandro-volta/

http://www.nndb.com/people/741/000091468/

Buzz Aldrin standing on the moon

looking at American flag.

By: Akeeb Morris

What comes to mind when you

think of Buzz Aldrin? Most people think of

him as an old astronaut or others may think

he’s Neil Armstrong’s sidekick as the second

man on the moon. Well after you read this

you will know Buzz Aldrin at least two times

better than you used to. Now here’s a story

about his life. Enjoy it and hopefully you’ll

learn something new.

Buzz Aldrin was born in January, 20,

1930 and his father was Glen Ridge New

Jersey. His father was Edwin Eugene Aldrin

Sr. born 1896-1974 a career military man,

and his wife Marion Gaddys. Buzz is of

Scottish, Swedish, and German ancestry.

The nickname Buzz originated in childhood

when his two older sisters mispronounced

brother as buzzer and then shortened to

buzz. Aldrin made it his legal first name in

1988. After graduating from Montclair High

School in 1946, he turned down a full

scholarship offer from the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology (MIT), and went to

the United States Military Academy (USMA)

at West Point, New York.

Buzz Aldrin graduated third in his

class at West Point in 1951, with a Bachelor

of Science degree in mechanical

engineering. After, he was commissioned as

a Second Lieutenant in the United States Air

Force and served as a jet fighter pilot during

the Korean War. He has flown 66 combat

missions in F -86 Sabres and shot down two

Mikoyan-Gurevich MIG -15 aircraft.

Aldrin was selected as part of the

third group of NASA astronauts selected in

October 1963. Because being a test pilot

was no longer a requirement, this was the

first selection for which he was eligible.

After the deaths of the original Gemini 9

prime crew, Buzz and Jim Lovell were

promoted to back up crew for the mission.

Aldrin set a record for EVA, demonstrating

that astronauts could work outside the

spacecraft.

On July 21, 1969, he became the

second man on the moon. When they were

in the lunar module Buzz told Neil to say

“That’s one small step for man, and one

giant leap for mankind.” The NASA accounts

said that Buzz was supposed to be the first

man on the moon, but due to physical

positioning it was easier for Neil to be the

first one on the moon. When Buzz was on

the moon be was the first to hold a religious

ceremony on the Moon.

After leaving NASA he was assigned

as the Commandant of the U.S. Air Force

Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base,

California. IN March 1972, retired from

active duty after 21 years of service. After

he then returned to the Air force as a

managerial role, but didn’t get it because of

personal problems.

On September 9, 2002, he was

tricked to a Beverly Hills hotel on the

pretext of being interviewed for a Japanese

children’s TV show on space. When he

arrived, the Apollo conspiracy proponent

Bart Sibrel accosted him with a film crew

and demanded he swear on a Bible that the

moon landing wasn’t fake. After a brief

confrontation, in which Sibrel called him “a

coward and a liar”, Buzz punched Sibrel

square in the jaw. When the police arrived

they said that Aldrin was provoked and no

charges were pressed.

Well that’s the story of Buzz Aldrin. He’s

not dead yet, but his life says something. It says

“never give up; I take great pride in what I do. I

don’t back down when there’s a problem I take

it head on until it’s gone.” He planned on being

in the air force and becoming an astronaut. So

what he’s saying is believe in yourself, never

quit, and never stop trying; you can be

whatever you want to be.

…

Buzz Aldrin, Wikipedia, 1-15-15

Picture of Buzz Aldrin

Steve Jobs

Wireless By Jessica Leary

Have you ever used an iPhone? Steve Jobs created

it, and it wasn’t easy. It took Mr. Jobs many years to

produce Apple products and he wasn’t successful at

first.

Steve Jobs was born Febuary,24, in 1955 in San

Francisco. Steve was born when both of his parents

were in college. Sadly Steve was given up for

adoption as a baby. As an infant Steve was adopted

by a couple who couldn’t have a baby of their own.

As a teenager Steve only went and got a high school

education. Steve started his own business in 1975, sadly that didn’t last long and

he got fired from his own company. Steve worked really hard in his own life to get

where he was going. A couple of years later Steve jobs became the CEO of apple. -

At a very important meeting Steve Jobs brought the newest piece of technology

with him the iPhone 4s. Many people at the meeting were impressed with Mr.

Jobs latest technology. And made Mr. Jobs the CEO of apple. He helped Apple

make and produce products that people wanted to buy.

Mr. Jobs was a very successful man. He made Apple a lot of money, and helped

them develop the products they have now. Later in life Steve met a wonderful

women named Laurene. A couple of years later they had a baby girl and they

named her Lisa. Steve was a very happy man.

For a while Steve helped apple invent specific products that people would want

for a long time . Sadly Steve was diagnosed with pancreas cancer. A few years

later, he died on October 5th ,2011. Steve died in Palo Alto California. Mr. Jobs

died loved by many. Without him Apple products wouldn’t be as great as they are

now. Steve Jobs didn’t have the greatest life but he battled through it. So the next

time you use a Apple product, remember all the effort it took to create. Without

Mr. Jobs, Apple wouldn’t probably wouldn’t have the products that they have

today.

****

.

After you get your

windows cleaned by

Bobert Window

Service, it’ll feel like

your windows have just

been saved by a superhero!

Steve Jobs 1955-2011

He will be remembered for his one of a kind ideas

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